1.

INTRODUCTION

Carbon Dioxide (R744) was a well known and widely accepted refrigerant in the early 1900's, but its
popularity reduced with the introduction of fluorocarbons. The revival of R744 as a refrigerant started over a
decade ago in Europe with the work of Dr. Gusav Lorentzen and Dr. Jostein Petterson . This sudden rediscovery
was invoked by growing environmental concerns of global warming and ozone depletion. R744 has some very
attractive properties, which makes it destined to be used as a working fluid. It is non-flammable, non-ozone
depleting, has good heat transfer properties, a high volumetric capacity, it is easily available and economic.
However its critical temperature is 31.1° C, which is generally lower than the heat rejection temperature of a
typical refrigeration and air conditioning system.

Thus, wherever the heat rejection temperature is greater than the critical temperature, R744 must
operate in a transcritical cycle, i.e, with a sub critical low-side pressure and a supercritical high side pressure.
The work of Dr. Peter Neksa has already proved the advantages of using R744 for water and space heating
applications. In the field of automobile cooling systems, R744 also has proved advantageous over the
conventional system in terms of better cooling performance, improved fuel consumption and zero ozone
depletion rates. There is a drive to move R744 towards space cooling and it is being developed and tested across
Europe.

Liquid and solid carbon dioxide is an important coolant, especially in the food industry, where it is
used when the transport and storage of ice cream and other frozen foods. Carbon dioxide is used to make
carbonated soft drinks and soda. Traditionally, the carbonate in the beer and sparkling wine is produced from
natural fermentation, but some manufacturers add to the carbonate these drinks artificially. Developers who
used to cook the produce carbon dioxide cause the dough to rise. Baking the carbon dioxide produced by
fermentation of the dough, while chemical developer such as baking powder and baking soda releases carbon
dioxide when heated or mixed in the acid. 

Carbon dioxide is often used as a low pressure gas and not flammable. Carbon dioxide can be used to
extinguish the fire, and some fire fighting equipment , especially made for electrical fires, contain liquid carbon
dioxide under pressure. Uses the car industry is also common although there is ample evidence that welding
using carbon dioxide was carried out in fragile than-inert atmosphere, and welding progressively deteriorated
due to the formation of carbonic acid. It is used as a welding gas because it is cheaper than other gas such as
argon or helium. Liquid carbon dioxide is a good solvent for many organic substances.

They began to receive attention in the pharmaceutical and other chemical processing industries as an
alternative less toxic than traditional solvents such as organ chloride. Plants need carbon dioxide to conduct
photosynthesis and greenhouse gases may enrich their atmospheres with carbon dioxide stimulates the
production of additional energy pumped into the ponds to breed algae that can then be converted into biodiesel
fuel high level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to eliminate the most effective insect pet the greenhouse
effect of carbon dioxide to increase to 10,000 ppm (1%) for several hours to remove pest insects such as
whitefly, spider mites, and others.
2. Objective

The goal to be achieved in the study is:

1. Know about the existing CO2 in our environment and industry.
2. Know the processes of formation of CO2 gas and anticipation to the hazards posed bycarbon dioxide gas is
3. Knowing the benefits and effects caused by CO2 gas.

3. Benefit

The benefit of writing about this CO2 gas is
1. Understand the role of CO2 in a variety of processes that occur in nature
2.  Know the impact that will be generated if the amount of excess CO2 in natural gas
3. Can find out how to ille-gal pollution caused by CO2 gas.

4. Issues

The problem of material on CO2 gas is
1. Lack of human knowledge on the impact of exceeds CO2 gas usage
2. Lack of discipline industrial product or device manufactured so that it can cause effects on the use of the tool.
3. Lack of socialization by the authority to tackle the problem of abuts of CO2 gas
4. Lack of efforts made in the use of CO2 gas repeat problems beyond the normal.

5. CO2 Refrigeration in industry

Carbon dioxide (CO2) can be applied in most heating and cooling systems such as mobile air-
conditioning (MAC), vending machines, coolers, commercial cabinets for supermarkets, containers and climate
control systems for residences. CO2 technology in commercial air-conditioning has also advanced forward with
the launch of new rotary and reciprocating compressors available in the market. Environmental–friendly concept
has also influenced overwhelmingly the development of compressor in air-conditioning and refrigeration
industry especially after the Kyoto Protocol. Energy-efficiency has been the essential feature in new
compressors in order to achieve lower indirect CO2 emissions to atmosphere with less electrical power
consumption, and the users also get reward from energy-savings afterwards.

The international standards for evaluation of energy-efficiency are usually IPLV and ESEER.
Operating a screw compressor with an inverter can better improve efficiency of the system especially in part
load. Hanbell RV series VFD screw compressor can be applied to most HFC refrigerants. Together with an
inverter, its capacity modulation can be done via change of its rotation speed. Due to its higher volumetric
efficiency at higher rotation speeds (max. 80-120 Hz per model selection), lower pressure drop and always
compatible Vi, it excels in COP (IPLV or ESEER values) than equivalent screw compressors in the market.
Confronted by calls for reduction in greenhouse gases emission and increasing energy costs, applications of
natural refrigerants and innovations for high-efficiency systems/compressors will continue to proceed and lead
new developments in the future. Hanbell offers customers more choices of advanced compressors to keep pace
with this trend.

5.1. R744 System Design Concept

Design of CO2 systems is generally straightforward and for the most part like HCFC and HFC systems,
but the thermo physical and thermodynamic properties of CO2 have to be taken into account. The CO2 systems
meet the cooling demand in two cold stores at a room temperature of -20ºC. To ensure reasonable redundancy,
each cold store is equipped with two identical CO2 units each with a cooling capacity of 14 kW. The system
layout of each of the four CO2 units is shown in Figure .The design specifications of each unit are:

a) Cooling capacity: 14 kW

b) Evaporating temperature: -28ºC

c) Condensing temperature: 0ºC

The finned air cooler is of the Lu-Ve Contardo dry expansion type with electric defrosts. The
compressor is a Dorin TCS 340H with a swept volume of 7 m3/h. The condenser is a Swep type B26x60 brazed
plate heat exchanger designed for high pressure operation. All components on the high pressure side are rated
for 40 bar working pressure. On the low-pressure side of the system all components are rated for 35 bar working
pressure.

CO2 systems at Snap Fresh

Pressure relief valves are mounted where there is a risk of isolating a section of the CO2 system either manually
or automatically. To minimise the risk of CO2 leakage through the relief valves in the event of a power or brine
supply failure, the receiver is located in the cold store. This will prevent the pressure in the CO2 system from
exceeding a saturation pressure corresponding to the room temperature level.
 5.2 CO2 Refrigeration Systems

The use of carbon dioxide as a refrigerant has seen increasing interest in recent years. As a result, there
is also a lack of familiarity with this refrigerant among the general industry. The use of CO2 in conventional
refrigeration systems presents several interesting properties that must be addressed. The pressure/temperature
relationship of this refrigerant is one of the primary concerns.

For an example of the pressure/temperature relationship of CO2 as vapour pressure curves see IP
units or SI units. The pressures observed with the use of CO2 are much higher than those normally found in
ammonia refrigeration systems. Due to the higher pressures found with the use of carbon dioxide it becomes
necessary to implement certain principles to limit the pressure increases at higher temperatures. Some of these
design guidelines are used to allow standard refrigeration components to be utilized in CO2 refrigeration
systems.
A cascade refrigeration system is one method to provide this capability. In this process a separate
refrigeration system uses a different refrigerant to condense the CO2. The CO2 is maintained at relatively low
pressures by the low temperatures created by the separate refrigeration system. With this type of system
configuration, standard refrigeration components are used in the CO2 refrigeration system. It is common to find
ammonia (NH3 or R-717) being used as the higher temperature refrigerant to condense the CO2 used in the
lower temperature refrigeration system. Below is an example of a typical CO2/NH3 cascade system in a basic
configuration.
 It is also important to be aware of other concerns in the event of power outages, or intermittent
operation of CO2 systems. If the ammonia system is not able to provide cooling of the CO2, the resulting
pressure increase in the CO2 system may cause relief valves to lift. This can release CO2 to the atmosphere and
result in loss of the operating refrigerant charge. In order to maintain the pressure of the CO2 system below the
maximum allowable design pressure of the CO2 system other design requirements may become necessary.
According to the safety and environmental regulations in the USA refrigeration systems having a threshold
quantity of ammonia greater than 10,000 pounds have specific criteria to meet for compliance. The use of CO2
for these low temperature applications provide one means of limiting the total ammonia inventory.

5.3 Advantages

CO2 as supercritical fluid CO2 as a supercritical fluid is a gas that raised actual temperature, reaching a
critical temperature (the highest temperature that can alter the gas phase into liquid phase by increasing the
pressure), and has a critical pressure (highest pressure that can alter the liquid phase into the gas phase by
increasing the temperature). Thus its properties are among the properties of gases and liquids as supercritical
solvent, CO2 has been quite widely used in the field of research and industry. Another advantage is that we do
not need to create CO2, but enough to filter from the air around us. In the field of isolation and processing of
natural materials, supercritical CO2 is used as a solvent in the extraction process and de-extraction of active
compounds from plants for the treatment, or compounds essential to the food industry, for example lemon oil,
ginger, beta-carotene from plants or de-extraction of caffeine in coffee, the mining of petroleum, the benefits in
the use of liquefied CO2 actually very big. This fluid flowed into the oil resources thinning reserves to lift the
remaining oil reserves. 

The main problem is the fluid viscosity is low and is unable to raise the maximum oil. An encouraging
development of more precisely in the process of polymer, re-raise prestige of CO2. Dupont, a leading company
in chemical industry innovation has been able to produce a kind of foam or foamed thermoplastic known for the
popular called fluoropolimer. This is thanks bring together perfluoroalkil acrylate polymer by Desimone and
colleagues in 1992. fluoropolimer completely soluble in CO2, having previously used solvents and surfactants
be basis fluorine.CO2 is more promising application is the synthesis of cyclic carbonate compound by reaction
with epoxide compounds combining CO2.Cyclic carbonate compound is the main material in the polyurethane
industry, paints, resins, manufacture of ethylene glycol, organic solvents, polycarbonate, and others. In
principle, the chemical, the reaction can take place with ease as long as there is a catalyst that can increase CO2
reactivity. Indeed there are many uses which can be extracted from CO2 gas as an environmentally friendly
material.  In industrial materials coating using a polymer, can dissolve in CO2 or the formation of colloidal
particles in the pharmaceutical industry, which uses CO2 solvent as well.

Reference:

1. http://jejaringkimia.blogspot.com © 2006 rhyno safryzal

2. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/karbondioksida

3. THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF AIRAH – June 2002

4. Ward Atkinson Saalfelden Summit 2006