Gosh Presentation-16-12-2010

S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.
FREQUENTLY
MISUNDERSTOOD PROVISIONS
Inc.
IBC/ASCE 7 STRUCTURAL
S. K. Ghosh Associates
Palatine, IL and Aliso Viejo, CA
I www.skghoshassociates.com I
1---------------_-1-_---~--------.
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All sections referenced are from ASCE 7-05, unless otherwise noted.
••••
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Associates Inc.
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MISUNDERSTOOD
PROVISION #1
-4-
REDUNDANCY FACTOR, P ASCE 7-05 Section 12.3.4
soc
A
B&C 0, E & F
NA
1.0 1.0 or 1.3
YH1 Si~S~
Note that p = 1.0 when the SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE of Section 12.14 is used.
REDUNDANCY FACTOR, P ASCE 7-05 Section 12.3.4

12.3.4 Redundancy 12.3.4.1 Conditions Where Value of pis 1.0 12.3.4.2 Redundancy Factor, p, for SOC through F
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www.skghoshassociates.com 3
Inc.
Section 12.3.4.1 P for SDC D - F

p
1.0 for the following:
1. Structures assigned to SOC ~ and C. 2. Drift calculation and P-delta effects. components. not similar to
3. Design of nonstructural
4. Design of nonbuilding structures, buildings. I:h Q (2;)_-1

p
1.0 for the following:
5. Design of collector elements, splices and their connections for which load combinations with overstrength are used. 6. Design of members or connections where load combinations with overstrength are required for design. 7. Diaphragm loads determined using Eq. 12.10-1. 8. Structures with damping systems designed in accordance with Chapter 18.
- 8-
\

p = 1.0 or 1.3 p = 1.3 unless ONE of two conditions is met. If Condition # 1 is met, then p = 1.0 If Condition #2 is met, then p = 1.0 Both conditions do NOT need to be met for p = 1.0
CONDITION #1 and CONDITION #2 only need to be checked at each story resisting more than 35% of the base shear.
Section 12.3.4.2 P for SOC D - F

CONDITION #1: Can an individual element be removed from the lateral-force-resisting-system without: • Causing the remaining structure to suffer a reduction of story strength> 33%, or • Creating an extreme torsional irregularity?
TABLE 12.3-3 REQUIREMENTS FOR EACH STORY RESISTING MORE THAN 35% OF THE BASE SHEAR
Lateral Force-.Re$ittillg Element Req_nt
Braced Frames
Removal of an individual brace. Of connection tllereto, would nOI result ill more than a 33% reducuon ill story strengUl. nor does IIIe resulling system haw an extreme torsional irregularity (horizontal 'Im<mral irregularity Type U}), Loss-of moment resistance ar Ihe beam-to-column connections at bolh ends of a ,ingle beam would uot result in more titan a 33<;<reduction in story strength. nor does the resulting system have an extreme torsional irregularity (horizontal stroetor.1 irregularity TYiX'lh). Removal of fi shear wall or wall pier with a heigltHo-lenglh ratio greater than 1.0 within any story. or collector cennections tbereto. w(tuld not resul! in more than a 33'/i reduction in story srrength, nor doe, tile resulting system have an extreme torsional irregularity Ihori1.Ontai structural irregularity Type tb). Loss or moment resistance at the base connections or any single cantilever column would not result in more than a 33~cfreduction in story strength. nor docs the resulting system have an extreme torsional irregularity thoraontal.lruclural irre"ularily'!YiX' lbl·
Moment Fnunes
Shear Walls or Wall Pier wnh a beighHotengthralioof greater than 1.0
Cantilever Colttmn.~
Other
No requirements -12 -
6
Section 12.3.4.2 P for SOC 0 - F
CONDITION #2 :
If a structure is regul?r in plan and there are at least 2 bays of seismic force-resisting perimeter framing on e?9tl§ige of the structure in each orthogonal direction at each story resisting> 35% of the base shear.
-~~'_-*'{>'_~;~"'~~'h~'>~"';_~
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·13·
Section 12.3.4.2 P for SOC 0 - F
o
1,
--~~----~------------------------
ersrruc orce- esis Perimeter Framin
1
·14·
Two Bays
Q: A: for Redundancy
Q:
How many bays are there in a shear
wall?
A: Length of shear wall! story height. ..or for

\)JO.
~ht-framed construction, 2 x length of shear walll story height
Q:
Does the redundancy factor apply to the
design of foundations?
A: Yes.
·16·
s. K. Ghosh Associates
Inc.
Q:
I am using "Condition #1" to determine p
for a wood-frame building. All of the shear walls are relatively long; in other words, the height of each shear wall (2.45 m) is less than its length (2.75 m, 3.05 m, 3.65 m). Can I assign p = 1.0 because there are no shear walls with a hit' ratio> 1.0?
A:
Yes.
_.
-~---••lsflng ReqUltemet"
'__"1_R
Braced Frames
Removal of an individual brace, or connection thereto. would not result in more than a 33% reduction in story strength. nor does the resulting system have an extreme (orsional irregularity (horizontal ,truc-tural irregularity Type lb). Loss of moment resistance at Ille beam-to-column connecuons at both ends of a single beam would not result in more than a 33% reduction in 'tory strength. nor does the resulting system have an extreme torsional irregularity thorizontal strucrural irregularity Type Ih). Removal of a snear wall or wall pier with a beigbt-!~1I8th ratio greater than 1.0 within any stoty. or collector conoecuons therelO. would 001 result in more than a 33'", reduction in story strength. nor does the resulting systv'lll have an extreme to",ionru irregularity tboriZoolal structural irregularity'lYpe 11», Los, of molllCtll resistance at the base connecuoas or any sin0'" canulever column would Ill)! result in more than a 33% redecnon in story Mrength. nor doe the resulting system bave an extreme torsional jrr~ltularitl' tltorizmual >lnit'lural incgulanty Type 1M,
No reqUifl!tllents
Moment Frames
Shear Walls or Wall Pie! with a height-tolength ratio of greater than 1.0
Cantilever
Cohnnns
Other - 18-
lilt
s. K. Ghosh
Associates Inc.
Q: We
have a building that is 100 meters tall
(31 stories) with shear walls. When Table 12.3-3 uses the phrase "height-to-Iength" ratio, is that the height-to-Iength height-to-Iength ratio "within any story"? Or is it referring to the overall ratio which, for our building, would mean a height of 100 meters.
A: The
hw/Cw ratio is intended to be story
height-to-Iength ratio .
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- 20-
Q: Can the value of p be different at

different levels of the same building?
·21.
A:
No, p cannot be different for different
levels of the same building. However, depending on the structural system, p can be different in the two orthogonal directions of the same building if Condition #1 is used.
·22·
11
Q:
Why doesn't Table 12.3-3 address dual
systems?
If you have a dual system, can

;,,1,
you assume p = 1.0?

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- 23-
A: No .....
NEHRP Recommended Provisions
FEMA
- 24-
12
'Braced frame, moment frame and shear wall systems have to conform to redundancy requirements. Dual systems are also included, but in most cases are in_h~r~n!JX"E~Q~l:!n£jant. walls with a height-toShear length aspect ratio greater than 1.0 have been included, even though the issue has been essentially solved by requiring collector elements and their connections to be designed for 00 times the design force."
Q:
Do you need to determine the redundancy structures similar to
factor for "nonbuilding
buildings" or can you assume the redundancy factor equals 1?
- 26-
A:
You need to determine the redundancy
factor. If the code did not intend that the redundancy factor be determined for "Nonbuilding structures similar to buildings", there would have been an exception to Section 15.5.1 as is the case with Section 15.6.
Q:
Does the redundancy factor need to
be determined if dynamic analysis is used?
A:
Yes.
14
s. K. Ghosh
Associates Inc.
Redundancy Example
Wall E Wall F
Wall B Stiffness
x, U
Il
Redundancy Example
o
soc
o One-story concrete shear wall building
o~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=K
o All walls have the same nominal shear strength,
v;
o The story height is 5.5 meters.
o The length of each shear wall is 4.5 meters. Let

a denote the horizontal dimension of this building.
Redundancy Example
CONDITION #1 CONDITION #2
~:t,
::~
Step 1: Remove shear wall and see if story strength is reduced by more than 33%.
Step 1: Check if structure is regular in plan.
Step 2: See if there is an extreme torsional irregularity created.
Step 2: Are there at least 2 bays of.. ..on each side in each orthogonal direction?
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~.
Redundancy Example
Check Condition #2 first (it's easier)
Q:
How many bays are there in a shear wall? of shear wall/ story height. .. or for 2 x length of shear
A: Length
light-framed construction, wall/ story height.
For example building: (4.5/5.5)(2) = 1.64 < 2

_______ ~
-33-
I.mt
~
Redundancy Example
CONDITION #1 : Removal of a shear wall or wall pier with a heightto-length ratio greater than 1.0 within any story, or collector connections thereto, would not result in more than a 33% reduction in story strength, nor does the resulting system have an extreme torsional irregularity (horizontal structural irregularity Type 1b).
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Redundancy Example
CONDITION #1
Step 1: Remove shear wall and see if story strength is reduced by more than 33%.
Step 2: See if there is an extreme torsional irregularity created by doing so.
Redundancy Example
Wall E Wall F
WallA Stiffness K,
!)
Wall C Stiffness K,
Wall B Stiffness K, WallO
Wall D Stiffness Kd I
L
I
a
WallH
18
Redundancy Example
Definition of Extreme Torsional Irregularity in ASCE 7-05 Table 12.3-1 : Extreme Torsional Irregularity exists where the maximum story drift, computed including accidental torsion, at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is more than f;f~:!r}imesthe average of the story drifts at the two ends of the structure.
~,~~;</
- 37-
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1II1
Redundancy Example
The determination of extreme torsional irregularity requires the evaluation of the story drifts ~ and Jh, as shown below.
f
aJ3 _I' CRo CM

0
2aJ3
- 38-
Redundancy Example
The torsional stiffness about the center of rigidity (CR) is determined as:
Kt
= K[( -at
33'
,1 ')
1." 2 ') 1 ') 1 ') 1 " 1 ') at + at + (-a)'" +{-a}"" +(-a)'" +(-a)'"]
222
- 39-
Redundancy Example
According to ASCE 7-05 Table 12.3-1, extreme torsional irregularity does not exist when ()b < 1.4( ba + bb)
This can be transformed to

{)b
6a
< 2.33
- 40-
20
Redundancy Example
Assume that the story drift caused only by the lateral force V is equal to J, and that 8 is the rotation caused by the torsion T, then
8b
°a
c-
2 8+-a8 3 1 0- a8 3
82 +a8 3 81 a8 3
This ratio is less than 2.33 only if <5/(a8)is larger than 1.08.
Redundancy Example
1V
K_ 130 - a T - -(--:" --13--'-+ 0-'--,O-5-aJ-V

ij _
Kt
S-"'-----
Kt
Therefore, no extreme torsional irregularity is created and p = 1.0. (Note that the term 0.05a is for accidental torsion) Thus, horizontal structural irregularity Type 1b does not exist and the configuration qualifies for a p factor of 1.0.
-42-
_Ks2 3
_ 3
21
MISUNDERSTOOD
PROVISION
#2
lastically Computed Deflection at Level under Code-Prescribed Seismic Forces
Qe
~./ 1
v
- 44-
__..
22
Drift Determination Section 12.8.6 Step 1:

Determine ()xe at each floor level
where ()xe is the lateral deflection at floor level x determined by elastic analysis under codeprescribed seismic forces.
Step 2:
Multiply
s.,
by
c, given
in Table
12.12-1, the product representing the estimated design earthquake displacement.

- 45-
Drift Determination Section 12.8.6 Step 3:

Factor: Divide ()xeCd by I, Importance
8x
= 8xeCd
II
Step 4:
Determine design story drift: L\x = ()x - ()x

1)
-46 -
s. K. Ghosh
Associates Inc.
Drift Determination Section 12.8.6
.-a = story drift
Story Drift
Cd
= deflection
amplification factor
- 48-
24
Allowable Drift
ASCE 7-05 Table 12.12-1
Occupancy Category Structure lor II Structures, other than masonry shear wall structures, 4 stories or less with interior walls, partitions, ceilings, and exterior wall systems that have been designed to accommodate the story drift. Masonry cantilever shear wall structures Other masonry shear wall structures All other structures
- 49-
III
IV
0.025hsx 0.020hsx 0.015hsx
i<t:=
0.010hsx 0.010hsx 0.010hsx 0.007hsx 0.007hsx 0.007hsx 0.020hsx 0.015hsx 0.010hsx
Allowable Drift - Additional Requirement

AseE 7-05 Section 12.12.1.1
For seismic force-resisting systems comprised solely of moment frames in structures assigned to Seismic Design Categories 0, E, orF, the
_::__"'-=>M'''~~~A,"'"",,*Xi"~~'~ ~_~.~
design story drift shall not exceed L1a li:rf()r any story. p shall be determined in accordance with Section 12.3.4.2.
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25
s. K. Ghosh
Associates Inc.
Q: A: for Drift Determination
Q:
Why is drift divided by the Importance Factor? Because the forces under which ()xe are
A:
computed are already amplified by I, and the drift limits set forth in Table 12.12-1 are more restrictive for higher occupancy category buildings.
Q:
Is drift determined differently for allowable
stress design (ASO) than for strength design (SO)?
A:
No. The same procedu re is used
regardless of whether ASO or SO is used .
••••••
Q:
Does minimum base shear need to be
considered for drift determination?
A:
Yes, Section 12.8.6.1 requires that all of
the requirements of Section 12.8 be satisfied for the purpose of computing drift.
----_~
-53-
~_~
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~

-
- '~-------------------~'------~---~----
-------------------
----_------ -----------~------------.~
-.-
--
,"" 4
- --------,,----------_
Q:
Does the upper-bound limitation on period T
need to be considered for drift determination?
A:
No. Section 12.8.6.2 does not require the
period to be subject to the upper limit of CuT a for the purpose of drift determination.
- 54-
Building Separation Section 12.12.3

12.12.3 Building Separation. All portions of
the structure shall be designed and constructed to act as an integral unit in resisting seismic forces unless separated structurally by a distance sufficient to avoid damaging contact under total deflection as determined in Section 12.8.6.
- 55-

.:.This section applies to SDCs B through F. •:. Does not address adjacent buildings on the same property . •:. Does not address minimum setback distance from property line.

Code Requirement 20091BC/ ASCE 7-05
ASCE 7-05 Section 12.12.3 (applies to all SDCs)
PORTIONS OF THE SAME STRUCTURE: All portions of the structure shall be designed and constructed to act as an integral unit in resisting seismic forces unless separated structurally by a distance sufficient to avoid damaging contact under total deflection (C5x) as determined in Section 12.8.6.
Continued on next page
Building Separation 2009 IBC Section 1613.6.7

_.
_--,
-_ ...._
Code Requirement BUILDING SEPARATIONS (paraphrased): All structures shall be separated from adjoining structures. Separations shall allow for the maximum inelastic displacement OM {including torsion}. Adjacent buildings on the same property shall be separated by at least OMT where ~T
= ~(ijMl)2
ASCE 7-05 No requirement
20091BC 20091Be Section 1613.6.7
+ (6M2i
When a structure adjoins a property line not common to a public way, that structure shall also be set back from the property line by at least the displacement, OM, of that structure. Exception: Smaller separations or property line setbacks shall be permitted when justified by rational analyses based on maximum expected ground motions.
......
_ ...................................
_ .....................................
.....•....................
........................
.........
_ .....
- 58-
···l~

Note difference between bx and bM The deflection of Level x at the center of mass (12.8.6), bx
= c, bxel
I (Equation 16-44)
bmax
= the
maximum displacement at Level x computed
assuming Ax
1 (12.8.4.3)
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250 mm separati~1
r~M=200mm
~M=150mm
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-61~
Q:A: for Building Separation
Q:
ASCE 7-05 Section 12.12.3 contains the language contact? any contact at all, the separation sum of
OM1
"sufficient to avoid damaging contact." What is

damaging
A: To avoid
and
OM1 0M2'
distance would have to be the arithmetic the separation and

0M2'
To avoid damaging contact, ASCE 7 allowsr-,.__ distance to be the statistical sum of sum. which is less than the arithmetic
-62-
Q:
I do not understand the logic of requiring
less separation between two buildings on the same property than between two identical buildings on different sides of the property line.
A:
The first provision is concerned with to the same owner. is that one owner
damaging contact from pounding of buildings belonging presumably based on consideration The property line setback requirement
should not encroach onto another's property.
·64·
MISUNDERSTOOD
PROVISION
#3
-65 -
--------.
33
Minimum Seismic Base Shear Section 12.8.1.1
Q:
What is the minimum seismic base shear
in ASeE 7-05?
A:
0.01 W with the additional minimum of
0.551
Rl (Tj
where 81
;:::
0.6g.
- 67-
Minimum Seismic Base Shear Section 12.8.1.1

---_--_._---~---
> :;.c
fI)
CI) CI)
V-~w ~ (RlIlT
a:t
:g
'iii
CI)
til
Period, T
- 68-
34
s. K. Ghosh
Associates Inc.
Minimum Seismic Base Shear
Minimum Seismic Base Shear Section 12.8.1.1 with Supplement #2
Q:
What is the minimum seismic base shear
in the 2009 IBe?
A:
0.044 SoslW ~ 0.01 W with the additional
minimum of
where S1 ~ 0.6g.
-70 -
20091BC Section 1613 Earthquake Loads

CJ CJ
2009 IBC Section 1613.1 references ASCE 7 Chapter 35 entry for ASCE 7 reads as follows:
ASCE 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures including Supplements No.1 and 2, excluding Chapter 14 and Appendix 11A
---------------
·71 •
---
"Including Supplement No.1"
s. K. Ghosh
Associates Inc.
ASCE 7-05 Supplement No.2

Supplement No.2 modifies Eqs. 12.8-5, 15.4-1 and 15.4-3 as shown below:
c, = 0..0+ 0.044Sosl ~ 0.01 (Eq. 12.8-5) [applicable

buildings] Cs
to
= ().Q3
0.044Sosl ~ 0.03 (Eq. 15.4-1) [applicable to structures not similar to buildings] to an
nonbuilding
c, = 0..0+ 0.044Sosl ~ 0.01 (Eq. 15.4-3) [applicable

exception for nonbuilding __ uildingsL_.~ b
-73-
structures _
-------------_._----.
not similar to
ASCE 7-05 wi Supplement No.2 Design Base Shear
i I
en
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..
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37
8. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.
Minimum Seismic Base Shear vs. Ground Motion

0.04480sl ~ 0.01 or 80s1 ~ 0.227 or 8s ~ value given in table
Site Class A B C 1=1 0.426 0.341 0.284 0.213 0.136 1=1.25 0.341 0.273 0.227 0.170 0.109 1=1.5 0.284 0.227 0.189 0.142 0.091
0
E

~~~~.--..~.~~~~~~~-~~
T~; I) 0.04450sl
! < 0.044R
T T>
50S 501
-
22.73 5 01 R 50S
9 5 approx. - for ___Q1_ R 50S
= 0.4
-76 -
~.~ ..
-.
38

For special reinforced concrete moment frames,
0.0466ho.9 ~ 9/8 h ~ (24.14)1/0.9 = 34.5 m
Minimum Seismic Base Shear - Example

Concrete SMRF building - R = 8, 1=1.0
Height = 36.5 m, Sos = 1.00, S01 = 0.40
Ta = 0.0466(36.5)0.9 = 1.19 sec

C ::::: S01 =
s
T(R/I)
1.19(8/1)
0.40
0.042
C
s
s;
Sos = 1.00 =0.125
R/I
8/1
c, 2: 0.044Sos'
Cs
2:
0.044
Governs
0.01
Does not govern

78 -
39
ASCE 7-05 Supplement No.2
Q:
Where is Supplement No.2 to be found on
ASCE's website?
A:
1. Go to http://www.seinstitute.org/ 2. From the drop-down menu under "Publications," select "Supplement No.2 to ASCE 7-05."
-79 -
Q: A: for ASCE 7-05 Supplement No.2
Q:
Does ASCE 7-05 Supplement No.2
minimum base shear need to be considered for drift determination?
A:
Yes, Section 12.8.6.1 requires that all of
the requirements of Section 12.8 be satisfied for the purpose of computing drift.
- 80-
MISUNDERSTOOD
PROVISION
#4
2009 IBC 1607 Live Loads

CJ
Table 1607.1: Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads, Lo, and Minimum Concentrated Live Loads
CJ
Based on, but not identical to, ASCE 7-05 Table 4-1 (same title)
- 82-

o ASCE 7-05 with some modifications
Alternate floor live load reduction, based on tributary rather than influence areas, retained from UBC and other model codes.
2009 IBC 1607.9.2 Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction

D
Applies to slab systems, beams, girders, columns, piers, walls and foundations 1. Reduction not permitted in Group A (assembly) occupancies 2. Reduction not permitted when live load exceeds 100 pst, except design live load for columns may be reduced by 20%
- 84-
42
Inc.

o Exception to Item 2: .\.
b'j
.LA.
For use other than storage, where approved, additional live load reductions shall be permitted where shown by the registered design professional that a rational approach has been used and such reductions are warranted.
- 85-
2009 IBC 1607.9.2 Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction (co nt' d)
3. A reduction shall not be permitted in passenger vehicle parking garages except that the live loads for members supporting two or more floors are permitted to be reduced by a maximum of 20 percent
- 86-

o
In ASCE 7-05 Table 4-1/2006 IBC Table
1607.1 , the uniform Live Load for garages

(passenger vehicles only) was reduced from
2.40 to 1.92 kN/m2. The same value is in 2009 IBC Table 1607.1.
- 87-

o ASCE 7-05 Table 4-1/2009
Minimum Live Loads IBC Table 1607.1,
o Floors in garages ... shall be designed for the

uniformly distributed live loads ... or the following concentrated loads: (1) for garages restricted to vehicles accommodating not more than nine passengers, 144 kN/m2 (96 kN/m2 in ASCE 7-02, 2003 IBC) acting on an area of 114 mm by 114 mm; (2) .... ~--.---~-- 88-
2009 IBC 1607.9.2 Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction (cont'd)

4. For live loads not exceeding 4.79 kN/m2, design
live loads for any member supporting 13.94 m2 or more may be reduced by
R (%)
= r (A -
13.94)
where r = 0.86 percent for floors Such reduction shall not exceed 40% for horizontal members, 60% for vertical members, nor
R (%)
1------------.
= 23.1
(1 + D/Lo)
....• ~
8-9 .--~~~----.-.----.~.-
Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction

-g o
(!l
100
..J
> :.J '0
C
i'5
60
- -I--------
o,
a; 40
1 I 1
-1- - - 1 1 1
14
60
Tributary Area, A (rn'') Floor Members
84
·90·

5. For one-way slabs, the area, A, shall not exceed the product of the slab span and a width normal to the span of 0.5 times the slab span.
10
2009 IBC 1607.9.1 Reduction in Live Loads

o ASCE 7-95:
L LO(O.25 + 4~ \ vAl
L
=:
Reduced design live load shall be not less than 50% of La for members supporting one floor nor less than 40% of La for members supporting two or more floors
-92 -
Influence Areas
II
•
Interior supporting
member
Edge supporting member Corner supporting

- 93-
member
2009 IBC 1607.9.1 Reduction in Live Loads

o ASCE 7-98 through ASCE 7-05: For KLL AT > 37.16 m2
L shall not be less than O.50Lo for members

supporting one floor nor than OAOLo for members supporting two or more floors
- 94-
47
Influence and Tributary Areas
~W////////~
~//////////k
Limits of Influence Area Limits of Tributary Area
L..-J!
"""-1
- 95-
Live Load Element Factor,

20091BC Table 1607.9.1
Element Interior Columns Exterior columns without cantilever Edge columns with cantilever slabs Corner columns with cantilever slabs Edge beams without cantilever slabs Interior beams All other members not identified above including: - Edge beams with cantilever slabs - Cantilever beams - One-way slabs - Two-way slabs - Members without provisions for continuous slabs
KLL
4 4
3 2
2 2
_,,=s=h=e=a=r=tr=a=ns=f=er=n=o=r=m=a=' t=?=t=he=i=r_==sp==a=n=======,==~
-96-
..
1_
~
2009 IBC 1607.9.1 Limitations on Live Load Reduction

1607.9.1.1. For one-way slabs, the area, AT' shall not exceed the product of the slab span and a width normal to the span of 1.§ times the slab span.
'I
_______________ ~
-97-
I.m1_
~

1607.9.1.2. Live loads that exceed 4.79 kN/m2 shall not be reduced, except: 1. Live loads for members supporting two or more floors are permitted to be reduced by a maximum of 20 percent
- 98-

1607.9.1.2. Live loads that exceed 4.79 kN/m2
shall not be reduced, except:
2. For use other than storage, where approved, additional live load reductions shall be permitted where shown by the registered design professional that a rational approach has been used and such reductions are warranted.
- 99-

1607.9.1.3. A reduction shall not be permitted in
passenger vehicle parking garages except that the live loads for members supporting two or more floors are permitted to be reduced by a maximum of 20 percent
- 100-

1607.9.1.4. Live loads of 4.79 kN/m2 and at areas where fixed seats are located shall not be reduced in Group A occupancies.

1607.9.1.5. Live loads of 4.79 kN/m2 or less shall not be reduced for roof members except as specified in Section 1607.11.2
-102 -
51
IBC 1607.11.2 Roof Live Load
The minimum uniformly distributed roof live load, Lo, is now given in Table 1607.1.
R1 = 1
= =
for At ~ 18.58 m2 for 18.58 m2 < At < 55.74 m2 for At ~ 55.74 m2 for F ~ 4 for 4 < F < 12 for F ~ 12
1.2 - 0.011 At
0.6 1
R2
= 1.2 - 0.05F
= 0.6
where, for a pitched roof, F expressed
I__
0.12 x slope, with slope
in percentage
points and, for an arch or dome,
=_
rise-t()=~Ei3.nrati()f!1~I!iPI~~~
~~y?2_~__
_.
52
Inc.
IBC 1607.11.2.2 Roof Live Load

1607.11.2.2. Special-purpose roofs. Roofs used for promenade purposes, roof gardens, assembly purposes or other special purposes, and marquees, shall be designed for a minimum live load, Lo' as specified in Table 1607.1. Such live loads are permitted to be reduced in accordance with Section 1607.9. Live loads of 4.79 kN/m2 or more at areas of roofs classified as Group A occupancies shall not be reduced.

1607.11.3 Landscaped roofs. Where roofs are
to be landscaped, the uniform design live load in the landscaped area shall be 0.96 kN/m2. The weight of the landscaping materials shall
be considered as dead load and shall be computed on the basis of saturation of the soil.
·106·
53
1607.11.4 Awnings and canopies. Awnings and canopies shall be designed for uniform live loads as required in Table 1607.1 as well as for snow loads and wind loads as specified in Sections 1608 and 1609.
Live Load Reduction - Example

Plan dimensions: (as shown) Story height
= 3.65 m
= 2.40
kN/m2 (for a typical office building, see 2009 IBe Table 1607.1)
Live load: Floors
Roof = 2.40 kN/m2 (assumed) Dead load: Floors Roof
= 5.75 kN/m2 (assumed) = 5.75 kN/m2 (assumed)
54

I_
3@7m=21 m
lifI----I I I I
III
III
:T
f I
I
6m
II
I I
+t
Tributary area for comercolumn Plan
-109 -
:1
6m
- Tributary area for interiorshearwall
lliecVsl ~
55
s. K. Ghosh
Associates Inc.

Live Load Reduction for Corner Column
Level (m2)
Ar
La
KLL
KLL x
Ar
R (%)
R (max) (%)
Reduction (%)
L (kN/m2)
2 1
10.5 2.40 21 2.40
4 4
42 84
4.5 25 R = 1- LILa
50 60
4.5 25
2.29 1.80
- 111 -

Live Load Reduction for Corner Column (Alternate Method)
Level 2 1 (m2) 10.5 21
Ar-
Lo 2.40 2.40
R (%) 0 6.07
R (max) (%) 60 60
R (max)* (%) 78.5 78.5
Reduction (%) 0 6.07
L (kN/m2) 2.40 2.25
0.86
* as given by 2009 IBe Eq. 16-24
56
Inc.
Live Load Reduction for Interior Shear Wall
Ar Level (m2)
2 84 168
Lo
2.40 2.40
KLL
KLL)(
Ar
R
('Yo) 25 40
R (max)
('Yo) 50 60
Reduction
('Yo) 25 40
(kN/m2) 1.80 1.44
84 168
R = 1- LILa
- 113 -

Live Load Reduction for Interior Shear Wall (Alternate Method)
Level (m2)
Ar
Lo
R (%)
R (max) (%)
R (max)' (%)
Reduction ('Yo)
L (kN/m2)
2 1 *
84 168
2.40 2.40
0.86 0.86
60.3 132.5
60 60
78.5 78.5
60 60
0.96 0.96
as given by 2009 IBC Eq. 16-24
Q: A: for Live Load Reduction
Q:
Can partition loads be reduced since they
are live loads?
A:
Nowhere does the IBC say explicitly that
partition loads cannot be reduced. However, there is an unofficial ICC interpretation out there, which says it cannot be reduced because it is not listed in Table 1607.1.
- 115 -
2009 IBC 1605.2.1 Strength Design or LRFD Load Combinations

1.4(0 + F)
--7
(Equation 16-1) (Equation 16-2) (Equation 16-3) (Equation 16-4) (Equation 16-S) (Equation 16-6) (Equation 16-7)
1.2(0 + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + O.S(Lror S or R) 1.20 +1.6(Lr or S or R) + (f1Lor 0.8W) 1.20 + 1.6W + f1L + O.S(Lror S or R)
n,)
-r
)1.-
-:» 1.20 + 1.0E + f1( + f2S
0.90 + 1.6W + 1.6H 0.90 + 1.0E + 1.6H f1 = O.Sexcept in special circumstances f2 = 0.2 except in special situations
- 116 -
--III
58
s. K. Ghosh
Associates Inc.
ACI 318-08 Ch. 9: Strength and Serviceability Requirements

R9.2.1 (a) - Load factor modification of 9.2.1 (a) is
different from live load reduction based on loaded area typically allowed in general building code. • The live load reduction adjusts the nominal load, L. • The smaller load factor reflects the reduced probability of simultaneous occurrence of maximum values of multiple transient loads. • Both may be used at the same time.
--~----11-7 :-----------------------
---III
MISUNDERSTOOD
PROVISION #5
~-::_~M ~~--.~~
A A~-e:===-
-118 -
III
59
Seismic Analysis Procedure Selection
STATIC ANALYSIS PROCEDURES Simplified Design Procedure Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
ASCE 7-05 SECTION 12.14 12.8
- 119-
-III
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS PROCEDURES Modal Response Spectrum Analysis Linear Response History Analysis Nonlinear Response History Analysis
ASCE 7-05 SECTION 12.9 16.1 16.2
60
S. K.
Ghosh Associates
Inc.
Simplified Design Procedure Exception to Section 12.1

EXCEPTION: As an alternative, the simplified design procedure of Section 12.14 is permitted to be used in lieu of the requirements of Sections 12.1 through 12.12, subject to all of the limitations contained in Section 12.14. Note: Section 12.13 is Foundation Design
1:2
- 121-
Simplified Design Procedure Section 12.14

1. Occupancy
2. 3.
Category I or II
Site Class A, B, C, or 0 Three stories or less in height Bearing wall system or building frame system
4.
5. through 12 ......
-122·
61
Q: A: for Simplified Design Procedure
Q: What are the benefits of using the Simplified

Procedure?
Design
A:
• p = 1, no = 2.5.
Here are the benefits:
• No period (T) determination. • No triangular distribution of seismic forces. • Determination of Fa simplified; Ss need not exceed 1.5g. • Drift need not be calculated
- 123-
Seismic Analysis Procedure Selection Table 12.6-1
* 12.3-1 ** 12.3-2
-124 -
62

If a building is assigned SOC 0, E, or F and has a Tz 3.5 Ts' then dynamic analysis procedure must be used.
(Ts is the period at which the flat-top portion of the response spectrum transitions to the descending (period-dependent) branch.)

Ground Motion Parameters
fs
1.0 Period· T seCOnds

·126·

Dynamic Analysis is required if a building meets all of the following conditions: ./ SOC 0, E, or F ./ Not of light-frame construction ./ Contains one of the following irregularities:
"Torsional" or "Extreme Torsional" "Stiffness-Soft Story", "Stiffness - Extreme Soft Story", "Weight (Mass)" or "Vertical Geometric"
-128 -
64
MOVer
All structures of light frame construction, irrespective of height - Dynamic analysis never required
Occupancy Category I or II buildings of other construction not exceeding two stories in height - Dynamic analysis not required
-130 -
65
Q:
In Table 12.6-1, it states "Regular Structures
with T < 3.5Ts and all structures of light frame construction" are permitted to use an Equivalent Lateral Force Analysis. Does this mean that the building must meet both conditions (regular with T < 3.5Ts and light frame construction), or does only one of these two characteristics need to be satisfied?
·131.
A:
It does not mean "and." It means "or."
Regular Structures with T < 3.5Ts are permitted to use Equivalent Lateral Force Analysis. All structures of light frame construction, irrespective of height, are also permitted to use Equivalent Lateral Force Analysis.
·132·
MISUNDERSTOOD
PROVISION
#6
Enclosure Classification Section 6.2 Definitions
.:. Partially Enclosed

of internal pressure)
(can experience
"ballooning" or suction effects caused by the build-up
.:. Enclosed
-134 -
67
Internal Pressure
-135 -
OPEN
A building having each wall at least 80% open.
Ao ~ 0.8 Ag
for EACH side of the building
-136 -
68

Windward Wall
.. . _. - ,-
, .'
"'..
'.'
. ....
'I
,I
i
~.
69
Do stacks of hay obstruct flow of wind?
Main Wind Force Reslstiwg Sy;stem ()p... Bulldinp
~U.5L
____...
c~'W
Monosiope Free Roofs

q:S: 45°, 'Y'" 0',180·
L
,~~
Roof Angle
ra()·E~
e
7.;1' IS'
A A
Wind Direction
¢=
y=180·
11177777777777)717
7/
111171/11
Clear Wmd fl.", 1.2 -1.1 O.? 1.6 13 1& O.l .0.1 1.5 OJ 1.6 0.6
J.Ij
WmclDirectioo • .,,,,.rf Clear Wind Flow Ob!I1ll<t<!dWind Flow 1.2 -1.1 0.6 ·U ·0.9 ·1.9 ·1.5 -1.8 0.3 .0.1 ·1 0
.1.)
Ob!U"lCkd Wlud flow -OS .1.1 -0.2 0.8 0.. 1.2 -1.2 -lk6 .1.2 -0.3 ·1.1 -0.3
0 ·1.6
-OS -1.1 -I ·1.1 -1.1 -2.1 .15
.rs
-OJ .1.8 .0.6
.ll
·2.5
A
45'
B A B
·1.3 .2,4
-t.s
-2.2
-1.5 -2.l
·1.6
·2.3
·I.~
-0.1
-u
·1.9
·1.1 .0.6 .J.S -0.8 .1.5 -0.6 ·1.7 -0.9 -1.8 .1.1 ·1.8 -1.1 ·1.8 -12
1.7
2.2 2.1 1.6 2.1 2.1 1.2 2.6
0.5
I.J 0.6 1.6 0.1 1.9 0.8 2.1
-I
0 ·1 0.1 ~).9 OJ -0.9 M
0.7 2.1 I 2.2 1.1 2.S 1.4
·140·
Notes: I. C.w and denote RC! pressures (contribution, from top and bottolll surfaces) fur windward and leeward half of roofsurfioces, respectively. 2. Clear wind flow denotes relatively unebstmcted wind flow with blockage less than or equal to 50%. Obstructed wind flow denotes objeclt below roof inhibiting wind flow (>50% blockage). 3. For values Of between 7.S· and 45', linear interpolalion is permitted. for values of 9 less than 7.5·, usc load coeffIcients forO·. 4. ?lUll and minw; signs signifY pressures acting towards and away from the top roof surface, respectively. 5. AlIluadc.,.,. shown for each roofangluhall be ilIvestlgated. 6. Notation: L : horizomal dimension (If roof, measured in the along wind direedon, ft. (m) h : 01_ roofbeight, ft. (III) '( :di""'ri.onOfwind,dc~ D : angle ofplanc of roof from horizontal. ~
em
- 141 -
PARTIALLY ENCLOSED
1. Ao ;:: 1.1 OAoi 2. Ao > 0.37 m2 AND> 0.01 Ag 3. Ao/ Agi
s 0.20
-142 -

Ao = total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure Aoi = sum of the areas of openings in the building envelope (walls and roof) not including Ao Ag = gross area of that wall in which Ao is identified Agi = the sum of the gross surface areas of the building envelope not including Ag

Note: Ao' Ag refer to wall that receives
positive external pressure
Aoi ,A9i
refer to building envelope (walls and roof)
-144 -
72

o Openings : apertures or holes in the building envelope which allow air to flow through the building envelope and which are designed
as "open" during design winds
Q: A: for Enclosure Classification
Q: Is a fixed glazed opening considered

an opening?
A:
NO.
-146 -
73
ENCLOSED
A building that does not qualify as OPEN or PARTIALLY ENCLOSED.
-147 -
------1[111
--_._-_._-_

.. _-------_.
__ ._._-_._._--j
···~-148-~·-·~ .. -
--.-.-.- -...... . .
--
····111
74
Enclosure Classification
Figure 6-5 Internal Pressure Coefficients, GCpi
Enclosure Classification Open Buildings 0.00
Partially Enclosed Buildings
+0.55 -0.55 +0.18 -0.18
Enclosed Buildings
1------------_ - --_
1 49
-----------1tI
Basic Wind Equation
o For buildings with External and Internal

Pressure:
p = qGCp
qGCpi
q = Velocity pressure calculated for internal pressure.
- 150-
ASCE 7-98 Positive Internal Pressure

Net·-1.8 Net.-1.2
WI
a) Openings in Windward Wall
ASCE 7-98 Negative Internal Pressure

Net:-O.9
Net·-O.3
INTERNAL SUCTION
1.1
b) Openings in Leeward Wall

·152·
76
Q:
Why does a building need to be enclosed
to use the Simplified Procedure?
A:
See C6A. GCpi = ±O.18 is assumed in the
tables. In a simple diaphragm building, internal pressures cancel out for the walls but not for the roof.
Q: Should we treat roll-down
doors and
operable louvers as openings?
A:
Yes and No.
·154 -
77
MISUNDERSTOOD
PROVISION
#7
1605.4 Special Seismic Load Combinations (2006 IBC)
1.20 + f1 L + Em
(Equation 16-22) (Equation 16-23)
0.90 + Em
Em = Qo OE + 0.2 SDSO, while E = pOE + 0.2 SDSO
•••
78
1605.4 Special Seismic Load Combinations (2006 IBC)

Section 1605.4 is deleted in its entirety in the 2009 IBC. SPECIAL SEISMIC LOAD COMBINATIONS is replaced with LOAD COMBINATIONS WITH OVERSTRENGTH FACTORS of ASCE 7-05
-157 -
Why Was 2006 IBC Section 1605.4 Deleted?

To eliminate a disconnect between IBC and ASCE 70S:
CJ
2006 IBC Section 1605.4 had one set of "special seismic load combinations" applicable to both ASD and strength design. ASCE 7-05 has two sets of "load combinations with overstrength factors" ... one for ASD and one for strength design.
CJ
-158 -
Why Was 2006 IBC Section 1605.4 Deleted?

To eliminate a disconnect between IBC and ASCE 705 (cont.): o 2006 IBC had separate, unique load combinations that were to be applied where specifically required. o ASCE 7-05 prescribes an equation for Emthat is to be used in ASCE 7-05 Ch. 2 load combinations.
-159 -
12.4.3.2 Load Combinations with Overstrength Factor (ASCE 7-05)

Basic Combinations for Strength Design with Overstrength Factor
(1.2 + 0.2SD8)0 + QOQE + L + 0.2S (0.9 - 0.2SD8)0 +

QOQE +
~H
80

Basic Combinations for Allowable Stress Design with Overstrength Factor (1.0 + 0.14Sos)0 + H + F + 0.7QOQE (1.0 + 0.1 05Sos)0 + H + F + 0.525QoQE + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R) (0.6 - 0.14Sos)0 + 0.7,noQE + H
- 161 -

Where allowable stress design methodologies are used, allowable stresses are permitted to be determined using an allowable stress increase of 1.2. This increase shall not be combined with increases in allowable stresses or load combination reductions ... except that combination with the duration of load increases permitted in AF&PA NOS is permitted.
-162 -
1617.1.2 Maximum Seismic Load Effect, Em (2000, 2003 IBC)

Where allowable stress design methodologies used with the special load combinations 1605.4, design strengths are permitted to be determined using an allowable stress increase of are of Section
1.7 ....
-163 -
What Takes the Place of Deleted 2006 IBC Section 1605.4?
New language in 2009 IBC Section 1605.1.
------
-164 -
What Takes the Place of Deleted 2006 IBC Section 1605.4?

1605.1 General. Buildings and other structures and portions thereof shall be designed to resist: 1. The load combinations 1605.3.1 or 1605.3.2, 2. The load combinations 23, and specified in Section 1605.2, specified in Chapters 18 through
3. The load combinations with overstrength factor specified in Section 12.4.3.2 of ASCE 7 where required by Section 12.2.5.2, 12.3.3.3 or 12.10.2.1 of ASCE 7. With the simplified procedure of ASCE 7 Section 12.14, the load combinations with overstrength factor of 1~ _ _::s:=,:,e===c=ti::;:on::,:-::,:::12=.=-,1=4:=:::.3=.2:::.::0=f=A:=:::~=1?::;;::5 ~::::7=s=h:,::"a="=b::::e=u=se:::d":::.. ~_~ __
r---~~-------~~.~
Q: A: for Load Combinations with Overstrength Factor

.. ~---~-----~~-~----------~-------.~~-----~----~
Q: Section
1605.1 of the 2009 IBC requires buildings
and other structures and portions thereof to be designed to resist the load combinations with overstrength factor specified in Section 12.4.3.2 of ASCE 7-05 where required by Section 12.2.5.2, 12.3.3.3, or 12.10.2.1. Can you elaborate?
·166·
83
A: Cantilever
Column Systems
12.2.5.2 SOC 8-F
Foundation and other elements used to provide overturning resistance at the base of cantilever column elements shall have the strength to resist the load combinations with over strength factor of Sectio n 12.4.3.2.
I--------.-
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilli .....
-167-
IIIlIll••
~
.... -~--.--.--------------_l~
A:
Elements Supporting Discontinuous Walls or Frames
12.3.3.3 SOC 8-F
Elements supporting discontinuous frames -168 -
walls or
-----------
·169·
·170·
85
Collector elernents .
r V Sh&~J~ t..JJJ:;
"n 'J "';,. :Ct:M-Y"'.)/, h'y,C !
lv<v:>
86
Load Combinations with Overstrength Factor

Chapter 18 References:
1810.3.6.1 Splices of deep foundation elements, SDC C through F 1810.3.9.4 Seismic reinforcement, SDC C and above, Exception 3 1810.3.11.2 Deep foundation element resistance to uplift forces, SDC D through F 1810.3.12 Grade beams, SDC D through F
-173 -
MISUNDERSTOOD
PROVISION
#8
~~
-174 -
87
R, Cd' and no Values for Horizontal and Vertical Combinations

Horizontal Combinations can be either ....
o In different directions
u In the same direction
-175-
Section 12.2.2 Combinations of Framing Systems in Different Directions

o Different seismic force-resisting systems may be used to resist seismic forces along each of two orthogonal plan axes. o The respective R, Cd' and 00 coefficients shall apply to each system, including the limitations on system use contained in Table 12.2-1.
88
Section 12.2.2 Combinations of Framing Systems in Different Directions
R =5 Cd = 5 no = 2%
R = 8, Cd = 5 %,
-177 -
no = 3
Section 12.2.3 Combinations of Framing Systems in the Same Direction

Where different seismic force-resisting systems are used in combination to resist seismic forces in the same direction of structural response, other than those combinations considered as dual systems, the more stringent system limitation contained in Table 12.2-1 shall apply and the design shall comply with the requirements of this section.
-178 -
s. K. Ghosh
Associates Inc.
12.2.3.1 Vertical Combinations
R: Cannot increase as you go down Cd and .0.0: Cannot decrease as you go down
Vertical combinations
R: Cannot increase as you go down Cd and .0.0: Always correspond to R ASCE 7-10 Section 12.2.3.1 Vertical Combinations
...•-
--
-180 -
-.
90
s. K. Ghosh
Associates Inc.
12.2.3.2 Horizontal Combinations

12.2.3.2 Where a combination of different
structural systems is utilized to resist lateral forces in the same direction, value of R used for design in that direction shall not be greater than the least value of R for any of the systems utilized in that direction.
- 181 -

12.2.3.2 Resisting elements are permitted to be designed using the least value of R for the different structural systems found in each independent line of resistance if the following three conditions are met: 1) Occupancy Category I or " building, 2) two stories or less in height, and 3) use of light frame construction or flexible diaphragms. The value of R used for design of diaphragms in such structures shall not be greater than the least value for any of the systems utilized in that same direction.
-182 -

The deflection amplification factor, Cd' and the system overstrength factor, no, in the direction under consideration at any story shall not be less than the largest value of this factor for the R factor used in the same direction being considered.
-183 -

The second paragraph of ASCE 7-05 Section 12.2.3.2 is far from clear. One possible interpretation is that when different structural systems are combined in the same direction of a building or other structure, the largest Cd- and no-values of all the individual structural systems shall be used.

The other possible interpretation is that the Cd- and !lo-values shall correspond to the least R-value of all the individual structural systems. The second interpretation appears to be the more logical in view of the following example (discussion is continued in terms of Cdalone).

Consider a rather extreme example where a prestressed masonry shear wall (R = 1.5, Cd = 1.75) is combined with a special steel moment-resisting frame (R = 8, Cd = 5.5). There is no question that the R-value is 1.5. The question is whether the Cd-value is 1.75 or 5.5.5.5 does not seem logical- for two reasons.
·186·
93

. First, the combined system is much more rigid than the special steel moment frame itself. Until the prestressed masonry shear wall hinges at its base,
which is extremely unlikely in view of the large design forces that would result from an R = 1.5, large inelastic displacements possible. do not seem to be

Second, large values of
~\e would
automatically
result from the low value of R used in design. These, multiplied by the Cd of 5.5 would yield unrealistically large total displacements. Cd of 1.75 appears to be much more logical. This second interpretation was implicit in the 1997 Uniform Building Code, where O.7R was used in place of Cd'
-188 -

The proposed rewrite provides clarification of the second paragraph of ASCE 7-05 Section 12.2.3.2. The rewrite also offers clarification concerning another complication that may arise, which is that different structural systems having the same R-value sometimes have different Cd- and .oo-values.
-189 -

.-~ -~..
..
-.~-----
..... -~.~-.-------- ..
Table 12.2.3.2 R, Cd,and
no Values
~~~-~.~--
---
...
--.----------~-~~-~.~-.-~.-.~ ~-~-~.
...
for Combination of Different
Structural Systems Used in Same Direction

R value The least value of R for any of the systems used. Exception: Resisting elements are permitted to be designed using the least value of R for the different structural systems found in each independent line of resistance if the following three conditions are met: 1) Occupancy Category I or II building, 2) two stories or less in height, and 3) use of light frame construction or flexible diaphragms. Cdvalue The Cd value corresponding to the system with the least value of R for any of the
systems used. In the case where two or more systems have the same least value of R, the largest of the corresponding values of Cd shall be used.
f\
value
The 00 value corresponding
to the system with the least value of R for any of the values of 00 shall be used .
systems used. In the case where two or more systems have the same least value of R, the largest of the corresponding
I·
- 190-
12.2.4 Combination Framing Detailing Requirements

Structural components common to different framing systems used to resist seismic motions in any direction shall be designed using the detailing requirements of Chapter 12 required by the highest response modification coefficient, R, of the connected framing systems.
t--------------------------------I~·191·
Q: A: for Combinations
Q: I am designing
a building that has a combination of special
reinforced masonry shear walls and special steel braced frames in the same direction. R values are 5.5 and 6, respectively. I understand that I should design the building with the smaller R
=
5.5 for both the
masonry shear walls and steel braced frames in this direction for seismic design in accordance with ASCE 7-05 Section 12.2.3.2. But someone told me that the building should be designed by analyzing the entire building twice: use R
=
5.5 for the entire building to analyze
and design the masonry shear walls and use R = 6 for the entire building to design the steel frames. I don't think this is right. What is
-192 -
Q: A: for Combinations
A:
What you understand is correct. The latter
interpretation is unfamiliar and incorrect.
MISUNDERSTOOD
PROVISION #9
-194 -
8. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.
Common Earthquake Damage to Parapets
13.3.1 Nonstructural Component ______ Seismic I?esign Force_~

p 0s [ Fp= 0.4 a 8 1+- - 2z h (Rp / Ip)
...... __
wp
Fp (min) = 0.3 80S Ip Wp
for 80S = 1.00, Fp = 0.30 IpWp for 80S = 1.00, Fp = 1.60 IpWp
...
- . -- -_---- .- •....-
----
.---~-.---.-
- 196-
98
13.1.3Nonstructural Component Importance Factor, Ip

Ip is based on
1.
Whether component must function after the design earthquake or
2. 3.
Occupancy Category or Whether component contains hazardous materials.
Parapets: Ip is based on Occupancy Category

-197 -
Nonstructural Component ap and Rp

The values of ap range from 1.0 to 2.5 and can be taken as less than 2.5 based on dynamic analysis.
Rp values range from 1.0 to 12.0 (Tables 13.5-1

and 13.6-1).
-198 -
Table 13.5-1 ap and Rp for Architectural Components
Architectural Component Cantilever Parapets ap 2.5
ASCE 7-05
Rp
2.5
Explanation of Fp Equation
1.2SDS
Floor ______ Acceleration Distribution
=h
for parapet design
--~--- ---------------
-200 -

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S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

Palatine, IL and Aliso Viejo, CA

S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

REDUNDANCY FACTOR, P ASCE 7-05 Section 12.3.4

REDUNDANCY FACTOR, P ASCE 7-05 Section 12.3.4

Section 12.3.4.1 P for SDC D - F

1.0 for the following:

4. Design of nonbuilding structures, buildings. I:h Q (2;)_-1

Section 12.3.4.1 P for SDC D - F

1.0 for the following:

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Section 12.3.4.2 P for SDC D - F

Section 12.3.4.2 P for SDC D - F

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Section 12.3.4.2 P for SOC D - F

Shear Walls or Wall Pier wnh a beighHotengthralioof greater than 1.0

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Section 12.3.4.2 P for SOC 0 - F

{,' "'__~-::_-d-:_-_-:--_-:_-__,, __-:

Section 12.3.4.2 P for SOC 0 - F

ersrruc orce- esis Perimeter Framin

S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

How many bays are there in a shear

A: Length of shear wall! story height. ..or for

~ht-framed construction, 2 x length of shear walll story height

Does the redundancy factor apply to the

I am using "Condition #1" to determine p

have a building that is 100 meters tall

hw/Cw ratio is intended to be story

S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

Q: Can the value of p be different at

No, p cannot be different for different

S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

Why doesn't Table 12.3-3 address dual

If you have a dual system, can

you assume p = 1.0?

NEHRP Recommended Provisions

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Do you need to determine the redundancy structures similar to

factor for "nonbuilding

buildings" or can you assume the redundancy factor equals 1?

S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

You need to determine the redundancy

Does the redundancy factor need to

be determined if dynamic analysis is used?

S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

o One-story concrete shear wall building

o The story height is 5.5 meters.

o The length of each shear wall is 4.5 meters. Let

Step 1: Check if structure is regular in plan.

Step 2: See if there is an extreme torsional irregularity created.

S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

light-framed construction, wall/ story height.

For example building: (4.5/5.5)(2) = 1.64 < 2

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Step 2: See if there is an extreme torsional irregularity created by doing so.

Wall B Stiffness K, WallO

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aJ3 _I' CRo CM

S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

This can be transformed to

S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

K_ 130 - a T - -(--:" --13--'-+ 0-'--,O-5-aJ-V

{,' "'__~-::_-d-:_-_-:--_-:_-,, -:

.~_:!_at_ion_o_f ~_dJ_·a~_e".t_B~~~~_ing_s !_w_o ~ I.m1