Column

Is a main vertical member carrying axial loads, which can be

combined with bending and shear, from the main roof beams or
girders to the foundation. These structural members carry loads
parallel to its longitudinal axis.

Design of Column by WSD method:

Types of Column:
1. Tied column – Lateral reinforcement tie
2. Spiral column – Lateral reinforcement spiral
3. Composite column

Formula:

Column controlled by Compression

e ≤ eb (Balanced eccentrically)
Where,
M
e=
P

For symmetrical tied column,

eb = (0.67ρgm + 0.17)d
For spiral column,
eb = 0.43ρgmDs + 0.14t
Where,
Ds = Dia of circle through centers of longitudinal steel of spiral column
t = Dia of spiral
d = effective depth

As
ρg = Ag
fy
m=
0.85 f ' c
Section of Column shall be proportioned by using the relation

fa fb
= ≤1
Fa Fb
Where,
P
fa = A
g
Fa = 0.34 (1 + ρgm)f’c
M
fb =
S
I
S=
C
bh 3 t bh 3
For Rectangular, I = + 2(2n - 1 ) As ( - d’)2 = + 2(2n - 1 ) As d2
12 2 12
2
πD 4 As Ds
For Spiral, I = + (2n – 1)
64 8
Fb = 0.45 f ’
c
Column controlled by tension
e>eb
where,
M
e=
P
Section of Column shall be proportioned by using the relation

P M −M0
=
Pb Mb −M0
Pb & Mb shall be ascertained by using the relation
fa fb
+ =1
Fa Fb

Pb
or, Ag + Pb eb = 1
Fb
Pa
For symmetrical tied column
Mo = 0.4Asfy( d – d’ )
As = Steel on tension side only
Mo = 0.12 AstfyDs for spiral column
Ast = Total longitudinal steel

P M −M0
=
Pb Mb −M0
P
M = Mo + ( Mb - Mo)
Pb
% of steel on column is 1% – 8% of concrete.
Example – 1:
Given
P = 120 k
M = 30 k’
f’c = 4 ksi
fy= 40 ksi

Design the column as a tied column

Solution:
Assume,
Column section 12’X 12’
8 Ø 20 equal in each face
As = 0.486 × 8 = 3.89 in2
M 30 ×12
e= = =3
P 120

eb = (0.67ρgm + 0.17)d
As 8 ×0.486
ρg = = = 0.027
Ag 144
fy 40
m= = = 11.765
0.85 f '
c 0.85 ×4

ρgm = 0.027 × 11.765 = 0.3137

d = 12 – 2.5 = 9.5

eb = (0.67ρgm + 0.17)d = (0.67 × 0.313 + 0.17) ×9.5 = 3.61” > 3”

.˙. Column is controlled by compression

P 120
fa = Ag = 144 = 0.83 ksi

Fa = 0.34 (1 + ρgm)f’c = 0.34 ( 1 + 0.3137) × 4 = 1.670 ksi

M
fb =
S
I
S=
C
 12 ×12 3 12 ×12 3
I= + (2n – 1) 3 × 0.486 × 3.52 × 2 = + (2 × 8 – 1) 3 × 0.486 ×
12 12
3.52 × 2 = 2263 in2
I 2263
S= = = 377 in3
C 6

30 ×12
fb = = 0.957 ksi
377

. Fb = 0.45 f’c = 0.45 × 4 = 1.8 ksi

fa fb 0.83 9.957
+ = + = 0.996 < 1 ok.
Fa Fb 1.786 1.8

Example – 2:
Given
P = 120 k
M = 30 k’
f’c = 4 ksi
fy= 40 ksi
Design the column as a tied column

Solution:
Assume,
Column section 12’X 12’
4 Ø 25 equal in each face
As = 0.76 × 8 = 3.04 in2
M 30 ×12
e= = =3
P 120

eb = (0.67ρgm + 0.17)d
As 4 ×0.76
ρg = = = 0.0202
Ag 144
fy 40
m= = = 11.765
0.85 f '
c 0.85 ×4

ρgm = 0.0202 × 11.765 = 0.2376

d = 12 – 2.5 = 9.5

eb = (0.67ρgm + 0.17)d = (0.67 × 0.2376 + 0.17) × 9.5 = 3.12” > 3”

.˙. Column is controlled by compression

P 120
fa = A = = 0.83 ksi
g 144

Fa = 0.34 (1 + ρgm)f’c = 0.34 ( 1 + 0.2376) × 4 = 1.683 ksi

M
fb =
S
I
S=
C
12 ×12 3 12 ×12 3
I= + (2n – 1) 3 × 0.76 × 3.52 × 2 = + (2 × 4 – 1) 3 × 0.76 × 3.52
12 12
× 2 = 2119.02 in2
I 2119 .02
S= = = 377 in3
C 6

30 ×12
fb = = 0.957 ksi
377

. Fb = 0.45 f’c = 0.45 × 4 = 1.8 ksi

fa fb 0.83 9.957
+ = + = 0.996 < 1 ok.
Fa Fb 1.786 1.8
Spiral
P = 120 k
M = 30 k fit
f”c = 4 ksi
fy = 40 ksi
Design the column as a spiral column. Assume 15” dia column with 8 Ø 20.
M 30 ×12
e= = = 3”
P 120
As = 0.486 × 8 = 3.9 in2
Ag = 3.1415 × 7.52 = 176.62 in2
eb = (0.67ρgm + 0.17)d
As 8 ×0.486
ρg = = = 0.022
Ag 176 .62
fy 40
m= = = 11.765
0.85 f '
c 0.85 ×4

ρgm = 0.022 × 11.765 = 0.26

Ds = 15 – 5= 10”
Dc = 15 – 3 = 12”

eb = 0.43ρgmDs + 0.14t = 0.43 × 0.26 × 10 + 0.14 × 15 = 3.22 > 3”

.˙. Column is controlled by compression

P 120
fa = A = = 0.70 ksi
g 176 .62

Fa = 0.34 (1 + ρgm)f’c = 0.34 ( 1 + 0.26) × 4 = 1.71 ksi

M
fb =
S
I
S=
C
2
πD 4 As Ds 3.1415 ×5 4 8 ×0.486 ×10 2
I= + (2n – 1) = + (2 × 8 – 1) = 3210 in2
64 8 64 8
I 3210
S= = = 428 in3
C 7.5

30 ×12
fb = = 0.841 ksi
428
. Fb = 0.45 f’c = 0.45 × 4 = 1.8 ksi

fa fb 0.70 0.841
+ = + = 0.876 < 1 ok.
Fa Fb 1.71 1.8

Design of spiral –
' 176 .62 176 .62
Ag fs 4 4
ρs = 0.45 ( - 1) = 0.45 ( πDc 2
- 1) = 0.45 ( 3.1415 ×12 2 - 1) =
As fy 40 40
4 4
0.0253
4a s ( Dc − d b )
4 × 0.121 (12 − 0.39 )
0.0253 = 2 =
Dc S 12 2 S
4 × 0.121 (12 − 0.39 )
S = Pi = = 1.54” ≈ 1.5” c/c > 1” .˙. ok (Code S = Pi > 1”)
12 2 × 0.0253

Spiral
P = 120 k
M = 30 k fit
f”c = 4 ksi
fy = 40 ksi
Design the column as a spiral column. Assume 15” dia column with 6 Ø 20.
M 30 ×12
e= = = 3”
P 120
As = 0.486 × 6 = 2.91 in2
Ag = 3.1415 × 7.52 = 176.62 in2
eb = (0.67ρgm + 0.17)d
As 6 ×0.486
ρg = = = 0.065
Ag 176 .62
fy 40
m= = = 11.765
0.85 f '
c 0.85 ×4

ρgm = 0.0165 × 11.765 = 0.194

Ds = 15 – 5= 10”
Dc = 15 – 3 = 12”

eb = 0.43ρgmDs + 0.14t = 0.43 × 0.194 × 10 + 0.14 × 15 = 2.93” < 3”

.˙. Column is controlled by tension

 .
Fb = 0.45 f’c = 0.45 × 4 = 1.8 ksi
Fa = 0.34 (1 + ρgm)f’c = 0.34 ( 1 + 0.194) × 4 = 1.62 ksi

fa fb
+ =1
Fa Fb

Pb Mb
Ag + S =1
Fa Fa

Pb Pb eb
Ag + S =1
Fa Fa

Pb Pb × 2.92
176 .62 + 40 .2 = 1
1.62 1.8

Pb = 133 kip

Mb = 133 ×2.93 = 388 kip

Mo = 0.12As+fyDs = 0.12 × 6 × 0.486 + 40 × 10 = 133 k
P
M = Mo + (Mb - Mo)
Pb
M = Pe – P × 3
P
3P = 139 + (388 – 139)
133
P = 124 kip > 120 kip .˙. ok
M = P × e = 124 × 3 = 312 k”= 31 kip fit >30 kip fit .˙. ok

Determine the magnitude of eccentric load P that can be carried by a 16” × 16”
square column with an eccentricity of 8” column is reinforced with 8 Ø 25 bars
oriented equally in each face.

e = 8”
As 8 ×0.76
ρg = = = 0.02375
Ag 16 ×16
 fy 40
m= ' = = 15.68
0.85 f c 0.85 ×3
ρgm = 0.02375 × 15.68 = 0.3725
eb = (0.67ρgm + 0.17)d = (0.67 × 0.3725 + 0.17 ) × 13.5 = 5.6628”
Column is controlled by tension
Pb Pb
fa = A = = 0.70 ksi
g 256
Fa = 0.34 (1 + ρgm)f’c = 0.34 ( 1 + 0.3725) × 3 = 1.40 ksi
Pb eb Pb eb
fb = = I
S
C
16 ×16 3
I= + (2 × 8 – 1) 3 × 0.76 × 2 × 5.52 = 7806 in4
12

I 7806
= = 975.8 in2
C 8
5.66 × Pb
fb =
975 .8
Fb = 0.45 f’c = 0.45 × 3 = 1.35 ksi

fa fb
+ =1
Fa Fb

Pb Pb
5.66 ×
256 + 975 .8 = 1
1.4 1.35
Pb = 141 kip

Mb = Pbeb = 141 × 5.66 = 798 kip “

Mo = 0.4Asfy (d – d’) = 0.4 × 8 × 0.76 × 40 (13.5 – 2.5) = 1070.08 kip “
P
M = Mo + (Mb - Mo) [M = P × e = 8P]
Pb
P
8P = 1070.08 + (798 – 1070.08)
141
P = 11.44 kip
M = 11.44 × 8 = 91.52 kip“ = 7.6 kip ‘

***A 20 ×12 inch column is reinforced with 8 Ø 25 bars of f y = 40 ksi. Providing

equal amount of reinforcements both at tension & compression faces of column,
determine the magnitude of eccentric load P that can be carried by the column
with an eccentricity of 9.8 inch. f’c = 3 ksi.
Solution:
e = 9.8”
As 8 ×0.76
ρg = = = 0.025
Ag 20 ×12
fy 40
m= ' = = 15.68
0.85 f c 0.85 ×3
ρgm = 0.025 × 15.68 = 0.39
eb = (0.67ρgm + 0.17)d = (0.67 × 0.39 + 0.17 ) × 17.5 = 7.63” < 9.8”
Column is controlled by tension
Pb Pb
fa = A = = 0.70 ksi
g 256
Fa = 0.34 (1 + ρgm)f’c = 0.34 ( 1 + 0.39) × 3 = 1.40 ksi
Pb eb Pb eb
fb = = I
S
C
12 ×20 3
I= + 2(2 × 8 – 1) 3 × 0.76 × 7.52 = 13130 in4
12

I 13130
= = 1313 in2
C 10
7.63 × Pb
fb = = 0.0055 Pb
1313
Fb = 0.45 f’c = 0.45 × 3 = 1.35 ksi

fa fb
+ =1
Fa Fb
Pb
or, Ag + Pb × eb = 1
S × Fb
Fa
Pb Pb
7.63 ×
or, 240 + 1313 = 1
1.425 1.35
Pb = 142.54 kip

Mb = Pbeb = 142.54 × 7.63 = 1087.6 kip “

Mo = 0.4Asfy (d – d’) = 0.4 × 8 × 0.76 × 40 (17.5 – 2.5) = 1459.2 kip “
P
M = Mo + (Mb - Mo) [M = P× e = 8P]
Pb
P
9.8P = 1459.2 + (1087.6 – 1459.2)
142 .54
P = 12 kip
****A spiral column of Ø 18” is reinforced with 10 Ø 25 bars of fy= 50 ksi.
Determine the magnitude of eccentric load P that can be carried by the column
with one eccentricity of 6 inch. f’c = 4 ksi.

e = 9.8”
As 8 ×0.76
ρg = = = 0.025
Ag 20 ×12
fy 40
m= ' = = 15.68
0.85 f c 0.85 ×3
ρgm = 0.025 × 15.68 = 0.39
eb = (0.67ρgm + 0.17)d = (0.67 × 0.39 + 0.17 ) × 17.5 = 7.63” < 9.8”
Column is controlled by tension
Pb Pb
fa = A = = 0.70 ksi
g 256
Fa = 0.34 (1 + ρgm)f’c = 0.34 ( 1 + 0.39) × 3 = 1.40 ksi
Pb eb Pb eb
fb = = I
S
C
12 ×20 3
I= + 2(2 × 8 – 1) 3 × 0.76 × 7.52 = 13130 in4
12

I 13130
= = 1313 in2
C 10
7.63 × Pb
fb = = 0.0055 Pb
1313
Fb = 0.45 f’c = 0.45 × 3 = 1.35 ksi

fa fb
+ =1
Fa Fb
Pb
or, Ag + Pb × eb = 1
S × Fb
Fa
Pb Pb
7.63 ×
or, 240 + 1313 = 1
1.425 1.35
Pb = 142.54 kip

Mb = Pbeb = 142.54 × 7.63 = 1087.6 kip “

Mo = 0.4Asfy (d – d’) = 0.4 × 8 × 0.76 × 40 (17.5 – 2.5) = 1459.2 kip “
 P
M = Mo + (Mb - Mo) [M = P× e = 8P]
Pb
P
9.8P = 1459.2 + (1087.6 – 1459.2)
142 .54
P = 12 kip