Semilocal BL-algebras Esko Turunen ‘Tampere University of Technology P.O, Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland e-mail: esko.turunen@tut.fi Abstract Bl-algebras rise as Lindenbaum algebras from many valued logic introduced in [2]. Tn this paper, Chinese Remainder Theorem for BL-algebras is established. A BL-algebra is called semilocal if it cointains only finite many ‘maximal deductive systems (ds). The following is proved to be equivalent: (i) Lisasemilocal BL-algebraand Myy-+-»M, are the ndisjoint maximal ds.s of L, (ii) any properly descending chain of ds.s of L/M(L) is finite, where M(L) is the intersection of all the maximal ds.s of L, (iii) L/M(L) is isomorphic to [[4L/M), (iv) L/M(L) is a semilocal Bl-algebra containing exactly n maximal ds.s, These results generalize some theorems presented in [3] for MV- algebras which are BL-algebras fulfilling an additional double negation law = x**, Moreover, a BL-algebra L is semilocal if, and only if MV(L) is a semilocal MV-alebra, where MV (E)={x" [2r€ £} isthe langestsub MV-algebia of Z 1 Introduction Bl-algebras were invented by Héjek [2] in order to provide an algebraic proof of the completeness theorem of a class of [0,1]-valued logics famiar in fuzey logic framework. BL-algebras rise as Lindenbaum algebras from certain logical axioms ina similar manner than Boolean algebras or MV-algebras do from Classical logic or Lukasiewicz logic, respectively. MV-algebras are BL-algebras while the converse, in general, isnot true. Indeed, a Bl-algebra with involutory complement is an MV-algebra. Moreover, Boolean algebras are MV-algebras and MV-algebras with idempotent product are Boolean algebras (for details, see e.g, [4]). Tn [5], we started a similar study of BL-algebras that Belluce [1] (and later many others) has done in the theory of MV-algebras; there the basie tool is ideal theory while in BL-algebras, because of lack of a suitable algebraic addition, we have to deal with deductive systems, ds.s in short, Moreover, in logic context deductive systems have a natural interpreration as sets that are closed with respect to Modus Ponens. In MV-algebra theory, dss, also called filters, and ideals are dual notions, In BL-algebra theory and, thereforein MV= algebra theory, too, ds.s are lattice filters while the converse, in general, is not true. Tn [5], we proved some basic properties of BL-algebras, e.g. that they are distributive lattices and contain a proper ds and that any proper ds can be Tey ends or raves: Many Residuated lattice ued logic ~ Fuzzy logie~ MV-algebra ~ BE-algebra—extended to a maximal one. We focused on the simplest BL-algebras, namely locally finite ones, that is, BL~algebras whose only proper dss the subset {1}, and semisimple BL-algebras; the intersection of all maximal ds.s of such an algebra is the subset {1}. In [6}, we introduced Booleands.s and impicative ds.s are proved that these consepts coincide, We also introduced local BL~algebras; they contain a unique maximal ds. Tn [7], we studied local BL-algebras in greater detail First we proved that, for any BL-algebra L, asubset MV(L) of all the complement elements of E isan MV-algebra, Then we proved that L is alocal BL-algebra if, and only if MV (L) is a local MV-algebra, Moreover, Lisa perfect BL-algebra if, and only if MV(L) isa perfect MV-algebra. We established also many other results on BL-algebras by using MV(L)- In this paper we call a BL-algebra semilocal if it contains only finite many maximal ds.s. First we show that any BL-algebra generates sch an algebra in a natural way and then we characterise semilocal BL-algebras..‘The first characterisation generalises a result of Hoo [3] on MV-algebras and the second one states that Z isa semilocal BL-algebra if, and only if MV (L) isa semilocal MV-algebra, We also introduce Chinese Remainder Theorem for BL-algebras and study Boolean attinian ds.s of BL-algebras 2 Preliminaries A Bl-algebrais an algebra L =< L,A,V,0,+,0,1.> with four binary opera- tions A,V,©,—+ and two different constants 0,1 such that, for each 24,2 € L, by setting x isa distributive lattice with universal bounds 0 and 1, (1) © is an associative, commutative and isotone operation and r@1=2, (2) reysziflry), (2>y)Vy>e)=1. Examples of BL-algebras [2] are t-algebras < [D,1J.A,, < [0.1,A,V,0,1 > is the usual lattice on [1,0] and © isa continuous t-norm, ‘whereas ++ is the corresponding residuum, The most known t-algebras are the following . . fl ifesy Gidel algebra: 2 Oy = min{x,y}, ae { 1 ese 1 ifesy Product algebra: 2O19=2).2 Y=} yin otherwie Lukasiewies algebra: x.y =min{0,0-+9=1}, 29.9 = min{1,1—a-+y) ‘These three examples are fundamental as they characterize all continuous tno (for details, se [2]). Tn the sequel, we use tacitly, whenever possible,the following properties (cf. [4]}, where x,y,z are elements of a BL-algebra, BA (y2)=(eOy)42=9 (U2), © in particular, for 2 = 0 and by setting "=r + 0 we get roy =(20y) =y>e', @ 2x" =0,0'=1,17=0, ®) ifm 1,(eVary" = a" v(x") (a4) Au MV-algebrais a BL-algebra L such that =." for all x € L. Inan MV-algebra L,abinary operation #is defined by.rSy = (x*@y")*. Moreover, inan MV-algebra L, for all x,y €L, (eAg) =a vy. (15) In [7] we proved that, given a BL-algebra L, a subset MV(L)={x° |x € L} of L generates an MV-algebra by stipulating «* ® y* = .** + y', which is equivalent to the following a By" =(e" Oy)" =(yOx")' sy sa =y 40" =(e Oy)" (16) Moreover, MV‘(L) is the largest subMV-algebra of L. Tn MV(L), the opera- tious ©, + and * coincide with those of Land the order relation = in MV(L) is that of L. A deductive system, ds for short, of a BL-algebra E is asubset DC E such that 1 € D and if x, + y € D, then y € D. This definition is equivalent for D being non-empty and r@y € D iff x,y € D. Land Laredssof L. A 3ds D is proper if 0 ¢ D or, equivalently, there is no such element x & I that a, €D. For allx € L, x € Diff x" € D forall n > 0, where x" = 1 by convention. A proper ds M is masimalif, for all ds.s D sueh that MC DCL, either M = D or D = L. Any proper ds can be extended to a maximal one. Ads Dis Boolean if, for all x € Ly Vx* € D. Letting X CL bea non-void subset of a BL-algebra L, 6X >= {ySL| 210+ O 2, Sy for some 24-0152, © X} isa ds of Land X C < X >, In particular, if D,F are two dss of Land © €< DUE >, then there are y € Dand 2 € B'such that 2@y <7. ‘As usual, there is a one-to-one correspondence between dss D of Land congruence relations = of L; ymod Diff (2+ 9) @(y4 2) €D, in particular, x =1 iff. € D and x =0 iff-x* © D. Starting froma ds D, the quotient algebra L/D becomes a BL-algebra with the natural operations induced from those of E. We let r/D be the generic element of L/D. € L. Then.x/D=1/DiflxeD. 3 Semilocal BL-algebras Tn [5], we introduced locally finite BL-algebras, that is, BL~algebras E such that, for any non-unit element 2 of L, 2" =O for some n > 1. Obviously, the only proper ds of a locally finite BL-algebra is {1}, Thus, also M(L) = {1}, where M(L)=((M | M isa maximal ds of E } . In general, a BL~algebta L is semisimple if M(L) = {1}. We proved that locally finite BL-algebras are locally finite MV-algebras. Moreover, for any BL-algebra L, M is a maximal ds of L iff L/M isa locally finite BL-algebra if forany 2 ¢ M we have (2")* €M for some n> 1. In (6), we called a BL-algebra E local if it has a unique maximal ds and defined D(L) ‘Then we proved that Z is local if the unique maximal ds is D(Z)- Local BZ~ algeras were studied in [7]. Given two locally finite BL-algebras Zand Ka product BL-algebra Lx K contains two disjoint descending chains of ds.s, namely Lx K 2 Lx {1} 3 {(4,1)} and Lx KD {1}x K D {(1,1)}. Clearly, L x K isa semisimple BL-algebra and the two maximal ds.s {1} x and Lx {1} are disjoint. More generally, given m locally finite BL-algebras Lyy+++,Ln,a product BL-algebta {rE L] 2" >Oforalln=1}.TI}. Z; is semisimple, contains 2” —1 proper ds.s and n disjoint maximal ds.s MS Ly x20 x {1} X00 X Dn mand any properly descending chain of ds. is finite, In particular, we have Proposition 1 Let E be a BL-alyebra and My+++,My n macimal ds.s (not necessarily disjoint) of L. Then the product BL-algebra LM; is semisimple, contains 2" — 1 proper ds.s and disjoint masimal ds.s and any properly descending chain of ds.s of L is finite. Call two proper ds.s E and D of L relatively prime if < EUD >=. Then, in particular, two disjoint maximal dss My and My are relatively prime as < MUM > isa ds of Land is not Mie Proposition 2 Let E and D be two relatively prime ds.s of L. Then there is an element x € L such that r= 1 mod D,2=0 mod E. Proof. SinceO € L =< EUD > there are x € D, y € Esuch that 20 =0. Trivially2=1 mod D. Since y<2*,2* ©B. Therefore 2=0 mod E.0 Now we introduce Chinese Remainder Theorem for BL~algebras. ‘Theorem 1 Let L be a BL-alyebra and My,+++,M,, n disjoint maximal ds.s of L. Then a mapping h: E+ L£ defined, for alla € L, by h(a) =(a/Miy-+-14/Mn) is a surjective BL-homomorphism such that h(a) @=1,-+-yn, Thus, L/( a Mi is isomophie to [Ef L/ Proof. Since h is a product of the natural BL-homomorphisms he: E> L/M; such that h(a) = a/M;, i= 1,-+-)n, his a BL-homomoprhism, It remains toprove that hissurjective, Tothat end, let = (a1/Miye+*yn/Mn) € L, where a; € a/Mi, § on, are representatives of the corresponding equivalence classes. Then a; € M, ic. a; = Lmod M, i= 1,e+,n. We construct an clement & € Z such that hi By Proposition 2, for any i,j € {1, ¢ ifa=1 mod M, for all n},é¢ j, there isan element); € Z such that 23; = 1 mod M,,2,; =0 mod M;, Set m1 = tnOas t= Ota Te = Ta O29 Odnnat ‘Then, for all i= 1.---ynvé ji ri © My and ri < wy, thus, 23) x}, € Mj and thereforer? € Mj, too, whence r;=1 mod Mi, rsSet 3=[(mOn)*o show that @(Gn @rn)*]". Weclaim h{@) =a. Tt is enough to M.forall d€ {1,-++5n}. (17) Now, woliaonyve O(dn On) T} FO JO (La; 9 [(a Ori)" O-+-O (an @rn)"]) <0, which clearly holds true as C'< (a; @r;) (a; @r4)* =O. Therefore A € M; Since a; <4 a; and a; € M, we have that B € M;. Therefore A@ BE M; thus (17) holds. Tt is obvious that h(a) = (1/My++s1/M,) = Ie iffa = 1 mod M, for all i= 1+++,n, that is a € (Jf, Mi. The proof iscomplete, C1 Calla BL-algebra semilocalif it contains only finite many disjoint maxitnal dss, Trivially, any local BL-algebra is semilocal and, by Proposition 1, any BL-algebra generates such BL-algebras. The following theorem characterize semilocal BL-algebras. ‘Theorem 2 L is a semilocal BL-algebra iff any properly descending chain of ds.s in L/M(L) és finite _, Proof. Let Miy-+-,Mp, be then disjoint maximal ds.s of L. Then M(L) = Mf, and, by Proposition 1, L/M(L) is isomophic to []}, L/Mi. By Pro- postion 1, in [[/-,L/M; any properly descending chain of dss is finite, On the other hand, if Z contains infinitely many maximal ds.s My, Ma, Ms then My 2 Mi. Mz 2 My 7 Mo Ma,+-- is an infinite properly descend- ing chain of ds.s generating an infinite, properly descending chain M,/M(L) 2 (Mf, f1Me)/M(L) 2 (My Ma? My) /M(L),+++ of ds.sinto L/M(L). The proof is complete, 0 ‘Wesummarize ‘Theorem 3 In any BL-algebra L, the follow are eguivalent (i) Lis semilocal and Myy-++,Mp are then disjoint maximal ds.s of L, (ai) L/M(L) is isomorphic to [ia L/Miy (iti) L/M(L) és a semilocal BL-algebra containing exactly n marimalds.s. Our aim is to show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between max- imal das of a BL-algebra L and maximal ds.s of the MV-subalgebra MV (L). ‘This relation will give another characterization of semilocal BL-algebras. We need several preliminary results and we start by presenting the followingProposition 3 Let M be a marimal ds of a BL-algebra L. Then M** ={ye MV(L)|y=a" for somere M} is a marimal ds of MV(L). Proof. Wy € M* then y = 2° for some x € M. Since M isa ds and ax 1, whence [(2")"]*** = [(2*)"]* € M**, where M* is a maximal ds of MV(L). Since «* € M(MV(L)) C M™, (r°)" € M"*, too. Thus, we drive into acontradiction 0 €M"*. Therefore, if:c* € M(MV(L)), then ar* € M(L) and the claim follows. The proof is complete, 0 Corollary 1 For any BL-algebra L, M(MV(L}) C M(L) MV(L). In general, M(MV(L)) # M(L). A simple counter example is the Gidel algebra G. Indeed, it is easy to see that the unique maximal ds of G is the half open interval (0,1), whence M(G) = (0,1] while MV(@) = {0,1}, thus M(MV(G))={1} Proposition 8 For any BL-algebra L, if M(L), thenx** © M(MV(L))- Proof, Assume there is an element x € M(L) such that «** ¢ M(MV(L)), Then, for some maximal ds N of MV(L), x" ¢ N. Thus, [@)"]" € N for some m > 1, so [(r*)"I"** € N. Therefore [(x"*)"]* € N, where Wis a maximal ds of L. Since a € M(L) C Na < a" © N and, therefore, (2*)" €N, too. This contradicts a fact that N is proper. Thus, if € M(L) then 2** € M(MV(L)) and so the elaim follows. The proof is complete, C1 Corollary 2 For any Bl~algebra L, if x* © M(L), thenx* © M(MV(L)). Therefore M(L)M MV(L) © M(MV(L)}« Summarizing ‘Theorem 5 For a BL-algebra L, M(MV(L))=M(L)AMV(L)- 8Hoo [3] called an MV-algebra L implicative artinian if every descending sequence I; D Iz 2 -+- of implicative ideals of Z stops. Moreover, in [3] it was proved that if Z is a semilocal MV-algebra then L is implicative artinian, ‘We proved in [6] than in BL-algebra theory impicative ds.s and Boolean ds.s coincide, Thus, generalizing Hoo’s concept, we call a BL-algebra L Boolean artinian if any properly descending chain of Boolean ds. is finite. Then a generalized version of Hoo’s result would state that every semilocal BL-algebra is Boolean artinian. Tt remains an open problem if this is true. However, we prove a weaker version, namely Proposition 9 Bvery local BL~algchra is Boolean artinion. Proof. Let By, 2 Bz 2 ++ be a properly descending sequence of Boolean ds.s of a local BL-algebra L. We show that, for some nm > 1, B, = By; for all > 1, This easy to verify that thesequence By 3 By D+ generates a properly descending chain /M(L) 2 /M(L) 2 of dss in L/M(L). Since E is local, L/M(L) issemilocal thus, for some m > 1, it holds that /M(L) =/M(L). We claim By, = Bus Indeed, let x € By. Then t € B,UM(L) © = . Thus, for some z € Busayy € M(L), 2Oy = x, whence Sy 3x and, therefore, y 4.2 € Bos. Since y € M(L) = {x | 2" > O forall x > 1} and M(L) is a proper ds, y* ¢ M(L)- Thus, (y*)" = 0 for some m > 1. An assumption By+1 is Boolean implies y Vy" © Br+1y thus y™ = (yV 0)" =(yVu")" © Bry Since y™ < y, y 2S y™ > x and, therefore, 4!" 2 € By. We conclade x € By, 1. Hence By = By and the proof is complete, 0 Hoo [3] proved that, for any local MV-algebra L, B(E) = {0,1}, where B(L) isa subset ofall Boolean elements of Z.. The same holds for a local BL— algebra L, too, Indeed, since any Boolean element x € L satisfies © € MV(L). Therefore B(L)= B(MV(L)). Thus, if D is a local BL-algebra then MV(L) isa local MV-algebra and, therefore, B(MV(L)) = {0,1}. We have proved Proposition 10 If L is a local BL-algebra, then B(L) = {0,1}. Calla proper ds D of a BL-algebra L essential if DOE # {1} for any ds EA{I1} of L (ct, [3)} In particular, foran essential ds D, D # {1}. Recall [5] a co-unnihilator “A= {x € L | aV'x = 1 for all a € A} of a non-void subset ‘ACT. By Propostion 16 in [5 +Dis a proper ds of Lif D isessential and, by Propostion 20 in [5 DO+D={1}. Thus, necessarily “D = {1}. We therefore haveProposition 11 If D is an essential ds of a BL-algebra, then +D= {1}. ‘We generalize Lemma 2.9 of [3] without refering to co-annihilators Proposition 12. Assume a BL-algebra L is semisimple and semilocal, Then at least one of the marimal ds.s is not essential, Proof. Assume all maximal ds.s My,---,Mpy are essential. Thea MyM ¢ {1}and MyM, isadsof L. Therefore M,0ML0Ms # {1} and MyMa0Ms is a ds of L. Continuing in this way we drive into a contradiction M(L) # {1} ‘The proofs complete, ‘Weend our study by showing that there is correspondence between Boolean dss of a BL-algebra E and those of MV(L). However, it remains an open problem if this correspondence is one-to-one, Our conjecture is that it is not. Proposition 13 If Bis a Boolean ds of a BL-algebra L, then B** is a Boolean ds of MV(L). Proof. It is sufficient to show that B** is Boolean, Let * € MV(L). Since Bis Boolean, x* Vx"" € B and, therefore (2* V2**)"* € B"*. Moreover, in a MV-algebra MV(L), (x* Va"*)"* =r" Vx"*, Thus, B** is Boolean. C1 References 1. Belluce, L.P.: Semisimple algebras of infinite valued logic and Bold fuzzy set theory, Can.J.Math, 38, 1356-1379 (1995) . Hidjek, P.: Metamathematies of fuzzy logic, Kluwer (1998) . Hoo, C.S.: Semnilocal MV-algebras, Math, Japonica, 40, 451-453 (1994) Turunen, E.; Mathematies behind Fuzzy Logie, Springer Verlag (1999) . Turunen, E.: BL-algebras of Basie Fuzay Logic, Mathware & Soft Comp. 6, 49-61 (1999) 6. Turunen, E.: BooleandeduetivesystemsofBL-algebras, Arch. Math. Logic 40, 467-473 (2001) 7. Tuninen, E., Sessa, S: Local BL-algebras, Multi. Val.Logic 6, 229-249 (2001) 10