©FAO/Ishara Kodikara / FAO

“Climate-Smart” Agriculture
Policies, Practices and Financing for Food Security, Adaptation and Mitigation
 






“ClimateSmart”Agriculture
‘Ž‹…‹‡•ǡ”ƒ…–‹…‡•ƒ† ‹ƒ…‹‰ˆ‘” ‘‘†‡…—”‹–›ǡ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘





















‘‘†ƒ†‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•ȋ Ȍ
ʹͲͳͲ
 




Š‡…‘–‡–•ƒ†…‘…Ž—•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡’‘”–ƒ”‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ‹–•’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡›
ƒ›„‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡†‹–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆˆ—”–Š‡”‘™Ž‡†‰‡‰ƒ‹‡†ƒ–•—„•‡“—‡–•–ƒ‰‡•ǤŠ‡†‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘•‡’Ž‘›‡†
ƒ†–Š‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹–Š‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘†—…–†‘‘–‹’Ž›–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆƒ›‘’‹‹‘
™Šƒ–•‘‡˜‡”‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‘†ƒ†‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•ȋ Ȍ…‘…‡”‹‰–Š‡
Ž‡‰ƒŽ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•–ƒ–—•‘ˆƒ›…‘—–”›ǡ–‡””‹–‘”›ǡ…‹–›‘”ƒ”‡ƒ‘”‘ˆ‹–•ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǡ‘”…‘…‡”‹‰–Š‡
†‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–•ˆ”‘–‹‡”•‘”„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ

Š‡‡–‹‘‘ˆ•’‡…‹ˆ‹……‘’ƒ‹‡•‘”’”‘†—…–•‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”‘”‘––Š‡•‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’ƒ–‡–‡†ǡ
†‘‡•‘–‹’Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡•‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‡†‘”•‡†‘””‡…‘‡†‡†„› ‹’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡–‘‘–Š‡”•‘ˆƒ•‹‹Žƒ”
ƒ–—”‡–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–‡–‹‘‡†Ǥ

ŽŽ”‹‰Š–•”‡•‡”˜‡†Ǥ‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ††‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹–Š‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘†—…–ˆ‘”‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‘”‘–Š‡”‘Ǧ…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ’—”’‘•‡•ƒ”‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡†™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›’”‹‘”™”‹––‡’‡”‹••‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡…‘’›”‹‰Š–
Š‘Ž†‡”•’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‡•‘—”…‡‹•ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡†Ǥ‡’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹–Š‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘†—…–ˆ‘”
”‡•ƒŽ‡‘”‘–Š‡”…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ’—”’‘•‡•‹•’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†™‹–Š‘—–™”‹––‡’‡”‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…‘’›”‹‰Š–Š‘Ž†‡”•Ǥ





’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”•—…Š’‡”‹••‹‘•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ††”‡••‡†–‘ǣ
Š‹‡ˆ
Ž‡…–”‘‹…—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‘Ž‹…›ƒ†—’’‘”–”ƒ…Š
‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘‹˜‹•‹‘

‹ƒŽ‡†‡ŽŽ‡‡”‡†‹ƒ”ƒ…ƒŽŽƒǡͲͲͳͷ͵‘‡ǡ–ƒŽ›
‘”„›‡Ǧƒ‹Ž–‘ǣ
…‘’›”‹‰Š–̷ˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰
̹ ʹͲͳͲ
 







Acknowledgments

Š‹•’ƒ’‡”‹•–Š‡‘—–…‘‡‘ˆƒ…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‘”–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡•‘—”…‡•ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†
˜‹”‘‡–‡’ƒ”–‡–ǡ–Š‡…‘‘‹…ƒ†‘…‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡’ƒ”–‡–ǡ–Š‡‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ƒ†‘•—‡”
”‘–‡…–‹‘‡’ƒ”–‡–ǡ–Š‡ ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ƒ†“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡‡’ƒ”–‡–ƒ†–Š‡ ‘”‡•–”›‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‘†
ƒ†‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•ȋ ȌǤŠ‡ƒ—–Š‘”•‹…Ž—†‡‡•Ž‹‡‹’’‡”ǡ‡†›ƒǡ
Ž‡šƒ†”‡‡›„‡…ǡ‡—„‡‡••ƒ™‹–Š–Š‡–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ…‘–”‹„—–‹‘•‘ˆ‘—ŒƒŠ‡†…Š‘—”‹ǡ‘›Ž‡ƒ‡”ǡ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒƒ–‡ŽŽ‘ǡƒ–Š‡”‹‡‡••›ǡ—•ƒ”ƒƒ–œǡ ‡”‘‹ƒ’ƒŽ†‘ǡ ”ƒ…‹•Š‘’‹ǡ‹†ƒ‘ŽŽ‡––‡ǡ —Ž‹‡
—•–‘–ǡŽ‹˜‹‡”—„‘‹•ǡƒ••ƒ†”ƒ‡‘—‰ǡŠ‡‘†‘” ”‹‡†”‹…Šǡ‹…Š‡ŽŽ‡
ƒ—–Š‹‡”ǡ‹‡””‡
‡”„‡”ǡ‹…‡–

‹–œǡƒ‘Ž‹
Š‘•Šǡ‘„‡”–
‘—ƒ–‘—‡—
—‡‹ǡ‡Œƒ‹‡†‡”•‘ǡ”‡‡‘ˆˆƒǡ‡–‡”‘Ž‰”‡ǡ‹”
ƒ••ƒǡŠ‹Ž‹’’‡‡‘‡–ǡŽ‡‡…‹ƒ‹…‘ƒƒœ—”ǡ‡„ƒ„‹—–ƒŽƒ†‹‘ǡƒ”‹†‡”ƒƒ”ǡ‹˜‹‡‰ƒŒ‡
Œ‹‡ǡŠ‘ƒ••„‘”ǡ ‘ƒ…Š‹––‡ǡ —Ž‹‘‹–‘‘”–‡•ƒ†‘”‹•‘–‘ƒ†–Š‡‹†ƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡‘ˆ‡Ž›‡
Š‡‡›ǡƒ”ƒ
”ƒƒ†‘•ǡƒ”‹ƒ
—ƒ”†‹ƒƒ†‹•‡—•–‡Ǥ







 

Content

…‘’‡‘ˆ’ƒ’‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ‹‹
‡›‡••ƒ‰‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ‹‹
–”‘†—…–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ‹‹‹

Part1Examplesofclimatesmartproductionsystems............................................................................1
1.1IntroductionǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ
1.1.1 ConsiderationsforclimatesmartproductionsystemsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ
1.1.2 AchievementsandconstraintsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵
1.1.3 Existingsystems,practicesandmethodssuitableforclimatesmartagricultureǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵
1.2Crops:riceproductionsystemsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ
1.3Crops:ConservationAgricultureǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ
1.4LivestockproductionefficiencyandresilienceǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹
1.5AgroforestryǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ
1.6FisheriesandaquacultureǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ
1.7UrbanandperiurbanagricultureǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵
1.8DiversifiedandIntegratedFoodEnergySystemsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷ

Part2–Institutionalandpolicyoptions.........................................................................................................17
2.1EnablingpolicyenvironmentǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͹
2.1.1 NationalpolicymakingǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͹
2.1.2 CoordinatedinternationalpoliciesǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺ
2.2Institutions:informationproductionanddisseminationǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺ
2.3ClimatedataandinformationgapsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ
2.4DisseminationmechanismsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ
2.5Institutionstoimproveaccess,coordinationandcollectiveactionǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͲ
2.6InstitutionstosupportfinancingandinsuranceneedsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͳ
2.6.1 CreditǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͳ
2.6.2 InsuranceǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͳ
2.6.3 SocialSafetyNetsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͳ
2.6.4 PaymentsforenvironmentalservicesǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹʹ

Part3–FinancingandInvestmentsforClimatesmartAgriculture.....................................................24
3.1WhyfinancingisneededǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͶ
3.2FinancinggapsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͶ
3.3SourcesoffinancingǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͸
3.3.1BlendingdifferentsourcesoffinancingǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͸
3.3.2LeveragingǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͺ
3.4FinancingmechanismsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͺ
3.4.1WeaknessesofexistingmechanismsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͺ
3.4.2NewmechanismsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻ
3.4.3Architecturethatenablesaction,includingbyagricultureǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻ
3.5ConnectingactiontofinancingǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͳ
3.5.1NationallevelǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͳ
3.5.2LinkingtofarmersǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͳ
3.5.3MRVǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͳ
3.5.4PilotsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͳ

‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ʹ
…”‘›•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͸
‡šǣ‡–Š‘†•ƒ†‘‘Ž•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͺ




 Scopeofpaper
‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ …‘—–”‹‡• —•– —†‡”‰‘ ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‡‡– –Š‡
”‡Žƒ–‡† …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‘ˆ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰ ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–› ƒ† ”‡•’‘†‹‰ –‘ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡Ǥ ”‘Œ‡…–‹‘• „ƒ•‡† ‘
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‰”‘™–Š ƒ† ˆ‘‘† …‘•—’–‹‘ ’ƒ––‡”• ‹†‹…ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ ‡‡† –‘
‹…”‡ƒ•‡ „› ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ͹Ͳ ’‡”…‡– –‘ ‡‡– †‡ƒ†• „› ʹͲͷͲǤ ‘•– ‡•–‹ƒ–‡• ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– …Ž‹ƒ–‡
…Šƒ‰‡‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘”‡†—…‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ǡ’”‘†—…–‹‘•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†‹…‘‡•‹•‘‡ƒ”‡ƒ•–Šƒ–
ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› Šƒ˜‡ Š‹‰Š Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ ˆ‘‘† ‹•‡…—”‹–›Ǥ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ …Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”– ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ͳ ‹• –Š—• …”—…‹ƒŽ –‘
ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰ˆ—–—”‡ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡‰‘ƒŽ•ǤŠ‹•’ƒ’‡”‡šƒ‹‡••‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡›–‡…Š‹…ƒŽǡ
‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽǡ ’‘Ž‹…› ƒ† ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ ”‡•’‘•‡• ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡ –Š‹• –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ —‹Ž†‹‰ ‘ …ƒ•‡
•–—†‹‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ–Š‡’ƒ’‡”‘—–Ž‹‡•ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ǡƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•ƒ†–‘‘Ž•ƒ‹‡†ƒ–‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰
–Š‡ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡ ƒ† ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ •›•–‡•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒŽ•‘ ”‡†—…‹‰ ƒ† ”‡‘˜‹‰
‡‹••‹‘•ǤŠ‡•‡…‘†’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ’‡”•—”˜‡›•‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹…›‘’–‹‘•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘’”‘‘–‡–Š‡
–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ –‘ …Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”– ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡” Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ’‡” …‘•‹†‡”• …—””‡–
ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ‰ƒ’• ƒ† ƒ‡• ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‘• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ …‘„‹‡† —•‡ ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •‘—”…‡•ǡ
ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰‡…Šƒ‹••ƒ††‡Ž‹˜‡”›•›•–‡•Ǥ


Keymessages
1) Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet
the related challenges of food security and climate change.


2) Effective climate-smart practices already exist and could be implemented in developing country
agricultural systems.
PART 1

3) Adopting an ecosystem approach, working at landscape scale and ensuring intersectoral

coordination and cooperation is crucial for effective climate change responses.
4) Considerable investment is required in filling data and knowledge gaps and in research and
development of technologies, methodologies, as well as the conservation and production of suitable
varieties and breeds.

5) Institutional and financial support will be required to enable smallholders to make the transition to
climate-smart agriculture.
PART 2

6) Strengthened institutional capacity will be needed to improve dissemination of climate-smart

information and coordinate over large areas and numbers of farmers.
7) Greater consistency between agriculture, food security and climate change policy-making must be
achieved at national, regional and international levels.

8) Available financing, current and projected, are substantially insufficient to meet climate change and
food security challenges faced by the agriculture sector.
9) Synergistically combining financing from public and private sources, as well as those earmarked for
PART 3

climate change and food security are innovative options to meet the investment requirements of the
agricultural sector.
10) To be effective in channelling fast-track financing to agriculture, financing mechanisms will
need to take sector-specific considerations into account.

1
Definition of climate-smart agriculture: agriculture that sustainably increases productivity, resilience (adaptation), reduces/removes
GHGs (mitigation), and enhances achievement of national food security and development goals.

ii
Introduction
˜‡” –Š‡ ’ƒ•– •‹š †‡…ƒ†‡• ™‘”Ž† ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ Šƒ• „‡…‘‡ …‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž› ‘”‡ ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡–Ǥ
’”‘˜‡‡–•‹’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•ƒ†…”‘’ƒ†Ž‹˜‡•–‘…„”‡‡†‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ‡•Šƒ˜‡”‡•—Ž–‡†
‹ ƒ †‘—„Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ ˆ‘‘† ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ Žƒ† „› Œ—•– ͳͲ
’‡”…‡–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ‹• ‡š’‡…–‡† –‘ ‡šƒ…‡”„ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ˆƒ…‡† „›
ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” ‹• –‘ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š– –Šƒ– ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–› ƒ† …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ƒ”‡
…Ž‘•‡Ž› Ž‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ •‡…–‘” ƒ† –Šƒ– ‡› ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ‡š‹•– –‘ –”ƒ•ˆ‘” –Š‡ •‡…–‘”
–‘™ƒ”†•…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”–•›•–‡•–Šƒ–ƒ††”‡••„‘–ŠǤ

 •–‹ƒ–‡••Š‘™–Šƒ–™‘”Ž†’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ‰”‘™ˆ”‘–Š‡…—””‡–͸Ǥ͹„‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘ͻ„‹ŽŽ‹‘„›
ʹͲͷͲ ™‹–Š ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‘……—””‹‰ ‹ ‘—–Š •‹ƒ ƒ† •—„ǦƒŠƒ”ƒ ˆ”‹…ƒǤ ƒ‹‰ ‹–‘
ƒ……‘—– –Š‡ …Šƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡ …‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ …‘•—’–‹‘ ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‰”‘™‹‰
Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž† ‹…‘‡•ǡ  ‡•–‹ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ˆ‡‡†‹‰ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ ”‡“—‹”‡ ƒ ͹Ͳ ’‡”…‡–
‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹–‘–ƒŽƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹‘ʹȋ”—‹•ƒǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ

 ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡–Š”‡ƒ–‡•’”‘†—…–‹‘ǯ••–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ǥƒ›
ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ™Š‡”‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› ‹• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› Ž‘™ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ …‘’‹‰ ™‹–Š
ƒ†˜‡”•‡‡˜‡–•ƒ”‡Ž‹‹–‡†ǡ…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡‹•‡š’‡…–‡†–‘”‡†—…‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›–‘‡˜‡Ž‘™‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•
ƒ†ƒ‡’”‘†—…–‹‘‘”‡‡””ƒ–‹…ȋ–‡”‡˜‹‡™ʹͲͲ͸ǢŽ‹‡ʹͲͲ͹Ǣ ‹•Š‡”etalǤʹͲͲʹǢʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ
‘‰ –‡” …Šƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ––‡”• ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ …Ž‹ƒ–‡
…Šƒ‰‡ǡƒ”‡‡š’‡…–‡†–‘•Š‹ˆ–’”‘†—…–‹‘•‡ƒ•‘•ǡ’‡•–ƒ††‹•‡ƒ•‡’ƒ––‡”•ǡƒ†‘†‹ˆ›–Š‡•‡–‘ˆ
ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡…”‘’•ƒˆˆ‡…–‹‰’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ’”‹…‡•ǡ‹…‘‡•ƒ†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•ƒ†Ž‹˜‡•Ǥ

 ”‡•‡”˜‹‰ƒ†‡Šƒ…‹‰ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›”‡“—‹”‡•ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•–‘…Šƒ‰‡
‹–Š‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‡”’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ƒ†ƒŽ•‘ǡ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ǡŽ‘™‡”‘—–’—–˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ
…Ž‹ƒ–‡”‹•ƒ†”‹••‘ˆƒƒ‰”‘Ǧ‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ†•‘…‹‘Ǧ‡…‘‘‹…ƒ–—”‡Ǥ‘”†‡”–‘•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‡‘—–’—–
ƒ†‹…‘‡ǡ’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•—•–„‡…‘‡‘”‡”‡•‹Ž‹‡–ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‘”‡…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰™‡ŽŽ
‹–Š‡ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ†‹•”—’–‹˜‡‡˜‡–•Ǥ‘”‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ƒ†”‡•‹Ž‹‡–ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡”‡“—‹”‡•–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•
‹–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—”…‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤŽƒ†ǡ™ƒ–‡”ǡ•‘‹Ž—–”‹‡–•ǡƒ†‰‡‡–‹…”‡•‘—”…‡•Ȍƒ†
Š‹‰Š‡” ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…› ‹ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ”‡•‘—”…‡• ƒ† ‹’—–• ˆ‘” ’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ ”ƒ•‹–‹‘‹‰–‘ •—…Š
•›•–‡• …‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ „‡‡ˆ‹–• „› ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ …ƒ”„‘ •‹•ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ•
”‡†—…‹‰‡‹••‹‘•’‡”—‹–‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†—…–Ǥ

 ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†‹„‘–Š…‘‡”…‹ƒŽƒ†•—„•‹•–‡…‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ•›•–‡•ǡ„—–
™‹–Š•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹’”‹‘”‹–‹‡•ƒ†…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›Ǥ…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ•›•–‡•ǡ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…›
ƒ† ”‡†—…‹‰ ‡‹••‹‘•ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‘–Š‡” ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‹’ƒ…–•ǡ ƒ”‡ ‡› …‘…‡”•Ǥ 
ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†…‘—–”‹‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‹•…”‹–‹…ƒŽˆ‘”‡…‘‘‹…†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȋ‘”Ž†ƒǡ
ʹͲͲͺȌǡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰ •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡” •›•–‡• ‹• ‘– ‘Ž› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–› „—– ƒŽ•‘ ˆ‘”
’‘˜‡”–› ”‡†—…–‹‘ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ˆ‘” ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ ‰”‘™–Š ƒ† •–”—…–—”ƒŽ …Šƒ‰‡Ǥ  –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ
…‘—–”‹‡•ǡ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›‹•…Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ’”‹‘”‹–›ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•’”‘Œ‡…–‡†
–‘ ‡–ƒ‹Ž ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ‡‹••‹‘• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ •‡…–‘” ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ …‘—–”‹‡•
ȋ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ …Š‹‡˜‹‰ –Š‡ ‡‡†‡† Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ ‰”‘™–Šǡ „—– ‘ ƒ Ž‘™‡” ‡‹••‹‘• –”ƒŒ‡…–‘”› ™‹ŽŽ
”‡“—‹”‡ƒ…‘…‡”–‡†‡ˆˆ‘”––‘ƒš‹‹œ‡•›‡”‰‹‡•ƒ†‹‹‹œ‡–”ƒ†‡‘ˆˆ•„‡–™‡‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ƒ†
‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ •—”‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ† ‹…‡–‹˜‡• ƒ”‡ ‹ ’Žƒ…‡ –‘ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”–
–”ƒ•‹–‹‘•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ‹•–Š—•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘‡‡–‹‰–Š‡•‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ
–Š‹•…‘–‡š–‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ˆ‹ƒ…‡…ƒ’Žƒ›ƒ‡›ˆ—…–‹‘‹Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰‘–Š‡”‹˜‡•–‡–•–‘•—’’‘”–
ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–‰‡‡”ƒ–‡•›‡”‰‹‡•Ǥ

2
These estimates refer to a specific baseline scenario which excludes, among other elements, the effects of climate change on
production. For more details see FAO (2006).

iii
 Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •—ƒ”‹œ‡† ‡› ‹••—‡• ƒ”‡ ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š”‡‡ ƒ‹ •‡…–‹‘•Ǥ  •‡…–‹‘ ͳ
‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”–’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•ƒ”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†–‘‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡™Šƒ–…ƒ„‡ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†ƒ†
ƒŽ•‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ‰ƒ’•–Šƒ–‡‡†–‘„‡ƒ††”‡••‡†Ǥ’ƒ”–ʹ–Š‡”‘Ž‡–Šƒ–
‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ† ’‘Ž‹…› —•– ’Žƒ› ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ •›•–‡• –‘ …Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”–
’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•‹•‡šƒ‹‡†Ǥ’ƒ”–͵™‡†‹•…—••–Š‡ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡•Š‘”–ˆƒŽŽ•
ƒ† …‘•–”ƒ‹–• –Šƒ– ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ”‡•‘Ž˜‡† –‘ ‡•—”‡ –Š‡ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ •—’’‘”– ‹ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘‹‰ –‘
…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”–ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ‡š’”‘˜‹†‡•‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ ‡–Š‘†•ƒ†–‘‘Ž•™Š‹…Š…ƒ•—’’‘”–
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”–ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ

Keymessage

1) Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to

meet the related challenges of food security and climate change.

iv
Part1Examplesofclimatesmartproductionsystems
1.1 Introduction

ͳǤͳǤͳ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”–’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•
Š‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ ’”‘…‡••‹‰ ƒ† ƒ”‡–‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‰‘‘†• ƒ”‡ …‡–”ƒŽ –‘ ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–› ƒ†
‡…‘‘‹…‰”‘™–ŠǤ”‘†—…–•†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘’Žƒ–•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹…Ž—†‡ˆ‘‘†•ȋ•—…Šƒ•…‡”‡ƒŽ•ǡ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ
ˆ”—‹–•ǡ ˆ‹•Š ƒ† ‡ƒ–Ȍǡ ˆ‹„‡”• ȋ•—…Š ƒ• …‘––‘ǡ ™‘‘Žǡ Š‡’ ƒ† •‹ŽȌǡ ˆ—‡Ž• ȋ•—…Š ƒ• †—‰ǡ …Šƒ”…‘ƒŽ ƒ†
„‹‘ˆ—‡Ž• ˆ”‘ …”‘’• ƒ† ”‡•‹†—‡•Ȍ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ȋ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ‡†‹…‹‡•ǡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ
”‡•‹•ǡ‡–…ǤȌǤ”‘†—…–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ—„‡”‘ˆ’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•™Š‹…Š”ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘
•ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡” ‹š‡† …”‘’’‹‰ ƒ† Ž‹˜‡•–‘… •›•–‡• –‘ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• •—…Š ƒ• Žƒ”‰‡
‘‘…—Ž–—”‡•ƒ†‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž‹˜‡•–‘…”‡ƒ”‹‰ǤŠ‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•ǡ…ƒ‡•—”‡ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ƒ†…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‰…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡„›”‡†—…‹‰
†‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡…”‘ƒ…Š‡– ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ‹–‘ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡…‘•›•–‡• ȋ—”‡› et alǡ ʹͲͳͲ ƒ†
‡ŽŽƒ••‡ǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ

 Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…›ǡ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡ǡ ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ƒ† ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘
•›•–‡• …ƒ „‡ ‡Šƒ…‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ‹’”‘˜‹‰ ‹–• ˜ƒ”‹‘—• …‘’‘‡–•ǡ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡› ‘‡• ƒ”‡
Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥšƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•ƒ”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡•‡…–‹‘–‘‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡
–Š‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†…‘•–”ƒ‹–•‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…Ž‹ƒ–‡•ƒ”–ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ–Š‡”‡›‹••—‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•ƒ……‡••
–‘ ƒ”‡–•ǡ ‹’—–•ǡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ ˆ‹ƒ…‡• ƒ† ‹••—‡• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ Žƒ† –‡—”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ˆ‘”
‡•—”‹‰ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ǡ–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•ƒ”‡”‡˜‹‡™‡†‹’ƒ”–ʹ‘ˆ–Š‹•†‘…—‡–Ǥ



 Soilandnutrientmanagement:–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‹–”‘‰‡ƒ†‘–Š‡”—–”‹‡–•‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ
–‘ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ›‹‡Ž†•Ǥ Š‹• …ƒ „‡ †‘‡ –Š”‘—‰Š …‘’‘•–‹‰ ƒ—”‡ ƒ† …”‘’ ”‡•‹†—‡•ǡ ‘”‡ ’”‡…‹•‡
ƒ–…Š‹‰ ‘ˆ —–”‹‡–• ™‹–Š ’Žƒ– ‡‡†•ǡ …‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ƒ† †‡‡’ ’Žƒ…‡‡– –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‘”
—•‹‰ Ž‡‰—‡• ˆ‘” ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹–”‘‰‡ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘Ǥ •‹‰ ‡–Š‘†• ƒ† ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• –Šƒ– ‹…”‡ƒ•‡• ‘”‰ƒ‹…
—–”‹‡– ‹’—–•ǡ ”‡–‡–‹‘ ƒ† —•‡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ƒ† ”‡†—…‡• –Š‡ ‡‡† ‘ˆ •›–Š‡–‹…
ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”• ™Š‹…Šǡ †—‡ –‘ …‘•– ƒ† ƒ……‡••ǡ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ —ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ –‘ •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”• ƒ†ǡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡‹”
’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘

‡‹••‹‘•Ǥ




Box1:Improvingsoilnutrientcontent
Many subsistence crop production system soils are depleted and have poor nutrient content. This can be partially
resolved by the use of legumes as green manures, planted in intercropping systems, as part of a scheme of crop
rotation or in agro-forestry systems. For example, the haulms of the legume groundnut can be eaten by livestock or
incorporated into the soil. In this latter case, the yield of the subsequent crop (e.g. maize or rice) can be much
higher (as much as double), even if the groundnut yield is low. In forage legume/grass mixtures, nitrogen can be
found to be transferred from legume to grass varieties (e.g. 13 to 34 percent of fixed N). Used as a livestock feed it
can also increase food conversion ratios and decrease methane emissions. Legumes also provide a useful protein
source for humans. [FAO, 2009c].



 Waterharvestinganduse:’”‘˜‡†™ƒ–‡”Šƒ”˜‡•–‹‰ƒ†”‡–‡–‹‘ȋ•—…Šƒ•’‘‘Ž•ǡ†ƒ•ǡ
’‹–•ǡ ”‡–ƒ‹‹‰ ”‹†‰‡•ǡ ‡–…ǤȌ ƒ† ™ƒ–‡”Ǧ—•‡ ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…› ȋ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ •›•–‡•Ȍ ƒ”‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ˆ‘”
‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†ƒ††”‡••‹‰‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰‹””‡‰—Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ‘†ƒ›ǡ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹•
’”ƒ…–‹…‡† ‘ ʹͲ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ Žƒ† ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ …‘—–”‹‡• „—– …ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ͳ͵Ͳ
’‡”…‡–‘”‡›‹‡Ž†•–Šƒ”ƒ‹Ǧˆ‡†•›•–‡•ǤŠ‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡–ƒƒ‰‡‡––‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†
‡–Š‘†•ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‘•‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘•ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”•‹•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽǤ




 

1
 Box2:ZaïandstonebundsinBurkinaFaso
In Yatenga province, farmers reclaimed degraded farmland by digging planting pits, known as zaï. This traditional
technique was improved by increasing depth and diameter of the pits and adding organic matter. The Zaï
concentrate both nutrients and water and facilitate water infiltration and retention. Thus lands which used to be
barely productive can now achieve yields from 300kg/ha to 1500kg/ha, depending on rainfalls. In the same province,
farmers, with support from Oxfam, began building stone contour bunds to harvest rainwater. The bunds allows water
to spread evenly through the field and infiltrates the soil and also prevents soil and organic matter being washed
away. Thanks to local networks of farmers these techniques are now used on 200 000 to 300 000 ha (Reij 2009).

 Pest and disease control: Š‡”‡ ‹• ‡˜‹†‡…‡ –Šƒ– …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ‹• ƒŽ–‡”‹‰ –Š‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡ
‹…‹†‡…‡ƒ†‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽƒ†’Žƒ–’‡•–•ƒ††‹•‡ƒ•‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹˜ƒ•‹˜‡ƒ†ƒŽ‹‡•’‡…‹‡•ǤŠ‡
”‡…‡–‡‡”‰‡…‡‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ—Ž–‹Ǧ˜‹”—Ž‡–ǡƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡•–”ƒ‹•‘ˆ™Š‡ƒ–›‡ŽŽ‘™”—•–ƒ†ƒ’–‡†–‘
Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‹•ƒ‰‘‘†‹†‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‹••ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š’ƒ–Š‘‰‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘–‘…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡Ǥ
Š‡•‡ ‡™ ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ •–”ƒ‹• Šƒ˜‡ •’”‡ƒ† ƒ– —’”‡…‡†‡–‡† •’‡‡† ‹ ˆ‹˜‡ …‘–‹‡–• ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹
‡’‹†‡‹…• ‹ ‡™ …”‘’’‹‰ ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ‘– ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ›‡ŽŽ‘™ ”—•– ƒ† ™Š‡”‡ ™‡ŽŽǦƒ†ƒ’–‡†ǡ
”‡•‹•–ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ”‡‘–›‡–ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ‡™Š‡ƒ–†‹•‡ƒ•‡’‘–Ž‘–…Šǡ…ƒ—•‡†„›‘ŠŽ‹‘„‘Ž—••ƒ–‹˜—•ǡ‹•
ƒ‘–Š‡”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ…ƒ—•‹‰Š‡ƒ˜›Ž‘••‡•‹‘—–Š‡””ƒœ‹Žǡ‘Ž‹˜‹ƒǡƒ”ƒ‰—ƒ›ǡƒ†ƒ•–‡”†‹ƒǡ†—‡–‘ƒ
Žƒ…‘ˆ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡–‘–Š‡†‹•‡ƒ•‡Ǥ•™Š‡ƒ–‰”‘™‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ•‹ƒ„‡…‘‡™ƒ”‡”ǡ–Š‡’ƒ–Š‘‰‡‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘
•’”‡ƒ†‡˜‡ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒ†…ƒ—•‡ˆ—”–Š‡”Ž‘••‡•Ǥ

 Resilient ecosystems:  ’”‘˜‹‰ ‡…‘•›•–‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ† „‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–› …ƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ

—„‡”‘ˆ‡…‘•›•–‡•‡”˜‹…‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š…ƒŽ‡ƒ†–‘‘”‡”‡•‹Ž‹‡–ǡ’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡•›•–‡•
–Šƒ– ƒ› ƒŽ•‘ …‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ ”‡†—…‹‰ ‘” ”‡‘˜‹‰ ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡ ‰ƒ•‡•Ǥ ‡”˜‹…‡• ‹…Ž—†‡ǡ …‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ
’‡•–• ƒ† †‹•‡ƒ•‡ǡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹…”‘…Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡ †‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™ƒ•–‡•ǡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰ —–”‹‡– …›…Ž‡•
ƒ† …”‘’ ’‘ŽŽ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ„Ž‹‰ ƒ† ‡Šƒ…‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ •—…Š •‡”˜‹…‡• …ƒ „‡ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†
–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—”…‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹‘’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Ǥ

 Geneticresources:
‡‡–‹…ƒ‡Ǧ—’†‡–‡”‹‡•ƒ’Žƒ–•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•–‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡–‘•Š‘…•
•—…Šƒ•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‡š–”‡‡•ǡ†”‘—‰Š–ǡˆŽ‘‘†‹‰ƒ†’‡•–•ƒ††‹•‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ–ƒŽ•‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‡•–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š
‘ˆ ‰”‘™‹‰ •‡ƒ•‘Ȁ’”‘†—…–‹‘ …›…Ž‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ ‹’—–• •—…Š ƒ• ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”ǡ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ˆ‡‡†Ǥ
Š‡ ’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‰‡‡–‹… ”‡•‘—”…‡• ‘ˆ …”‘’• ƒ† „”‡‡†• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ™‹Ž† ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡• ‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡–‘•Š‘…•ǡ‹’”‘˜‹‰–Š‡‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡–—•‡‘ˆ”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ•Š‘”–‡‹‰
’”‘†—…–‹‘ …›…Ž‡• ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ Š‹‰Š‡” ›‹‡Ž†• ȋƒ† “—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† —–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ …‘–‡–Ȍ ’‡” ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ
Žƒ†Ǥ
‡‡”ƒ–‹‰˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ†„”‡‡†•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‘”‡†–‘‡…‘•›•–‡•ƒ†–Š‡‡‡†•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•‹•
…”—…‹ƒŽǤ

Box3:Seedsystems
Efficient seed production systems are required to ensure rapid access of farmers to varieties adapted to their new
agro-ecological conditions.
In northern Cameroon, local varieties of millet, sorghum and maize were not adapted to lower rainfall and increased
drought. The agriculture research institute developed adapted earlier maturing varieties of these crops and with the
support of FAO farmer seed enterprises were organized to produce certified seed for sale to farmers in the surrounding
villages. The new varieties produced good yields in spite of the unfavourable agro-ecology which has resulted in its hi
demand and led in the creation of 68 community seed enterprises with over 1 000 member (both women and men)
producing over 200 Tons of seed per year. There are similar projects in other countries [Guei, 2010].
FAO has supported the introduction of new seed varieties in Haiti to increase food production and facilitate the transition from
emergency to rehabilitation. One of the success stories has been the introduction from Guatemala of the bean variety ICTA
Lijero, which is very early-maturing and is resistant to one of the major disease problems in Haiti, the Golden Mosaic Virus.
This variety allows farmers in irrigated plains to have two harvests of beans before the starting of the hot season. Since 2007,
FAO has supported community seed producer groups in seed production of ICTA Lijero. In 2009, the FAO seed multiplication
programme has supported 34 seed producers groups that have produced 400T of bean seed including ICTA Lijero.

2
 Harvesting, processing and supply chains: ˆˆ‹…‹‡– Šƒ”˜‡•–‹‰ ƒ† ‡ƒ”Ž› –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†—…‡ …ƒ ”‡†—…‡ ’‘•–ǦŠƒ”˜‡•– Ž‘••‡• ȋȌ ƒ† ’”‡•‡”˜‡ ˆ‘‘† “—ƒ–‹–›ǡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ†
—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†—…–Ǥ–ƒŽ•‘‡•—”‡•„‡––‡”—•‡‘ˆ…‘Ǧ’”‘†—…–•ƒ†„›Ǧ’”‘†—…–•ǡ‡‹–Š‡”ƒ•ˆ‡‡†
ˆ‘”Ž‹˜‡•–‘…ǡ–‘’”‘†—…‡”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡‡‡”‰›‹‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†•›•–‡•‘”–‘‹’”‘˜‡•‘‹Žˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›Ǥ••—’’Ž›
…Šƒ‹• „‡…‘‡ Ž‘‰‡” ƒ† ‘”‡ …‘’Ž‡š ‹– „‡…‘‡• ‡˜‡”‘”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…›‘ˆ’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡ’ƒ…ƒ‰‹‰ǡ•–‘”ƒ‰‡ǡ–”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ‡–…–‘‡•—”‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†•Š‡ŽˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǡ”‡–ƒ‹“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†
”‡†—…‡…ƒ”„‘ˆ‘‘–’”‹–•Ǥ ‘‘†’”‘…‡••‹‰ƒŽŽ‘™••—”’Ž—•–‘„‡•–‘”‡†ˆ‘”Ž‘™’”‘†—…–‹‘›‡ƒ”•‘”ƒŽŽ‘™•
ƒ•–ƒ‰‰‡”‡†•ƒŽ‡ǤŠ‹•‡•—”‡•‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆˆ‘‘†ƒ†‹…‘‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡•‡ƒ•‘ƒ†‹›‡ƒ”•
‘ˆŽ‘™’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ ‘‘†’”‘…‡••‹‰…”‡ƒ–‡•Œ‘„•ƒ†‹…‘‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”™‘‡Ǥ

Box4:ImprovedtechnologiesforreducingpostharvestlossesinAfghanistan
In the northern region of Afghanistan where more than half of the country’s cereals are produced, many farmers
store their crop in plastic and fibre bags or in farm buildings without proper flooring, doors and windows. This offers
limited protection, resulting in significant post-harvest losses. The Government requested support from FAO to
provide silos for communities and farming households for grain storage. With funds provided by the Government of
the Federal Republic of Germany, FAO implemented a project from 2004 to 2006 with the objectives reducing post-
harvest losses and enhancing the technical capacity of local tinsmiths, blacksmiths and craftsmen for construction of
metallic grain silos. Seven main grain producing provinces were selected as focus areas. Technical personnel from
the Ministry of Agriculture and NGOs trained 300 local artisans in the manufacture of silos, while contracts were
issued to over 100 tinsmiths who built metallic silos ranging from 250 to 1 800 kilogram capacity for distribution in
local communities. The project also oversaw the construction of grain warehouses for community use in 12 sites and
trained beneficiaries on how best to operate and manage the facilities. It was found that the use of the metallic silos
had reduced storage loss from 15-20 percent to less than 1-2 percent, grains were of higher quality (as protected
from insects, mice and mould) and could be stored for longer. Based on the training received, tinsmiths, blacksmiths
and craftsmen are now fabricating silos as a profitable enterprise.

ͳǤͳǤʹ …Š‹‡˜‡‡–•ƒ†…‘•–”ƒ‹–•
‘†‡”–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†ƒ†˜ƒ…‡•‹–Š‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡•‡…–‘”ǡ•—…Šƒ•‹‘”‰ƒ‹…ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ǡ’‡•–‹…‹†‡•ǡ
ˆ‡‡†•ǡ •—’’Ž‡‡–•ǡ Š‹‰Š ›‹‡Ž†‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ǡ ƒ† Žƒ† ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ† ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ –‡…Š‹“—‡• Šƒ˜‡
…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž› ‹…”‡ƒ•‡† ’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ• „‡‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‹ ‡‡–‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘‘† ‡‡†• ‘ˆ ƒ
‰”‘™‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰‡…‘‘‹…‰”‘™–Š‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”’‘˜‡”–›”‡†—…–‹‘Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”‹
…‡”–ƒ‹…‹”…—•–ƒ…‡•–Š‡•‡’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ƒ†–‡…Š‹“—‡•Šƒ˜‡…ƒ—•‡†‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ†ƒƒ‰‡ǡ†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ •‘‹Ž•ǡ —•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ”‡•‘—”…‡•Ǣ ‘—–„”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ’‡•–• ƒ† †‹•‡ƒ•‡• ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ …ƒ—•‡† Š‡ƒŽ–Š
’”‘„Ž‡•–‘„‘–ŠŽ‹˜‡•–‘…ƒ†Š—ƒ•Ǥ—…Š—•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Šƒ˜‡”‡•—Ž–‡†‹Ž‘™‡”›‹‡Ž†•ǡ
†‡‰”ƒ†‡†‘”†‡’Ž‡–‡†ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—”…‡•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ†”‹˜‡”‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǯ•‡…”‘ƒ…Š‡–‹–‘
‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• •—…Š ƒ• ˆ‘”‡•–•Ǥ Š‡ “—‡•– –‘ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ›‹‡Ž†• ƒ† –‘ †‘ –Š‹•
™‹–Š‘—–‡š’ƒ†‹‰–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŽƒ†—†‡”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Šƒ• ‘ˆ–‡Š‡‹‰Š–‡‡†–Š‡ ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ
’”‘†—…–‹‘ •›•–‡• –‘ •Š‘…• •—…Š ƒ• ‘—–„”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ’‡•–• ƒ† †‹•‡ƒ•‡•ǡ †”‘—‰Š–• ƒ† ˆŽ‘‘†• ƒ†
…Šƒ‰‹‰…Ž‹ƒ–‡’ƒ––‡”•Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•
–Šƒ–†—‡–‘ƒŽƒ…‘ˆˆ‹ƒ…‡ǡ”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ƒ”‡™‡ŽŽ„‡Ž‘™–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ›‹‡Ž†
–Šƒ–…‘—Ž†„‡ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†Ǥ

ͳǤͳǤ͵ š‹•–‹‰•›•–‡•ǡ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ƒ†‡–Š‘†••—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”–ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡
Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘‹‰ –‘ Š‹‰Š ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡–ǡ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ
ƒ† Ž‘™Ǧ‡‹••‹‘ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• „‡Ž‘™ǡ …ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž •‡Ž‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ
’”‘†—…–‹‘ •›•–‡•ǡ ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ‡–Š‘†• ƒ† ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• ƒ† —•‡ ‘ˆ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•
ƒ†„”‡‡†•ǡ…ƒƒŽŽ‘™…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–•–‘„‡ƒ†‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡—‡”‘—• ”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ
‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ǡ–‘‘Ž•ǡ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•–‘ƒ••‹•–’‘Ž‹…›ƒ‡”•ǡ‡š–‡•‹‘™‘”‡”•ƒ†
ˆƒ”‡”•‹•‡Ž‡…–‹‰–Š‡‘•–ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•ǡ—†‡”–ƒ‹‰Žƒ†—•‡ƒ†”‡•‘—”…‡
ƒ••‡••‡–•ǡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† —†‡”–ƒ‹‰ ‹’ƒ…– ƒ••‡••‡–•Ǥ ‡…‡–Ž›ǡ  Šƒ•

3
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ …ƒ”„‘ „ƒŽƒ…‡ –‘‘Ž ȋǦȌ –‘ ƒ’’”ƒ‹•‡ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹’ƒ…– ‘ˆ ‡™Ž› ’”‘’‘•‡† ˆ‘‘†
•‡…—”‹–›ǡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• ƒ† ’”‘Œ‡…–•Ǥ Š‡ –‘‘Ž ‹• ‘™ „‡‹‰ —•‡† ‹ ‘˜‡” ʹͲ …‘—–”‹‡• ™‹–Š
 ǡ‘”Ž†ƒƒ†
Ǥ ‡–Š‘†•ƒ†–‘‘Ž•ƒ”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†‹‡šǤ

 ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •–‹ŽŽ …‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‰ƒ’• ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ •—‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† —•‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡•‡’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•ƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ƒ…”‘••ƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆƒ‰”‘Ǧ‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ†•‘…‹‘Ǧ‡…‘‘‹…
…‘–‡š–• ƒ† •…ƒŽ‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‡˜‡ Ž‡•• ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ –Š‡ •—‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •›•–‡• —†‡”
˜ƒ”›‹‰ ˆ—–—”‡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ •…‡ƒ”‹‘• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” „‹‘–‹… ƒ† ƒ„‹‘–‹… •–”‡••‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ ƒ›
…ƒ•‡• ‡˜‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ† ‹’—–• Šƒ˜‡ ‘– ”‡ƒ…Š‡† ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› ‹
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ …‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ ‘” –Š‹• –‘ „‡ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡† –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ’‘Ž‹…‡•ǡ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡• ƒ†
…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ‹˜‡•–‡–• –‘ „—‹Ž† –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ ƒ† –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”• ȋ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›
•ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”•Ȍ–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡–‘ƒ†‘’–…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”–’”ƒ…–‹…‡•–Šƒ–…‘—Ž†‰‡‡”ƒ–‡‡…‘‘‹…”—”ƒŽ
‰”‘™–Š ƒ† ‡•—”‡ ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–›Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ•– –™‘ •‡…–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘…—‡– –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›
ƒ††”‡••–Š‡•‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽǡ’‘Ž‹…›ȋ’ƒ‰‡ͳ͹Ȍƒ†ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽȋ’ƒ‰‡ʹͶȌ‹••—‡•Ǥ

1.2 Crops:riceproductionsystems
‹…‡ ‹• ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ˆ‘” ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–› ™‹–Š ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› –Š”‡‡ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ƒ„‘—– ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡
™‘”Ž† ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡ƒ–‹‰ ”‹…‡ ‡˜‡”› †ƒ›Ǥ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘‘”‡•– ƒ† ‘•– —†‡”‘—”‹•Š‡† ‹ •‹ƒ
†‡’‡† ‘ ”‹…‡ ƒ• –Š‡‹” •–ƒ’Ž‡ ˆ‘‘†Ǥ ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͳͶͶ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ Šƒ ‘ˆ Žƒ† ‹• …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡† —†‡” ”‹…‡
‡ƒ…Š ›‡ƒ”Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ–‡”Ž‘‰‰‡† ƒ† ™ƒ” •‘‹Ž• ‘ˆ ”‹…‡ ’ƒ††‹‡• ƒ‡ –Š‹• ’”‘†—…–‹‘ •›•–‡ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡
‡‹––‡”‘ˆ‡–Šƒ‡Ǥ‹…‡’”‘†—…–‹‘‹•ƒ†™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†„›…Šƒ‰‡•‹…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ””‡‰—Žƒ””ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǡ
†”‹‡”•’‡ŽŽ•‹–Š‡™‡–•‡ƒ•‘ȋ†ƒƒ‰‹‰›‘—‰’Žƒ–•Ȍǡ†”‘—‰Š–ƒ†ˆŽ‘‘†•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽŠƒ˜‹‰ƒ‡ˆˆ‡…–
‘ ›‹‡Ž†•Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ …ƒ—•‡† ‘—–„”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ’‡•–• ƒ† †‹•‡ƒ•‡•ǡ ™‹–Š Žƒ”‰‡ Ž‘••‡• ‘ˆ …”‘’• ƒ†
Šƒ”˜‡•–‡†’”‘†—…–•Ǥ‡‰etal.ȋʹͲͲͶȌŠƒ˜‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†͸›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘ʹʹ͹‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†”‹…‡ˆƒ”•
‹ •‹š ƒŒ‘” ”‹…‡Ǧ‰”‘™‹‰ …‘—–”‹‡• ‹ •‹ƒǡ ™Š‹…Š ’”‘†—…‡• ‘”‡ –Šƒ ͻͲ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†̵•
”‹…‡ǤŠ‡›ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–”‹•‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹‰Š––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡŠƒ˜‡Šƒ†ƒ•‡˜‡”‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘
›‹‡Ž†•…ƒ—•‹‰Ž‘••‡•‘ˆͳͲǦʹͲ’‡”…‡–‘ˆŠƒ”˜‡•–•‹•‘‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

  —„‡” ‘ˆ ‡–Š‘†• ƒ† ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• ƒ”‡ „‡‹‰ ƒ†‘’–‡† –‘ ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡•‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ ‘”
‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ†ƒ’–‡†„›ƒŽ–‡”‹‰…”‘’’‹‰’ƒ––‡”•ǡ’Žƒ–‹‰†ƒ–‡•ƒ†
ˆƒ” ƒƒ‰‡‡– –‡…Š‹“—‡•Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ ‡„ƒ‡–• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ „—‹Ž– –‘ ’”‘–‡…– ”‹…‡ ˆƒ”•
ˆ”‘ ˆŽ‘‘†• ƒ† ‡™ †”‘—‰Š– ƒ† •—„‡”‰‡…‡ –‘Ž‡”ƒ– ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ‘ˆ ”‹…‡ ƒ”‡ „‡‹‰ ’”‘†—…‡† ƒ†
†‹•–”‹„—–‡† „› ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ •‡…–‘”Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ› ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ”‡
†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ›‹‰ –Š‡‹” ’”‘†—…–‹‘ •›•–‡•ǡ ‰”‘™‹‰ ‘–Š‡” …‡”‡ƒŽ•ǡ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ† ”‡ƒ”‹‰ ˆ‹•Š ƒ†
ƒ‹ƒŽ•ȋ•—…Šƒ•’‹‰•ƒ†…Š‹…‡•ȌǤŠ‡”‡•‹†—‡•ƒ†™ƒ•–‡ˆ”‘‡ƒ…Š•›•–‡ƒ”‡„‡‹‰…‘’‘•–‡†
ƒ† —•‡† ‘ –Š‡ Žƒ†ǡ –Š‡”‡„› ”‡†—…‹‰ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ‹’—–•Ǥ Š‹• †‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ•
‹…”‡ƒ•‡†‹…‘‡•ǡ‹’”‘˜‡†—–”‹–‹‘ǡ„—‹Ž–”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡–‘•Š‘…•ƒ†‹‹‹œ‡†ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ”‹••ǤŠ‡
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ƒ†˜ƒ…‡† ‘†‡Ž‹‰ –‡…Š‹“—‡•ǡ ƒ’’‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ‘ ”‹…‡Ǧ
‰”‘™‹‰”‡‰‹‘•ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‹‰…”‘’‹•—”ƒ…‡ƒ”‡‘–Š‡”‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆƒƒ‰‹‰”‹••ƒ†”‡†—…‹‰
˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘ ”‹…‡ …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Šƒ– ‡‹••‹‘• ƒ‹Ž› ‘……—” ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‡™
‘–Š•‘ˆ–Š‡›‡ƒ”™Š‡–Š‡‰”‘—†‹•ˆ—ŽŽ›™ƒ–‡”Ž‘‰‰‡†Ǥ‘”‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–‘”‹…‡’ƒ††›
‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡„‡‡ˆ‘—†–‘•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›”‡†—…‡‡‹••‹‘•ǤŠ‡
—•‡‘ˆƒ‘‹—•—Ž’Šƒ–‡•—’’Ž‡‡–•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‡—•‡†–‘’”‘‘–‡•‘‹Ž‹…”‘„‹ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–›ƒ†
”‡†—…‡ ‡–Šƒ‘‰‡•Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ —”‡ƒ †‡‡’ ’Žƒ…‡‡– ȋȌ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› Šƒ• „‡‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†
™Š‡”‡—”‡ƒ‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ•—’‡”‰”ƒ—Ž‡•‘”•ƒŽŽ„”‹“—‡––‡•‹•’Žƒ…‡†—†‡”–Š‡•‘‹Ž‡ƒ”–Š‡’Žƒ–
”‘‘–• ƒ† ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆŽ‘‘†™ƒ–‡” ™Š‡”‡ ‹– ‹• •—•…‡’–‹„Ž‡ –‘ Ž‘••Ǥ  ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Šǡ –Š‹• ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ Šƒ•
•Š‘™ͷͲǦ͸Ͳ’‡”…‡–•ƒ˜‹‰•‹—”‡ƒ—•‡ƒ†›‹‡Ž†‹…”‡ƒ•‡•‘ˆƒ„‘—–ͳ–‘’‡”ŠƒǤ





4
 Box5:MitigatingmethaneemissionsthroughnewIrrigationSchemes(Bohol,Philippines)
Bohol Island is one of the biggest rice-growing areas in the Philippines’ Visayas regions. Before the completion of the
Bohol Integrated Irrigation System (BIIS) in 2007, two older reservoirs (Malinao and Capayas Dam) were beset by
problems and unable to ensure sufficient water during the year’s second crop (November to April), especially for farmers
who live farthest downstream from the dam. This problem was aggravated by the practice of unequal water distribution
and a preference by farmers for continuously flooded rice growing conditions.

In the face of declining rice production, the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) created an action plan for the BIIS. This
included the construction of a new dam (Bayongan Dam; funded by a loan from the Japan Bank for International
Cooperation) and the implementation of a water-saving technology called Alternate-Wetting and Drying (AWD) which was
developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in cooperation with national research institutes. The visible
success of AWD in pilot farms, as well as specific training programmes for farmers, were able to dispelled the widely held
perception of possible yield losses from non-flooded rice fields. Ample adoption of AWD facilitated an optimum use of
irrigation water, so that the cropping intensity could be increased from ca. 119 % to ca. 160 % (related to the maximum of
200 % in these double-cropping systems). Moreover, according to the revised IPCC methodology (IPCC 2006), ‘multiple
aeration’, to which the AWD corresponds, potentially reduces methane emissions by 48 % compared to continuous
flooding of rice fields. AWD therefore generates multiple benefits related to methane emission reduction (mitigation),
reducing water use (adaptation where water is scarce), increasing productivity and contributing to food security (Bouman
et al. 2007).


1.3 Crops:ConservationAgriculture
‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ȋȌ ‹• ƒ –‡” ‡…‘’ƒ••‹‰ ˆƒ”‹‰ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• ™Š‹…Š Šƒ˜‡ –Š”‡‡ ‡›
…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ǣ ͳǤ ‹‹ƒŽ ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ •‘‹Ž †‹•–—”„ƒ…‡ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ‘ –‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ƒ† †‹”‡…– •‡‡†‹‰ȌǢ ʹǤ
ƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡‘ˆƒ—Ž…Š‘ˆ…ƒ”„‘Ǧ”‹…Š‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ––‡”…‘˜‡”‹‰ƒ†ˆ‡‡†‹‰–Š‡•‘‹Žȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ•–”ƒ™ƒ†Ȁ‘”
‘–Š‡” …”‘’ ”‡•‹†—‡• ‹…Ž—†‹‰ …‘˜‡” …”‘’•ȌǢ ƒ† ͵Ǥ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘• ‘” •‡“—‡…‡• ƒ† ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ …”‘’•
‹…Ž—†‹‰ –”‡‡• ™Š‹…Š …‘—Ž† ‹…Ž—†‡ ‹–”‘‰‡Ǧˆ‹š‹‰ Ž‡‰—‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ …—””‡–Ž› •‘‡ ͳͳ͹ ‹ŽŽ‹‘
Š‡…–ƒ”‡•ȋƒ„‘—–ͺ’‡”…‡–‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”ƒ„Ž‡…”‘’Žƒ†Ȍ‹•—…Š•›•–‡•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ǡ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰„›ƒ„‘—–͸
‹ŽŽ‹‘ Š‡…–ƒ”‡• ’‡” ›‡ƒ” ȋ™™™Ǥˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”Ȁƒ‰Ȁ…ƒȌǤ Š‡› …‘˜‡” ƒŽŽ ƒ‰”‘Ǧ‡…‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ† ”ƒ‰‡ ˆ”‘ •ƒŽŽ –‘
Žƒ”‰‡ˆƒ”•Ǥ‘ˆˆ‡”•…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•‘Ž—–‹‘•™Š‹Ž‡‹’”‘˜‹‰ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›
–Š”‘—‰Š•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡’”‘†—…–‹‘‹–‡•‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡Šƒ…‡†’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ”‡•‘—”…‡—•‡Ǥ

 ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ•‘‹Žˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ––‡”ǡƒ†‹’”‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…›‘ˆ—–”‹‡–
‹’—–•ǡ‡ƒ„Ž‡‘”‡–‘„‡’”‘†—…‡†™‹–Š’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ž‡••ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•Ǥ–ƒŽ•‘•ƒ˜‡•‘‡‡”‰›—•‡‹
ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ†”‡†—…‡•‡‹••‹‘•ˆ”‘–Š‡„—”‹‰‘ˆ…”‘’”‡•‹†—‡•Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”‹–Š‡Ž’••‡“—‡•–‡”…ƒ”„‘‹
•‘‹ŽǤ ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‹‹‹•‡• ‘……—””‡…‡ ‘ˆ ‡– Ž‘••‡• ‘ˆ …ƒ”„‘ †‹‘š‹†‡ „› ‹…”‘„‹ƒŽ
”‡•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘š‹†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‘‹Ž‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ––‡”ƒ†„—‹Ž†••‘‹Ž•–”—…–—”‡ƒ†„‹‘’‘”‡•–Š”‘—‰Š
•‘‹Ž „‹‘–ƒ ƒ† ”‘‘–•Ǥ ƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ —Ž…Š Žƒ›‡” ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ •—„•–”ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” •‘‹ŽǦ‹Šƒ„‹–‹‰ ‹…”‘Ǧ
‘”‰ƒ‹•• ™Š‹…Š Š‡Ž’• –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ ƒ† ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† —–”‹‡–• ‹ –Š‡ •‘‹ŽǤ Š‹• ƒŽ•‘
…‘–”‹„—–‡• –‘ ‡– ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ •‘‹Ž ‘”‰ƒ‹… ƒ––‡” Ǧ †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ …ƒ”„‘ †‹‘š‹†‡ …ƒ’–—”‡† „›
’Š‘–‘•›–Š‡•‹• ‹ ’Žƒ–•ǡ ™Š‘•‡ ”‡•‹†—‡• ƒ„‘˜‡ ƒ† „‡Ž‘™ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ƒ”‡ •—„•‡“—‡–Ž›
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†ƒ†•‡“—‡•–‡”‡†„›•‘‹Ž„‹‘–ƒǤ

 ‘–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†…”‘’ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–‹…Ž—†‡Ž‡‰—‡•ƒ”‡…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆŠ‘•–‹‰‹–”‘‰‡Ǧˆ‹š‹‰
„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒ ‹ –Š‡‹” ”‘‘–•ǡ ™Š‹…Š …‘–”‹„—–‡• –‘ ‘’–‹— ’Žƒ– ‰”‘™–Š ™‹–Š‘—– ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†

‡‹••‹‘•‹†—…‡†„›ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹•‡”ǯ•’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ

 ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ƒŽ•‘ …‘–”‹„—–‡• –‘ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ –‘ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ „› ”‡†—…‹‰ …”‘’
˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡’”‘–‡…–‹˜‡•‘‹Ž…‘˜‡”‘ˆŽ‡ƒ˜‡•ǡ•–‡•ƒ†•–ƒŽ•ˆ”‘–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•…”‘’•Š‹‡Ž†•–Š‡•‘‹Ž
•—”ˆƒ…‡ˆ”‘Š‡ƒ–ǡ™‹†ƒ†”ƒ‹ǡ‡‡’•–Š‡•‘‹Ž…‘‘Ž‡”ƒ†”‡†—…‡•‘‹•–—”‡Ž‘••‡•„›‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

5
†”‹‡” …‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ ‹– ”‡†—…‡• …”‘’ ™ƒ–‡” ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ ƒ‡• „‡––‡” —•‡ ‘ˆ •‘‹Ž ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡•
†‡‡’‡””‘‘–‹‰‘ˆ…”‘’•Ǣ‹‡š–”‡‡Ž›™‡–…‘†‹–‹‘•ǡˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡•”ƒ‹™ƒ–‡”‹ˆ‹Ž–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡†—…‹‰•‘‹Ž
‡”‘•‹‘ƒ†–Š‡”‹•‘ˆ†‘™•–”‡ƒˆŽ‘‘†‹‰Ǥ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ƒŽ•‘…‘–”‹„—–‡•–‘’”‘–‡…–…”‘’•
ˆ”‘ ‡š–”‡‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ ”‘’ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‘˜‡” •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •‡ƒ•‘•ƒŽ•‘ ‹‹‹•‡• –Š‡ ‘—–„”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ’‡•–•
ƒ††‹•‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ

  –Š—• ‘ˆˆ‡”• ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ •‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡
‹’”‘˜‹‰ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›–Š”‘—‰Š•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡’”‘†—…–‹‘‹–‡•‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡Šƒ…‡†’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›
‘ˆ”‡•‘—”…‡—•‡Ǥ


Box6:Countryexamplesofconservationagriculture

In Uzbekistan, where monocropping of cotton is common place, FAO has contributed to enhance the productivity of
cotton through CA including no-till, diversification (rotation with wheat and grain legumes) and selected cover crops.
This involved the establishment of demonstration plots and training in soil water dynamics, organic matter
improvement and related soil stability measures, methodologies and techniques. The technologies introduced during
the project in Tashkent resulted in improved soil quality, crop development and yields. The project also showed that
farmers were willing to use the CA practices step by step with a well-tested crop rotation system.

In Egypt, CA was introduced in the rice-cropping systems of the Nile Delta, where more than 50 percent of the 3-5
million tones of rice straw residues produced annually are burnt in the field as a practical means of disposal. Rice in
rotation with berseem (a forage legume) or wheat achieved yields under CA equal to those grown under
conventional practices with savings in time, energy (fuel) and labour needed for land preparation and crop
management. The project also demonstrated the advantages of CA practices for weed control, crop water
consumption and improvement of soil conditions for crop development.

Farmers in Lesotho have been able to boost agricultural yields and increase food production by adopting CA. The
practice, locally known as likoti, also contributes to combating soil erosion and to enhancing fertility. The socio-
economic and environmental benefits help poor households to rehabilitate and strengthen their livelihood capital
base and ultimately help rural communities to build system resilience in the face of widespread poverty and
increasing vulnerability that affect the country. Results show that attending appropriate training is a crucial
prerequisite for the correct adoption of likoti. However, training is more effective when trainers pursue true
participation and when social capital among farmers is stronger. Further important determinants of adoption are the
level of education and the economic incentives provided to vulnerable households (Silici 2010).

In Lempira, Honduras, farmers moved from a traditional slash and burn system to the Quesungual system. This CA
system uses trees and mulch. An economic analysis of this transition showed that during the first two years maize
and sorghum yields were about equal to those obtained with the traditional slash and burn system. From the third
year, however, their yields increased, in addition, the system provided the farmer with firewood and posts, which
gave an extra value to the production. Because of the increased production of maize, the quantity of stover
increased as well; this could be sold as livestock fodder. Additionally, from the first year onwards, the farmer could
rent out the land for livestock grazing, because of the increased biomass production. Usually this was done for two
months. The application of the Quesungual system not only meets the household subsistence needs for fruit, timber,
firewood and grains, but also generates a surplus which can be sold providing an additional source of income.

6
1.4 Livestockproductionefficiencyandresilience
‹˜‡•–‘… ’”‘˜‹†‡ ˆ‘‘† ƒ† Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†• ˆ‘” ‘‡ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†̵• ’‘‘”ǡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› ‹ †”› ƒ†
‹ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ™Š‡”‡ ‘–Š‡” ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• ƒ”‡ Ž‡•• ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡› ’Žƒ› ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ–
—Ž–‹ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ƒ› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ”‡‰‹‘• ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ˆ‘‘†ǡ ‹…‘‡ǡ †”ƒ—‰Š– ’‘™‡” ˆ‘”
’Ž‘—‰Š‹‰ ƒ† –”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ Š‡› …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ••‡– ˆ—…–‹‘•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• …‘ŽŽƒ–‡”ƒŽ ˆ‘”
…”‡†‹–ǡƒ†‡‡”‰‡…›…ƒ•ŠˆŽ‘™™Š‡•‘Ž†‹–‹‡•‘ˆ…”‹•‹•Ǥ

 Š‡ Ž‹˜‡•–‘… •‡…–‘” Šƒ• ‡š’ƒ†‡† ”ƒ’‹†Ž› ‹ ”‡…‡– †‡…ƒ†‡• ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ …‘–‹—‡ –‘ †‘ •‘ ƒ•
†‡ƒ† ˆ‘” ‡ƒ– ƒ† †ƒ‹”› ’”‘†—…–• …‘–‹—‡• –‘ ‰”‘™Ǥ  ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —’ –‘ ͸ͺ ’‡”…‡– „› ʹͲ͵Ͳ
ˆ”‘–Š‡ʹͲͲͲ„ƒ•‡’‡”‹‘†Šƒ•„‡‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ƒ†–Š‹•‹•ƒ‹Ž›†”‹˜‡„›’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹…‘‡
‰”‘™–Š ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ …‘—–”‹‡• ȋ ǡ ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ‹˜‡•–‘… ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǯ• Žƒ”‰‡•– —•‡” ‘ˆ Žƒ†
”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ ™‹–Š ‰”ƒœ‹‰ Žƒ† ‘……—’›‹‰ ʹ͸ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Šǯ• ‹…‡Ǧˆ”‡‡ Žƒ† •—”ˆƒ…‡ǡ ƒ† ͵͵
’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ …”‘’Žƒ† †‡†‹…ƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ‡‡† ȋ ǡ ʹͲͲͻȌǤ Š‡ “—‹… ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
•‡…–‘”‹•ƒ…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‘˜‡”‰”ƒœ‹‰ƒ†Žƒ††‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–†”‹˜‡”‘ˆ†‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–‹•
ƒŽ•‘ ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‡–Šƒ‡ ƒ† ‹–”‘—• ‘š‹†‡ ‡‹••‹‘• ˆ”‘ ”—‹ƒ– †‹‰‡•–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ—”‡
ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡƒ†‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•‘—”…‡‘ˆ‡–Šƒ‡‡‹••‹‘•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡…ƒ”„‘ˆ‘‘–’”‹–
‘ˆŽ‹˜‡•–‘…˜ƒ”‹‡•…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›ƒ‘‰’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•ǡ”‡‰‹‘•ǡƒ†…‘‘†‹–‹‡•ǡƒ‹Ž›†—‡
–‘˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆˆ‡‡†ǡ–Š‡ˆ‡‡†…‘˜‡”•‹‘‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…‹‡•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ‹ƒŽ•’‡…‹‡•ƒ†
‹’ƒ…–•‘†‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Žƒ††‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ȋ ǡʹͲͳͲ„ȌǤ

 ‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‹’”‘˜‡‡–•ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•–‘‡‡–‰”‘™‹‰
ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–› ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹‹‹œ‹‰ ”‡•‘—”…‡ —•‡ ƒ†

 ‡‹••‹‘•
ˆ”‘’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥƒ•–’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‰ƒ‹•‹–Š‡•‡…–‘”Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ•…‹‡…‡ƒ†ƒ†˜ƒ…‡†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹ˆ‡‡†‹‰ƒ†—–”‹–‹‘ǡ‰‡‡–‹…•ƒ†”‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ
Š‡ƒŽ–Š …‘–”‘Ž ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‹’”‘˜‡‡–• ‹ ƒ‹ƒŽ Š—•„ƒ†”›Ǥ Š‡ ‡š–‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡
ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‰ƒ’•ǡ…ƒ’Žƒ›ƒ
‡› ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡ –‘ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹
ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ Žƒ†• ‹ •‡‹ƒ”‹† ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡Ǥ ’”‘˜‡†
ˆ‘”‡…ƒ•–‹‰ ‘ˆ ”‹••ǡ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‘ˆ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ǡ ‡ƒ”Ž› †‡–‡…–‹‘ ƒ† …‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ
†‹•‡ƒ•‡‘—–„”‡ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ–‘ƒŽŽ‘™’”‘’–”‡•’‘•‡•ƒ†„—‹Ž†”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡Ǥ

 Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡– –”‡ƒ–‡– ‘ˆ ƒ—”‡ …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ ”‡†—…‡ ‡‹••‹‘• ƒ† ”ƒ‹•‡ ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡
•‡…–‘”Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒƒ‡”‘„‹… †‹‰‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ—”‡ •–‘”‡† ƒ• ƒ Ž‹“—‹† ‘” •Ž—””› …ƒ Ž‘™‡”
‡–Šƒ‡ ‡‹••‹‘• ƒ† ’”‘†—…‡ —•‡ˆ—Ž ‡‡”‰›ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ …‘’‘•–‹‰ •‘Ž‹† ƒ—”‡• …ƒ Ž‘™‡”
‡‹••‹‘• ƒ† ’”‘†—…‡ —•‡ˆ—Ž ‘”‰ƒ‹… ƒ‡†‡–• ˆ‘” •‘‹Ž•Ǥ Š‡ •—„•–‹–—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ—”‡ ˆ‘”
‹‘”‰ƒ‹… ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”• …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ Ž‘™‡” ‡‹••‹‘• ƒ† ‹’”‘˜‡ •‘‹Ž …‘†‹–‹‘ ƒ† ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ Š‡
”‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‹˜‡•–‘… ™‹–Š …”‘’ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹… Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ Ž‹˜‡•–‘…
’”‘†—…–‹‘—‹–•ƒ†‡Šƒ…‡†’”‘…‡••‹‰–‡…Š‹“—‡•–‘”‡†—…‡’”‘†—…–‹‘Ž‘••‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡
•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ˆ‘”„‘‘•–‹‰’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ

  ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡• –Šƒ– ˆ‘…—• †‹”‡…–Ž› ‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ǡ ˆ‡‡† ƒ† ƒ—”‡
ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‰”ƒ••Žƒ† ƒƒ‰‡‡– ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• –Šƒ– …ƒ ƒ††”‡•• ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
‹’”‘˜‡ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡Ǥ
”ƒ••Žƒ†•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ”ƒ‰‡Žƒ†•ǡ •Š”—„ Žƒ†•ǡ ’ƒ•–—”‡ Žƒ†•ǡ ƒ† …”‘’Žƒ†• •‘™
™‹–Š ’ƒ•–—”‡ǡ –”‡‡• ƒ† ˆ‘††‡” …”‘’•ǡ ”‡’”‡•‡– ͹Ͳ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǯ• ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒǤ Š‡ •‘‹Ž•
—†‡” ‰”ƒ••Žƒ†• …‘–ƒ‹ ƒ„‘—– ʹͲ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǯ• •‘‹Ž …ƒ”„‘ •–‘…• ȋ ǡ ʹͲͳͲƒȌǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
–Š‡•‡•–‘…•ƒ”‡ƒ–”‹•ˆ”‘Žƒ††‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ƒ†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘••‡••‡–‹”›Žƒ†•ȋȌ
”‡…‡–Ž› ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ͳ͸ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ ”ƒ‰‡Žƒ†• ƒ”‡ …—””‡–Ž› —†‡”‰‘‹‰ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ””‡•–‹‰
ˆ—”–Š‡”†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡•–‘”‹‰†‡‰”ƒ†‡†‰”ƒ••Žƒ†•ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š‰”ƒœ‹‰ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†”‡˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘
ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǤŠ‹•…ƒ‹…Ž—†‡•‡–Ǧƒ•‹†‡•ǡ’‘•–’‘‹‰‰”ƒœ‹‰™Š‹Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ‰‡•’‡…‹‡•
ƒ”‡‰”‘™‹‰‘”‡•—”‹‰‡˜‡‰”ƒœ‹‰‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—••’‡…‹‡•ǡ–‘•–‹—Žƒ–‡†‹˜‡”•‡‰”ƒ••‡•ǡ‹’”‘˜‡—–”‹‡–
…›…Ž‹‰ ƒ† ’Žƒ– ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ Š‡•‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š •—’’Ž‡‡–‹‰ ’‘‘” “—ƒŽ‹–› ˆ‘”ƒ‰‡• ™‹–Š
ˆ‘††‡”–”‡‡•ǡƒ•‹•‹Ž˜‘’ƒ•–‘”ƒŽ•›•–‡•ǡ…ƒƒŽŽ…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ǡ”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡ƒ†„‘‘•–
…ƒ”„‘”‡‘˜ƒŽ•Ǥ

7
 Box7:ImprovingmilkproductioninCajamarca,Peru
FONCREAGRO (http://foncreagro.org/) in association with the private sector is undertaking a number of pro-poor livestock
initiatives with the aim to increase milk production in poor and vulnerable areas of Peru, such as the Cajamarca region.
Production efficiency is achieved through: breeding programmes (using crosses from Brown Swiss); improved pasture and
manure management; decrease in the use of synthetic fertilizers, and improving livestock health through the provision of
veterinary services and the sanitation of canals and treatment of animals for diseases such as liver fluke. Such practices
have increased milk production per cow by 25 percent with significant improvement in quality. In addition, weaning age has
decreased, calves reach 280kg in 20 months instead of 30 months and time between births has been reduced from 16.5
months to 14.9 months. These efficiency improvements has resulted in increases in production and income (by
approximately 60 percent) but with a smaller more efficient herd. This has resulted in reduced greenhouse gas emissions
and smaller impact on the resource base. Continuity of the system is ensured through training of all members of the
community on all aspects of the production system.

Box8:Multinutrientblocksimprovedigestibilityoffibrousfeeds
Livestock production in developing countries is largely dependent on fibrous feeds – mainly crop residues and low quality
pasture – that are deficient in nitrogen, minerals and vitamins. However, these feedstuffs can be better used if the rumen
diet is supplemented with nitrogen, carbohydrate, minerals and vitamins. One of the most suitable methods used to supply
animals with the nutrients not found in fibrous feed (in tropical smallholder conditions) is to feed the animals urea and
molasses in the form of urea-molasses mineral blocks. These mineral blocks increase productivity of meat and milk
production and promote higher reproductive efficiency in ruminant animal species, such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and
yak. The success of the technique has resulted in its adoption in over 60 countries (FAO 2007a).

Box9:Controlofanimaldiseasesrelatedtoclimatechanges:Riftvalleyfever
The recent outbreak of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) in Madagascar in 2008 provides an example of how principles and
tools such as rapid disease detection, early warning, early response, as promoted in the EMPRES programme, can
be used for the control of emerging diseases. The virus, which causes high livestock losses and is also a severe
threat to human health, was found in test samples which triggered a country wide survey of livestock and the
establishment of surveillance systems. Sentinel screening of herds in thirteen locations were establish through the
contracting of local, private veterinarians to undertake field surveillance and undertake weekly visits to communities.
Mosquitoes and other samples were collected in the infected areas in order to identify vector species. To prevent
human contamination, information campaigns were organized and protective equipment was distributed to
professionals working in slaughterhouses. In autumn 2008, a month after the first training, a veterinarian in a remote
area launched an alert. The implementation of local measures immediately after detection of the first cases
prevented the outbreak from spreading. (EMPRESS Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No 35).





8
1.5 Agroforestry
‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”›‹•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–”‡‡•ƒ†•Š”—„•‹ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ…”‘’ƒ†Ȁ‘”ƒ‹ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†Žƒ†
ƒƒ‰‡‡– •›•–‡•Ǥ – ‹• ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –”‡‡• ‘……—” ‘ Ͷ͸ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ Žƒ†• ƒ†
•—’’‘”–͵Ͳ’‡”…‡–‘ˆƒŽŽ”—”ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ȋ‘‡”‡–ǤƒŽʹͲͲͻȌǤ”‡‡•ƒ”‡—•‡†‹ƒ›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ†‘†‡”ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ†”ƒ‰‡Žƒ†•›•–‡•Ǥ”‡‡•‘ˆƒ”•ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›’”‡˜ƒŽ‡–‹‘—–Š‡ƒ•–
•‹ƒ ƒ† ‡–”ƒŽ ƒ† ‘—–Š ‡”‹…ƒǤ ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”› •›•–‡• ƒ† ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• …‘‡ ‹ ƒ› ˆ‘”•ǡ
‹…Ž—†‹‰‹’”‘˜‡†ˆƒŽŽ‘™•ǡ–ƒ—‰›ƒȋ‰”‘™‹‰ƒ—ƒŽƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ…”‘’•†—”‹‰–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ
ƒ ˆ‘”‡•– ’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘Ȍǡ Š‘‡ ‰ƒ”†‡•ǡ ‰”‘™‹‰ —Ž–‹’—”’‘•‡ –”‡‡• ƒ† •Š”—„•ǡ „‘—†ƒ”› ’Žƒ–‹‰ǡ
ˆƒ” ™‘‘†Ž‘–•ǡ ‘”…Šƒ”†•ǡ ’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘Ȁ…”‘’ …‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ •Š‡Ž–‡”„‡Ž–•ǡ ™‹†„”‡ƒ•ǡ …‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘
Š‡†‰‡•ǡ ˆ‘††‡” „ƒ•ǡ Ž‹˜‡ ˆ‡…‡•ǡ –”‡‡• ‘ ’ƒ•–—”‡ ƒ† –”‡‡ ƒ’‹…—Ž–—”‡ ȋƒ‹”ǡ ͳͻͻ͵ ƒ† ‹…Žƒ‹”ǡ
ͳͻͻͻȌǤ
 Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ –”‡‡• ƒ† •Š”—„• ‹ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ •›•–‡• Š‡Ž’ –‘ –ƒ…Ž‡ –Š‡ –”‹’Ž‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ‘ˆ
•‡…—”‹‰ ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–›ǡ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ”‡†—…‹‰ –Š‡ ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ†ƒ–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ
ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ•›•–‡•–‘…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡Ǥ”‡‡•‹–Š‡ˆƒ”‹‰•›•–‡…ƒŠ‡Ž’‹…”‡ƒ•‡ˆƒ”‹…‘‡•
ƒ† …ƒ Š‡Ž’ †‹˜‡”•‹ˆ› ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ƒ† –Š—• •’”‡ƒ† ”‹• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘” ƒ”‡–
ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽ„‡‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•‹’ƒ…–•‘ˆ…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡„‡…‘‡‘”‡’”‘‘—…‡†Ǥ
”‡‡•ƒ†•Š”—„•…ƒ†‹‹‹•Š–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ‡š–”‡‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡˜‡–•ǡ•—…Šƒ•Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹•ǡ†”‘—‰Š–•
ƒ† ™‹† •–‘”•Ǥ Š‡› ’”‡˜‡– ‡”‘•‹‘ǡ •–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‡ •‘‹Ž•ǡ ”ƒ‹•‡ ‹ˆ‹Ž–”ƒ–‹‘ ”ƒ–‡• ƒ† ŠƒŽ– Žƒ†
†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡›…ƒ‡”‹…Š„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›‹–Š‡Žƒ†•…ƒ’‡ƒ†‹…”‡ƒ•‡‡…‘•›•–‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
 ”‡‡• …ƒ ‹’”‘˜‡ •‘‹Ž ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–› ƒ† •‘‹Ž ‘‹•–—”‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ •‘‹Ž ‘”‰ƒ‹… ƒ––‡”Ǥ
‹–”‘‰‡Ǧˆ‹š‹‰ Ž‡‰—‹‘—• –”‡‡• ƒ† •Š”—„• …ƒ „‡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ •‘‹Ž ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–› ™Š‡”‡
–Š‡”‡ ‹• Ž‹‹–‡† ƒ……‡•• –‘ ‹‡”ƒŽ ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•Ǥ ’”‘˜‡† •‘‹Ž ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–› –‡†• –‘ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› ƒ† ƒ› ƒŽŽ‘™ ‘”‡ ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–› ‹ –Š‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ …”‘’• –Šƒ– …ƒ „‡ ‰”‘™Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡
ƒ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”›•›•–‡•‹ˆ”‹…ƒŠƒ˜‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ‹œ‡›‹‡Ž†•„›ͳǤ͵ƒ†ͳǤ͸–‘•’‡”Š‡…–ƒ”‡’‡”›‡ƒ”
ȋ‹Ž‡•Š‹ et alǤ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ ‘††‡” –”‡‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› —•‡† „› ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ’ƒ•–‘”ƒŽ‹•–• ‘
‡š–‡•‹˜‡•›•–‡•„—–ˆ‘††‡”•Š”—„••—…Šƒ•…ƒŽŽ‹ƒ†”ƒƒ†Ž‡—…ƒ‡ƒƒ”‡‘™„‡‹‰—•‡†‹‘”‡
‹–‡•‹˜‡ •›•–‡•ǡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ƒ† ”‡†—…‹‰ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ˆ‡‡†• ȋ ”ƒœ‡Žǡ
ƒ„—‰— ƒ† —™‡‹ǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”› •›•–‡• ˆ‘” ˆ‘††‡” ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†
…‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ ™‡•–‡” —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǡ —•‹‰ –ƒ‰ƒ•ƒ•–‡
ȋŠƒƒ‡…›–‹•—• ’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”—•Ȍ Šƒ• ‹…”‡ƒ•‡† ”‡–—”• –‘ ˆƒ”‡”• ™Š‘•‡ …ƒ––Ž‡ ˆ‘”‡”Ž› ‰”ƒœ‡† ‘
ƒ—ƒŽ‰”ƒ••‡•ƒ†Ž‡‰—‡•ȋ„ƒ†‹etalǤǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
 ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”›•›•–‡•ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ–‹„‡”ƒ†ˆ—‡Ž™‘‘†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡™‘”Ž†
‹ „‘–Š †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† …‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‹–‡”…”‘’’‹‰ ‘ˆ –”‡‡• ƒ† …”‘’• ‹•
’”ƒ…–‹…‡† ‘ ͵ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ Š‡…–ƒ”‡• ‹ Š‹ƒ ȋ‡ǡ ͳͻͻͳȌ ƒ† ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡† ‹‰†‘ǡ ƒ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ
–‹„‡”Ȁ…‡”‡ƒŽ ƒ† –‹„‡”Ȁ’ƒ•–—”‡ •›•–‡• Šƒ• „‡‡ ’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ˆƒ”‡”• ȋ…†ƒǡ Š‘ƒ• ƒ†
‹ŽŽ‹• ͳͻͻͻȌǤ ”‡‡• ’”‘†—…‡† ‘ ˆƒ” ƒ”‡ ƒŒ‘” •‘—”…‡• ‘ˆ –‹„‡” ‹ •‹ƒ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ Š‹ƒǡ †‹ƒǡ
ƒ‹•–ƒȌǡƒ•–ˆ”‹…ƒȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥƒœƒ‹ƒȌƒ†‘—–Š‡”ˆ”‹…ƒȋ‡Ǥ‰ƒ„‹ƒȌǡ…”‡ƒ•‹‰™‘‘†’”‘†—…–‹‘
‘ˆƒ”•…ƒ–ƒ‡’”‡••—”‡‘ˆˆˆ‘”‡•–•ǡ™Š‹…Š™‘—Ž†‘–Š‡”™‹•‡”‡•—Ž–‹–Š‡‹”†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
 ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”›•›•–‡•–‡†–‘•‡“—‡•–‡”—…Š‰”‡ƒ–‡”“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ…ƒ”„‘–Šƒƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
•›•–‡• ™‹–Š‘—– –”‡‡•Ǥ Žƒ–‹‰ –”‡‡• ‹ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ Žƒ†• ‹• ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡– ƒ† …‘•– ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡
…‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ‘–Š‡” ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ …‘Ǧ„‡‡ˆ‹–• ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘”
‹’”‘˜‡† ˆƒ” ˆƒ‹Ž› Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†• ƒ† …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ
’”‹˜ƒ–‡…‘’ƒ‹‡••—’’‘”–‹‰ƒ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”›‹‡š…Šƒ‰‡ˆ‘”…ƒ”„‘„‡‡ˆ‹–•Ǥ
 ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”› ‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– „‘–Š ˆ‘” …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ˆ‘”
ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š”‡†—…‹‰˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ›‹‰‹…‘‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ‹’”‘˜‹‰Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•ƒ†
„—‹Ž†‹‰ –Š‡ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ‘ˆ •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”• –‘ ƒ†ƒ’– –‘ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”› ‹ ƒ›
”‡‰‹‘• ‹• •–‹ŽŽ …‘•–”ƒ‹‡† „› Ž‘…ƒŽ …—•–‘•ǡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹…‹‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ —”‰‡–
‡‡†ˆ‘”…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ‡š–‡•‹‘ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘‰”ƒ‡•–‘•…”‡‡ƒ†–‘ƒ–…Š•’‡…‹‡•™‹–Š
–Š‡”‹‰Š–‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽœ‘‡•ƒ†ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†–‘•—’’‘”–ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’’”‹˜ƒ–‡
’—„Ž‹… •‡…–‘” ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’• –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ƒ† †‹•–”‹„—–‡ ƒ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”› ‰‡”’Žƒ•ǡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ˆ‘” –Š‡
…”‘’••‡…–‘”Ǥ

9

 ƒ›•—……‡•••–‘”‹‡•†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡–Šƒ–™‹–Šƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ƒ……‡••–‘ƒ”‡–ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‡†
‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ‹‹–‹ƒŽˆ—†‹‰‡…Šƒ‹••–‘‹…‘ˆˆ’”‘…‡••‡•ƒ†–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•
ƒ†‡ƒ„Ž‹‰…‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ”—”ƒŽ’”‘†—…‡”•ƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•‰‡––‘’”‘†—…‡‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡•…ƒŽ‡™‹–Š‹’ƒ…–ƒ–
•—„Ǧƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ —†‡” –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‡…Šƒ‹• ȋȌ ‘ˆ
–Š‡ ›‘–‘ ”‘–‘…‘Žǡ –Š‹‘’‹ƒ ™‹ŽŽ “—ƒŽ‹ˆ› ˆ‘” …ƒ”„‘ …”‡†‹–• ˆ‘” ”‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒˆˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘
’”‘Œ‡…–•ǤŠ‡—„‘‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘”‘Œ‡…–™‹ŽŽ‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡•ƒŽ‡‘ˆ͵͵ͺǡͲͲͲ–‘‡•‘ˆ…ƒ”„‘
…”‡†‹–•„›ʹͲͳ͹ȋ‘”Ž†ƒǡʹͲͳͲȌǤŠ‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ ƒ‹†Š‡”„‹ƒƒŽ„‹†ƒƒ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”›•›•–‡•‹•—„Ǧ
ƒŠƒ”ƒ ˆ”‹…ƒ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› †‘…—‡–‡† ȋ„‘š ͳͲȌǤŠ‡ …ƒ”„‘ ’”‘Œ‡…– ‹ –Š‡ Šƒ„‹–ƒ
…‘—‹–›‹‘œƒ„‹“—‡ȋ„‘šͳͳȌƒŽ•‘ƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”ƒ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”›Ǥ



Box10:Faidherbiaalbidaagroforestry/agrosilvipastoralsystem
Faidherbia albida is a tree commonly found in agroforestry systems in sub-Saharan Africa. This tree, which is
widespread throughout the continent, thrives on a range of soils and occurs in ecosystems from, deserts to wet
tropical climates. It fixes nitrogen and has the special feature of ‘reversed leaf phenology’ meaning it is dormant and
sheds its leaves during the early rainy season and leafs out when the dry season begins. This feature makes it
compatible with food crop production, because it does not compete for light, nutrients and water. Farmers have
frequently reported significant crop yield increases for maize, sorghum, millet, cotton and groundnut when grown in
proximity to Faidherbia. From 6 percent to more than 100 percent yield increases have been reported in the
literature.

Like many other agroforestry species, Faidherbia tends to increase carbon stocks both above-ground and in the soil
(8) and improves soil water retention and nutrient status. Faidherbia trees are currently found on less than 2 percent
of Africa’s maize area and less than 13 percent of the area grown with sorghum and millet. With maize being the
most widely cropped staple in Africa, the potential for adopting this agroforestry system is tremendous. Further
research is needed to better explore the potential benefits Faidherbia can provide, including for crop productivity in
different agro-ecosystems; wood and non-wood products for household use or sale on the market; and possibilities
for engaging with carbon markets.




Box11:TheNhambitacommunitycarbonproject,Mozambique
Initiated in 2003, the project pays 1000 smallholder farmers in the buffer zone of the Gorongosa National Park in
Sofala Province for sequestering carbon through adoption of agroforestry practices and for reduced emissions from
deforestation and degradation (REDD) of miombo woodlands. Farmers are contracted to sequester carbon on their
machambas (farmlands) through adoption of agroforestry practices from a ‘menu’ that includes horticultural tree
species, woodlots, intercropping food crops with Faidherbia albida, planting native hardwoods around the boundary
of the machambas, and planting fruit trees within the homestead. In all, different project activities yield carbon offsets
equal to 24,117 tCO2e per annum over an area of about 20 000 hectares. Farmers receive carbon payments at a
rate of US$4.5 per tCO2 or in the range of US$433/ha to $808/ha over seven years. The project shows that carbon
sequestration through land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) can both promote sustainable rural
livelihoods as well as generate verifiable carbon emissions reductions for the international community.

10
1.6 Fisheriesandaquaculture
˜‡” ͷͲͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ †‡’‡†ǡ †‹”‡…–Ž› ‘” ‹†‹”‡…–Ž›ǡ ‘ ˆ‹•Š‡”‹‡• ƒ† ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹”
Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•Ǥ ‹•Š ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ —–”‹–‹‘ ˆ‘” ͵ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ͷͲ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ
ƒ‹ƒŽ ’”‘–‡‹ ƒ† ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‹‡”ƒŽ• –‘ ͶͲͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’‘‘”‡•– …‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
…Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ‹• „”‹‰‹‰ ƒ„‘—– Š—‰‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• –‘ –Š‡•‡ ”‡•‘—”…‡•Ǥ ”‘†—…–‹‘ •›•–‡• ƒ†
Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•ǡƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹…”‹•‹•ˆ”‘‘˜‡”Ǧˆ‹•Š‹‰ǡ’‘‘”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†‹’ƒ…–•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”–‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽ
ƒ–Š”‘’‘‰‡‹… ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡•ǡ ƒ”‡ Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ •—……—„ ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡…› ƒ† ‹–‡•‹–› ‘ˆ •–‘”•
‹…”‡ƒ•‡ƒ†‡š–”‡‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡˜‡–•„‡…‘‡‘”‡…‘‘Ǥ ‹•Š‡”•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘–Š‡”…‘—‹–›
‡„‡”•ǡ™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ–‰”‡ƒ–‡””‹•‘ˆŽ‘•‹‰–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡•ƒ†ƒ••‡–•ǡ•—…Šƒ•„‘ƒ–•ǡˆ‹•Š‹‰‡“—‹’‡–ƒ†
ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽ‡‡†–‘„‡…‘–‡š–ƒ†Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ†
–‘–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—–„‘–Š•Š‘”–Ǧ–‡”ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ”‡“—‡…›ƒ†‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ‡š–”‡‡‡˜‡–•Ȍƒ†
Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡” ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ”‡†—…‡† ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ“—ƒ–‹… ‡…‘•›•–‡•Ȍ ’Š‡‘‡ƒǤ –”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• –‘ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡
”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡ƒ†ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›™‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡™‹†‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ•—”‡•
ƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…‡•–Šƒ–ƒ†Š‡”‡–‘–Š‡’”‹…‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡‘ˆ‘†—…–ˆ‘”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ‹•Š‡”‹‡•Ǥ

 Ž‹ƒ–‡ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡– •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡ —•– ‘……—” –‘ ‡‡– ‰”‘™‹‰
…‘•—’–‹‘‡‡†•ƒ†‹•„‡‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†„›‹’”‘˜‹‰ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡
•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ •–‘… ȋˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ –Š”‘—‰Š •ƒŽ‹‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ– •’‡…‹‡• ‹ œ‘‡• ˆƒ…‹‰ •‡ƒ Ž‡˜‡Ž
”‹•‡ȌǤ ’”‘˜‡† ‡‡”‰› ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…› ƒ† †‡…”‡ƒ•‡† —•‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‹•Š ‡ƒŽ ƒ† ˆ‹•Š ‘‹Ž ˆ‡‡†• ƒ”‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ
‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ• –Š‡•‡ ‹’—–• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ƒ‹ …ƒ”„‘ ˆ‘‘–’”‹– ‹ ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡ •›•–‡•Ǥ
…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ˆ‡‡†‹‰ ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…› ‘” •™‹–…Š‹‰ –‘ Š‡”„‹˜‘”‘—• ‘” ‘‹˜‘”‘—• •’‡…‹‡•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• …ƒ”’ǡ
‰”‡ƒ–Ž› ”‡†—…‡• –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ˆ‹•Š ˆ‡‡† ‹’—–• ƒ† ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡• —…Š Š‹‰Š‡” ‹’—–Ȁ‘—–’—– ”ƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ
‘–Š‡” ’”‘–‡‹ •‘—”…‡•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• •ƒŽ‘Ǥ Š‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡ ™‹–Š‹ „”‘ƒ†‡” ˆƒ”‹‰
Žƒ†•…ƒ’‡• ’”‘˜‹†‡• ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ •Ž—†‰‡ ’”‘†—…‡† †—”‹‰ –Š‡ –”‡ƒ–‡– ‘ˆ
ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡ ™ƒ•–‡™ƒ–‡” ‘” ’‘† •‡†‹‡–• …ƒ „‡ —•‡† –‘ ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ …”‘’•Ǥ ‘”‡
•–”ƒ–‡‰‹… Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ”‹•• ƒ†
‹‹‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ…–• ‘ ƒ–—”ƒŽ •›•–‡• •—…Š ƒ• ™‡–Žƒ†ǡ ƒ‰”‘˜‡• ƒ† ”‡‡ˆ•Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ
”‡’Žƒ–‹‰ ƒ‰”‘˜‡• ‹ ƒ› ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‹ –”‘’‹…ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘• …ƒ ”‡•–‘”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ–
‡…‘•›•–‡ •‡”˜‹…‡•ǡ ’”‘–‡…– –Š‡ …‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡ ˆ”‘ ‹—†ƒ–‹‘• ƒ†ǡ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” ’Žƒ–• ƒ†
•‡ƒ‰”ƒ••‡•ǡ …ƒ •‡“—‡•–‡” …ƒ”„‘ǡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ƒ”‹‡ Dz„Ž—‡ …ƒ”„‘dz •‹•Ǥ ƒ”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ˆƒ”‹‰
•›•–‡••—…Šƒ•ˆ‹Ž–‡”Ǧˆ‡‡†‡”•ƒ†•‡ƒ™‡‡†•ƒ”‡‡š…‡ŽŽ‡–’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•ƒ•–Š‡›”‡“—‹”‡Ž‹––Ž‡ǡ
‹ˆ ƒ›ǡ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ‹’—–• ƒ† …ƒ ‡˜‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‡…‘•›•–‡ •‡”˜‹…‡• •—…Š ƒ• ˆ‹Ž–‡”‹‰ ƒ† ƒ„•‘”„‹‰
‡š…‡••—–”‹‡–•‹–Š‡™ƒ–‡”Ǥ•‘‡…ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‡•‡•›•–‡•ˆƒ”‡š…‡‡†‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…›ƒ†…ƒ”„‘—’–ƒ‡
Ž‡˜‡Ž•™Š‡…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Žƒ†ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ•‡ƒ™‡‡†•…ƒ„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”ˆ‡‡†ǡˆ‘‘†
’”‘†—…–•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”„‹‘ˆ—‡Ž’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ

 †ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ ƒŽ•‘ ”‡“—‹”‡ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ •‡…–‘” ƒ†Œ—•–‡–• ‹ ˆ‹•Š‹‰ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• ƒ• ƒ„—†ƒ…‡
ƒ† ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •’‡…‹‡• †‡…Ž‹‡ ƒ† ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” …ƒ–…Š‹‰ ‘˜‡Ž •’‡…‹‡• ‰”‘™•Ǥ
‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ”‡Ǧ‹˜‡•–‡–‹ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ‡“—‹’‡–ƒ†–”ƒ‹‹‰™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ•ˆ‹•Š‡”‹‡•
•—’’Ž›…Šƒ‹•ƒ†ƒ’–ǤƒŽŽ…ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‹•–”ƒ•‹–‹‘™‹ŽŽ‡‡†–‘„‡ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†™‹–Š‹’”‘˜‡‡–•‹–Š‡
•ƒˆ‡–› ƒ† ”‡†—…–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘•• ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ ƒ† ƒ……‹†‡–• ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹‹‹œ‹‰ ‡‡”‰› —•‡ ƒ† ”‡†—…‹‰
™ƒ•–‡Ǥ‘™’ƒ…– —‡Žˆˆ‹…‹‡–ȏ Ȑˆ‹•Š‹‰˜‡••‡Ž•ǡˆ‹•Š‹‰‰‡ƒ”•ƒ†ˆ‹•Š‹‰’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ƒ†ƒ’–‡†
–‘ ‡ƒ…Š •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ˆ‹•Š‡”› …ƒ ”‡†—…‡ –Š‡ •‡…–‘”ǯ• ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡ ‰ƒ• ‡‹••‹‘• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† ʹǤͳ
‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‘™‡”‡† ˆ‹•Š‹‰ ˜‡••‡Ž• ™Š‹…Š …‘•—‡ ƒ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† Ͷͳ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ –‘‡• ‘ˆ ˆ—‡Žǡ „—ˆˆ‡” –Š‡
•‡…–‘” ˆ”‘ ˆ—–—”‡ ‘‹Ž •Š‘…• ƒ† ‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ •ƒˆ‡–› ƒ† ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ
ˆ‹•Š‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ—”‰‡–‡‡†–‘”‡†—…‡ˆ‹•Š‹‰…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›‹ƒ›ˆ‹•Š‡”‹‡•
ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ–‘”‡†—…‡–Š‡‹…‡–‹˜‡•–‘‘˜‡”ˆ‹•Šƒ†–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‡…‘‘‹…’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆ
–Š‘•‡ˆ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ǤŠ‹•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ƒ††‡†„‡‡ˆ‹–‘ˆˆ—”–Š‡””‡†—…‹‰‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡‹••‹‘•Ǥ

11
 Box12:Lowenergyefficientaquaculture
The farming of seaweeds, oysters and clams constitute the largest proportion of mariculture production worldwide.
The culture of these groups requires minimal energy inputs and, therefore, has a relatively small carbon footprint.
Moreover, the rapid turnover in seaweed culture, approximately three months per crop (in the tropics) with yields of
over 2 500 tonnes per ha, far exceeds the potential carbon uptake that could be obtained through other agricultural
activity for a comparable area. Additionally, such systems can filter nutrients and provide a “cleaning service” to
coastal marine environments.
The farming of seaweed has expanded rapidly in recent decades as demand has outstripped the supply available
from natural resources. Annual production value are estimated at US$5.5-6 billion; with commercial harvesting
occurring in about 35 countries, spread between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, in waters ranging from
cold, through temperate, to tropical. China is the largest producer of edible seaweeds. About five million tonnes
(mostly for kombu) is produced from hundreds of hectares of Laminaria japonica that is grown on suspended ropes
in the ocean. Other seaweeds, such as kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum, originally harvested
from natural stocks in Indonesia and the Philippines for the production of thickening and gelling agents
(Carrageenan), are now cultivated and production has also spread to other countries, including Tanzania (Zanzibar),
Viet Nam and some of the Pacific Islands.

Box13:Aquasilviculture
Another environmentally-friendly and GHG mitigating mariculture system is aquasilviculture, the integration of
aquaculture and mangrove forestry. Such systems are commonly used in Indonesia and Vietnam and in the early
stages of development in other countries such as Hong Kong, the Philippines, and Malaysia. The approaches differ
among and within countries but mainly constitute the integration of mangrove ponds and pens for fish and crabs
(Primavera, 2000). Such systems not only sequester carbon, but they are also more resilient to shocks and extreme
events and also lead to increased production due to improved ecosystem services. A good example of the benefits
of aquasilviculture can be seen in the introduction of the system in the tambak region of Java, an area of over
300 000 ha of extensive ponds which lacked mangroves. The introduction of mangroves led to the increase in
production, in food supplies and contributed significantly to the socio-economic well-being of the coastal rural
population (Sukardjo 1989). The system was therefore more profitable than just direct planting of mangrove trees,
and the net financial benefits to the reforestation programme of the State Forestry Corporation was considerable
(Sukardjo, 1989).





Box14:LowEnergyFuelEfficient(LIFE)Fishing
Well-designed and responsibly-used passive fishing gears such as gill nets, pots, hook and lines and traps can
reduce the requirement for fossil fuel consumption by as much as 30-40 percent over conventional active fishing
gears, such as trawls. Moreover, the use of bio-degradable materials can minimize the amount of ghost fishing when
fishing gears are inadvertently lost as a result of bad weather. New designs of selective fishing gear can reduce the
capture of juveniles and other forms of bycatch as well as reducing discards. Innovative technologies such as GPS
and echosounders can also be used to ensure that fishing gears are not set on vulnerable or sensitive habitats.
Other innovations in design of vessels and fishing equipment coupled with safety training can minimize accidents
and loss of life at sea and assist with fishing losing its reputation of being the most dangerous occupation in the
world.

12
1.7 Urbanandperiurbanagriculture
ͷͲ’‡”…‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘™Ž‹˜‡•‹…‹–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‹•‹•‡š’‡…–‡†–‘”‹•‡–‘͹Ͳ’‡”…‡–„›
ʹͲͷͲǤ —…Š Žƒ”‰‡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ …ƒ—•‡• –Š‡ ‡…”‘ƒ…Š‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‹–› ‹–‘ •—””‘—†‹‰ ƒ–—”ƒŽ
‡…‘•›•–‡•ƒ†ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽŽƒ†•Ǥ

 ‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ —ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ •—ˆˆ‹…‹‡– ‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• –‘ –Š‡‹” ‰”‘™‹‰
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•™Š‹…ŠŽ‡ƒ†•–‘ƒ”ƒ’‹†‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹—”„ƒ’‘˜‡”–›”ƒ–‡•ƒ†ˆ‘‘†‹•‡…—”‹–›ǤŠ‡•‡—”„ƒ
’‘‘” ‘ˆ–‡ Žƒ… –Š‡ ‘‡› –‘ ’—”…Šƒ•‡ ˆ‘‘† ‘” –Š‡ Žƒ† –‘ ‰”‘™ ‹–Ǥ – ‹• ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ••’‡†—’–‘͸Ͳ’‡”…‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹…‘‡•–‘„—›ˆ‘‘†Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡”‡…‡–ˆ‘‘†…”‹•‹•
‹…”‡ƒ•‡† ˆ‘‘† ’”‹…‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‡…‘‘‹… †‘™–—” ”‡†—…‡† ‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ƒ†
‹…‘‡•‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š‹—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŽ‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡ƒ†Š‹‰Š‡”‹…‹†‡…‡•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽƒ†Š—ƒǦ
ƒ†‡ †‹•ƒ•–‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ …ƒ—•‡† †‹•”—’–‹‘• ‹ ˆ‘‘†Ǧ•—’’Ž› …Šƒ‹• ‹–‘ …‹–‹‡• ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰
ˆ‘‘†‹•‡…—”‹–›Ǥ

 Ž–Š‘—‰Š …‹–‹‡• ™‹ŽŽ …‘–‹—‡ –‘ Žƒ”‰‡Ž› †‡’‡† ‘ ”—”ƒŽ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡ —”„ƒ ƒ† ’‡”‹Ǧ—”„ƒ
ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‹•’”‘˜‹†‹‰•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆˆ‘‘†ȋ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‘ˆ’‡”‹•Šƒ„Ž‡‹–‡•Ȍƒ†‹’”‘˜‹‰
ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡—”„ƒ’‘‘”Ǥ–‹•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–—’–‘ͳͷ’‡”…‡–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•ˆ‘‘†‹•’”‘†—…‡†
„› —”„ƒ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ƒ† ͹Ͳ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ —”„ƒ Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†• ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ …‘—–”‹‡• ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡ ‹
ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•ǡˆ”—‹–•ǡ—•Š”‘‘•ǡŠ‡”„•ǡ‡ƒ–ǡ‡‰‰•ǡ‹Žƒ†‡˜‡ˆ‹•Šƒ”‡„‡‹‰
’”‘†—…‡†‹…‘—‹–›‰ƒ”†‡•ǡ’”‹˜ƒ–‡„ƒ…›ƒ”†•ǡ•…Š‘‘Ž•ǡŠ‘•’‹–ƒŽ•ǡ”‘‘ˆ–‘’•ǡ™‹†‘™„‘š‡•ƒ†
˜ƒ…ƒ– ’—„Ž‹… Žƒ†• ȋ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ƒ– –Š‡ •‹†‡ ‘ˆ ”‘ƒ†• ƒ† ”ƒ‹Ž –”ƒ…•ȌǤ Š‹• Š‘‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ …ƒ
’”‘˜‹†‡—’–‘͸Ͳ’‡”…‡–‘ˆƒˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ˆ‘‘†”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǤŠ‹•‘–‘Ž›‰”‡ƒ–Ž›‹’”‘˜‡•—–”‹–‹‘‹–
ƒŽ•‘ ƒŽŽ‘™• ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• –‘ •’‡† ‘”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‹…‘‡• ‘ ‘–Š‡” ‡š’‡•‡•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ —”„ƒ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡• ‹…”‘Ǧ‡–‡”’”‹•‡• •—…Š ƒ• –Š‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ
…‘’‘•–ǡˆ‘‘†’”‘…‡••‹‰ƒ†•ƒŽ‡Ǥ

 –Š‡”ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ—”„ƒƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ƒ”‡–Š‡Dz‰”‡‡‹‰dz‘ˆ…‹–‹‡•ǡ‹’”‘˜‹‰ƒ‹”“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†
Ž‘™‡”‹‰ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ „‡‡ˆ‹–• Šƒ• Ž‡† ƒ› …‹–‹‡• ȋ•—…Š ƒ• ‡‹Œ‹‰ ƒ‘‹ǡ ƒ’ƒŽƒ
Šƒ‰Šƒ‹ǡ ƒ˜ƒǡ ƒƒ”ǡ ……”ƒǡ ƒ˜ƒƒǡ —‡‘• ‹”‡•ǡ ‘‰‘–žǡ ‹ƒǡ —”‹–‹„ƒǡ —‹–‘ǡ ƒƒ‰—ƒǡ
‡‰—…‹‰ƒŽ’ƒ ƒ† ‘•ƒ”‹‘Ȍ –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ …‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ —”„ƒ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ǡ ’”‘†—…‹‰ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡
’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹Žǡ‡‰‰•ǡ‡ƒ–ǡˆ”—‹–ƒ†˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ȋ—’–‘ͻͲ’‡”…‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ•–ȌǤ

 ‘™‡˜‡”‹ˆ–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ—”„ƒƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‹•–‘„‡ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‡›
…‘•–”ƒ‹–• ƒ† ‹••—‡• ™Š‹…Š ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ††”‡••‡†Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ… ‘ˆ ƒ……‡•• –‘ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ†
‘–Š‡” ’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ ”‡•‘—”…‡•Ǥ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ ˆ‘” Žƒ† ƒ† ‹••—‡• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –‡—”‡ ”‹‰Š–• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡
ˆ‘—† –‘ „‡ ƒŒ‘” …‘•–”ƒ‹–•Ǥ Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‹’ƒ…– ‘ˆ —”„ƒ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘‘† •ƒˆ‡–›
…‘…‡”• ‘ˆ —•‹‰ ™ƒ•–‡ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ‘”‰ƒ‹… ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’”‡ƒ† ‘ˆ †‹•‡ƒ•‡• ƒ†
…‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‘š‹…’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‘ˆƒŒ‘”…‘…‡”•Ǥ‹–›’Žƒ‡”•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡”‡“—‹”‡–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ
‰—‹†ƒ…‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹–‘—”„ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†–”ƒ‹‹‰‡‡†•–‘
„‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‘ —”„ƒ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ •›•–‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• —”‰‡– ‡‡† –‘ ”‡˜‹•‹– ˆ‘‘†
†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•›•–‡•ƒ†‡•—”‡”‡•‹Ž‹‡–—”„ƒǦ”—”ƒŽŽ‹ƒ‰‡•ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘‡™•Š‘…•
…ƒ—•‡†„›…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡Ǥ










13
 Box15:MicroGardensinDakar
FAO and the Government of Senegal have initiated Micro-Gardens in Dakar in 1999. This initiative has reduced
poverty by providing fresh vegetables to poor families, thereby improving their food supply and nutrition. The project
also promotes income generation through the sale of production surplus. The project facilitates access to urban and
peri-urban horticultural production for city-dwellers who do not have access to farmland, mobilizes human resource
in the fields of administration and research, and promotes the use of agricultural waste such as peanut shells and
rice chaff. The micro-garden technology has been adopted across all social sectors: poor, wealthy, men, women,
young, old and physically handicapped. More than 4,000 families have been trained in micro-garden technology.

The main challenges in the implementation of the project included training and organization of beneficiaries, access
to equipment and inputs, and marketing of produce. The micro-gardens benefited from local means and equipment,
housed at the Horticultural Development Centre (CDH) of the Senegalese Institute of Agricultural Research (ISRA),
including an office, laboratory and national reference micro-garden.

In the absence of territorial planning for the allotment of production spaces to micro-gardeners, some city halls,
schools and hospitals have made their backyards available for micro-gardeners. The micro-gardens project has also
established outlets in all the regional capitals to provide access to alternatives to high-cost chemical fertilizers,
including tea manure, manure, and Biogen. Annual yields have increased and costs of inputs reduced through the
use of alternative materials and drip irrigation kits promoted by the FAO. The project is collaborating with Italian
NGOs in Dakar to establish a specific supply chain mechanism for micro-gardeners’ produce to strengthen financial
autonomy of the beneficiaries and ensure sustainability of the project. Micro-gardners’ produce is promoted via
television programmes and advertising; and with the introduction of a certificate of vegetable analysis, established
by the Institute of Food Technology (ITA). The goal is to create a label for micro-gardeners’ produce.

Box16:RooftopgardensinCairo,Egypt
The population explosion and the tendency to build on agricultural land have acted to limit the resources of city
families and their access to healthy products. With a little effort and money, rooftops can contribute in improving the
families’ quality of life and provide them with healthy food and increased income. Although the idea is not new,
rooftop gardens in Egypt has only recently been implemented. In the early 1990s at Ain Shams University, a group
of agriculture professors developed an initiative of growing organic vegetables to suit densely populated cities of
Egypt. The initiative was applied on a small scale until it was officially adopted in 2001 by the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO).terraces and balconies, even on civil construction walls, and for not requiring big investments in
capital or long hours of work.: sugarcane waste, polyethylene bags, tires, containers and cylinders, and soil. fruit
such as mangos, figs, guavas, bananas, and sugarcane stalks in his terrace of 1,200 sq ft (110 m2) in Bandra.



Box17:Furtherinformationandexamples
The urban producer’s resource book: A practical guide for working with Low Income Urban and PeriUrban Producers
Organizations provides a useful reference with guidelines and the issues that have to be addressed. Country
examples are provided for each issue to show how UPA can be developed in cooperation with a number of
stakeholders. Accessed at: www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1177e/a1177e00.htm

14
1.8 DiversifiedandIntegratedFoodEnergySystems


•…ƒƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡•‡‡‹–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•ǡ†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘…ƒ„‘–Š‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…›
‘ˆ•›•–‡•ƒ†„—‹Ž†–Š‡‹””‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡–‘…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡Ǥ–…ƒ•’”‡ƒ†”‹•ǡ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰‡…‘‘‹…”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡
ƒ––Š‡ˆƒ”ƒ†ƒ––Š‡Ž‘…ƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹‡†”‘–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰…”‘’˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ†•’‡…‹‡•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
–Š‡”ƒŽȀ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ „‡––‡” ™ƒ–‡” —•‡ ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…› ƒ† ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ –‘ ’‡•–Ȁ†‹•‡ƒ•‡ǡ ƒ†
Ž‘™‡” ›‹‡Ž† ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ”‡ ƒ ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ ™ƒ› –‘ ”‡†—…‡ ”‹•• ƒ† ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…›Ǥ –”‘†—…‹‰ ‡™
–›’‡•‘ˆ…”‘’•ȋ•—…Šƒ•˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•Ȍǡ–”‡‡•ȋˆ”—‹–ƒ†™‘‘†’”‘†—…–•Ȍƒ†‘–Š‡”’Žƒ–•…ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ƒ†
†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ›’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ–‡‰”ƒ–‡†…”‘’ƒ†Ž‹˜‡•–‘…•›•–‡•ƒŽ•‘
‹…”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…› ƒ† ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ „‘–Š ’”‘†—…–‹‘ •›•–‡•Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ•–‡
’”‘†—…–•‘ˆ‘‡…‘’‘‡–•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒ”‡•‘—”…‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘–Š‡”ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥƒ—”‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡•…”‘’’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†
…”‘’ ”‡•‹†—‡• ƒ† „›Ǧ’”‘†—…–• ƒ”‡ —•‡† ƒ• ƒ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡‡†•ȌǤ ‹ƒŽ• ƒŽ•‘ ’Žƒ› ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ”‘Ž‡•ǡ –Š‡› …ƒ
’”‘˜‹†‡‡‡”‰›ˆ‘”ˆƒ”™‘”‘”–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†…‘•–‹–—–‡ƒ…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ–‘„‡…‘˜‡”–‡†‹–‘…ƒ•Š™Š‡
‡‡†‡†ǤŠ‡•‡•›•–‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š‡š‹•–—†‡”˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆ‘”•ƒ†Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•
ˆ‘”‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†‡…‘‘‹…”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ
 ‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•™Š‹…ŠƒŽ•‘‡‡––Š‡‡‡”‰›”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆ•ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”•‹•ƒŽ•‘
‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š”‡‡„‹ŽŽ‹‘’‡‘’Ž‡Ȃƒ„‘—–ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž›‘—•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
„‹‘ƒ••Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‡‡”‰›•‘—”…‡•–‘‡‡––Š‡‹”„ƒ•‹…‡‡”‰›‡‡†•ˆ‘”…‘‘‹‰ƒ†Š‡ƒ–‹‰ǡƒ†ͳǤ͸„‹ŽŽ‹‘
’‡‘’Ž‡ Žƒ… ƒ……‡•• –‘ ‡Ž‡…–”‹…‹–› ȋ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ  ”—”ƒŽ …‘—‹–‹‡• ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ …‘—–”‹‡• –Š‹• ‘ˆ–‡
”‡•—Ž–• ‹ ‡…”‘ƒ…Š‡–• ‹–‘ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡…‘•›•–‡•ǡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ –Š‡ …—––‹‰ †‘™ ‘ˆ ˆ‘”‡•–• ˆ‘” ˆ—‡Žǡ
Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒŒ‘”•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ‡‹••‹‘•Ǥ–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‘‘†‡”‰››•–‡•ȋ Ȍƒ‹ƒ–ƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡•‡
‹••—‡•„›•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›’”‘†—…‹‰ˆ‘‘†ƒ†‡‡”‰›ǤŠ‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡•‹–‘–™‘ƒ‹‡–Š‘†•Ǥ
Š‡ˆ‹”•–…‘„‹‡•ˆ‘‘†ƒ†‡‡”‰›…”‘’•‘–Š‡•ƒ‡’Ž‘–‘ˆŽƒ†ǡ•—…Šƒ•‹ƒ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–›•›•–‡•ˆ‘”
‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ‰”‘™‹‰–”‡‡•ˆ‘”ˆ—‡Ž™‘‘†ƒ†…Šƒ”…‘ƒŽǤŠ‡•‡…‘†–›’‡‘ˆ ‹•ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡—•‡
‘ˆ „›Ǧ’”‘†—…–•Ȁ”‡•‹†—‡• ‘ˆ ‘‡ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…– –‘ ’”‘†—…‡ ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ šƒ’Ž‡• ‹…Ž—†‡ „‹‘‰ƒ• ˆ”‘
Ž‹˜‡•–‘…”‡•‹†—‡•ǡƒ‹ƒŽˆ‡‡†ˆ”‘„›Ǧ’”‘†—…–•‘ˆ…‘”‡–Šƒ‘Žǡ‘”„ƒ‰ƒ••‡ˆ‘”‡‡”‰›ƒ•ƒ„›Ǧ’”‘†—…–
‘ˆ•—‰ƒ”…ƒ‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ˆ‘”ˆ‘‘†’—”’‘•‡•ǤŠ‹Ž‡•‹’Ž‡ •›•–‡••—…Šƒ•ƒ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”›‘”„‹‘‰ƒ•
•›•–‡•ƒ”‡™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†ǡ‘”‡…‘’Ž‡š ƒ”‡Ž‡••ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›‹’Ž‡‡–‡††—‡–‘–Š‡–‡…Š‹…ƒŽƒ†
‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ƒ† ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Š‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ… ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹…› •—’’‘”–Ǥ ‘Žƒ”
–Š‡”ƒŽǡ ’Š‘–‘˜‘Ž–ƒ‹…•ǡ ‰‡‘–Š‡”ƒŽǡ ™‹† ƒ† ™ƒ–‡” ’‘™‡” ƒ”‡ ‘–Š‡” ‘’–‹‘• ƒ† …ƒ „‡ ‹…Ž—†‡† ‹
 ǡ†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡Š‹‰Š•–ƒ”–Ǧ—’…‘•–•ƒ†•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†•—’’‘”–”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‡”˜‹…‹‰Ǥ



Box18:NationalBiogasProgramme,VietNam
Viet Nam embarked on an integrated land management scheme, following land rights being given to individual
farmers. This is supported by the Vietnamese Gardeners’ Association (VACVINA), which works at all levels, and has
national responsibility to promote this concept – called the VAC integrated system. It involves gardening, fish rearing
and animal husbandry, to make optimal use of the land. Traditional fuels such as wood and coal for cooking are
becoming increasingly scarce and expensive, and can contribute to deforestation. Increasing livestock production in
rural communities with high population density leads to health and environmental issues from the quantity of animal
dung being produced. Biogas digesters are part of the solution offered by this initiative, using the waste to generate
energy, and the resultant slurry can be used as a fertilizer to improve soil quality. A market-based approach has
been adopted to disseminate the plants and the service provided to those buying the digesters is comprehensive.
The customer must have at least four to six pigs or two to three cattle that provide the animal dung. They pay the
total installation cost for the digesters to local service providers, and operate the biodigester using instructions
provided by them. A biodigester produces enough daily fuel for cooking and lighting. It improves the surrounding
environment, whilst livestock produces meat, milk and fish products for local consumption and subsistence farming.

Source: FAO/Practical Action, 2009.

15
 Box19:Sustainablefoodandcharcoalproductioninagroforestrysystems,DRC
Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo, has a population of eight million inhabitants and
consumes up to 6 million tonnes of bioenergy equivalent per year. The city is surrounded by grasslands and patches
of forest. The bioenergy used by the urban households consists mainly of fuelwood (charcoal and firewood).
Charcoal needs, but also most of the staple starchy foods in the diet (cassava and maize), are provided by slash-
and-burn shifting cultivation and by carbonization of the patches of forest and tree savannahs, which continue to
deteriorate. Production obtained from these tree stands is becoming scarce and expensive. Soil fertility is declining,
crop yields after fallow are decreasing, springs are drying up and fires are increasingly frequent. Slash-and-burn
cultivation gives rise to tree fallow after one to three years of cropping, due to the exhaustion of soil reserves.
Improving tree fallow consists in planting tree legumes, whose roots combined with microorganisms fix atmospheric
nitrogen. Organic matter and nitrogen storage in the soil is thereby accelerated. This is especially true for acacias,
trees that are also known for their large biomass/wood production. The trees can already be planted during the
cropping period and continue to grow rapidly after harvesting, during the fallow phase (CIRAD 2010; Bisiaux et al.
2009 and Hans Seidel Foundation 2009).

Box20:BiogasinThailand
Methane from pig waste represents the largest source of livestock GHG emissions in Thailand with the number of
pigs in the country expected to more than double between 2000 and 2020. A pilot project on ten pig farms with a
total annual average pig population of around 131 200 pigs will reduce methane emissions from pig waste
management by the installation of anaerobic treatment systems that recover biogas for use as energy. The total
emission reductions are estimated at about 58 000 tons of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) equivalent per year (tCO2e/year).
The project is partly financed by these reductions through a Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol.
The electricity produced is expected for on-farm consumption. Sludge material will be dried and sold as fertilizer and
soil amendment. In addition the project includes specific component activities for the community such as street
lighting, access to drinking water, scholarships, mosquito spray machine, community shop, capacity building. This
project is implemented by the World Bank and FAO. It is part of the Livestock Waste Management in East Asia
project which global environment objective is to reduce livestock-induced, land-based pollution and environmental
degradation.

Keymessagesforpart1
2) Effective climate-smart practices already exist and could be implemented in developing
country agriculture systems.

3) Adopting an ecosystem approach, working at landscape scale and ensuring intersectoral

coordination and cooperation is crucial for effective climate change responses.

4) Considerable investment is required in filling data and knowledge gaps and in research and
development of technologies, methodologies, as well as the conservation and production of suitable
varieties and breeds.

16
Part2–Institutionalandpolicyoptions
•—”‹‰ ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–› ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– —†‡” …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ‹ •‘‡ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǡ ™‹ŽŽ
‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ›‹‡Ž†•ǡ ‹…‘‡ ƒ† ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š …ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› „‡ ‡š’‡…–‡† –‘ Ž‡ƒ† –‘
‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡‡‹••‹‘•ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‡‹••‹‘•’‡”—‹–’”‘†—…–ƒ›†‡…Ž‹‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
’”‘†—…–‹‘ •›•–‡• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‡š’‡…–‡† ˆ‹”•– ƒ† ˆ‘”‡‘•– –‘ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› ƒ† ”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡ –‘
•—’’‘”– ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–›ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ Ž‘™ ‡‹••‹‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
–”ƒŒ‡…–‘”‹‡•™‹–Š‘—–…‘’”‘‹•‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ
 ‘ ‡‡– –Š‡•‡ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ ‹– Šƒ• „‡‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† „›  –Šƒ– ƒ ƒŒ‘”
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ •‡…–‘” ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‡…‡••ƒ”› ƒ† –Š‹• ™‹ŽŽ ”‡“—‹”‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ†
’‘Ž‹…› •—’’‘”–Ǥ ‡––‡” ƒŽ‹‰‡† ’‘Ž‹…› ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡• ƒ…”‘•• ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽǡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ƒ† ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ
„‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ƒ† ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–• –‘ ’”‘‘–‡ –Š‡‹” ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ „‡
‡‡†‡†Ǥ Š‹• •‡…–‹‘ …‘˜‡”• …”‹–‹…ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹…› ƒ†Œ—•–‡–• ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ •—’’‘”– –Š‡
–”ƒ•‹–‹‘–‘…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”–ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ

2.1 Enablingpolicyenvironment
‡› ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ˆ‘” ƒ ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰ ’‘Ž‹…› ‡˜‹”‘‡– –‘ ’”‘‘–‡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”– •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”
ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘• ‹• ‰”‡ƒ–‡” …‘Š‡”‡…‡ǡ …‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡
…Šƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–› ’‘Ž‹…› ’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ ‘Ž‹…‹‡• ‹ ƒŽŽ –Š”‡‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡
ƒ”‡ƒ• Šƒ˜‡ „‘–Š ‹’ƒ…–• ‘ •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡” ’”‘†—…–‹‘• •›•–‡• ƒ† ‘

 ‡‹••‹‘•Ǥ ƒ… ‘ˆ
…‘Š‡”‡…‡ …ƒ ’”‡˜‡– •›‡”‰› …ƒ’–—”‡ ƒ† ”‡†‡” –Š‡ ’—”•—‹– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡† ’‘Ž‹…› ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡•
‹‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ǥ


ʹǤͳǤͳ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‘Ž‹…›Ǧƒ‹‰
Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž ƒ”‡ ‡š’”‡••‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ …–‹‘ Žƒ ˆ‘”
†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ȋ•Ȍƒ†–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘…–‹‘•ȋ•Ȍƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š”‘—‰Š
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘””‡‰‹‘ƒŽ…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›’Žƒ•ƒ”‡
‡š’”‡••‡†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ†’‘˜‡”–›”‡†—…–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰›’ƒ’‡”•ȋȌǤ–Š‡
…ƒ•‡‘ˆˆ”‹…ƒ…‘—–”‹‡•ǡƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‹˜‡•–‡–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ”‡„‡‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†
—†‡” –Š‡  ȋ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ˆ”‹…ƒ ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ”‘‰”ƒ‡Ȍ —„”‡ŽŽƒǤ
‡…‡–Ž›…‘—–”‹‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡…ƒŽŽ‡†—’‘–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’…‘’ƒ…–•–Šƒ–‘—–Ž‹‡–Š‡‹”ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’”‹‘”‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‹˜‡•–‡– ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǥ Š‡•‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ •—’’‘”–‡† „›
ʹͲ„‹ŽŽ‹‘‹ˆ—†•ǡ™Š‹…Š–Š‡ǯ“—‹Žƒ
ͺ—‹–‹ʹͲͲͻƒ‰”‡‡†–‘‘„‹Ž‹œ‡‘˜‡”–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•
ˆ‘”ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›Ǥ
  ”‡…‡–Ž› …‘†—…–‡† ƒ •—”˜‡› ‘ˆ ƒ •ƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ …‘—–”‹‡• –‘ …‘’ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹…›
‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡• •–ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ •ǡ • ƒ†  …‘’ƒ…–•Ǥ Š‡ ’‘Ž‹…› •–ƒ–‡‡–• ƒ†‡ ˆ‘”
ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘…—•‡†‘‹’”‘˜‹‰’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ƒ†”‡–—”•–‘•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡƒ†
‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‹…Ž—†‡ •‘‡ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ Žƒ† ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ† •‘‹Ž ”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘Ž‹…›
•–ƒ–‡‡–• ƒ†‡ ˆ‘” • ƒ† • –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ •—„‹––‡† „› • ˆ‘…—• ‘ •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”
ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ Ȃ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ”‡Ž‹ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡…–‘” „› „‡––‡” ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘ˆ Žƒ† ƒ† •‘‹Ž ”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ
™Š‡”‡ƒ••–ƒ–‡‡–•‘ˆ–‡ˆ‘…—•‘ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›–ƒ”‰‡–‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ǤʹͲͳͲƒŽ•‘
‘–‡† ƒ †‹•…”‡’ƒ…› „‡–™‡‡ ˆ”‹…ƒ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› –ƒ”‰‡–•ǡ ƒ• •‡– ‘—– ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ†
”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ’‘Ž‹…›†‘…—‡–•ǡƒ†–Š‡’”‘Œ‡…–‹‘•‘ˆŠ‘™…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡™‹ŽŽ‹’ƒ…–—’‘ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ
‡––‡”ƒŽ‹‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•‡˜‹•‹‘‡†‹–Š‡•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‘Ž‹…›†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡•ǡƒ†‹
’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”„‡––‡”‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Žƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–ˆƒ…–‘”•‹–‘ƒ‹•–”‡ƒƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’Žƒ‹‰ ™‹ŽŽ ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ƒ ‘”‡ Š‘Ž‹•–‹… ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š –‘ …‘•‹†‡”‹‰ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
 ‡––‡”‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ǡ•ƒˆ‡–›‡–•ƒ†ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘’‘Ž‹…‹‡•‘ˆˆ‡”•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘
”‡ƒ’ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– „‡‡ˆ‹–•Ǥ ‡––‡” —•‡ ‘ˆ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ •…‹‡…‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒ••‡••‹‰ ”‹•• ƒ†
˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰–Š‡•ƒˆ‡–›‡–•ƒ†‹•—”ƒ…‡’”‘†—…–•ƒ•ƒ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡”‡•’‘•‡‹•
ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‹‰’‹Ž‘–‡†‹•‘‡ƒ”‡ƒ•™‹–Šˆƒ‹”Ž›’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡•—Ž–•ȋƒ””‡––etalǤʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‘Ž‹…‹‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†
–‘’”‹…‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‡›–‘„‘–Šƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ„—ˆˆ‡”•–‘…•
‘ˆˆ‘‘†Ǥ

17
ʹǤͳǤʹ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‘Ž‹…‹‡•
––Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Žǡ„‡––‡”‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ǡƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‡
…Šƒ‰‡ ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• ƒ† ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‡‡†‡†Ǥ ™‘ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡• ‘ ”‡†—…‹‰ ˆ‘‘†
‹•‡…—”‹–› ƒ† ”‡•’‘†‹‰ –‘ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ Šƒ˜‡ —–‹Ž ‘™ Šƒ† ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž› Ž‹––Ž‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡
‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹••—‡• —†‡” …‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‹‡™‹•‡ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ …‘—‹–› Šƒ• ‘Ž› ”‡…‡–Ž›
„‡…‘‡ ƒ…–‹˜‡ ‹ –Š‡ †‹•…—••‹‘• ƒ† ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• –Šƒ–
…‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡’”‘ˆ‘—†‹’ƒ…–•‘–Š‡•‡…–‘”Ǥ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡…Šƒ‹••–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡•„‡–™‡‡
ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ǡƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡’‘Ž‹…›Ǧƒ‡”•‹•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽǤ

2.2 Institutions:informationproductionanddissemination
‡ ‡› ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ‹• –Š‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ƒ† †‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”ƒ‰‹‰ ˆ”‘
’”‘†—…–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ”‡–‹‰ …‘†‹–‹‘• –‘ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ† •–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǥ Ž‹ƒ–‡
…Šƒ‰‡ǡ„›‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰—…‡”–ƒ‹–›ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ”ƒ’‹†ƒ†ƒ……—”ƒ–‡”‡•’‘•‡ȋ‘”…‘•–•‘ˆ
‘– †‘‹‰ •‘Ȍ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡• –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• –Šƒ– ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡
ƒ† †‹••‡‹ƒ–‡ ‹–Ǥ – ™‹ŽŽ „‡ …”‹–‹…ƒŽ –Šƒ– ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š
’”‘‰”ƒ‡•ˆ‘…—•‡†‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡‹–‘–Š‡‹”’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰Ǥ
‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ …Ž‡ƒ” Žƒ… ‘ˆ …‘•‹•–‡– ƒ† …‘Š‡”‡– ’”‘Œ‡…–‹‘• •’‡…‹ˆ›‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‘ˆ
…Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ‘ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †‡–‡”‹ƒ–• ‘ˆ ˆ”‹…ƒ ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–› ȋ ʹͲͳͲȌǤ ……‡•• –‘
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹••‡‡ƒ•ƒ’”‹‘”‹–›ƒ”‡ƒˆ‘”ƒ›…‘—–”‹‡•ƒ•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†‹ ‹‰—”‡ͳǤ



Figure 1: The types of activities prioritized in African NAPAs, clearly indicate that in the African context designing
national adaptation plans of action, information dissemination and coordination are equally or more important than
research on new technologies.


Source:IIED2010Andersonet.al.(p.18).

18
2.3 Climatedataandinformationgaps
’”‘˜‹‰ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ •…‹‡…‡ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ‘” ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’Žƒ‹‰ …ƒ ”‡†—…‡ –Š‡ —…‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡•
‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† „› …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ǡ ‹’”‘˜‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ™ƒ”‹‰ •›•–‡• ˆ‘” †”‘—‰Š–ǡ ˆŽ‘‘†ǡ ’‡•– ƒ† †‹•‡ƒ•‡
‹…‹†‡…‡ƒ†–Š—•‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’Žƒ‡”•–‘ƒŽŽ‘…ƒ–‡”‡•‘—”…‡•
‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ƒ†”‡†—…‡”‹••ȋ•‡‡ƒ‡šͳȌǤʹͲͲͺ…‹–‡•–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”‘”‡Dz–”ƒ•Žƒ–‘”•dz‘ˆ…Ž‹ƒ–‡
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‘ …ƒ „”‹†‰‡ –Š‡ †‹˜‹†‡ „‡–™‡‡ •…‹‡…‡ ƒ† ˆ‹‡Ž† ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ••‹•–‹‰
…‘—‹–‹‡• ƒ† ’Žƒ‡”• –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ”‡•—Ž–• ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ’Žƒ‹‰
†‡…‹•‹‘•ǤŠƒ…‹‰…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡’”‘†—…‡”•ƒ†—•‡”•‘ˆ…Ž‹ƒ–‡•…‹‡…‡‹•ƒŽ•‘…Ž‡ƒ”Ž›
ƒ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–Ǥ •–‹–—–‹‘• –‘ ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ –Š‹• ‡š…Šƒ‰‡ …ƒ „‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘• ƒ†
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ †‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‘ ‡–™‘”•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ‡š–‡•‹‘ ȋ•‡‡ ‘š ʹͳ „‡Ž‘™ ‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‹‡Ž†
…Š‘‘Ž•ȌǤ ƒ’ƒ…‹–› „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹…› ƒ‡”• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ •–ƒˆˆ ‹• ƒ‘–Š‡” ƒ˜‡—‡Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ
’Žƒ–ˆ‘”• ˆ‘” …‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ…–‹‘ ƒ† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ •Šƒ”‹‰ǡ •—…Š ƒ• –Š‡ ™‡†ƒ’– ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ǡ ™Š‹…Š
—‹–‡•‘†‡Ž‡”•ǡ’”ƒ…–‹–‹‘‡”•ƒ††‘‘”•ǡ…ƒ‡Šƒ…‡–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†—•‡‘ˆ…Ž‹ƒ–‡•…‹‡…‡
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ†‡…‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ȋʹͲͲͺȌǤ

2.4 Disseminationmechanisms
Š‡ ‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ”‡“—‹”‡• ‹…”‡ƒ•‡† …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”• –‘ ƒ‡ „‘–Š •Š‘”– ƒ†
Ž‘‰–‡”’Žƒ‹‰†‡…‹•‹‘•ƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›…Š‘‹…‡•Ǥ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡š–‡•‹‘•›•–‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒ‹
…‘†—‹–ˆ‘”†‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ƒ‡•—…Š…Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ‡–ǡ‹ƒ›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰
…‘—–”‹‡•ǡ –Š‡•‡ •›•–‡• Šƒ˜‡ Ž‘‰ „‡‡ ‹ †‡…Ž‹‡ ȋ  ʹͲͲͺȌǤ ‡•‘—”…‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ •‡˜‡”‡Ž›
…—”–ƒ‹Ž‡†ƒ†•‡”˜‹…‡•‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›‘—–•‘—”…‡†–‘–Š‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡•‡…–‘”‘”†”‘’’‡†Ǥ‘–Š‡”™‡ƒ‡••
Šƒ• „‡‡ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ˜› ˆ‘…—• ‘ ‹’—–• ȋ•‡‡†• ƒ† ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”Ȍ ƒ† Ž‡•• ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ ƒ”‡–‹‰ ‘”
…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ •‡”˜‹…‡• ȋ  ʹͲͲͺȌǤ ”‘„Ž‡• ™‹–Š †‡Ž‹˜‡”‹‰ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– ƒ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– •’ƒ–‹ƒŽ ƒ†
–‹‡ •…ƒŽ‡ǡ †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–› ‹ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† Žƒ… ‘ˆ —•‡” ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ •›•–‡• ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ ’”‘„Ž‡• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‡…‘—–‡”‡† ȋƒ•‡ et al.Ǣ
ʹͲͲͺȌǤ
 ƒ”‡” ‹‡Ž† …Š‘‘Ž• ȋ Ȍ ƒ”‡ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‘”› ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š –‘ ˆƒ”‡” ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
‡’‘™‡”‡–Ǥ Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ •’”‡ƒ† ”ƒ’‹†Ž› ‹ ”‡…‡– ›‡ƒ”•ǡ ’”‘‘–‡† ƒ‹Ž› „›  ™‹–Š •—’’‘”–
ˆ”‘†‘‘”•ǡƒ•ƒ™ƒ›‘ˆ”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰„‘–Š–Š‡‡‡†–‘…‘””‡…–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•ƒ† ‘ˆ’”‘˜‹†‹‰
‹‹–‹ƒŽˆ‘”•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹•–‘„—‹Ž†ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡‹”
’”‘†—…–‹‘ •›•–‡•ǡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ –‡•– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘• ƒ† ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› ƒ†‘’– –Š‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•
ƒ† –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‘•– •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” ˆƒ”‹‰ •›•–‡Ǥ Š‡ …”‹–‹…‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •…Š‘‘Ž• ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡›
”‡ƒ…Š ‘Ž› ƒ •ƒŽŽ ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† †‘ •‘ ƒ– ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Š‹‰Š …‘•– „‘–Š ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ† ‹
ƒƒ‰‡‡––‹‡Ǥƒ—„‡”‘ˆ…‘—–”‹‡•Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰‡›ƒƒ†‹‡””ƒ‡‘‡ǡ Šƒ˜‡
„‡‡ƒ…–‹˜‡‹ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ†Šƒ˜‡’”‘˜‡–‘„‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡‹–Š‡ƒ„•‡…‡‘ˆ†‘‘”ˆ—†‹‰
ȋ•‡‡ ‘š ʹͳȌ ™Š‹…Š …‘–ƒ‹• ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ Š‘™  ƒ”‡ „‡‹‰ —•‡† –‘ ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ …Ž‹ƒ–‡
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ȌǤ

Box21:ClimatefieldschoolsbuildingonFFSsuccessinIndonesia
Integrated pest management field schools have been one of the technology transfer and capacity building
mechanisms that have been part of FAO's development work for many years. The department of agricultural
extension in West Java, Indonesia, has converted the integrated pest management schools into climate field schools
for the benefit of farmers, incorporating climate information within the farm decision making process. Climate
forecast technology has undergone substantial improvements during the last 15 years which could increase farmers’
effectiveness in coping with extreme climate events by tailoring cropping management to forecast information.
However, farmers' awareness of seasonal climate forecasts and their capacity to use to it to tailor their crop
management strategies is still low. Experience in Indonesia has shown that the use of farmer field schools can be an
effective way of bridging this gap and this has led to the introduction of climate field school (CFS). The programme
was facilitated by Bogor Agricultural University in collaboration with the Directorate of Plant Protection, Department
of Agriculture, National Agency for Meteorology and Geophysics (BMG) and Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
(ADPC). Source: FAO, www.fao.org/teca/content/climate-field-school-farmers.


19
2.5 Institutionstoimproveaccesscoordinationandcollectiveaction
’—–•—’’Ž›ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥƒ……‡••–‘ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”ƒ†•‡‡†•ǡ‹•ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–›–Šƒ–”‡“—‹”‡•…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘„‡›‘†–Š‡
ˆƒ”Ǥ Dz
‹˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ”‡– ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• –Šƒ– Ž‡ƒ† –‘ •‘…‹ƒŽŽ› •—„‘’–‹ƒŽ —•‡ ‘ˆ •‡‡† ƒ† ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”ǡ
‰‘˜‡”‡–• ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› •–‡’ ‹ –‘ †‹•–”‹„—–‡ –Š‡ †‹”‡…–Ž›Ǥ
‘˜‡”‡–ǦŽ‡† †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘
’”‘‰”ƒ‡•Šƒ˜‡‘ˆ–‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†‹’—–—•‡ǡ„—––Š‡ˆ‹•…ƒŽƒ†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡…‘•–•ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›Š‹‰Š
ƒ† –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ‡””ƒ–‹…dz ȋ‘”Ž† ƒǡ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‡–ǡ …—–„ƒ…• Šƒ˜‡ ‘ˆ–‡ •‹’Ž› ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹
Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰•ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”•™‹–Š‘—–”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ……‡••–‘•‡‡†ƒ†ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”Ǥ”‘†—…‡”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ›‘ˆˆ‡”
ƒ ’”‘‹•‹‰ ƒ˜‡—‡ –‘ ‹’”‘˜‹‰ ‹’—– •—’’Ž‹‡• –‘ •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”•Ǥ ‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‹• Boutiques
d’Intrants ‹ ‹‰‡” …‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡–™‘” ‘ˆ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ͵ͲͲ ‹’—– †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ •Š‘’• ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡
ƒƒ‰‡† „› ˆƒ”‡” ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ’”‘˜‹‰ –Š‡ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ‘ˆ •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”• –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡‹”
ƒ”‡–‡†”‡–—”•˜‹ƒ–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆƒ”‡–‹‰’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•ǡ•—…Šƒ•–Š‡Žƒ–ƒˆ‘”ƒ•’”‘Œ‡…–‹
…—ƒ†‘” ˆ‘” •ƒŽŽ ’‘–ƒ–‘ ’”‘†—…‡”•ǡ ™ƒ• ˆ‘—† –‘ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†
‹…‘‡•ƒ†™‡Žˆƒ”‡ˆ‘”’”‘†—…‡”•™Š‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ƒ”‡–‹‰‰”‘—’ȋƒ˜ƒ–ƒ••‹etalǤǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ
 ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‹‘’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ‹’”‘˜‡‡–• –‘ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡ ‹ •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡” ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ„‘˜‡”‡“—‹”‡ƒ…–‹‘ƒ†…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ‘‰•–ƒ›•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹
–Š‡”—”ƒŽŽƒ†•…ƒ’‡Ǥ‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‡‰”ƒ†‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•–‘‹’”‘˜‡•‘‹Ž“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‹’”‘˜‡†ƒƒ‰‡‡–
‘ˆ…‘—ƒŽ™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—”…‡•ǡƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ•‡‡†•›•–‡•–‘ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡–Š‡‡š…Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ’Žƒ–‰‡‡–‹…
”‡•‘—”…‡• ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡ ”‡•‘—”…‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ „‡…‘‡
‘”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– —†‡” …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡Ǥ  ƒ› …ƒ•‡•ǡ Ž‘…ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ‡š‹•– –‘ ‰‘˜‡” …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡
ƒ…–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ……‡•• –‘ …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ „—– –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ …‘‹‰ —†‡” ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†
’”‡••—”‡ †—‡ –‘ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‰”‘™–Šǡ …‘ˆŽ‹…–•ǡ …Šƒ‰‡• ‹ ƒ”‡– ’ƒ––‡”• ƒ† •–ƒ–‡ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘
ȋ…ƒ”–Š›ƒ†™ƒŽŽ‘™ǡʹͲͲͲǢ‹ƒ‹”Ǧ —ŽŽ‡”ǡͳͻͻͻǢƒ”‡•ƒ† ‘Ž‡ǡͳͻͻͺȌǤ
 ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ •›•–‡• ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† ƒ……‡•• ”‹‰Š–• ƒ†ǡ ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ ’”‘’‡”–› ”‹‰Š–• ƒ”‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ –‘
‹’”‘˜‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—”…‡• ‹…Ž—†‹‰ Žƒ†ǡ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ‰‡‡–‹… ”‡•‘—”…‡•Ǥ  ƒ›
…ƒ•‡•–Š‡•‡”‹‰Š–•ƒ”‡’‘‘”Ž›•’‡…‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰‘”‘–ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ’”‘˜‹‰–Š‡‹•ƒ’”‹‘”‹–›
ˆ‘” ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ˆƒ”‡”• Ȃ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› ™‘‡ Ȃ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹…‡–‹˜‡• ‡‡†‡† –‘ ƒ‡ Ž‘‰ –‡”
‹˜‡•–‡–•‹–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‹‰”‹‰Š–•†‘‡•‘–‡…‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‹’”‘˜‡•‡…—”‹–›
‘ˆ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ”‡•‘—”…‡ƒ……‡•••‹…‡ƒ„‹‰—‘—•”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ–‡•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒ‹•—”ƒ…‡‡…Šƒ‹•ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›
‹’‘”–ƒ–™Š‡”‡‘–Š‡”•ƒˆ‡–›‡–•ƒ”‡‘–ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ȃƒ†Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡…‘‡‡˜‡‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•
™‡ƒ–Š‡” „‡…‘‡• ‘”‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ  •‘‡ …ƒ•‡•ǡ „‡––‡” •‡…—”‹–› ‘ˆ ”‹‰Š–• –‘ ”‡•‘—”…‡ —•‡ …‘—Ž† „‡
ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ •›•–‡ ˆ‘” ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ǡ …‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‰ ƒ† ”‡…‘‰‹œ‹‰ ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–•ǡ
•–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰ …—•–‘ƒ”› –‡—”‡ •›•–‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ ‘–Š‡” …ƒ•‡•ǡ ™Š‡ –Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ˆ
…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ‘ ”‡•‘—”…‡• ‹• ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› Š‹‰Šǡ …—•–‘ƒ”› •›•–‡• ƒ› …‘‡ —†‡”
•–”‡••ǡ–Š—•”‡“—‹”‹‰–Š‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ‘”‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•Ǥ

Box22:Informalseedsystemsandclimatechange
Most farmers in developing countries access their seeds from what is known as the “informal seed system”.
Essentially this includes all non-certified seed sources, which is primarily farmers’ own saved seed, but also includes
seed obtained through exchanges through social networks or in rural markets. Advantages of the informal seed
system are low costs and ease of access. In traditional systems of seed exchange, trust and reciprocity are essential
to the functioning of the system and they serve to ensure quality standards. In general these networks are confined to
a very local level, with little interchange with outside sources. Recent research work by FAO indicates that for many
crops, local agricultural markets are becoming an increasingly important source of seeds in the informal sector, and
these include exchanges of seeds sourced both locally and from external sources. However often there is a lack of
information on the quality and genetic content of varieties, support is therefore required in generating this information
to assist farmers in selecting the appropriate seeds, including those that may have attributes important for climate
change. This may include organizing local seed and genetic diversity fairs, alternative labeling systems such as
quality declared seed or farmer-based labeling schemes, and certification and training of traders.

Source: Lipper et al. 2009.

20
2.6 Institutionstosupportfinancingandinsuranceneeds

ʹǤ͸Ǥͳ ”‡†‹–
Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ …”‡ƒ–‡• ‡™ ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• „‘–Š ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ‘—–• ƒ† ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ ˆŽ‘™•
ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‡‡†‡† ‹˜‡•–‡–•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™‹ŽŽ ”‡“—‹”‡ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ •‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ 
•›–Š‡•‹œ‹‰ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ •›‡”‰‹‡• „‡–™‡‡ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹ •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡” ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
–”ƒ•‹–‹‘•ǡ ʹͲͲͻˆ‘—†–Šƒ–ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘’–‹‘•ƒ†Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ•›‡”‰‹‡•™‘—Ž†„‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†‹
–Š‡Ž‘‰–‡”ǡ„—–‹–Š‡•Š‘”–”—ȋ™Š‹…Š…‘—Ž†Žƒ•–—’–‘–‡›‡ƒ”•Ȍ–”ƒ†‡‘ˆˆ•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‹…‘‡
Ž‘••‡•‘”‹…”‡ƒ•‡†‹…‘‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›™‡”‡‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†Ǥ
 ”‘’ƒ†‰”ƒ••Žƒ†”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘Œ‡…–•ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ‘ˆ–‡–ƒ‡Žƒ†‘—–‘ˆ’”‘†—…–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ
•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–‹‡ǡ”‡†—…‹‰…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†‘”‰”ƒœ‹‰Žƒ†ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‡•Š‘”–”—ǡ„—–Ž‡ƒ†‹‰
–‘ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡• ‹ ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› ƒ† •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘‰ ”—Ǥ  †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –›’‡ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‡Ǧ‘ˆˆ ƒ›
‘……—” ™‹–Š ‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰ …”‘’ ”‡•‹†—‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‡š’‡…–‡† –‘ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ •‘‹Ž ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ™ƒ–‡”
”‡–‡–‹‘…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ǡ–Š‡”‡„›‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰›‹‡Ž†•ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘˜‡”–Š‡‡†‹—ǦŽ‘‰–‡”Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™Š‡”‡
Ž‹˜‡•–‘…ƒ”‡ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–…‘’‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘‘†’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡Ǧ‘ˆˆ
„‡–™‡‡ ”‡•‹†—‡• —•‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‘‘† …”‘’ •›•–‡ ˜‡”•—• ‹–• —•‡ ƒ• Ž‹˜‡•–‘… ˆ‡‡†Ǥ ‘Ž—–‹‘• –‘
•—’’‘”– –Š‡•‡ Ž‘‰ –‡” –”ƒ•‹–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‡‡†‡†ǡ ƒ† ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ‹• …Ž‡ƒ”Ž› ‘‡ ‡› ƒ•’‡…–Ǥ ™‘
‹’‘”–ƒ–‹••—‡•‡‡”‰‡ǣ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‘Ǧ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‘—”…‡•‘ˆˆ‹ƒ…‡–‘•—’’‘”–
–Š‡‡‡†‡†–”ƒ•‹–‹‘•ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ‹•–‘‹•—”ƒ…‡‹•–”—‡–•Ǥ

ʹǤ͸Ǥʹ •—”ƒ…‡
ƒ”‹‘—• ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‹•—”ƒ…‡ ‡…Šƒ‹•• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‡š‹•– ‹ ƒ› ”—”ƒŽ …‘—‹–‹‡• ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰
…‘—–”‹‡•ȋ ƒˆ…Šƒ’•ǡʹͲͲʹȌǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡‡…Šƒ‹••…ƒ‹˜‘Ž˜‡Š‹‰Š‘’’‘”–—‹–›…‘•–•‹–Š‡
ˆ‘”‘ˆˆ‘”‡‰‘‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȋƒ•‡etalǤʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‡Ž‡…–‹‘‘ˆŽ‡••”‹•›ǡ„—–Ž‡••’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡…”‘’
˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ǡ—†‡”Ǧ—•‡‘ˆˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ǡ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰Ž‡••Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†Žƒ„‘”‹ˆƒ”‹‰‡–‡”’”‹•‡•ƒ†•Š‹ˆ–‹‰
ˆ”‘’”‘†—…–‹˜‡–‘Ž‹“—‹†ƒ••‡–•ƒ•’”‡…ƒ—–‹‘ƒ”›•ƒ˜‹‰•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ‹•—”ƒ…‡‡…Šƒ‹••
–Šƒ–ƒ›…‘•–”ƒ‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȋƒ•‡etalǤƒ†”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•–Š‡”‡‹ȌǤŠ‡‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰‹…‹†‡…‡‘ˆ
Dz‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†dz ™‡ƒ–Š‡” •Š‘…• ȋ•Š‘…• –Šƒ– ƒˆˆ‡…– ƒŽŽȀ‘•– ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ …‘—‹–›Ȍ ƒ”‡ ‡˜‡
ˆ—”–Š‡” ”‡†—…‹‰ ‡ˆˆ‹…ƒ…› ‘ˆ Ž‘…ƒŽ ‹•—”ƒ…‡ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•Ǥ †‡š ‹•—”ƒ…‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ‡• ƒ”‡ ‘‡
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡‹•—”ƒ…‡‰ƒ’‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”›ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ†‡š‹•—”ƒ…‡‹•—”‡•
ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǧ‡ƒ•—”‡†‹†‡šȂ•—…Šƒ•ƒ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ†‡ˆ‹…‹–ǤŠ‡‡›‹•–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡–‘™Š‹…Š–Š‡
‹†‹…ƒ–‘”‹•…‘””‡Žƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŽ‘••‡•ƒ†–Š‹•”‡“—‹”‡•…ƒ”‡ˆ—Žƒ––‡–‹‘ȋƒ””‡––etalǤʹͲͲ͹ȌǤƒ•‹•”‹•
ƒ”‹•‡•™Š‡”‡…‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‘–™‡ŽŽ…ƒŽ‹„”ƒ–‡†ƒ†‹Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‘—•”‡‰‹‘•™‹–Š’‘‘”†ƒ–ƒƒ†
˜ƒ”‹‡† …Ž‹ƒ–‡•ǡ ‹†‡š ‹•—”ƒ…‡ ƒ› ‘– „‡ ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘–”ƒ…– †‡•‹‰ ƒ† –”ƒ•ƒ…–‹‘• …‘•–• ƒ”‡
‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹••—‡• ‹ ’”‘‰”ƒ‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡•• ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” †‡•‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡
‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ •‡––‹‰•Ǥ †‡šǦ‹•—”ƒ…‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ‡• …ƒ „‡ ƒƒ‰‡† –Š”‘—‰Š •‘…‹ƒŽ •ƒˆ‡–› ‡–
’”‘‰”ƒ‡• ‘” …‘‡”…‹ƒŽ ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ „—– ‹ ‡‹–Š‡” …ƒ•‡ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹• ”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ
’”‘˜‡† —•‡ ‘ˆ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡•• ‘ˆ •—…Š
’”‘‰”ƒ‡•ȋƒ•‡etal.ʹͲͲͺǢƒ””‡––etal.ʹͲͲͻȌǤ†‡š„ƒ•‡†‹•—”ƒ…‡”‡†—…‡•–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•
‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŠƒœƒ”†ƒ†ƒ†˜‡”•‡•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ǡƒ†‰‡‡”ƒ–‡•‰”‡ƒ–‡”™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••‘ˆŽ‡†‡”•–‘‡š–‡†…”‡†‹–
–‘ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ

ʹǤ͸Ǥ͵ ‘…‹ƒŽƒˆ‡–›‡–•
ƒˆ‡–›‡–•ƒ”‡ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ‹•—”ƒ…‡…‘’”‹•‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ‡••—’’‘”–‡†„›–Š‡’—„Ž‹…•‡…–‘”‘”

• –Šƒ– ’”‘˜‹†‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‡”• –‘ ’”‡˜‡– –Š‡ ’‘‘” ˆ”‘ ˆƒŽŽ‹‰ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ …‡”–ƒ‹ ’‘˜‡”–› Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ Š‡•‡
’”‘‰”ƒ‡• ‹…Ž—†‡ …ƒ•Š –”ƒ•ˆ‡”•ǡ ˆ‘‘† †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡ •‡‡†• ƒ† –‘‘Ž• †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•ǡ …‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
…ƒ•Š–”ƒ•ˆ‡”•ȋ‡˜‡”‡ƒ—šǡʹͲͲʹȌǤ‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡™‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ˆ‘”•ƒˆ‡–›‡–’”‘‰”ƒ‡•Šƒ˜‡”‡…‡–Ž›
‡‡”‰‡†ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‹‘’‹ƒǯ•”‘†—…–‹˜‡ƒˆ‡–›‡–”‘‰”ƒ‡ȋ•‡‡„‘šʹ͵Ȍƒ†–Š‡‡›ƒ—‰‡”
ƒˆ‡–›‡–”‘‰”ƒ‡ǤŠ‡”‡Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ…‘–‹—‹‰†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ•—…Š’”‘‰”ƒ‡•˜‹•Ǧ
Ǧ˜‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ”‡…‡–‡˜‹†‡…‡‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–”ƒ†‡‘ˆˆ•„‡–™‡‡’”‘–‡…–‹‘ƒ†
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”‡‘–’”‘‘—…‡†ȋƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹‘ǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ•–‡ƒ†ǡ•ƒˆ‡–›‡–’”‘‰”ƒ‡•…ƒƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›„‡
ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–‹–‘Š—ƒ…ƒ’‹–ƒŽȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ—–”‹–‹‘ǡ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ȍƒ†’”‘†—…–‹˜‡…ƒ’‹–ƒŽȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ
ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†• –‘ ƒ†‘’– Š‹‰Š‡” ”‹• ƒ† Š‹‰Š‡” ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǣ  ǡ ʹͲͳͲȌǤ ƒˆ‡–›

21
‡–•ƒ”‡‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›„‡‹‰Ž‹‡†–‘”‹‰Š–•„ƒ•‡†ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•–‘ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›‘˜‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ…Šƒ”‹–›
–‘ ‡–‹–Ž‡‡–•Ǥ ƒˆ‡–› ‡–• ƒ”‡ Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ „‡…‘‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ –Š‡ …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ …Ž‹ƒ–‡
…Šƒ‰‡ƒ•‹…”‡ƒ•‡†‹…‹†‡…‡‘ˆ™‹†‡Ž›…‘˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‡”‹••™‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡–Š‡…‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ†ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰–Šƒ–
–Š‡•‡•‘—”…‡•ƒ›’”‘˜‹†‡ȋ‘”Ž†ƒǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ

ʹǤ͸ǤͶ ƒ›‡–•ˆ‘”‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ•‡”˜‹…‡•
ƒ›‡–• ˆ‘” ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ •‡”˜‹…‡• ƒ”‡ ‘‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ˆ‘”
ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘• ȋ ǡ ʹͲͲ͹ƒȌǤ • †‹•…—••‡† ‹ ‘”‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž „‡Ž‘™ǡ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ …Ž‹ƒ–‡
…Šƒ‰‡ ‹• ƒ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ •‡”˜‹…‡ –Šƒ– •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”• …ƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ† ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ •›‡”‰‹•–‹… ™‹–Š
‹’”‘˜‡‡–•–‘ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ƒ†•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥšƒ’Ž‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‰‹˜‡‹‘š‡•ȋͳͳȌ‘
–Š‡Šƒ„‹–ƒ’”‘Œ‡…–‹‘œƒ„‹“—‡ƒ†‘šȋʹͷȌ‘–Š‡Š”‡‡‹˜‡”•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
”ƒœ‹‰”‘Œ‡…–
‹ Š‹ƒǤ ‡”‰‹‰ …ƒ”„‘ ƒ”‡–• ƒ† ’ƒ›‡–• ˆ‘” ‡‹••‹‘• ”‡‘˜ƒŽ• ‘” ”‡†—…–‹‘• Šƒ˜‡
ƒ––”ƒ…–‡† —…Š ‹–‡”‡•– ƒ† ƒ–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •—…Š ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ƒ• ƒ •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ ‹…‘‡ ˆ‘” •‘‡
ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† ’”‘†—…‡”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ Š‹‰Š –”ƒ•ƒ…–‹‘• …‘•–•ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• Ž‘™ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ
‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ „‡‡ˆ‹–• ‹ ƒ› •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡” •›•–‡• •‡”‹‘—•Ž› Ž‹‹– –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ …ƒ”„‘ ƒ”‡–
‘ˆˆ•‡–• –‘ •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”•Ǥ —„Ž‹… ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ˆ‘” ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– ƒ •—„Ǧ•‡…–‘”ƒŽ ‘” ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‹• ‘”‡
Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‹’ƒ…– ‘ •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡” ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ” ˆ—–—”‡ ȋ  ʹͲͲͻǢ ‹’’‡” ‡–Ǥ ƒŽǤ
ʹͲͲͻǢƒ…Š‘ƒ†‹’’‡”ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ

 ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡••—‰‰‡•––Šƒ––Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ”‡—•‡ˆ—Žǣȋ‹Ȍˆ‘”ƒŽƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–• –Šƒ– …ƒ ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‘‰•– ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‰”‘—’
…”‡†‹–•…Š‡‡•ǡ‡š‹•–‹‰…‘—‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—”…‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–’”‘‰”ƒ‡•ǡˆƒ”‡”ˆ‹‡Ž†
•…Š‘‘Ž• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ™‘‡ǯ• ‰”‘—’•Ȍǡ ȋ‹‹Ȍ ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡ
ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ •‡…–‘”• –Šƒ– ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡ –Š‡ ˆŽ‘™ ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹… ƒ† ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ –‘
ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› „—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ‘ ƒ……‡••‹‰ ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ‡…Šƒ‹•• ƒ† ȋ‹˜Ȍ ƒ ƒ‰”‡‡†
•›•–‡ˆ‘”’ƒ›‡–•–‘ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ


Box23:TheEthiopiaProductiveSafetyNetsProgramme
The Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) targets people facing predictable food insecurity and offers
guaranteed employment for five days a month in return for transfers of either food or cash - US$4 per month for
each household member. The purpose of the programme is to build resilience to shocks amongst vulnerable
households. The programme differs from other food-for-work programmes in that the transfer is predictable and
regular. This facilitates in building assets at the household level as well as local economic development. The PSNP
is funded by donors under a multiyear arrangement, unlike food aid which is based on emergency appeals. The
programme started with five million people in 2005 and intends to cover eight million by 2009. Community assets
such as schools, health posts, feeder road and small scale irrigation and natural resource conservation have been
built under the programme. It has been found that households involved in the scheme were now consuming more or
better food. Three in five beneficiaries said they had avoided selling assets to buy food, while around a quarter had
acquired new assets; almost all attributed this directly to the PSNP. The programme intends to “graduate”
participants after they build sufficient resilience to cope with shocks without the threat of falling back into food
insecurity.

Source: IRIN news www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=7570



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 Box24:Integratedsilvopastoralapproachestoecosystemmanagementproject

The Regional Integrated Silvopastoral Approaches to Ecosystem Management Project was funded by GEF and
involved CATIE, FAO and other partners. The objective was to assess silvopastoral (forest grazing) systems to
rehabilitate degraded pastures to protect soils, store carbon, and foster biodiversity. Other objectives was to develop
incentives and mechanisms for payment for ecosystem services (PES) that would result in benefits for farmers and
communities and distil lessons for policy making on land use, environmental services and socio-economic
development. From 2003 to 2006, cattle farmers, from Colombia, Costa Rica and Nicaragua, participating in the
project received between US$2 000 and US$2 400 per farm, representing 10 to 15 percent of net income to
implement the programme silvopastoral systems. This resulted 60 percent reduction in degraded pastures in the
three countries, and the area of silvopastoral land use (e.g. improved pastures with high density trees, fodder banks
and live fences) increased significantly. The environmental benefits associated with the project include a 71 percent
increase in carbon sequestered (from 27.7 million tonnes of CO2-eq in 2003 to 47.6 million tonnes in 2006),
increases in bird, bat and butterfly species and a moderate increase in forested area. Milk production and farm
income also increased, by more than 10 to 115 percent respectively. Herbicide use dropped by 60 percent, and the
practice of using fire to manage pasture is now less frequent. Other demonstrated environmental benefits of
Silvopastoral systems included the improvement of water infiltration; soil retention; soil productivity; land
rehabilitation, and the reduction of fossil fuel dependence (e.g. substitution of inorganic fertilizer with nitrogen fixing
plants). The project has successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of introducing payment incentives to farmers
and in increasing the awareness of the potential of integrated ecosystem management for providing critical
environmental services including the restoration of degraded pasture. 




Keymessagesforpart2
5) Institutional and financial support will be required to enable smallholders to make the
transition to climate-smart agriculture.

6) Strengthened institutional capacity will be needed to improve dissemination of climate-smart

information and coordinate over large areas and numbers of farmers.

7) Greater consistency between agriculture, food security and climate change policy-making
must be achieved at national and international levels.




23
Part3–FinancingandInvestmentsforClimatesmart
Agriculture
3.1 Whyfinancingisneeded
—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ •‡…–‘”ǡ ‡…‡••‹–ƒ–‹‰ …‘„‹‡† ƒ…–‹‘ ‘ ˆ‘‘†
•‡…—”‹–›ǡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ǡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ …‘•–Ž‡•• ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ ”‡“—‹”‡ Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡
‹˜‡•–‡–•–‘‡‡––Š‡’”‘Œ‡…–‡†…‘•–•Ǥ…‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡•ƒ„‘—–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ‘••‡•ǡ…ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‹…”‹••ƒ†
‹…”‡ƒ•‡† …‘•–• ‘ˆ ‹ƒ…–‹‘ ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ƒ† ‘”‡
ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ…–‹‘‹•‡‡†‡†Ǥ ‹ƒ…‹‰‹•–Š—•—”‰‡–Ǥ

 ‡–ǡ”‡•‘—”…‡•ˆ‘”ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡ„‘–Šˆ”‘ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ǡŠƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡
ˆ‘”–Š…‘‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ‘—–•‡‡†‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–†‡…ƒ†‡•ƒ†ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰‰ƒ’•ƒ”‡’”‘Œ‡…–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡
ˆ—–—”‡ǤŠ‡•Šƒ”‡‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‹‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ™Š‹…Š†‡…Ž‹‡†ˆ”‘ͳͻ’‡”…‡–
‹ͳͻͺͲ–‘͵’‡”…‡–‹ʹͲͲ͸ǡ‹•‘™ƒ”‘—†͸’‡”…‡–ȋ ʹͲͲͻ†ȌǤŠ‹•Šƒ•Ž‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–ˆ‡™
†‡…ƒ†‡• –‘ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ †”ƒ•–‹… †‡…Ž‹‡• ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹˜‡•–‡– ƒ† ƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥ  
Šƒ•…ƒŽŽ‡†—’‘–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘—‹–›–‘”‡•‘Ž—–‡Ž›”‡˜‡”•‡–Š‹•Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡–”‡†Ǥ

 ‡‡–‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡™‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ…–‹‘ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ™‹ŽŽ
–‘ƒ††”‡••—”‰‡–Ž›ƒ†ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›…—””‡–ƒ†’”‘Œ‡…–‡†•Š‘”–ˆƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘
‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ—Ž–‹’Ž‡ˆ—†‹‰•‘—”…‡•ǡ‡™ƒ†‡š‹•–‹‰‡…Šƒ‹••ǡƒ†
„‡––‡”™ƒ›•‘ˆ…‘‡…–‹‰ƒ…–‹‘–‘ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰.Š‡•‡‹••—‡•ƒ”‡„”‹‡ˆŽ›‡šƒ‹‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ

3.2 Financinggaps
Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ…‘•–•‘ˆƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡•‡…–‘”‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡…‡–Ž›
‡•–‹ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‘”Ž†ƒ–‘„‡̈́ʹǤͷǦʹǤ͸„‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ›‡ƒ”„‡–™‡‡ʹͲͳͲƒ†ʹͲͷͲȋ‘”Ž†ƒǡ
ʹͲͳͲȌǤ—ƒŽ‹…”‡‡–ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–•ƒ†ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽˆŽ‘™•‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‹
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ƒ–̈́͹„‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ›‡ƒ”‹ʹͲ͵Ͳȋ ǡʹͲͲ͹ƒ†ǡ
ʹͲͲͻȌǤ–Š‡Žƒ––‡”•–—†›‹–™ƒ•ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡†–Šƒ––Š‹•‡•–‹ƒ–‡™ƒ•Dz‘–Š‡Ž‘™•‹†‡‘ˆƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘
…‘•–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡…–‘”dzǤ – ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹†‹…ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Šƒ– –Š‡ …‘•– ‘ˆ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ‹ŽŽ‡‹—
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
‘ƒŽ ™ƒ• ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† ƒ– ̈́ͶͲȂ͸Ͳ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‡” ›‡ƒ” ƒ† –Šƒ– ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‹• ‘Ǧ…Ž‹ƒ–‡
‹˜‡•–‡–ǡ–Š‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ‹˜‡•–‡–‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡•‡…–‘”
™‘—Ž†„‡‹•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡––‘ƒ˜‘‹†•‡”‹‘—•†ƒƒ‰‡Ǥ

 Š‡   ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‹˜‡•–‡– ƒ† ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ ˆŽ‘™• ‡‡†‡† ‹
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•ˆ‘”‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡•‡…–‘”™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ„‘—–̈́ͳʹǤʹͷǦͳͶ„‹ŽŽ‹‘
ƒ›‡ƒ”‹ʹͲ͵ͲǤ‡–ǡ–Š‡…‘•–•‘ˆ•‘‹Ž…ƒ”„‘•‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‹‘†‘‘–•‡‡–‘„‡‹…Ž—†‡†Ǥ…‹•‡›ƒ†
‘’ƒ›ȋʹͲͲͻȌ•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–Dz‹ˆ‘”‡•–”›ƒ†ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡ„‘–Š…‘•–•ƒ†‹˜‡•–‡–•ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›
Ž‘™dzǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‹•†‘…—‡–‡š…Ž—†‡†–”ƒ•ƒ…–‹‘ƒ†’”‘‰”ƒ‡…‘•–•ƒ†Ž‡˜‡”•
ƒ”‡ ƒ••—‡† ‘– –‘ ”‡“—‹”‡ ƒ› •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ …ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥ ‘•–• ˆ‘” ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ƒ†
‘‹–‘”‹‰ǡ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ƒ† ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ƒ† …ƒ”„‘Ǧ…”‡†‹–Ǧ‘‡–‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† –‘
„‡͵Ǥͺ„‹ŽŽ‹‘‡—”‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡•‡…–‘”‹ʹͲ͵Ͳƒ†–‘–ƒŽ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•ˆ‘”ƒ„ƒ–‡‡–Ž‡˜‡”•
‘˜‡” ʹͲͳͲǦʹͲ͵Ͳ ‹• ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† –‘ „‡ ͳ͵ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ‡—”‘•Ǥ ”ƒ•ƒ…–‹‘ …‘•–•ǡ ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘
‡…Šƒ‹••ǡ…‘—Ž†„‡Š‹‰Šˆ‘”–Š‡—Ž–‹–—†‡‘ˆ•ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ†‹…‡–‹˜‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡•–‘
‡•—”‡ ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ„ƒ–‡‡– –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ› ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ ‘•–• ‘ˆ ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ƒ†
‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘˜ƒ”›„›Ž‘…ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†…ƒ„‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹–‡”•‘ˆ„‘–Š‹˜‡•–‡–ƒ†‘’’‘”–—‹–›
…‘•–•ȋ ǡʹͲͲͻƒȌǤ

 Š‡ ‘’‡Šƒ‰‡ ……‘”† …‘‹––‡† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† …‘—–”‹‡• –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ̈́͵Ͳ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ‹ ˆƒ•–Ǧ
•–ƒ”– ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ˆ”‘ ʹͲͳͲ –‘ ʹͲͳʹ ȋ†‹˜‹†‡† ‡“—ƒŽŽ› „‡–™‡‡ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ȍ ƒ† •‡– ƒ
‰‘ƒŽ –‘ ‘„‹Ž‹œ‡ ̈́ͳͲͲ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ „› ʹͲʹͲ ‹ –Š‡ …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Ž‡†‰‡† ”‡•‘—”…‡• ˆ‘” ˆƒ•–Ǧ
–”ƒ…ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ƒ”‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–‘„‡„‡–™‡‡̈́ʹ͹Ǥͻƒ†̈́ʹͻ„‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ•‘ˆ—‰—•–ʹͲͳͲǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”
’ƒ•–’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘…Ž‹ƒ–‡ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰•Š‘™•Žƒ”‰‡ ‰ƒ’• ƒ‘‰”‡•‘—”…‡•’Ž‡†‰‡†ǡ†‡’‘•‹–‡†ƒ†

24
†‹•„—”•‡† ȋǦ‡”‹…Š ‘‡ŽŽ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ™‡„•‹–‡ ‘ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ƒ† ǡ —ƒ”› ‘ˆ
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‘—–”›Dz ƒ•––ƒ”–dzŽ‹ƒ–‡Ž‡†‰‡•ǡŽƒ•–—’†ƒ–‡†ͳʹ—‰—•–ʹͲͳͲȌǤ

 ‘’ƒ”‹‰‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‡•–‹ƒ–‡†…‘•–•ˆ‘”ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹ʹͲ͵Ͳƒ†ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡”‡•‘—”…‡•
‘˜‡”–Š‡•Š‘”––‡”•Š‘™•ƒ•‹œ‡ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰‰ƒ’Ǥ‡•‘—”…‡•ˆ‘”‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•ˆ”‘
ƒŒ‘”—Ž–‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽȋǡ‘”Ž†ƒǡ
 Ȍƒ†„‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽˆ—†•ƒ”‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–‘„‡ƒ”‘—†̈́ͺ„‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ
›‡ƒ”–‘ʹͲͳʹǤˆ‘’‡Šƒ‰‡……‘”†…‘‹–‡–•ƒ”‡‡–ǡ–Š‹•ˆ‹‰—”‡…‘—Ž†”‡ƒ…Š̈́ͳͷ„‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ›‡ƒ”
„‡–™‡‡ʹͲͳͲƒ†ʹͲͳʹƒ†̈́ͳͲͲ„‹ŽŽ‹‘‹ʹͲʹͲǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡•–‹ƒ–‡†‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘…‘•–•‘ˆ̈́ͳͶͲǦ
ͳ͹ͷ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ƒ ›‡ƒ” „› ʹͲ͵Ͳǡ ™‹–Š ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ‘ˆ ̈́ʹ͸ͷǦͷ͸ͷ „‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǥ ‰ƒ‹•–
‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ˆ—†‹‰”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰̈́͵ͲǦͳͲͲ„‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ›‡ƒ”ǡ„‡–™‡‡ʹͲͳͲƒ†ʹͲͷͲǡƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡
”‡•‘—”…‡• ˆ‘” ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† –‘ „‡ ̈́ʹǤʹǦʹǤͷ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ˆ”‘ ʹͲͳͲ –‘ ʹͲͳʹǡ ‡š…Ž—†‹‰ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡
ˆ‹ƒ…‡ǡ™Š‹…Š…‘—Ž†”‡ƒ…Š̈́ͳͷ„‹ŽŽ‹‘ǡ‹ˆ‘’‡Šƒ‰‡……‘”†…‘‹–‡–•ƒ”‡ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡†ȋ‘”Ž†ƒǡ
ǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ˜‡”›‹†‹…ƒ–‹˜‡•—ƒ”›‘ˆˆ‹ƒ…‹‰‰ƒ’•ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡ˆ‹‰—”‡•ƒ††”ƒ™ˆ”‘
˜ƒ”‹‘—••‘—”…‡•ǡ‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†‹–Š‡‰”ƒ’Š„‡Ž‘™Ǥ




Figure 2: Investment needs vs available resources (in blue) in developing countries: A funding gap






25
 Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ •Šƒ”‡ ‘ˆ …—””‡– …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ˆŽ‘™• –‘ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘
ƒ”‡‘–›‡–‘™ƒ––Š‹•–‹‡ǡ‹–‹•†‘—„–ˆ—Ž–Šƒ––Š‡›™‘—Ž†‡‡––Š‡•‡…–‘”ǯ•‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‹˜‡•–‡–
”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ ‡š…Ž—•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰
‡…Šƒ‹••ȋ•‡‡„‡Ž‘™ȌǤ

 ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ –Š‡ ˜ƒ•– ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹˜‡•–‡– ‹ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ …‘‡• ˆ”‘ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ †‘‡•–‹…
•‘—”…‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰ˆ”‘ˆƒ”‡”•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ†ˆ—†•–Š‡›„‘””‘™Ǥ‡‹––ƒ…‡•ˆ”‘ƒ„”‘ƒ†ƒŽ•‘
…‘•–‹–—–‡ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽˆŽ‘™‹ƒ›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ—„Ž‹…•’‡†‹‰‘ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡
‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•Šƒ•„‡‡Ž‘™ǣ‹ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‡…‘‘‹‡•Ͷ’‡”…‡–‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
ǡ
™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ •‡…–‘” ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡• ʹͻ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ
 ƒ† ‡’Ž‘›• ͸ͷ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ„‘—” ˆ‘”…‡ ȋ‘”Ž†
ƒǡǡʹͲͲͺȌǤŠ‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰’—„Ž‹…‹˜‡•–‡–…‘‡•ˆ”‘Ǥ
‘˜‡”‡–•‘ˆŽ‘™Ǧ‹…‘‡
ˆ‘‘†Ǧ†‡ˆ‹…‹– …‘—–”‹‡• …‘—Ž† …‘•‹†‡” ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ –Š‡ •Šƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „—†‰‡–•
ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”…—””‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž•–‘ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ͳͲ’‡”…‡–Ǥ

 ‘–ƒŽ  …‘‹–‡–• ‹ ʹͲͲͺ ˆ”‘  †‘‘”• ™ƒ• ̈́ͳͷͺ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ǡ ™‹–Š ̈́Ͷ „‹ŽŽ‹‘
ȋ‘Ž› ƒ„‘—– ͵ ’‡”…‡–Ȍ …‘‹––‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ •‡…–‘” ȋǡ ‘Ž‹‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– –ƒ–‹•–‹…•ȌǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘‘† ’”‹…‡ …”‹•‹• ‹ ʹͲͲͺǡ –™‘ ‡™ ‹•–”—‡–• Šƒ˜‡
‡‡”‰‡†ǣ–Š‡
Ž‘„ƒŽ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ƒ† ‘‘†‡…—”‹–›”‘‰”ƒ‡ȋ
 Ȍƒ†–Š‡
Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘‘†”‹•‹•
‡•’‘•‡ ”‘‰”ƒ‡ ȋ
ȌǤ Š‡•‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ‡• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ •—’’‘”–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ̈́ʹͲ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ‹
ˆ—†•ǡ™Š‹…Š–Š‡ǯ“—‹Žƒ
Ǧͺ—‹–‹ʹͲͲͻƒ‰”‡‡†–‘‘„‹Ž‹œ‡‘˜‡”–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•ˆ‘”ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›Ǥ

  ‹–• ™‘” ‘ Dz‘™ –‘ ‡‡† –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‹ ʹͲͷͲdz  ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– …——Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‰”‘••
‹˜‡•–‡– ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ˆ‘” ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ …‘—–”‹‡• ƒ†† —’ –‘ ‡ƒ”Ž› ̈́ͻǤʹ –”‹ŽŽ‹‘
—–‹ŽʹͲͷͲ‘”‡ƒ”Ž›̈́ʹͳͲ„‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ—ƒŽŽ›ȋ ǡʹͲͲͻƒȌǤŠ‡•‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡•™‡”‡ˆ‘”‹˜‡•–‡–•‹
’”‹ƒ”› ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ƒ† †‘™•–”‡ƒ •‡”˜‹…‡•ǡ ‘•– ‘ˆ ™Š‹…Š ™‹ŽŽ …‘‡ ˆ”‘ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ •‘—”…‡•Ǥ
••‡–‹ƒŽ’—„Ž‹…‹˜‡•–‡–•‡Ǥ‰Ǥ”‘ƒ†•ǡ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡†—…ƒ–‹‘™‡”‡‘–‹…Ž—†‡†Ǥ
˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡”‡•‘—”…‡•–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡‡…‡••ƒ”›–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ•›•–‡•–‘‡•—”‡ˆ‘‘†
•‡…—”‹–›ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š—•…—””‡–Ž›‹•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡–ƒ†ˆ—†‹‰ˆ”‘
–Š‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡•‡…–‘”‹…Ž—†‹‰–Šƒ–‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•ǡ™‹ŽŽ…‘–‹—‡–‘„‡‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ

 Š‹Ž‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ƒ†ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ƒ”‡‘”‡”‡…‡–Ž›ƒ––”ƒ…–‹‰‰”‡ƒ–‡”ˆ—†‹‰ȋ–Šƒ‘˜‡”
–Š‡ Žƒ•– †‡…ƒ†‡•Ȍǡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘– ™‹†‡Ž› …‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡ ‡› Dz…”—…Šdz ‹••—‡• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡
…Šƒ‰‡ ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ™‹–Š‹ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ‡…Šƒ‹•• ȋ•‡‡ „‡Ž‘™ȌǤ Š‡ ‡š–‡– –‘ ™Š‹…Š
ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡…‘—Ž†ƒ––”ƒ…–…Ž‹ƒ–‡ˆ‹ƒ…‡‹ˆ—–—”‡™‹ŽŽ†‡’‡†‘„‡––‡””‡…‘‰‹–‹‘‘ˆ‹–••‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–
‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǡ‹–•”‘Ž‡ƒ•ƒ†”‹˜‡”‘ˆ†‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ‹–•ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘–‘…Ž‹ƒ–‡
…Šƒ‰‡ˆ‘”ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†…‘•–•‘ˆ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ƒ…–‹‘ƒ†
‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ ‘”‡ ”‘„—•– ƒƒŽ›•‡• ‘ˆ …‘•–•ǡ ‹˜‡•–‡– ‡‡†•ǡ ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ ˆŽ‘™• ƒ† 
‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰ƒ…–‹‘ƒ†•—’’‘”–ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡•‡…–‘”Ǥ

3.3 Sourcesoffinancing
–‹•ƒ’’ƒ”‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰‰ƒ’•‡–‹‘‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ–Šƒ–„—•‹‡••Ǧƒ•Ǧ—•—ƒŽ™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡ƒ‘’–‹‘
ˆ‘”ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰Ǥ ‘”ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡–‘…‘–”‹„—–‡‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š‹–•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡†—ƒŽ…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆ
ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡ǡ„‘–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ƒ†‘”‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•
™‹ŽŽ „‡ ”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ – ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‡˜‹†‡– –Šƒ– ’—„Ž‹… ”‡•‘—”…‡• ƒŽ‘‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– •—ˆˆ‹…‡ ƒ† Š‘™ •—…Š
”‡•‘—”…‡•…‘—Ž†„‡—•‡†–‘Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘”„‡…‘„‹‡†™‹–Š‘–Š‡”•‘—”…‡•‘ˆˆ—†‹‰‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘•Šƒ’‡
ˆ—–—”‡ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡…–‘”Ǥ

͵Ǥ͵Ǥͳ Ž‡†‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‘—”…‡•‘ˆˆ‹ƒ…‹‰
‹ƒ…‹‰–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡”‡•’‘•‡‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•–‘…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡…‘—Ž†„‡†”ƒ™ˆ”‘
’—„Ž‹…ǡ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡•‘—”…‡•‘ˆˆ‹ƒ…‹‰Ǥ—„Ž‹…ˆ‹ƒ…‡ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡‹’‹Ž‘–•ǡŠƒ•
‘ˆ–‡ ƒ…–‡† ƒ• ƒ …ƒ–ƒŽ›•– ˆ‘” ƒ…–‹‘ ‘” –‘ ˆ—† ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘” ƒ”‡ƒ• ‡‰Ž‡…–‡† „› –Š‡ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ •‡…–‘”Ǥ
š’ƒ†‹‰ƒ††‹˜‡”•‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡•‘—”…‡•—•‡†…‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘
–ƒ’ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘—”…‡• ‘ˆ ˆ—†‹‰Ǥ ”‘’‘•ƒŽ• ƒ†‡ ˆ‘” ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ •‘—”…‡• ‘ˆ ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ‹…Ž—†‡ ƒ
’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ
 ˆ”‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† …‘—–”‹‡•ǡ Ž‡˜‹‡• ‘ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –”ƒ•’‘”– ‡‹••‹‘• ‘”

26
ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ –”ƒ•ƒ…–‹‘•ǡ …ƒ”„‘ –ƒš‡•ǡ ‹••—‹‰ „‘†• –‘ ”ƒ‹•‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ ƒ—…–‹‘‹‰ ‘ˆ
ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ…‡•ȋ•Ȍ™‹–Š‹…ƒ’Ǧƒ†Ǧ–”ƒ†‡•…Š‡‡•ƒ†ƒ‡˜‡–—ƒŽ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ…ƒ”„‘ƒ”‡–Ǥ

 Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹…Ǧ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’• ‹• ƒŽ•‘ „‡‹‰ ‡š’Ž‘”‡†Ǥ  Šƒ• ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡† ƒ ’—„Ž‹…Ǧ
’”‹˜ƒ–‡’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’–Šƒ–•‡‡•–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ƒ†”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡•
–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ‰‡Žƒ†•‹–Š‡‹„‡–ƒ‹‰ŠŽƒ†•‘ˆŠ‹ƒǤƒ”„‘ˆ‹ƒ…‡‹•—•‡†–‘
…‘’‡•ƒ–‡–Š‡–‡’‘”ƒ”›Ž‘••‘ˆ‹…‘‡ˆ”‘–ƒ‹‰Žƒ†‘—–‘ˆ’”‘†—…–‹‘‘””‡†—…–‹‘‹Š‡”†
•‹œ‡ȋ•‡‡„‘šʹͷ‘͵‹˜‡”•”‘Œ‡…–„‡Ž‘™ȌǤ

  ˆ‘” ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ‹• ‘– ‹–‡†‡† ˆ‘” ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –
…‘—Ž† „‡ —•‡†ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ „—†‰‡– ‘” •‡…–‘”ƒŽ ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› „—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ
ƒ……‡••–‘‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ȁ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘”–‘…‘˜‡”—’ˆ”‘–‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•‡…‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”ƒ‹‰…Šƒ‰‡•
‹ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ •›•–‡• –Šƒ– •—’’‘”– „‘–Š ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–› ƒ† …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡•Ǥ
‘”‡ •›‡”‰‹•–‹… —•‡ ‘ˆ  ƒ† —Ž–‹’Ž‡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ •–”‡ƒ• …‘—Ž† Š‡Ž’ –‘ „”‹‰
–‘‰‡–Š‡” ‡ˆˆ‘”–• –‘ –”ƒ•ˆ‘” ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ •›•–‡• –‘ ‡‡– ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–› ƒ† ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‘•‡ ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ƒ‹‰ –Š‡•‡ •›•–‡• ‘”‡ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡– ƒ† ‡‹••‹‘Ǧ
”‡†—…‹‰Ȁ”‡‘˜‹‰‘˜‡”–Š‡Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”Ǥ

 ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• –‘ ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ƒ† †‘‡•–‹… ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‹˜‡•–‡–
…‘—Ž† Š‡Ž’ ‹ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰ •›‡”‰‹‡• ƒ…”‘•• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ •‘—”…‡• ƒ† ‹ •’”‡ƒ†‹‰ ”‹• ƒ…”‘••
’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ƒ† ’—„Ž‹… ‹˜‡•–‘”•Ǥ ‘„‹‹‰ ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ •–”‡ƒ•ǡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡” ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ†…ƒ”„‘ˆ‹ƒ…‡ƒ›„‡‡ˆ‹–ˆ—†‹‰‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ‡•ƒ‹‹‰–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡
‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰…Šƒ‰‡•‹„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ†‹˜‡•–‡–†‡…‹•‹‘•ǤŠ‹•ƒ›‡”‹–…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‹
–Š‡ …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’Žƒ‹‰ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹…› ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ
‘˜‡”Žƒ’Ȁƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‰”‡ƒ–‡”…‘•–Ǧ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••™‘—Ž†”‡“—‹”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†“—ƒ–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Box25:ThethreeRiversProject
The 3 Rivers Project, situated in the Qinghai province of China (North) is a pilot project using carbon financing to
facilitate grassland restoration and increase livestock productivity. Carbon finance, from a voluntary scheme, will be
used to compensate costs and foregone income during the transition period and to increase productivity. Under the
proposed pilot, herders will be offered a menu of options designed to fit their specific land use, which includes a
combination of grassland restoration zoning and stocking rate management, in an incentive-based system. Given
the current overstocking rates (about 45 percent), considerable reductions in income are expected during the first
years of the project, for which herders will receive compensation. In the following years, as incomes are expected to
grow in response to increased livestock productivity (and possible other small business support measures),
compensation will decrease progressively until year 10.

Overall, in the first 10 years of the project, households will have fewer but more productive livestock. From 10-20
years, they can increase herds beyond the level of the first ten years, without the risk of overgrazing. Increased
availability of forage will enable higher incomes and higher levels of production over the long-term, providing an
incentive for long-term sustainable management. In addition, the project will develop a number of activities aiming at
improving the profitability of livestock rearing, in order to improve herders’ livelihoods. This will include the
improvement of animal production (e.g. feeding, winter housing and breeding) as well as the development of
processing activities and marketing associations.

This model hopes to break the vicious cycle of overstocking-degradation, building in, and demonstrating, sustainable
management options during the project’s lifetime, while generating a reduction of approximately 500,000tCO2e, over
a period of ten years. It also aims to address some of the key barriers to smallholder access to carbon finance,
which include the lack of appropriate methodologies for crediting, as well as methodologies for cost effective
monitoring, reporting and verification.

27


͵Ǥ͵Ǥʹ‡˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰
……‘”†‹‰ –‘  ȋʹͲͲ͹ƒ ƒ† ʹͲͲ͹„Ȍǡ ƒ ƒš‹— ‘ˆ ̈́͵Ͳ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ …‘—Ž† „‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ƒ—ƒŽŽ›
–Š”‘—‰Šƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–‘–ƒŽƒ—ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—”ƒŒ‘”‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘
…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ȋ…”‘’•ǡ‰”ƒœ‹‰Žƒ†‹’”‘˜‡‡–•ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹…•‘‹Žƒ††‡‰”ƒ†‡†Žƒ†”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ‹‘Ǧ
 …‘—–”‹‡• ȋͳǤͷ
–Ȁ2‡Ȁ›”ͳ͵ǡ ˜ƒŽ—‡† ƒ– ̈́ʹͲȀ– 2‡ȌǤ Š‹• ˆ‹‰—”‡ ‹• ‘– ‹•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ǡ „—– ‹•
‘Ž› ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͳͷ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹˜‡•–‡– ”‡“—‹”‡† ˆ‘” ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–›
ȋ̈́ʹͳͲ„‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ›‡ƒ”–‘ʹͲͷͲȌǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ••—‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–…ƒŽ‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡ˆ‹˜‡
–‹‡• ‹–• ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‹ …ƒ”„‘ ”‡˜‡—‡• ȋ‘”Ž† ƒǡ ʹͲͲͻȌǡ …ƒ”„‘ ˆ‹ƒ…‡ ƒ› ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‹…‡–‹˜‡• –‘
Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ̈́ͳͷͲ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ™‘”–Š ‘ˆ …Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”– ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹˜‡•–‡–• ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ …‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ
‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‹ƒ…‡ …‘—Ž† –Š—• ’”‘˜‹†‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ‹…‡–‹˜‡• –‘ Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹˜‡•–‡–•
–Šƒ–‰‡‡”ƒ–‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ǡ”‡†—…–‹‘Ȁ”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡•ƒ†‹…”‡ƒ•‡†…Ž‹ƒ–‡
”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡Ǥ
 ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ •‹œ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹˜‡•–‡–• ”‡“—‹”‡†ǡ ˜‡”•—• –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ
‹…‘‡ˆ”‘…ƒ”„‘ƒ”‡–•ǡ‹–‹•’‡”Šƒ’•‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–‡”‹’‘”–ƒ…‡–‘•Š‹ˆ–ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–•
–‘™ƒ”†•…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”–ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––Šƒ–’”‘˜‹†‡•—Ž–‹’Ž‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•‹ƒ††”‡••‹‰ˆ‘‘†
•‡…—”‹–›ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ‹‰Š–”ƒ•ƒ…–‹‘…‘•–•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ
…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ‰”‡ƒ–Ž›Ž‹‹––Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ˆ”‘
…ƒ”„‘‘ˆˆ•‡–ƒ”‡–•ǤŠ‹•‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–’—„Ž‹…ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ˆ‘”‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ†…‘—Ž†
„‡ …Šƒ‡Ž‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ‡š‹•–‹‰ ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ‡…Šƒ‹•• ‘” –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ˆ—† …—””‡–Ž›
—†‡”†‹•…—••‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

 •‹‰ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‹ƒ…‡ –‘ •—’’‘”– –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡” ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ •›•–‡•
ƒ›”‡“—‹”‡‰‘‹‰„‡›‘†…ƒ”„‘Ǧ‘ˆˆ•‡–ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ˆ”‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†…‘—–”‹‡•–‘–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–
‘ˆ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ˆ‘” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ …‘—–”› ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• –Šƒ– ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ …‘Ǧ„‡‡ˆ‹–•ǡ
‡Ǥ‰Ǥ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”–•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•Ǥ–Š‹••‡•‡ǡ
‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ˆ‹ƒ…‡…‘—Ž†ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ†‡•‹”‡†–”ƒ•‹–‹‘•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹’‡†‡†„›Žƒ…
‘ˆ ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ ”‡•‘—”…‡•Ǥ  –Š‹• …‘–‡š– ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‹ƒ…‡ …ƒ „‡ ƒ ’”‡…‹‘—• ”‡•‘—”…‡ǡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›
™Š‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ‹…‡–‹˜‡–‘…ƒ’–—”‡•›‡”‰‹‡•Ǥ

3.4 Financingmechanisms

͵ǤͶǤͳ ‡ƒ‡••‡•‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰‡…Šƒ‹••
Š‹Ž‡ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰‡…Šƒ‹••Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ‹‘„‹Ž‹œ‹‰”‡•‘—”…‡•
ˆ‘”…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ǡ Šƒ•—†‡”Ž‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‹‡…Šƒ‹••Šƒ˜‡
‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‘–‡ƒ„Ž‡†ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ȋ‘”ˆ‘”‡•–”›Ȍ–‘…‘–”‹„—–‡ˆ—ŽŽ›–‘ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘
‡ˆˆ‘”–•ǡ‹ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡™‹–Š‹–•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽȋ ǡʹͲͲͻ„ȌǤ

 Š‡ Clean Development Fund (CDM) Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ‡š…Ž—†‡• ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡ ƒ• •‘‹Ž …ƒ”„‘
•‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‹‘ ȋ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ ͺͻ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǯ• ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽȌ ‹• ‘– ‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡
—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘‹••‹‘•”ƒ†‹‰…Š‡‡ȋǦȌƒŽ•‘‡š…Ž—†‡•ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‹•…‘–”ƒ•–•™‹–Š
˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› …ƒ”„‘ ƒ”‡–• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘”Ž† ƒǯ• BioCarbon Fund ™Š‹…Š ‹…Ž—†‡ •‘‹Ž …ƒ”„‘
•‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š ͶǤͶͻ ’‡”…‡– ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†  ’”‘Œ‡…–• ƒ”‡ †‡•‹‰ƒ–‡† ƒ• ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘
ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ȋ ʹͲͳͲǡ™‡„•‹–‡Ȍǡ–Š‡•‡ƒ‹Ž›ƒ††”‡••‡‡”‰›ȋ„‹‘‡‡”‰›Ȍ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡—•‡
‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‹†—‡•ǡ „‹‘ˆ—‡Ž• ˆ”‘ …”‘’• ƒ† ƒ—”‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ ȋ †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ 
’”‘Œ‡…–•ǡ—’†ƒ–‡†ͳ—‰—•–ʹͲͳͲȌǤ

 ǯ•’”‘Œ‡…–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ†‘ˆˆ•‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•ƒ›„‡‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡„”‡ƒ†–Šƒ†
•…ƒŽ‡ ‘ˆ ‹…‡–‹˜‡• ”‡“—‹”‡† ˆ‘” ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ‹…‡–‹˜‡• ƒ’’‡ƒ” –‘‘ ™‡ƒ –‘
•–‹—Žƒ–‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‡…‘‘› ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ ‘– ‡ƒ„Ž‡† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ …‘—–”‹‡• –‘ ‘˜‡
–‘™ƒ”†•Ž‘™Ǧ‡‹••‹‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ–Š™ƒ›•–Šƒ–†‘‘––Š”‡ƒ–‡‡…‘‘‹…‰”‘™–ŠǤ’”‘Œ‡…–•
ƒŽ•‘–‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š–”ƒ•ƒ…–‹‘…‘•–•ˆ‘”ƒ›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•ǡŽ‘‰ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ’‡”‹‘†•ƒ†ƒ
ƒ””‘™ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹… •’”‡ƒ†Ǥ ˆˆ‘”–• –‘ …‘””‡…– –Š‡•‡ ™‡ƒ‡••‡• ƒ”‡ —†‡” †‹•…—••‹‘ ƒ†

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‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡™ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹… ǡ •‡…–‘”ƒŽ ǡ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• ƒ† ‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ ƒ› ‡ƒ„Ž‡ •…ƒŽ‹‰ —’ ‘ˆ ˆ—†‹‰ „—– ˜ƒ”› ‹ –Š‡ †‡‰”‡‡ –‘
™Š‹…Š –Š‡› ȋ‹Ȍ …ƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‹…‡–‹˜‡• ˆ‘” ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ǡ ȋ‹‹Ȍ ƒ”‡ Ž‹‡† –‘ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–”ƒ•ƒ…–‹‘…‘•–•Ǥ

 Š‡ Adaptation Fund Šƒ• ”‡…‡–Ž› „‡…‘‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† –‡ ’”‘Œ‡…–• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡
•—„‹––‡†ǡ –™‘ ‘ˆ ™Š‹…Š ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǣ ȋ‹Ȍ   •—„‹––‡† ƒ ’”‘Œ‡…– ’”‘’‘•ƒŽǡ ‡–‹–Ž‡† 
–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ’’”‘ƒ…Š –‘ —‹Ž†‹‰ Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡ ‹ ‰ƒ†ƒǯ• ”ƒ‰‹Ž‡ …‘•›•–‡• –‘ ƒ••‹•–
˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘• ‹ ƒ†ƒ’–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ…–• ‘ˆ …Ž‹ƒ–‹… …Šƒ‰‡• ‹ –™‘ ˆ”ƒ‰‹Ž‡ ‡…‘•›•–‡•
…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡† „› ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Š‹‰Š ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› ƒ† ȋ‹‹Ȍ  •—„‹––‡† ‘‡ ‘
˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡”‹…‡•—„Ǧ•‡…–‘”–‘…Ž‹ƒ–‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†’”‘Œ‡…–‡†…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡Ǥ

 ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ƒ†ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›‡”‹–‘Ž›ƒˆ‘‘–‘–‡ȋƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š‘–Š‡”•‡…–‘”•Ȍ‹–Š‡†”ƒˆ–

Ǧ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‰–‡š–‘ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ȋ ǡʹͲͳͲȌŠ‡Žƒ––‡”…‘–”ƒ•–•™‹–Š–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡
—„‡”‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘Žƒ•‘ˆ…–‹‘ȋ•Ȍ‘ˆ‡ƒ•–‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‘—–”‹‡•ȋ•Ȍ
ˆ‘…—•‹‰‘ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡”‡ƒ‹‡†Žƒ”‰‡Ž›—ˆ—†‡†Ǥ

 ‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‡ƒ•–‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‘—–”‹‡•ǡŠƒ˜‡…‘’Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–ƒ……‡••‹‰
”‡•‘—”…‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ GlobalEnvironmentFacilityȋ
 ȌŠƒ•„‡‡…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†ƒ†’”‘Œ‡…–ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ
–ƒ‡• ƒ Ž‘‰ –‹‡Ǥ Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‹• Šƒ• ‹Š‹„‹–‡† ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ • ƒ†
’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ †”ƒ™ ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ —†‡”Ǧˆ—†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡
’‡…‹ƒŽ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ —† ƒ† –Š‡ ‡ƒ•–Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘—–”‹‡• —†ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ ˆ—†‡† ‘ ƒ
˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›„ƒ•‹•Ǥ

͵ǤͶǤʹ ‡™‡…Šƒ‹••
• …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ Šƒ• ‘˜‡† —’ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹…› ƒ‰‡†ƒǡ ˆ‹ƒ…‡ ‡…Šƒ‹•• –ƒ”‰‡–‹‰ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡
Šƒ˜‡ —Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†Ǥ —””‡–Ž› ƒ„‘—– ʹͲ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† ˆ‹ƒ…‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• ‡š‹•–Ǥ 
ʹͲͲ͹ƒŽ‘‡ǡͳͶ‡™‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•™‡”‡Žƒ—…Š‡†ȋ‘”Ž†ƒǡǡʹͲͳͲȌǤŠ‹•’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡™
ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰‡…Šƒ‹••Šƒ•”ƒ‹•‡†…‘…‡”•ƒ„‘—–ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š–”ƒ•ƒ…–‹‘…‘•–•ȋ‡ƒ…Š
‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡Šƒ•‹–•‘™‰‘˜‡”ƒ…‡•–”—…–—”‡•ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ȍǡ™Š‹…Š‹–—”…ƒ”‡†—…‡…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›–‘
ƒ˜‘‹††—’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡–ƒŽŽ‘…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•‘—”…‡•Ǥ

 –”‡‰–Š‡‹‰ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘™‡”•Š‹’ǡ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡…› ƒ† ƒ……‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘”
‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡…Šƒ‹•• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ˆ‘” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡…Šƒ‹•• ”‡…‡‹˜‹‰ ”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š
†‹”‡…– ƒ……‡••. ‘” ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡ …‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ…”‘•• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ‡…Šƒ‹•• ‹• ‡‡†‡† ‹
‘”†‡”–‘”‡ƒ…Š–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘‡‡–ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ†
–‘‡•—”‡ƒƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž‹„‡–™‡‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ…–‹‘ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–Ǥ

 ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ—†•, •—…Š ƒ• ”ƒœ‹Žǯ• Amazon Fundǡ –Š‡ Indonesian Climate Change Trust Fund
ȋ Ȍ ‘” –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡š‹…ƒ
”‡‡ —†ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‘™‡”•Š‹’ƒ†„‡––‡”‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‘Ž‹…‹‡•ƒ†’”‘‰”ƒ‡•Ǥ

͵ǤͶǤ͵ ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡–Šƒ–‡ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ…–‹‘ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰„›ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡
‹•…—••‹‘‘ˆˆ‹ƒ…‹‰‡…Šƒ‹••™‹–Š‹–Š‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ•‘––ƒ…Ž‡†•‡…–‘”Ǧ
•’‡…‹ˆ‹… ƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ ‘” …—””‡–Ž› –‡†• –‘ ’”‡…‡†‡ ˆ—…–‹‘ǡ ƒ• ƒ––‡–‹‘ ‹• ˆ‘…—•‡† ‘ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡
”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‘ ™Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ˆ‹ƒ…‡† ƒ† Š‘™ ˆ‹ƒ…‡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ Ž‹‡† –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ …‘—–”›
ƒ…–‹‘•ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ”‹•–Šƒ–ǡ†—‡–‘–Š‡‹”•’‡…‹ˆ‹…‹–‹‡•ǡŽƒ†Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ››‡–ƒ‰ƒ‹ˆ‹†–Šƒ–
–Š‡›†‘‘– ˆ‹–™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‘ˆˆ‹ƒ…‹‰‡…Šƒ‹••ȋƒ•™ƒ•–Š‡…ƒ•‡™‹–Š–Š‡ȌǤ
•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ˆ—†‹‰ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡– ˆ‘”  Šƒ• „‡‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† ™‹–Š‹ ˆ—–—”‡ ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ‡…Šƒ‹••ǡ
„—–‹–‹•—…Ž‡ƒ”ƒ––Š‹•–‹‡™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡƒ•ƒƒ‹†”‹˜‡”‘ˆ†‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ǡ™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘
”‡…‡‹˜‡ ˆ—†‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‹• ™‹†‘™Ǥ ‘” ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ –‘ „‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘ –‘ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ǡ
ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡• ƒ† ‡…Šƒ‹•• ‡‡† –‘ ƒ‡ •—”‡ –Šƒ– ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ‹• ‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ –‘ ”‡…‡‹˜‡
”‡•‘—”…‡•ˆ”‘ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ‘”ˆ—–—”‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡ˆ—†‹‰‡…Šƒ‹••ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡
ƒ”‡–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—–ƒ†–Šƒ–ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†—…‡”•ƒ”‡”‡™ƒ”†‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—Ž–‹’Ž‡
•‡”˜‹…‡•„‡‡ˆ‹–‹‰ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

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 ‡”–ƒ‹ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• …ƒ …‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ „‘–Š ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǣ Š‘™‡˜‡”
ˆ—†‹‰‡…Šƒ‹••ȋƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•’‘Ž‹…›ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”•ȌŠƒ˜‡”‡ƒ‹‡†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰
Š‘™–‘”‡™ƒ”†ƒ…–‹‘–Šƒ–…ƒƒ…Š‹‡˜‡„‘–ŠǤ ‹†‹‰™ƒ›•–‘‘˜‡”…‘‡™Šƒ–‹••‘‡–‹‡•ƒ ˆƒŽ•‡
†‹…Š‘–‘› „‡–™‡‡ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ȋ™Š‹…Š …ƒ „‡ –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ ™‹–Š ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›
™Š‡”‡ •‘‹Ž …ƒ”„‘ •‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• …‘…‡”‡†Ȍǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‹ƒ…‡ ™‹–Š ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ …Šƒ‡Ž• ƒ† ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ
…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ˆƒ…‡†„›ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰‡…Šƒ‹••‹ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ

 ”‘ƒ†‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•–Šƒ–Ž‘‘„‡›‘†…—””‡–•‹Ž‘•–‘ˆ‘”•‘ˆˆ‹ƒ…‹‰–Šƒ–…‘—Ž†•—’’‘”–
Š‹‰Š ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ȁ”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡ ƒ† Ž‘™ ‡‹••‹‘ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ȁˆ‘‘†
•‡…—”‹–›Ǧ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ”‡•’‘•‡• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‡‡†‡†Ǥ ‡…Šƒ‹•• —•– ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡
‡‘—‰Š –‘ ˆ—† ‘’–‹‘• ƒ†Œ—•–‡† –‘ –Š‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ƒ‰”‘Ǧ‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ
•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…‘—–”‹‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‹”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…ƒ’ƒ…‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ›ƒŽ•‘„‡…ƒŽŽ‡†—’‘–‘
ƒ††”‡••–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”ƒ†”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ˆ—†‹‰•‘—”…‡•ǡ”‡™ƒ”†‹‰•›‡”‰‹‡•
ƒ†”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–•‘”–”ƒ†‡Ǧ‘ˆˆ•†—‡–‘—Ž–‹’Ž‡ˆ—†‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡•Ǥ

3.5Connectingactiontofinancing

͵ǤͷǤͳƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž
†‡“—ƒ–‡ ‹˜‡•–‡– ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ …Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”– ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹…› ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ ƒ†
‡š–‡•‹‘ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ”‡Žƒ–‡† …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› „—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ •—’’‘”–‹‰ ƒ…–‹‘ „› ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ
‹‹•–”‹‡•‘ˆ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•–‹–—–‡•ƒ†‡š–‡•‹‘•›•–‡•‹ƒ›…ƒ•‡•‡‡†–‘
„‡ „—‹Ž– „ƒ… ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ †‡…Ž‹‡ ‹ ”‡•‘—”…‡• ƒŽŽ‘…ƒ–‡† –‘ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ „‘–Š ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ƒ†
†‘‡•–‹…ƒŽŽ›ǤŠ‹Ž‡†‘‡•–‹…”‡•‘—”…‡•ƒ›•—ˆˆ‹…‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹•‘‡…‘—–”‹‡•ǡ‹‘–Š‡”•
‡š–‡”ƒŽ•—’’‘”–™‹ŽŽ„‡‡…‡••ƒ”›Ǥ

 ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ǧ‘™‡† ‹•–”—‡–• –Šƒ– …ƒ ’”‘‘–‡ …‘Š‡”‡…‡ ƒ† …‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ’”‹‘”‹–›
•‡––‹‰ ˆ‘” …Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”– ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ƒ…–‹‘ ƒ† ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ƒ› „‡ —•‡ˆ—Ž –‘ ‰‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ Š‡
†‘‡•‹ƒ ‹‹•–”› ‘ˆ ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ Šƒ• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡† ƒ ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ‡…–‘” Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡
‘ƒ†ƒ’ǤŠ‡”‘ƒ†ƒ’‹•™”‹––‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•Dzforcreatingsynergiesbetweenclimate
change adaptation and mitigation programmes and action plans among subsectors.” ‡––‡”
…Žƒ”‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‘™ ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ‹‰Š– „‡ Ž‹‡† –‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ǧ‘™‡† ƒ…–‹‘ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰
•Ȁƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”•ƒ†Ȁ”‡‰‹•–”‹‡•ǡ‹••–‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ

͵ǤͷǤʹ‹‹‰–‘ˆƒ”‡”•
‹‹‰ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰–‘ˆƒ”‡”Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡”‡•’‘•‡•”‡“—‹”‡•ƒ„‡––‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ
‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ „‡‡ˆ‹–• –Šƒ– …ƒ „‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˆ”‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
‘’–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ‹…‡–‹˜‡• –Šƒ– ƒ› „‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ƒ†‘’– –Š‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ …‘•–•Ǥ …‡–‹˜‡• ƒ› „‡
‘‡–ƒ”› ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ …”‡†‹– ‘” ’ƒ›‡–• „—– …‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ‹Ǧ‹†ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ƒ……‡•• –‘ Žƒ†ǡ
ƒ”‡–•‘”•‡‡†•ǡˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ƒ†‘–Š‡”’”‘†—…–‹‘‹’—–•Ǥ

 š’‡”‹‡…‡• ™‹–Š ’ƒ›‡–• ˆ‘” ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ •‡”˜‹…‡ ȋȌ ƒ† ‹…”‘ˆ‹ƒ…‡ …‘—Ž† „‡
†”ƒ™ —’‘ ‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹…‡–‹˜‡ •›•–‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• ƒ† –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•
ȋ•‡‡ •‡…–‹‘ ʹȌǤ Š‡”‡ ’ƒ›‡–• ˆ‘” ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽŽ› ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ
–Š‡› ƒ› ’”‘˜‹†‡ –Š‡ •–‹—Ž—• ˆ‘” ˆƒ”‡”• –‘ ƒ†‘’– •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ Žƒ† ƒƒ‰‡‡–
’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Ǥ•‘‡‹•–ƒ…‡•ǡ’ƒ›‡–•‘ˆŽ‹‹–‡††—”ƒ–‹‘…‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡‹…‡–‹˜‡•ˆ‘”•‘‹Ž…ƒ”„‘
•‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒŽ•‘‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ƒ†”‡•‹Ž‹‡–’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•ǡ
™Š‹Ž‡ˆ‹––‹‰ ™‹–Š–Š‡•ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘‹Ž…ƒ”„‘’‘‘Ž•Ǥ‘•–•‘‹Ž…ƒ”„‘•‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡
‡š’‡…–‡†–‘”‡ƒ…Š•ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ƒ…‡”–ƒ‹’‘‹–‹–‹‡ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥƒˆ–‡”ʹͲ–‘ͳͲͲ›‡ƒ”•ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡†‘‘–
’”‘˜‹†‡ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹…‘‡ ‹ ’‡”’‡–—‹–›Ǥ ˆ …ƒ”„‘ •‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‹…‡–‹˜‡• ƒŽ•‘ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ‘”‡
’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ ƒ† •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ Ž‘™‡” ”‹• ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ’‡”ƒ‡…‡
ȋ…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡…‘†‹–‹‘•ȌǤ


30
 –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–‘—†‡”Ž‹‡–Šƒ–„‡›‘†…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆŠ‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›
•‘‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ •ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡” ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ …‘•– ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ ˆ‘” ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‘ˆˆ•‡– …‘’Ž‹ƒ…‡ ƒ”‡–•ǡ †—‡ –‘ Ž‘™ ”‡–—”•ǡ Š‹‰Š –”ƒ•ƒ…–‹‘• …‘•–• ‘” Š‹‰Š ”‹••ǡ ™Š‹…Š
…‘•–‹–—–‡ ‹˜‡•–‡– „ƒ””‹‡”•Ǥ Š‡ …—””‡– Ž‘™ ’”‹…‡ ˆ‘” …ƒ”„‘ …”‡†‹–• ƒ† Žƒ… ‘ˆ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› –‘
’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ …‘’Ž‹ƒ…‡ ƒ”‡–• ƒ”‡ ‘–Š‡” „ƒ””‹‡”• –Šƒ– ‡‡† –‘ „‡ –ƒ‡ ‹–‘ ƒ……‘—– ™Š‡
…‘•‹†‡”‹‰ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ•’‡…–• ƒ† †‹ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–‹‡• ƒ† …‹”…—•–ƒ…‡•
•—‰‰‡•– –Šƒ– ƒ •–‡’™‹•‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ƒ› „‡ —•‡ˆ—Ž –‘ „—‹Ž† …‘ˆ‹†‡…‡ǡ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ ‹
Ž‹‹‰ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ˆ‘”„‘–Šƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘–‘•ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”•ƒ–‰”‘—†Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ

͵ǤͷǤ͵
 ‡› ‹••—‡ ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ ˆ‘” ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–ǡ ”‡’‘”–‹‰ ƒ† ˜‡”‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘
ȋȌ‘ˆ‡‹••‹‘”‡†—…–‹‘•ƒ†”‡‘˜ƒŽ•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–’”‘˜‹†‡†ǤŠ‡”‡‹•
…—””‡–Ž›‘…‘•‡•—•‘–Š‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‘ˆˆ‘”‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ǡ„—–‡˜‡–—ƒŽ
†‡…‹•‹‘• ‹ –Š‹• ”‡‰ƒ”† …‘—Ž† ƒˆˆ‡…– –Š‡ …‘•–• ƒ† ˜‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘
ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡–›’‡ƒ†…‘•–‘ˆ•›•–‡•ƒ”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘˜ƒ”›„›–Š‡ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰•‘—”…‡—•‡†ƒ†‘˜‡”
–‹‡ȋƒ•…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›‹•„—‹Ž–ȌǤ‹’Ž‡”ƒ†Ž‡••‡š’‡•‹˜‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘”‡”‡ƒ†‹Ž›—•‡ƒ„Ž‡
„›ˆƒ”‡”•…‘—Ž†„‡—–‹Ž‹œ‡†™Š‡”‡‘ˆˆǦ•‡–•ƒ”‡‘–‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•ƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡
‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘—†‡”–ƒ‡ƒ…–‹‘–‘„—‹Ž†…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡‹•…‘ˆ‹†‡…‡ƒ††‹”‡…–ƒ……‡••
–‘ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ƒ†’”‡†‹…–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ˆ‘”…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ȁ–”ƒ•ˆ‡”Ǥ

 ‘”‡ ”‘„—•– ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ‘ˆ •‘‹Ž …ƒ”„‘ •‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ› ”‡“—‹”‡ …‘„‹‹‰ ƒ…–—ƒŽ •‘‹Ž
•ƒ’Ž‡•ǡ ™‹–Š ‘†‡Ž‹‰ ƒ†Ȁ‘” †‡ˆƒ—Ž– ˜ƒŽ—‡• ˆ‘” ‡‹••‹‘Ǧ”‡†—…‹‰Ȁ”‡‘˜‹‰ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ  ‘ˆ
‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •—’’‘”– …‘—Ž† ‹…Ž—†‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ƒŽŽ‘…ƒ–‹‘ „› •‡…–‘”•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™‘—Ž† Š‡Ž’ ‹
Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ „‡––‡” ’‹…–—”‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ ˆŽ‘™• –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ •‡…–‘” ƒ† †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ  ƒ†
…Ž‹ƒ–‡ ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ –Š‡”‡‹Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ› …‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž› Ž‡•• ƒ––‡–‹‘ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‰‹˜‡ –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ”‡•—Ž–•
ˆ”‘ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‹•ƒ›”‡…‡‹˜‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒ––‡–‹‘‹ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ


͵ǤͷǤͶ‹Ž‘–•
‹Ž‘– ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ –ƒ‹Ž‘”‡† –‘ …‘—–”›Ǧ•’‡…‹ˆ‹… ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ …‘†‹–‹‘•Ȁ…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ƒ† •—’’‘”–‹‰
•–”ƒ–‡‰›ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ȁ–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ƒ†…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ…‘—Ž†‡ƒ„Ž‡…‘—–”›
”‡ƒ†‹‡•• –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡– ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ…–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ‡Šƒ…‡†
•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–›Ǥ —…Š ’‹Ž‘–• …‘—Ž† ‘ˆˆ‡” ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ˆ‘”
Ž‹‹‰‡ƒ”Ž›…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”–ƒ…–‹‘™‹–Šˆƒ•–Ǧ•–ƒ”–ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰‹–Š‡’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†
‡…‘‘‹‡•‘ˆƒ›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ


Keymessagesforpart3
8) Available financing, current and projected, are substantially insufficient to meet climate
change and food security challenges faced by the agriculture sector.

9) Synergistically combining financing from public and private sources, as well as those
earmarked for climate change and food security are innovative options to meet the investment
requirements of the agricultural sector.

10) To be effective in channelling fast-track financing to agriculture, financing mechanisms will

need to take sector-specific considerations into account.

31
References

Abadi,A.,Lefroy,T.,Cooper,D.,Hean,R.&Davies,C.ʹͲͲ͵ǤProfitabilityofmediumtolowrainfall
agroforestryinthecroppingzoneǤƒ”–‘ǡ—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǡ—”ƒŽ†—•–”‹‡•‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ǤͲʹǤ
Anriquez,G.,andDaidone,S.ʹͲͲͺǤDz‹ƒ‰‡•„‡–™‡‡ ƒ”ƒ†‘Ǧ ƒ”‡…–‘”•ƒ––Š‡‘—•‡Š‘Ž†
‡˜‡Ž‹—”ƒŽ
ŠƒƒǤ…‘•‹•–‡–•–‘…Šƒ•–‹…†‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ—…–‹‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠdzǡESAFAOWorking
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Barrett,Christopher,B.,Barry,J.,Barnett,MichaelR.Carter,SommaratChantarat,James,W.
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…”‹–‡”‹ƒ•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘‹Ž‘”‰ƒ‹……ƒ”„‘•‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‹‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ”‘ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
‹–‡•‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘‹‡‡‰ƒŽǤClimaticChangeǡ‘Ž—‡ͻͺǡ—„‡”•ͳǦʹǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳͲǡ’’Ǥʹͳ͵Ǧ
ʹͶ͵ȋ͵ͳȌǤ
Berkes,F.andFolke,C.C.(eds.)ǤͳͻͻͺǤLinkingSocialandEcologicalSystems:managementpracticesand
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Bisiaux,F.,Peltier,R.andMuliele,J.C.ʹͲͲͻǤŽƒ–ƒ–‹‘•‹†—•–”‹‡ŽŽ‡•‡–ƒ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–‡”‹‡ƒ—•‡”˜‹…‡†‡•
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•†‡•’Žƒ–‡ƒ—šƒ–±±ǡƒ’—ǡ‡±’—„Ž‹“—‡†±‘…”ƒ–‹“—‡†—‘‰‘Ǥ‘‹•‡–ˆ‘”²–•
†‡•–”‘’‹“—‡•͵Ͳͳȋ͵ȌǣʹͳǦ͵ʹǤ
Bouman,B.A.M.,Lampayan,R.M.andTuong,T.P.ʹͲͲ͹Ǥƒ–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†”‹…‡ǣ…‘’‹‰
™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”•…ƒ”…‹–›Ǥ‘•ƒÓ‘•ǡƒ‰—ƒǣǤͷͶ’Ǥ
Š––’ǣȀȀ†•’ƒ…‡Ǥ‹””‹Ǥ‘”‰ǣͺͲͺͲȀ†•’ƒ…‡ȀŠƒ†Ž‡ȀͳͲʹ͸ͻȀʹ͸͸
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‹’”‘˜‡‡–ƒ†‰‡‡–‹…”‡•‘—”…‡•…‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘dzǡGlobalEnvironmentalChangeǤ
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‹–‡•‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ”‘…‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…ƒ†‡›‘ˆ…‹‡…‡•ǡͳͲ͹ȋʹ͸ȌǣͳʹͲͷʹǦͳʹͲͷ͹Ǥ
Capaldo,J.,Karfakis,P.,Knowles,M.,Smulders,M.ʹͲͳͲǤAModelofVulnerabilitytoFoodInsecurityǡ
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•ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‡”•Ǥ‘”‹‰’ƒ’‡”Ǥ ǣ‘‡Ǥ
Cavatassi,R.,González,M.,Winters,P.,AndradePiedra,J.,Thiele,G.,Espinosa,P.ʹͲͲͻǤLinking
SmallholderstotheNewAgriculturalEconomy:AnEvaluationofthePlataformasProgramin
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AgricultureǤ‘†‘ǣƒ”–Š•…ƒƒ†‘Ž‘„‘ǣ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–•–‹–—–‡Ǥ
CIRAD.ʹͲͳͲǤ—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡…Šƒ”…‘ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹‘‹–Š‡‡‘…”ƒ–‹…‡’—„Ž‹…‘ˆ‘‰‘ǤǤ
Cline,W.R.ʹͲͲ͹ǤGlobalWarmingandAgriculture:ImpactEstimatesbyCountryǡ‡–‡”ˆ‘”
Ž‘„ƒŽ
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ‡–‡”•‘•–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘‘‹…•Ǥ
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ȋͷȌǣ͸ͷ͹Ǧ͸͹ͷǤ
Fafchamps,M.,andKourosaki,T.ʹͲͲʹǤDz•—”ƒ…‡ƒ”‡–ˆˆ‹…‹‡…›ƒ†”‘’Š‘‹…‡•‹ƒ‹•–ƒdzǡ
JournalofDevelopmentEconomicsǡ͸͹ȋʹȌǣͶͳͻǦͷ͵ǡ’”‹ŽʹͲͲʹǤ
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‡…—”‹–›ǣŠ‡ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆŽ‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡ƒ†‹‘‡‡”‰›ǡ ‘‘†ƒ†‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ
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FAO.ʹͲͳͲ„ǤGreenhousegasemissionsfromthedairysector.Alifecycleassessment. ‘‘†ƒ†‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡
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Fischer,G.,Shah,M.,vanVelthuizen,H.ʹͲͲʹǤDzŽ‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡ƒ†‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›dzǡ‹
ContributiontotheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmentǡ ‘Šƒ‡•„—”‰ǡ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
•–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”’’Ž‹‡†›•–‡•ƒŽ›•‹•ȋȌǣƒš‡„—”‰Ǥ
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•‡‹Ǧ”‹†ˆ”‹…ƒƒ•–‘”ƒŽ‹•–›•–‡•Ǥ˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–…‘‘‹…•ǤͳͶǣʹͻǦͷͲǤ
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theRoyalSocietyBǡʹͲͲͷǤ͵͸Ͳǣ’Ǥʹͳ͵ͻǦʹͳͶͺǤ
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JournalofSemiAridTropicalAgriculturalResearchͶȋͳȌǤȋ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘Ž‹‡ƒ–
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”‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ‡šǦƒ–‡ƒ••‡••‡–•ƒ†”‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠdzǡJournalofApplied
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”‡…‡–‡•–‹ƒ–‡•ǡ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
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—”‘’‡dzǡ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
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—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
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‹‰†‘ƒ†–Š‡‹”ˆ—–—”‡’”‘•’‡…–•Ǥ…‘––‹•Š ‘”‡•–”›ǡͷ͵ȋͳȌǣ͵͹ȂͶͳǤ
McCarthy,N.andDiGregorio,M.ʹͲͲ͹ǤClimateVariabilityandFlexibilityinResourceAccess:TheCase
ofPastoralMobilityinNorthernKenya.˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–…‘‘‹…•ǡͳʹȋ͵ȌǣͶͲ͵Ǧ
ͶʹͳǤ
McCarthy,N.,andSwallow,B.ʹͲͲͲǤDz”‘’‡”–›‹‰Š–•ǡ‹•ǡƒ†‹˜‡•–‘…‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹ˆ”‹…ƒǣ
••—‡•ƒ†”‘Œ‡…–’’”‘ƒ…Šdzǡ‹…ƒ”–Š›ǡǤǡǤ™ƒŽŽ‘™ǡǤ‹”ǡǤƒœ‡Žȋ‡†•ǤȌǡʹͲͲͲǡProperty
Rights,Risk,andLivestockDevelopmentinAfricaǡ ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤƒ†ǡƒ‹”‘„‹Ǥ
McKinseyandCompany.ʹͲͲͻǤƒ–Š™ƒ›•–‘ƒ‘™Ǧƒ”„‘…‘‘›ǡ˜‡”•‹‘ʹǤ
Nair,P.K.R.ͳͻͻ͵ǤAnIntroductiontoAgroforestryǤŽ—™‡”…ƒ†‡‹…—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ‘”†”‡…Š–ǡŠ‡
‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Ǥ
NiamirFuller,M.(ed.).ͳͻͻͻǤManagingMobilityinAfricanRangelands.TheLegitimizationof
Transhumanceǡ–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–†Ǥ
Otsuka,K.,andPlace,F.ʹͲͲͳǤLandTenureandNaturalResourceManagement:AComparativeStudyof
AgrarianCommunitiesinAsiaandAfrica,ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǡǣ ‘Š•‘’‹•‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ
Peng,S.,Huang,J.,Sheehy,J.E.,Laza,R.C.,Visperas,R.M.,Zhong,X.,Centeno,G.S.,Khush,G.S.and
Cassman,K.G.ʹͲͲͶǤ‹…‡›‹‡Ž†•†‡…Ž‹‡™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”‹‰Š––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ˆ”‘‰Ž‘„ƒŽ™ƒ”‹‰ǡ
 —Ž›͸ǡʹͲͲͶ˜‘ŽǤͳͲͳ‘Ǥʹ͹ͻͻ͹ͳǦͻͻ͹ͷǤ
Primavera,J.H.ʹͲͲͲǤ“—ƒ•‹Ž˜‹…—Ž–—”‡–”‹ƒŽ•‹ƒ‰”‘˜‡•‹Žƒ”‘˜‹…‡ǡƒƒ›•Ǥǡ…‡–”ƒŽ
Š‹Ž‹’’‹‡•Ǥ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”•Š‘’‘”ƒ…‹•Š™ƒ–‡”ƒ‰”‘˜‡…‘•›•–‡•”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ƒ†
—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ•——„ƒǡ ƒ’ƒǡʹͻ ‡„ǤǦͳƒ”ǤʹͲͲͲǤ

34
Ravallion,M.,ʹͲͲ͸ǤDz”ƒ•ˆ‡”•ƒ†ƒˆ‡–›‡–•‹‘‘”‘—–”‹‡•ǣ‡˜‹•‹–‹‰–Š‡”ƒ†‡‘ˆˆ•ƒ†‘Ž‹…›
’–‹‘•ǡdz‹„Š‹Œ‹–ƒ‡”Œ‡‡ǡ‘Žƒ†‡ƒ„‘—ƒ†‹Ž‹’‘‘‡”Œ‡‡ȋ‡†•ȌǡUnderstandingPovertyǡ
šˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ
Sinclair,F.L.ͳͻͻͻǤ‰‡‡”ƒŽ…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”›’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ǥ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”››•–‡•ǡͶ͸ǣͳ͸ͳȂͳͺͲǤ
Smit,B.,andBockel,L.ʹͲͲͻǤDzŽ‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡ƒ†‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‘Ž‹…‹‡•ǣŠ‘™–‘ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ…Ž‹ƒ–‡
…Šƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹–‘ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡’‘Ž‹…‹‡•ǫdzǡEASYPOLǡ ǣ‘‡Ǥ
Reij,C.,Tappan,G.andSmale,M.ʹͲͲͻǤAgroenvironmentaltransformationintheSahel:Anotherkindof
“GreeenRevolution.” ‹•…—••‹‘ƒ’‡”Ǥƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤǡ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‘†‘Ž‹…›
‡•‡ƒ”…Š•–‹–—–‡Ǥ
Roberts,J.,andSchlenker,W.ʹͲͲ͸ǤDz‘Ž‹‡ƒ”ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ‡ƒ–Š‡”‘‘”‹‡Ž†•dzǡReviewof
AgriculturalEconomicsǡʹͺȋ͵Ȍǡ ƒŽŽǡ’Ǥ͵ͻͳǦ͵ͻͺǤ
Sileshi,G.,Akinnifesi,F.K.,Ajayi,O.C.,Place,F.ʹͲͲͺǤ‡–ƒǦƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆƒ‹œ‡›‹‡Ž†”‡•’‘•‡–‘™‘‘†›
ƒ†Š‡”„ƒ…‡‘—•Ž‡‰—‡•‹–Š‡•—„ǦƒŠƒ”ƒˆ”‹…ƒǤPlantandSoil͵Ͳ͹ǡͳǦͳͻǤ
Stern,N.ʹͲͲ͸ǤSternReviewonTheEconomicsofClimateChangeǡ”‡ƒ•—”›ǡ‘†‘Ǥ
Sukardjo,S.ͳͻͺͻǤ—’ƒ‰•ƒ”‹’‘†ƒ•ƒ—Ž–‹’Ž‡—•‡…‘…‡’––‘•ƒ˜‡–Š‡ƒ‰”‘˜‡ˆ‘”‡•–‹ ƒ˜ƒǤ
‹‘–”‘’’‡…Ǥ—„ŽǤ͵͹ǣͳͳͷǦͳʹͺǤ—ƒ”†Œ‘ǡǤ
Rosenzweig,C.andTubiello,F.N.ʹͲͲ͸ǤDz†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǣ
ƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‘–‡–‹ƒŽ›‡”‰‹‡•dzǡMitigationandAdaptationStrategiesforGlobalChangeǡͳʹǣ’’
ͺͷͷǦͺ͹͵Ǥ
Schmidhuber,J.,andTubiello,F.N.ʹͲͲ͹ǤDz
Ž‘„ƒŽˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›—†‡”…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡dzǡ‹Proceedings
oftheNationalAcademyofSciencesǡȋȌǡ‘Ž—‡ͳͲͶǡ—„‡”ͷͲǡ‡…‡„‡”Ǥ
SEI.ʹͲͲͺǤClimateChangeandAdaptationinAfricanAgricultureǡ–‘…Š‘Ž˜‹”‘‡–•–‹–—–‡Ǥ
Sen.ͳͻͻͳǤ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”›‹Š‹ƒǤ‡‹Œ‹‰ǡ‹‹•–”›‘ˆ ‘”‡‹‰ˆˆƒ‹”•Ǥ
Silici,L.ʹͲͳͲǤ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ƒ†—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡”‘’–‡•‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–‡‰”ƒ–‡†”‘’
ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ‘ŽǤͳͲǤŽƒ–”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†”‘–‡…–‹‘‹˜‹•‹‘ǡ ǡ‘‡Ǥ
Thornton,P.K.,P.G.Jones,T.Owiyo,R.L.Kruska,M.Herrero,V.Orindi,S.Bhadwal,P.Kristjanson,
A.Notenbaert,N.BekeleandA.Omolo.ʹͲͲͺǤDzŽ‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡ƒ†’‘˜‡”–›‹ˆ”‹…ƒǣƒ’’‹‰
Š‘–•’‘–•‘ˆ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›dzǡAfJAREǡ‘Žʹ‘ͳƒ”…ŠǤ
UNʹͲͲͻǤStateofWorldPopulation2009,FacingaChangingWorld:Women,PopulationandClimateǢ
 ǡ‡™‘”ǡǤ
UNEP.ʹͲͲͻǤAnnualReportǡ‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•˜‹”‘‡–”‘‰”ƒ‡Ǥ
UNFCCC.ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ†‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ•‡…–‘”ǡ‹‡…Š‹…ƒŽ’ƒ’‡”ǣ
ȀȀʹͲͲͺȀͺǤʹͲͲͺǤ
WorldBank.ʹͲͲͺǤWorldDevelopmentReport2008,AgricultureforDevelopmentǡŠ‡‘”Ž†ƒǡ
ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤ
WorldBank.ʹͲͲͻǤ‡˜‹‡™‘ˆͳͲ›‡ƒ”•‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•™‹–Š’”‘Œ‡…–•Ǥ
WorldBank.ʹͲͲͻǤ‘”Ž†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡’‘”–ʹͲͳͲǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†Ž‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡ǡŠ‡‘”Ž†
ƒǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤ
WorldBank.ʹͲͳͲǤ‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”›–‘…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘’‘˜‡”–›ƒŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘–‘‡…‘‘‹…‰”‘™–Š
ƒ†–‘’”‘–‡…–‹‘‘ˆ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ•‡”˜‹…‡•‹–Š‡…‘—–”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–Š‡”ƒ†ƒ•–‡”ˆ”‹…ƒ
”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ†‹•…—••‹‘ƒ’‡”Ǥ’”‹ŽʹͲͳͲǤ
Zomer, R.J., Trabucco, A., Coe, R. and Place, F. ʹͲͲͻǤ ”‡‡• ‘ ƒ”ǣ ƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ
Ž‘„ƒŽ š–‡– ƒ†

‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽƒ––‡”•‘ˆ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”›Ǥ ‘”‹‰ƒ’‡”‘ǤͺͻǤƒ‹”‘„‹ǡ‡›ƒǣ‘”Ž†‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”›

‡–”‡Ǥ

35
Acronyms

AAU  ••‹‰‡†‘—–‹–
ADPC  •‹ƒ‹•ƒ•–‡””‡’ƒ”‡†‡••‡–‡”
ARD  ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
AWD  Ž–‡”ƒ–‡‡––‹‰ƒ†”›‹‰
BIIS  ‘Š‘Ž–‡‰”ƒ–‡†””‹‰ƒ–‹‘›•–‡
BMG  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‰‡…›ˆ‘”‡–‡‘”‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†
‡‘’Š›•‹…•
CA  ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡
CAADP ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ˆ”‹…ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–”‘‰”ƒ‡
CATIE ”‘’‹…ƒŽ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†‹‰Š‡”†—…ƒ–‹‘‡–”‡
CDM  Ž‡ƒ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡…Šƒ‹•
CDH  ‘”–‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡–”‡
CERF  ‡–”ƒŽ‡”‰‡…›‡•’‘•‡ —†
CFS  Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‹‡Ž†…Š‘‘Ž
CGE  ‘’—–ƒ„Ž‡
‡‡”ƒŽ“—‹Ž‹„”‹—
CIPAV  ‡–”‡ˆ‘””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡•
CM  ”‘’‘‹–‘”‹‰
CSD  ‘‹••‹‘‘—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
DAC  ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–••‹•–ƒ…‡‘‹––‡‡
ECMWF —”‘’‡ƒ‡–”‡ˆ‘”‡†‹—Ǧƒ‰‡‡ƒ–Š‡” ‘”‡…ƒ•–•
FADO  ƒ”†ƒ’–‹˜‡›ƒ‹…’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘
FAO  ‘‘†ƒ†‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•
FFS  ƒ”‡” ‹‡Ž†…Š‘‘Ž•
FONAFIFO ‘•–ƒ‹…ƒ ‘”‡•–”› —†
GAFSP
Ž‘„ƒŽ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ƒ† ‘‘†‡…—”‹–›”‘‰”ƒ‡
GCM 
Ž‘„ƒŽŽ‹ƒ–‡‘†‡Ž
GEF 
Ž‘„ƒŽ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ƒ…‹Ž‹–›
GFRP 
Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘‘†”‹•‹•‡•’‘•‡”‘‰”ƒ‡
GHG 
”‡‡Š‘—•‡
ĥ
GNP 
”‘••ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‘†—…–
HLPE  ‹‰Š‡˜‡Žƒ‡Ž‘ˆš’‡”–•ˆ‘”ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ƒ†—–”‹–‹‘
ICCTF  †‘‡•‹ƒŽ‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡”—•– —†
ICTA  •–‹–—–‘†‡‹‡…‹ƒ›‡…‘Ž‘‰Àƒ‰”À…‘Žƒ•
IIED  –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
IPCC  –‡”‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽƒ‡Ž‘Ž‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡
IPM  –‡‰”ƒ–‡†’‡•–ƒƒ‰‡‡–
IRLCO  –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡†‘…—•–‘–”‘Ž”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘
IRRI  –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹…‡‡•‡ƒ”…Š•–‹–—–‡

36
ISRA  ‡‡‰ƒŽ‡•‡•–‹–—–‡‘ˆ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡•‡ƒ”…Š
LADA  ƒ†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘••‡••‡–‹”›Žƒ†•
LDC  ‡ƒ•–‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‘—–”›
LIFE  ‘™’ƒ…– —‡Žˆˆ‹…‹‡–
LULUCF ƒ†•‡ǡƒ†•‡Šƒ‰‡ƒ† ‘”‡•–”›
MPE  —Ž–‹Ǧ…‡•‘””‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘•–‹ƒ–‡
MRV  ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–ǡ‡’‘”–‹‰ƒ†‡”‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘
NAMA  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘…–‹‘•
NAPA  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘”‘‰”ƒ‡•‘ˆ…–‹‘
NGO  ‘Ǧ
‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘
NIA  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ””‹‰ƒ–‹‘†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘
ODA  ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–••‹•–ƒ…‡
OIE  ‘”Ž†”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‹ƒŽ‡ƒŽ–Š
PES  ƒ›‡–ˆ‘”˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‡”˜‹…‡
PHL  ‘•–ƒ”˜‡•–‘••‡•
PRSP  ‘˜‡”–›‡†—…–‹‘–”ƒ–‡‰›ƒ’‡”
PSNP  ”‘†—…–‹˜‡ƒˆ‡–›‡–”‘‰”ƒ‡
QDS  —ƒŽ‹–›‡…Žƒ”‡†‡‡†
REDD  ‡†—…‹‰‹••‹‘•ˆ”‘‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘”‡•–‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘
RFE  ƒ‹ ƒŽŽ•–‹ƒ–‡
RVF  ‹ˆ–ƒŽŽ‡› ‡˜‡”
SEI  –‘…Š‘Ž˜‹”‘‡–•–‹–—–‡
SRI  —•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‹…‡–‡•‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘
UDP  ”‡ƒ‡‡’Žƒ…‡‡–
UNFCCC ‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘• ”ƒ‡™‘”‘˜‡–‹‘‘Ž‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡
UPA  ”„ƒƒ†‡”‹Ǧ—”„ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡
UPH  ”„ƒƒ†‡”‹Ǧ—”„ƒ‘”–‹…—Ž–—”‡
VACVINA ‹‡–ƒ‡•‡
ƒ”†‡‡”•ǯ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘
WDR  ‘”Ž†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡’‘”–


37
AnnexI:MethodsandTools
Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ‡š’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ—•‡ˆ—Ž‡–Š‘†•ƒ†–‘‘Ž•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„› ƒ†‹–•’ƒ”–‡”•
ˆ‘” —†‡”–ƒ‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ••‡••‡–• ƒ† ‘‹–‘”‹‰ ™Š‹…Š ’”‘˜‹†‡• ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘”
‹ˆ‘”‡†’Žƒ‹‰‘ˆ…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Ǥ


Weatherbasedindicesforcropinsurance
–‘‘Ž•Š‡Ž’–‘†‡”‹˜‡ƒ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”Ǧ„ƒ•‡†…”‘’›‹‡Ž†‹†‡šˆ‘”…”‘’‹•—”ƒ…‡ǤŠ‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š
’”‘’‘•‡• –‘ …‘’—–‡ ƒ …”‘’ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ™ƒ–‡” „ƒŽƒ…‡ –‘ †‡”‹˜‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡Ǧƒ††‡† …”‘’Ǧ™‡ƒ–Š‡” ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• –Šƒ–
…ƒ „‡ …‘„‹‡† ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” †ƒ–ƒ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ”‡‘–‡ •‡•‹‰ ‹’—–•ǡ ˆƒ” ‹’—–• •—…Š ƒ• ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡” —•‡ȌǤ Š‡
‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›—•‡•‰”‹††‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–‹•‘––‘‘•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹••‹‰•–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡†
•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡– †ƒ–ƒ ’‘‹–• ƒ”‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› Šƒ• †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…‹‰
™‡ƒ–Š‡”„ƒ•‡†ƒ‹œ‡›‹‡Ž†‹†‡šˆ‘”…”‘’‹•—”ƒ…‡ˆ‘”ƒ›’‘‹–‹ƒŽƒ™‹‡˜‡”›–‡†ƒ›••–ƒ”–‹‰ˆ”‘
’Žƒ–‹‰ –‹‡Ǥ ‡ƒŽǦ–‹‡ ƒ‹œ‡ ›‹‡Ž† ‹†‹…‡• …‘˜‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ …‘—–”› …ƒ „‡ ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ’”‘†—…‡†Ǥ
Š‡ ƒ‹œ‡ ›‹‡Ž† ‹†‡š •ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡• ƒŽŽ –Š‡ †‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡ …”‹–‡”‹ƒ ˆ‘” ƒ‹œ‡ …”‘’ ‹•—”ƒ…‡ ‹ ƒŽƒ™‹Ǥ ‹”•–
‡•–‹ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ †‡š …ƒ „‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ– ’Žƒ–‹‰ –‹‡ ƒ† —’†ƒ–‡† ‹ ”‡ƒŽ –‹‡ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ •‡ƒ•‘Ǥ
‘”‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…’”‘†—…–•ˆ‘”…”‘’‹•—”ƒ…‡…ƒ„‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†—•‹‰…”‹–‡”‹ƒ’”‘˜‹†‡†„›‹•—”ƒ…‡‡š’‡”–•ǡ
ƒ†–Š‡‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›…ƒ‡ƒ•‹Ž›„‡‡š–‡†‡†–‘‘–Š‡”…”‘’•Ǥ
‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒ–ǣ™™™Ǥˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ”Ȁ…Ž‹’ƒ‰Ȁƒ™̴ʹ̴‡Ǥƒ•’


Cropmonitoringandyieldforecastingforearlywarningsystems
Š‡ Dz ‘šdz ȋ”‘’ ‘‹–‘”‹‰ ‘šȌ ‹• ƒ –‘‘Ž„‘š ˆ‘” ƒ‰”‘‡–‡‘”‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ …”‘’ ‘‹–‘”‹‰ ƒ† ›‹‡Ž†
ˆ‘”‡…ƒ•–‹‰Ǥ – ‹• ƒ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡† •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ •—‹–‡ ™‹–Šƒ Dz˜‹•—ƒŽ ‡—dz –Šƒ– ‘ˆˆ‡”• ‡ƒ•› ƒ……‡•• –‘ †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡
–Šƒ– Š‘Ž†• ƒŽŽ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‡‡†‡† –‘ ƒƒŽ›•‡ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ…– ‘ˆ ™‡ƒ–Š‡” ‘ …”‘’•Ǥ Š‡ –‘‘Ž ‹• —•‡ˆ—Ž ˆ‘” ”‹•
ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ ‘‹–‘”‹‰ ƒ† ˆ‘”‡…ƒ•–‹‰ …”‘’ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ƒ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‹’—– –‘ ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–›
’Žƒ‹‰Ǥ Š‡ –‘‘Ž …ƒ …‘’ƒ”‡ ƒ’• ‘ˆ …—””‡– ›‹‡Ž† ‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ …‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
Š‡‘š‹•‡ƒ––‘‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ‡ƒ•›•‘Ž—–‹‘–‘”ƒ’‹†Ž›•‡––‹‰—’ƒ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…”‘’‘‹–‘”‹‰ƒ†
ˆ‘”‡…ƒ•–‹‰•›•–‡Ǥ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ’Šƒ•‡ǡ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡†ƒ–ƒƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•”‡ƒŽǦ–‹‡•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡ƒ†™‡ƒ–Š‡”†ƒ–ƒ…ƒ
„‡’”‘˜‹†‡†„› „ƒ•‡†‘‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘—”…‡•ǡ„—–‘˜‡”–Š‡’‡”‹‘†ǡ‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒ
…ƒ„‡—•‡†Ǥ–‡”‡•–‡†…‘—–”‹‡•”‡…‡‹˜‡ƒ…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡŠƒ”†™ƒ”‡ǡ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡…—•–‘‹œ‡†ˆ‘”
Ž‘…ƒŽ —•‡ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽǦ–‹‡ †ƒ–ƒ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ •›•–‡ ‹Ǧ…‘—–”›Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ…ƒ‰‡ …ƒ „‡
–ƒ‹Ž‘”‡†–‘•—‹––Š‡…‘—–”‹‡•ǯ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡
‡š’‡”–‹•‡ǡ‡–Š‘†•ƒ††ƒ–ƒǤ
‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒ–ǣ™™™Ǥˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ”Ȁ…Ž‹’ƒ‰Ȁƒ™̴͸̴‡Ǥƒ•’‘”™™™Ǥˆ‘‘†•‡…Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ–‘‘Ž•̴…™̴ͲͳǤŠ–

ClimateChangeImpactAssessmentToolbox
‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ȋ–‘‘Ž„‘šȌ–‘ƒ••‡•…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡‹’ƒ…–•‘ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ
Š‡ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› …‘’”‹•‡• ˆ‘—” ƒ‹ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ …‘’‘‡–•ǣ ƒ †‘™•…ƒŽ‹‰ ‡–Š‘† ˆ‘” ’”‘…‡••‹‰

Ž‘„ƒŽŽ‹ƒ–‡‘†‡Žȋ
Ȍ‘—–’—–†ƒ–ƒǡƒŠ›†”‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‘†‡Žˆ‘”‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—”…‡•‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ
ƒ …”‘’ ‰”‘™–Š ‘†‡Ž –‘ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡ …”‘’ ›‹‡Ž†• ƒ† ƒ ‘’—–ƒ„Ž‡
‡‡”ƒŽ “—‹Ž‹„”‹— ȋ
Ȍ ‘†‡Ž –‘
•‹—Žƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ …Šƒ‰‹‰ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ›‹‡Ž†• ‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡…‘‘‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† –‘‘Ž„‘š ˆ‘”
…‘—–”›™‹†‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š—•‡”ƒ—ƒŽǡ–—–‘”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†•ƒ’Ž‡†ƒ–ƒ‹
ʹͲͳͳƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–‹–™‘…‘—–”‹‡•‹ˆ”‹…ƒǤŠ‡‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›‹•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ•–—†›
…‘†—…–‡†„› ǡ–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š–Š‡‘”Ž†ƒƒ†‘”‘……‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ–‘ƒ••‡••–Š‡‹’ƒ…–
‘ˆ…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡‘‘”‘……ƒƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‡•–—†›…‘˜‡”•ˆ‹ˆ–›…”‘’•ǡƒŒ‘”ƒ‰”‘‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽœ‘‡•ǡƒ†
…Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ •…‡ƒ”‹‘•Ǥ ‘” …‘’Ž‡–‡ †‘…—‡– ˜‹•‹–ǣ                          Ǥ
™™™Ǥˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ”Ȁ…Ž‹’ƒ‰Ȁ’—„Ȁ ̴‘”Ž†ƒ̴–—†›̴̴‘”‘……‘̴ʹͲͲͺǤ’†ˆ

38
LocalClimateEstimateTool
Š‡‘…ƒŽŽ‹ƒ–‡•–‹ƒ–‡‘‘Žȋ‡™̴Ž‘…Ž‹Ȍǡ‹•ƒ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡’”‘‰”ƒƒ††ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡•‡•–‹ƒ–‡•
‘ˆƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡…Ž‹ƒ–‹……‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ–ƒ›Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘‘‡ƒ”–Š„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǤŠ‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡
…ƒ…”‡ƒ–‡…Ž‹ƒ–‹…ƒ’•ǡ‡š–”ƒ…–†ƒ–ƒ‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆ‘”ƒ–•ˆ”‘–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”’”‘…‡••‹‰ƒ†
…ƒ†‹•’Žƒ›‰”ƒ’Š••Š‘™‹‰–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ…›…Ž‡‘ˆ‘–ŠŽ›…Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ†–Š‡…”‘’…ƒŽ‡†ƒ”ǤŠ‡–‘‘Ž’”‘˜‹†‡•
‰”‘™‹‰•‡ƒ•‘…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ…‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒ’‘–”ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
‡•–‹ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‘–ŠŽ›ǡͳͲǦ†ƒ›ƒ††ƒ‹Ž›˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ…‘‘…Ž‹ƒ–‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǤŠ‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡‹…Ž—†‡•–Š‡
…—””‡–—’†ƒ–‡†˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡‘ˆƒŽ‘•–͵ͲͲͲͲ•–ƒ–‹‘•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ǡ„—–—•‡”•…ƒ
ƒŽ•‘’”‘…‡••–Š‡‹”‘™†ƒ–ƒƒ†’”‡’ƒ”‡ƒ’•ƒ–ƒ›•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ‘’—–‡”ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘‰”ƒ•
ȋ‹‹…”‘•‘ˆ–š…‡ŽȌƒ”‡‹…Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡Ǧ–‘Š‡Ž’•‹’Ž‹ˆ›…‘’Ž‡š…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
……‡••ƒ††‘™Ž‘ƒ†–Š‡–‘‘Žƒ–ǣ™™™Ǥˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ”Ȁ…Ž‹’ƒ‰Ȁ†ƒ–ƒ̴ͷ̴‡Ǥƒ•’

FarmAdaptiveDynamicOptimization(FADO)
ƒ” †ƒ’–‹˜‡ ›ƒ‹… ’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ȋ Ȍ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ ƒ …‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› –Šƒ– Š‡Ž’• –‘
‹†‡–‹ˆ›ǡƒƒŽ›œ‡ƒ†’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡–Š‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡”‡Žƒ–‡†˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†”‹••ƒ†‘’–‹‹œ‡–Š‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘
’”ƒ…–‹…‡•–‘‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›”‡•’‘†–‘…Ž‹ƒ–‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†…Šƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š…‘„‹‡•–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ
…Ž‹ƒ–‡†ƒ–ƒƒ†‘†‡”†ƒ–ƒ–”ƒ•‹••‹‘ƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•‘—”…‡•ˆ‘””‡ƒŽǦ–‹‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‹’ƒ…–•Ǥ–
’”‘˜‹†‡• ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• –‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‘’–‹‘• ˆ‘” ˆƒ” †‡…‹•‹‘ ƒ‹‰ –‘ ƒƒ‰‡ –Š‡ ”‹•• ƒ†
‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ƒ– –Š‡ ˆƒ” Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ Š‡ ˆ‘—” ƒŒ‘” …‘’‘‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› ƒ”‡ǣ ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰
‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘Ž‘…ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ǯ†‡…‹•‹‘’”‘„Ž‡•ǡƒƒŽ›•‹‰–Š‡˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‡”‹••
–‘‘’–‹‹œ‡–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘’–‹‘•ǡ†‡…‹†‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘’”ƒ…–‹…‡•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘Ž‘…ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘
ƒ† ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ Ž‘…ƒŽ ƒ…–‹‘ „› …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‰ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• –‘
ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ
††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ǣ™™™Ǥˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ”Ȁ…Ž‹’ƒ‰Ȁƒ™̴ͷ̴‡Ǥƒ•’

FAORainFallEstimateRoutine
 ƒ‹ ƒŽŽ •–‹ƒ–‡ ȋ Ǧ Ȍ ˆ‘” ˆ”‹…ƒ ‹• ƒ ‡™ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ‡–Š‘† –‘ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ
ƒ‘—–ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›ǡˆ‘”…‡”–ƒ‹”‡‰‹‘•™Š‡”‡–Š‡…‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”•–ƒ–‹‘•‹••…ƒ”…‡Ǥ  ‹•
„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‡–‡‘•ƒ–‡…‘†
‡‡”ƒ–‹‘…Šƒ‡Ž…‘„‹‡†™‹–Š†ƒ–ƒ…‘‹‰ˆ”‘ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ
ˆ‘”‡…ƒ•–‘†‡Žƒ†ǤŽ‘…ƒŽ…ƒŽ‹„”ƒ–‹‘‹•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†—•‹‰–Š‡‰”‘—†‰ƒ—‰‡•ǡ†‹”‡…–Ž›
”‡…‡‹˜‡† ƒ•  ‡••ƒ‰‡• ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” ƒ †ƒ–ƒ ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Ǧ  ‘ˆˆ‡”• ͳͲǦ†ƒ› ƒ† ‘–ŠŽ› ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ
–‘–ƒŽ• ˆ‘” ™Š‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹…ƒ ƒ† ˆ‘” ˆ‘—” ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǧ  ‹• –Šƒ– ‹– …ƒ „‡
‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ƒ–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž–‘‹’”‘˜‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‡•–‹ƒ–‡’”‘˜‹†‡†„›ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–‡‘”‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‡”˜‹…‡•Ǥ
‹•‘™•—’’‘”–‹‰–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›–‘—†ƒ‡–‡‘”‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ‰‡‘‡–™‘”͵Ǥˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ…Ž‹’ƒ‰Ȁ Ǧ Ǥ’Š’

CLIMPAG

 ȋŽ‹ƒ–‡ ‹’ƒ…– ‘ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ȍ ‹• ƒ ™‡„ ’‘”–ƒŽ „”‹‰‹‰ –‘‰‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ•’‡…–• ƒ†
‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”ǡ…Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‹–Š‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›Ǥ
…‘–ƒ‹•
†ƒ–ƒǡƒ’•ǡ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†–‘‘Ž•ˆ‘”„‡––‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ†ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
‘ˆ ™‡ƒ–Š‡” ƒ† …Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‘ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ ™‡„ ’‘”–ƒŽ …‘˜‡”• •‹š ƒŒ‘” –Š‡ƒ–‹… ƒ”‡ƒ•ǣ ƒ†˜‹…‡ ƒ†
™ƒ”‹‰•ǡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ǡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•ǡ †ƒ–ƒ ƒ† ƒ’•ǡ Š‘–•’‘–• ƒ† ƒ–—”ƒŽ †‹•ƒ•–‡”•Ǥ •‡”
ˆ”‹‡†Ž› †”‘’Ǧ†‘™ ‡— ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ……‡•• –‘ ƒŽŽ ’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ –‘‘Ž• ƒ† ‡–Š‘†• ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘ ƒŽŽ –Š‡
–Š‡ƒ–‹…ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
Š‡’‘”–ƒŽ…ƒ„‡ƒ……‡••‡†ƒ–ǣ™™™Ǥˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ”Ȁ…Ž‹’ƒ‰Ȁ

39
EmergencyPreventionSystemforTransboundaryAnimalandPlantPestsand
Diseases(EMPRES)
”‘–‡…–‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ‹ƒŽƒ†’Žƒ–†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ǡ’‡•–•ƒ†ˆ‘‘†•ƒˆ‡–›–Š”‡ƒ–•ƒ†’”‡˜‡–‹‰–Š‡‹”•’”‡ƒ†
‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡›• –‘ ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰ Š—‰‡”ǡ ƒŽ—–”‹–‹‘ ƒ† ’‘˜‡”–›Ǥ Š‡ ‡”‰‡…› ”‡˜‡–‹‘ ›•–‡•
ȋȌ Šƒ• –Š‡ ƒ†ƒ–‡ –‘ ƒ††”‡•• ’”‡˜‡–‹‘ ƒ† ‡ƒ”Ž› ™ƒ”‹‰ ƒ…”‘•• –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ˆ‘‘† …Šƒ‹Ǥ –•
‹••‹‘‹•–‘’”‘‘–‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡…‘–ƒ‹‡–ƒ†…‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–•‡”‹‘—•‡’‹†‡‹…’‡•–•ǡ†‹•‡ƒ•‡•
ƒ† ˆ‘‘† •ƒˆ‡–› –Š”‡ƒ–• –Š”‘—‰Š ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ‡ƒ”Ž› ™ƒ”‹‰ǡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ”‡ƒ…–‹‘ǡ
‡ƒ„Ž‹‰”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡƒ†…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‹•†‘‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•›•–‡•ǣ
x ‹ƒŽ‡ƒŽ–Šǣƒ‹ƒŽ†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰ƒ“—ƒ–‹…ƒ‹ƒŽ†‹•‡ƒ•‡•
x Žƒ–”‘–‡…–‹‘ǣ’Žƒ–’‡•–•ƒ††‹•‡ƒ•‡•‹…Ž—†‹‰†‡•‡”–Ž‘…—•–ƒ†ˆ‘”‡•–’Žƒ–’‡•–•
ƒ††‹•‡ƒ•‡•
x  ‘‘†ƒˆ‡–›
Š‡’‘”–ƒŽ…ƒ„‡ƒ……‡••‡†ƒ–ǣwww.fao.org/foodchain/prevention-and-early-warning/en/

DisasterRiskReduction(DRR)programme
Žƒ—…Š‡†ƒ’”‘‰”ƒ‡‹ʹͲͲ͵ˆ‘…—•‹‰‘–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆŽ‘…ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‹†‹•ƒ•–‡””‹•”‡†—…–‹‘
ȋȌǤ–ƒ††”‡••‡•ƒ•ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ƒƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ ƒ• ‡–”› ’‘‹–Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ‡ ƒ••‹•–• …‘—–”‹‡• ‹ –Š‡‹” ‡ˆˆ‘”–• –‘™ƒ”†• „‡––‡” ’Žƒ‡†ǡ
Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡” †‹•ƒ•–‡” ”‹• ’”‡˜‡–‹‘ ƒ† ’”‡’ƒ”‡†‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡ ”‘‘– …ƒ—•‡• ‘ˆ
˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆŽ‘…ƒŽ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•–‘ƒ–—”ƒŽŠƒœƒ”†•‹ƒ†‡ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹˜‡ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡™ƒ›Ǥ
Š‡’‘”–ƒŽ…ƒ„‡ƒ……‡••‡†ƒ–ǣ
™™™Ǥˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‡‡”‰‡…‹‡•Ȁ…—””‡–Ǧˆ‘…—•Ȁ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǧˆ‘”Ǧ†‹•ƒ•–‡”Ǧ”‹•Ǧƒƒ‰‡‡–Ȁ‡Ȁ

EXACT
Ǧ ‹• ƒ Žƒ†Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ……‘—–‹‰ •›•–‡ǡ ‡ƒ•—”‹‰  •–‘…• ƒ† •–‘… …Šƒ‰‡• ’‡” —‹– ‘ˆ Žƒ†ǡ
‡š’”‡••‡†‹–2‡ȀŠƒƒ†›‡ƒ”ǤŠ‹•‡šǦƒ–‡Ǧ„ƒŽƒ…‡ƒ’’”ƒ‹•ƒŽ™‹ŽŽ‰—‹†‡–Š‡’”‘Œ‡…–†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••
ƒ† –Š‡ †‡…‹•‹‘ ƒ‹‰ ‘ ˆ—†‹‰ ƒ•’‡…–•ǡ …‘’Ž‡‡–‹‰ –Š‡ —•—ƒŽ ‡šǦƒ–‡ ‡…‘‘‹… ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ
‹˜‡•–‡–• ’”‘Œ‡…–•Ǥ Ǧ ™‹ŽŽ ‹ ˆƒ…– Š‡Ž’ ’”‘Œ‡…– †‡•‹‰‡”• –‘ •‡Ž‡…– ’”‘Œ‡…– ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”
„‡‡ˆ‹–•„‘–Š‹‡…‘‘‹…ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘–‡”•ƒ†‹–•‘—–’—–…‘—Ž†„‡—•‡†‹ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ
ƒ† ‡…‘‘‹… ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡…–•Ǥ – ‹• ƒ ‡ƒ•› –‘‘Ž –‘ „‡ —•‡† ‹ –Š‡ …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ‡šǦƒ–‡
’”‘Œ‡…–Ȁ’”‘‰”ƒ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹– ‹• …‘•– ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ǡ ‹– ”‡“—‹”‡• ƒ ‹‹— ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ †ƒ–ƒǡ ƒ† ‹– Šƒ•
”‡•‘—”…‡•ȋ–ƒ„Ž‡•ǡƒ’•Ȍ™Š‹…Š…ƒŠ‡Ž’ˆ‹†‹‰–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡“—‹”‡†–‘”—–Š‡‘†‡ŽǤŽ•‘ǡǦ
™‘”•ƒ–’”‘Œ‡…–Ž‡˜‡Ž„—–‹–…ƒ‡ƒ•‹Ž›„‡—’Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡†ƒ–’”‘‰”ƒ‡Ȁ•‡…–‘”Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ
Š‡’‘”–ƒŽ…ƒ„‡ƒ……‡••‡†ƒ–ǣ™™™Ǥˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ†‘…•Ȁ—’Ȁ‡ƒ•›’‘ŽȀ͹͸ͺȀ‡šǦƒ…–̴ˆŽ›‡”Ǧ‘˜ͲͻǤ’†ˆ

MASSCOTE
‹•ƒ•–‡’Ǧ™‹•‡’”‘…‡†—”‡ˆ‘”ƒ—†‹–‹‰’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ƒ†
‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆƒ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡‹‘”†‡”–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ‘†‡”‹œƒ–‹‘’ŽƒǤŠ‡
‘†‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ ’Žƒ …‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽǡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽǡ ƒ† ƒƒ‰‡”‹ƒŽ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘• –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ ™ƒ–‡”
†‡Ž‹˜‡”›•‡”˜‹…‡•–‘ƒŽŽ—•‡”•ƒ†…‘•–‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥƒ••…‘–‡‹•ˆ‘—†‡†
‘ƒ”‹‰‘”‘—•‘•‹–‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ™ƒ–‡”‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ȋ…ƒƒŽ•ƒ†‡–™‘”•Ȍƒ†‹–”‘†—…‡•
•‡”˜‹…‡‘”‹‡–‡†ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ•ƒ‘”ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ǥ
††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ǣ™™™Ǥˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ”Ȁ™ƒ–‡”Ȁ–‘’‹…•̴‹””‹‰̴ƒ••…‘–‡ǤŠ–Ž

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AquaCrop
“—ƒ”‘’‹•–Š‡ …”‘’Ǧ‘†‡Ž–‘•‹—Žƒ–‡›‹‡Ž†”‡•’‘•‡–‘™ƒ–‡”‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽŠ‡”„ƒ…‡‘—•…”‘’•Ǥ–‹•
†‡•‹‰‡†–‘„ƒŽƒ…‡•‹’Ž‹…‹–›ǡƒ……—”ƒ…›ƒ†”‘„—•–‡••ǡƒ†‹•’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›•—‹–‡†–‘ƒ††”‡••…‘†‹–‹‘•
™Š‡”‡™ƒ–‡”‹•ƒ‡›Ž‹‹–‹‰ˆƒ…–‘”‹…”‘’’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ“—ƒ”‘’‹•ƒ…‘’ƒ‹‘–‘‘Žˆ‘”ƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡
‘ˆ—•‡”•ƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•‹…Ž—†‹‰›‹‡Ž†’”‡†‹…–‹‘—†‡”…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡•…‡ƒ”‹‘•Ǥ“—ƒ”‘’‹•ƒ‹Ž›
‹–‡†‡†ˆ‘”’”ƒ…–‹–‹‘‡”••—…Šƒ•–Š‘•‡™‘”‹‰ˆ‘”‡š–‡•‹‘•‡”˜‹…‡•ǡ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽƒ‰‡…‹‡•ǡ
•ǡ
ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹†•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ–‹•ƒŽ•‘‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•––‘•…‹‡–‹•–•ƒ†ˆ‘”–‡ƒ…Š‹‰’—”’‘•‡•ǡƒ•
ƒ–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†‡†—…ƒ–‹‘–‘‘Ž”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹†‡–‡”‹‹‰…”‘’’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ
††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ǣ™™™Ǥˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ”Ȁ™ƒ–‡”Ȁƒ“—ƒ…”‘’ǤŠ–Ž

TECA
 ‹• ƒ  ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ –Šƒ– ƒ‹• ƒ– ‹’”‘˜‹‰ ƒ……‡•• –‘ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ •Šƒ”‹‰ ƒ„‘—–
’”‘˜‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‡Šƒ…‡ –Š‡‹” ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‹ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡ Ž‹˜‡•–‘…ǡ ˆ‹•Š‡”‹‡• ƒ† ˆ‘”‡•–”›
–Š—• ƒ††”‡••‹‰ ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–›ǡ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ǡ ’‘˜‡”–› ƒŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ 
ƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‡•™‡„Ǧ„ƒ•‡†…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘–‘‘Ž•–‘„‡––‡”†‘…—‡–ǡ•Šƒ”‡‰‘‘†’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ƒ†…—•–‘‹œ‡
‹–• —•‡ –‘ ‡ƒ…Š —•‡”ǯ• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•Ǥ – ‹• ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡ǡ ƒ† Šƒ• ƒ ‰”‡ƒ– ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ Ž‹ƒ‰‡•
ƒ‘‰‡š–‡•‹‘•–ƒˆˆǡ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ǡˆƒ”‡”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ǣ™™™Ǥˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ–‡…ƒ

FAOBestPracticesPortal
Š‡ ‡•–”ƒ…–‹…‡•‡„•‹–‡’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ•—ƒ”‹‡•–Šƒ–‹–”‘†—…‡•‘‡„‡•–’”ƒ…–‹…‡•‹
̵• ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”–‹•‡Ǥ – ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡• Ž‹• –‘ ˆ—”–Š‡” ”‡•‘—”…‡• ™‹–Š •—’’‘”–‹‰ –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‹˜‹†‡† „› –Š‡‡Ǥ Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ†‘’–‡† •—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› ‹ ‘”‡
–Šƒ‘‡”‡‰‹‘ƒ†ƒ”‡‹–‡”†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ǡ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‰–Š‡…‘’Ž‡šƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ††”‡••‡†Ǥ
‡•–”ƒ…–‹…‡•‘”–ƒŽǣ™™™Ǥˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ„‡•–’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Ȁ‹†‡š̴‡ǤŠ–

WOCAT
Š‡ ‘”Ž† ˜‡”˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡• ƒ† ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ȋȌ ‹• ƒ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ
‡–™‘”‘ˆ‘‹Žƒ†ƒ–‡”‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ȋȌ•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ…‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Žƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–
ȋȌǤ ǯ• ‰‘ƒŽ ‹• –‘ ’”‡˜‡– ƒ† ”‡†—…‡ Žƒ† †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š  –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹”
‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•ǤŠ‡‡–™‘”’”‘˜‹†‡•–‘‘Ž•–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›ˆ‹‡Ž†•ƒ†
‡‡†•‘ˆƒ…–‹‘ǡ•Šƒ”‡–Š‡‹”˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡‹Žƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ–Šƒ–ƒ••‹•––Š‡‹–Š‡‹”•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘”
ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡  –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ† ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– •—’’‘”– –Š‡ ‹ ƒ‹‰ †‡…‹•‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†
ƒ†ƒ––Š‡’Žƒ‹‰Ž‡˜‡Žƒ†‹—’Ǧ•…ƒŽ‹‰‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†„‡•–’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Ǥ
††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ǣ™™™Ǥ™‘…ƒ–Ǥ‘”‰

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla
00153 Rome, Italy
www.fao.org/climatechange
climate-change@fao.org