COQIIHEIIIH

llOJIHhI8 nepeBO):{bI, npoBtpeHHbIB no nOBJIt):{HJfM'b

3nrJIiReKIIM'L Jf3):{3niHM'b.

IIo,:J;'b o6metl:

pe;:(aK:u;ietl:

H. A.

Py68RHH8.

OOHOBAHIH BIOJIOrI]2[.
IIEPEBEJI'b C1> AHrJIUICKArO 1I3.n;AHI.H1898 r.

B. A. rEPAb.

TOMr:b I.

II3L\AHIE CITB.

C.-IIETEPBYPI''b. ARIJ;IOH. OBm. ITE'IATHArO

Hencxra rrpocnem-s, 1899.

.n;'BJIA "II3.n;ATE'JI b".

;M 68-40.

TlliiOrPA<l>IlI

CIIB

AKl\IOH

OBIlI

IIE'IATHArO ,ll,

Il:'BJIA

"II 3.ll ATE

JI b"

ROBEHCmfi

IIEP,

M 14.

o rnaaneaie
Hpeaacaoaie Hpeaacaosie asropa
8BTopa it'D :R'b npOCMoTptBHOllY

nepaaro TOMa
6iollOriH.
CTP.

OCHOBaHiu

uepaoay

BBllaHilO

11 ,J,OUO.lIHeIlHOIdY 11.1;\aHIIO 1898 r. 1864 r. . . . :01. • .

Hl.
VI,

[I ACT
)l1!.HHhlH

I.

oleaorln.
. . .' . . •. CTeueHH COOTsilT-

I'aaaa

"

" "

1. OpJ'aHHQeCK3H aarepia . . . . . • . . . . II. .Jl,illlcTllie eIU'b na OpralmQecKYIO ll!l.1'epilO .. III. Bo;wMcl'Bie opraaaseonou M3Tepin na cnJlbl III, A. Me'fa6oJlIl3M'D. • • • • .' • . • . • • .

21 31

IV. V.
VI.

IIpn6Jl.H3B'fe.lbHoe COO'fBtTcTBie YpoBeBh )KnaBB

IJOHH'fie Me)KIlY lIBMtHlierCH neMeB'l'b • . . .

0 )KH3HH.. Bell

lIt1l3BhlO

OIlPYlK31OIIl,Hll'D

41 51 5~; ',-0
(jJ.

crnia
,lI;1IB3MH'IeCKiii 6ioJloril1 06.mCTb

corxacao ........
)K1IaBB. . . • •

C'D B3J.l1meHleM'L

" "

VII.

VI. A.

7.'3

q ACT

II.

" " "

" "
" "

II. II. III. IV. V. VI. VI. VII. VIII. ,IX.

_~.

I. P.)CT'l>.
Pa3BBTie..

• .

83
!hJ

A. Crpoeaie Ornpaareaie Tpa'fa B uoaooaonaeaie. Ilpacuoeodraaaocrs. ..

RB)l.BBB)!,Y8J1bHOC1'h reHe3IlC'D. 1I3MtH'IIlBOCTh. rene3IlC'D, • . • . . . • . ...•• . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 11 1l8M1iH'lllliOCTI . . . . .

11;'

A. JKH3Hb H pa3MHolf(enie
HaCJIt,ll,cTBenHocTb.

lI.d;n!!!

129 137 14'; 15l

:~o

" "

"

naCJIt)!,cTBeliHocTh

11'1 l!ll~ 202

leI

"

A A. " XI KJIacc 1l(IJIlKa~iH. XII Pacnpejraaeate

"""
.••.•. opraHB3MOIl'L

(raaaa

3alUIOQH1e.~bHaJl) • • • • • •

2~!)

2H

239

aBO.JIwD,ia
rAReR »

lJAC'fL
mUIIHD.

III. 250 251 258 264 268 278

283

"

"

"
"

.,
"
» »

"

VII. VIII. IX. X. Xl. XII XIII. XIV. XIV.

VI.

1. Bnareaio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. 06I1l,iii BHr.IIHfl'b aa rauoreay crrerna.n.aaro rsopeaia III. 06uliii 03r.IIHII,'b Ha I'IIUOTesy a no'[(o n;I0.. . . . • • IV. AOlla.la reascrua OWb II.JIaCcntilllRan;in . V. ,lI.oIl8aaTe.IIhCTBa 1I3'b 1l!T6pio!lorill. ..
,lI.oKaaaTeJfbCTBa Ha'h ~p1Jo.IIorio.. .• ,lI.O(;8allTe.IIhCTOa n~'b pacnpeas.renia ..

RalloBhl

Kocueaaoe ypaeaou-hurauauie

npn'lIlBhl opr anasecaoa ano.noniu . Brrhumie tiJallTophl Bayrpeaaie iflallTOphl. , , . . , Ilps soe ypaBHoBilllBBBHie •. , ,

..

COBlItcTB ~tiicTBie 1JaItTOPOIl'b COOD811,eHie IllaaRTenCTB'I.. ~ .. A. TIo311,BtiiIIlBa spwraaa H ranoreasr

290 295 299 305 310 322 325 328

IIpu.'1omeHia.
839 IIpJlllomeHie A. 061l1iil 38ROH'b IlJOI\OBIl'fOC'fU lKBIlOTHhlX'b. • . . • • B. Heaoc "aT<qHOC'Ib (,C'feCTBeHBarO nO,ll6opa etc , etc. . . 360 » C. YHRC.. romnie 1JYUItlJ,iOH8.lIbHO DplJqDHeHHblX'b IJJlA(JJI:JlIimeHiil. Cnoma, 440 » D. 0 lIony,.,eBiH .rrpoll:lBOJlhH8rO aapolKi\eRiH" JI 0 rnn01e&t iJ!BsioJlorJl., 'lec} BX'b ell,lIl1Hn;'b . • . • •. ,............. 444-'7%6

IIpe.IJ:I1GJIOBle

asropa R'b rrpOGMOTptHHOMY

11

.IJ:OrrOJIHeHHOMY 113.IJ:aHiro
BhlCTpbrfi sa HaAilJlTbCJl IllIIPOKOl\I'b rrporpecc'D,.

1898

rO.IJ:a.
ClIJIbHte scero B'b ero

naysa

BO BCtX'b O{).JlaCTllX'I>aaaaia HMtIOm;ee

rrOCJIil,ll,Hee rroKoJIilHie

CKaSaKC.II B'b

OO.JIaCTH Biozoria. 1I03TOMY HeJIbSJl )(ilJIO C'I> BiOJIorieii: O,ll,HaKO conepacaaie KaSaJIOCb

C,!I,tJIaTb HaCTOHm,ee CO'lHHeHie, CMbICJIil CJI{)Ba, BIIOJIHt oOpaaOM'b

COCTaBJIJlIOT'brJIaBHbIM'b p;ame C'b TtM'b

Ocnooauill Bioaoria
MIlil

COSpeM(lIlHbIM'b.

H nOToMY ,lI,oBecTH HX'b BOSMOm:HbUl'b pacnoaararo. ,lI,ByX'b To, HS,lI,aHiJl.

HSJIOJKeHie ,lI,0 cOBpeMeIlH1IX'b HeOOJIbmIIM'b , qaCTO Me,ll,JIeHHO parioraa JItT'I> rrpHrOTOBIIJI'b tITO ObIJIO AOnOJIIleHO qecKifi JIeHHoe

IIpe,ll,CTaBJIeIlifi

OCTaTKOM'b CIU'b,

KOTOP1IMD Jl eute nOC.lIilJ(IlJlrO

npepasaeasra

aesaopoaseas,

.II BD reseaie

3TOT'I> nepnua

T01I'I> ,lI,.JIJlero

OKaSRJIOCb HeOOXO,ll,HMbIM'b C,lI,tJIaTb MHOrO'lHCJIeHHbIJl

,lI,OOaBJIeIliJl.

uepnouaaaasuo nauacaao
HOBOll l'JIaBoii: 0

0 JKlISHeHHbIX'b IIo,ll,'b rJIaBY, BD

IIsM'BJIeIli.IIxD aaraaaiesrs ,lI,tJIaeT'b H3,l1,aHilI

xarepia,
")J.lIHaMHYCTaHoBHt· ycrpaHeHD 1I3JIOmeHie rrocJIil,ll,II PasMHOIO 3TOii:

"MeTaOOJIllsMt".

3JIeMeHT'b JKHSHII"

H npmiaaa.rs "CTpoeHill"

xoropas

paufie nouarie

0 jKI13HH OOJIte

ap;3l1:BaTHbIMD. IlpIIOaBJIeHieM'b HaCTOJlm;eMb II3,l1,allifi. JIlJ;pt,

CKOJIbKIIX'b CTpaHlIIJ;'I> 0 OP;IIH'I> H3'I> rrpootJIOB'b 'l'tX'h nee npexa

rrpe,ll,meCTBOBaBIIIlIX'TMHKpOCKOrrO~l'b,

Epassoe
"jRll3Hh MbICJIlI II

Y.1UlBIITeJIbHbIX'I> HBJIeHifi

BD KJItTO'lHOM'I>

KOTOPhlH sa coopaHbI

paeapsirsr
KJItTKII". IIS'b

c,n;ilJIaHO B'b rJIaBt

lIIHom:eHie HtIWTOPbIe rJIaBt B'b !'JIaBt

,n;aJIbHilfimill "reHe3IICD,

,n;OKaaaT8JIbCTBa II

B'b .lJ;OORBJIeHHOfi!',,'IaBt HaM'BHeHbI H

HaCJItlJ;CTBeHHOCTb

ITsMilH'lIIBOCTb"; H3,l1,aHiI , I rzaaa BD

B3I'JIRAOB'b, BbICKaSaHHbIX'I> BD rrepBOMb

paaaarsr. nauacaaa

Pa3JIH'lHbIll II IlO'lTIi paRte

COBpeMeHHbIH Y'leHiJl HaIWHeIJ;'b, HOBblX'b

paacaorpsasr
",n;OBO).l,bI BKJIIO-

"HoBtfirnaH

KpIITHKa

rHIIOTe3bI". aaHOBO. B'b ¢Opllt

1I8'b :mopfoJIoriH" MeHbCUiJl 'leHHblX'b Ern.e HlIX'b Bb

BCTaBKH cAt.rraHbI

uaparpaqioas , §§ 130a B'b HSD

§~8a,

cym,eCTBOBaBmiJI

§ 46a,

§ 87a,

§ 100a,

§ 113a,

raasu

nOlJ;'b CJItp;yIOm;l[~IH

noaepaaa:

§ 127a,

BOd.
npezsHlIXo

HaAO yrroMHHyTb H3p;aHiHX'b,

0 MHOrOqHCJIe'lHbIX'b,

OTCYTCTBOBaBmllXb HtKOTOPblJI

uoacrposauxe

rrpHMtqaHiflX'bj

IY

TIPE)I,IIUJIOBlE.

HMinOTL saasenie. lIs'll rpexs npnOaBJIeHHI>IX'b B'b 3TOM'b HS,lI,aHllI ",lI,ono.1Hemfi" ,lI,Ba caMI>IJI ,lI,JIlIHHI>IJI, OblJIlI yme panfie HannCaHI>I B'b,llpyrOM'b BU,lI,t~ KPOMt 3TnX'b rJIaBHbIX'b HSMimeHiil, npamaocs C,lI,tJIaTb nonpaasa, OKaaaemiacs HeooxO,ll,HMbIMH npa caa OM'll nepecaorpf TeKCTa. ;~JIJI BhlnOJIHeHiJl 3TOfi: paOOTLI OWla nyarna uoaoms. Ilpasaa, MHOriJI lIS'll nonpasom, HBlIJlHCb CJIt,ll,cTBieM'b ,lI,aJIbHtMmaro HSCJIt,ll,OBaHiJI H OO,ll,YMlIBaHiJI sonpoeoss O,ll,HaKO SHaTIIITeJIbHO OOJJbmaJl HX'b TIaCTb BLISBaHa KpHTHqeCKIIMlI saMtqaHiJIMlI cneniaaacroae. nOMOIn;.bIO KOTOPI>IX'li JI nMtJI'li csacrse BOCnOJIbSOBaTbCJ{" Kam,ll,l>IH: HS'b HnX'li BSIIJI'b aa ceoJl Tpy,ll,'b npocaorpsrs ror-s OT•, • IT e!. ).ilJI'li, EOTOPLlil: COOTBtTcTBOBaJI'li ero Cnen;laJIbHOCTH. ':laCTb, OUHHMaIOm;all l~aRThl OpraHHqeCIWH: XlIMiH II oJIlIsRie R'b HeM npe,ll,MeThl, OhlJIa npOCMOrptHa W. H. P e r kin, Ph. D., F. R. S., npoeeccopoas OpraHHqeCKOH: XHMilI B'li Owens College, B'b Manaecrepn. MoplfloJIoriJI II 1fl1ISioJIoriJI pacTeHifi: 6hlJJa nposaraaa A. G. Tansley, M . .A., T. L. S., accHCTeHT'li-npO_ 4>eccOpOM'li oOTaHlIRH B'b University College B'b JIOH,lI,OHt. HpHTHqeCKHMII aaMtlJaHiJlMH B'li ooncTH Mop<PoJIoriH mHBOTHhlX'b JI OOJISaH'I. E. W. Mac Bride, M • .A. Fellow St. John's College B'b H3M6pH,lI,mt, npolfleccopy sOOJJOriH B'b Mc Gill University B'b )ioHTpeaJIt H J. T. Cunningham M: A., late Fellow University College B'b OKclflopd. Mtc~ra me, OTHOCJll:n;iJICH E'b IflnsioJIoriH .mHBOTHI>IX'I>, pos'spean n W. B. H a r d y M. A. Fellow B'I> Gonville and Cains College B'b R~MOpH,lI,mt, ,lI,eMoHcTpaTopy !f!1Isioaoria B'I> YHlIBepcHTeTt. Bs T1>X'b cJIYlJaJIx'b, r,n;t OTKPLITiJI, C,lI,tJIaHHhlJl nocJlt 1864 roza, ,n;tJIaJIlI Heooxo]J,HMLIM'I> nSMtHeHiJI TeKCTa nYTeM'b nponrCR3, nepe,n;tJIOK'b HJIH npatianaenia, Bl>ImeynOMJIHyTl>IJI JIHn;a CHaOmaJIH MeHJI HeOoxO,ll,HMI>IMHYKasaHiJIMlI.

3a lICKJIroqeHieM'I> HalJaJIbBlIX'I> crpaamrs, nMiHOIn;HX'I> ,n;tJIOC'b lJaCTHJ>lMH 4>aKTaMlI lIS'I> Op1'a~HlJeCROfi xasia (BKJIIOqaJI H rJIaBY 0 MeTaOO.llHSMil), HII HOBLlJI, BH CTapl>IJI r.llaBbI He OI>IJIH uposaraasr BlImeynOMJIHYTLIMH JIHn;aMII B'b KoppeRTypHlIX'b JIIICTaX'b. OO'bJICBJleTCJI [lTO OTQaCTlI OOJlSHbIO 5JIO. ynoTpeoRTb HX'I> BJlell1eHeM'I> oonme, lJtll!.'1> 3TO npemoaaraaoes, OT'laCTlI HemeJIameM'b YC.JIOJRHJlTL Moefi COOCTBeHHOH paOOTLI. B'b TelJeHie scero BpeMeHH, KOr,ll,a JI nplIrOTOBJIJlJI'b 3TOT'b TOM'1>, exararrie n ero mJIO napSJIJIeJIbHO C'b aenpaaaeuiem., n JI OOJIJICJI rrpacoenanarr, R'I> Tpy,n;y, SaTpalJHBaeMOMY na npOCMOTP'I>, paOOTY no nepenncxf II oocym]J,eBiIO, Hens6tmHo coeaaneHHOMY {4'b npoureaiexs RoppeRTypHI>IX'I> JIHCTOB'b p.pyrlIMH JInnaMH-MHil J\YMaJIOCb, TITO JIYlJme pHCROBaTb MeJIRHMlI HeT01JHOCTj)MlIB'I> TeKC'lt, lJil!!'}, OCTaBHTb TOM'I> JleOKOHlIeHHI>IM'b, a O,ll,HO BpeMJI 3TO RaSaJIOCb BtPOJITHhlM'I>. .H c,n;tJIaJI'I> 3TO paasacaeaie, TaE'b RaK'b npa ero OTCYTCTBill KTO-JIROO lIS'li BhlmeYKaaaHHI>IX'I> YlJeBLIX'b MOr'b ObI OKaSaTLCJI OTBilTCTBeHHLlM'li sa QmnOKY, ROTOpaJl Bcen;tJIO npnHa,llJIemHT'I> MHt. Hap;o c,n;tJJaTl> eme O,n;HOnOJICHeHie. HaCTOJlIn;ee COlJHHeHie B'.bCBOeK'b TIepBOBalIaJIbHOM'1 Hsp;aBiu SaRJIlOlJaJIQ, RpOMt nSJIomeHiJI oOIn;enpUHJITI>IX'b B'li TO BpeMJI IICTRH'b, COCTaBJIJlIOIn;nX'I>OCHOBaHiB Ei9JIoriH, HilCROJIbROBSrJIJI,n;OB'b, OTHOClITeJIDHO ROTOPI>IX1>B'b TO BpeMJI B'I> Bioaoria Be CYIn;eCTBOBaJIOYCTaHOB.neHHLlX'I>MHtHHt. BtKoTOphle ns'b 3TIIX'b BSrJIJI,n;OD'b npioopll.ll1l C'I>TtX'l>

IIPEI(HClIOBIE.

nops pacnpocrpaaenie
HeHHOH qBT~TeJIH, B'L ,lI,pyrnx'b nOAYMaTb, BCTOqHHKlJ. ornocarereuo CO,ll,epmaHie <pOpM-B. 31'0

qaCTbIO

B'b HX'b

06CTOHTeJIbCl'BO BCTptqaJIHCb MOrJIH

MOmeT'L 6e3'L

nopnoaauaasuoa, nopoaars
C'L 1I3.lIaraeMbIMlI HaCTOJlm;arO

qaCTbIO B'L BSMtHe,ll,opasyMtHiJI. 3,l1,tCb B31.'JIJI,lI,aMlI

soropsre
E'L MoeK II03T(}MY

parrhe

COqHHeHiJlx'L,

ObI,

npeaocrepeaenia,
yaaaaaia TtX'L aa MtcTaX'L, YKRsaHiit,

HeBhIro,n;t,

qTO a

rrOJIbSYIOCb lIMlI

6es'L

Ha)l;O HMtTb KpOMt

B'L BlJ,n;y, qTO BO BCtX'L

EOTOPbIX'b He BSMtHeHO.

MHOIO He c,n;tJIaHO

rrpOTHBOnOJIOmHbIX'L

nonpaaoss, c.n;tJIaHIIbIX'L B'L nepsoaa-qaJIbHOM'L TeEcTt, ecrs MtCTRMU npaoamcaia <paKTOB'b HJIH YCHJIeHie .n;OKaSaTeJIbCTB'b; HO BO BCtX'L naparpatpaxs, soropae He 0003HMeHbI B'L npe,lI,HCJIosilI EaK'L HOBbIe, cymecrseaaua lIAeH-Tt me CaMhIJl, qTO 6bIJIH BbIcaaaaau B'b nepBOM.'b 113,l1,RHilI, T.
e.

B'b 1864:·M.'b

rO,ll,r.

Bpanrorrs, ABrycT'h, 1898.

IIpe)lJ1CnOBie anropa K'b nepsoxy M3J(aHiIO1864 r.

IJ:t.lI1 CTpHPYIOm;iJ.l BCTlIHbI paS'LHCHeHiJl ororo COQHHeHIJ.l-H3JIOjIUIT1 JIHIIIb 3aKOH'D 3BOJIIOIl,iH H RaK'D OO'bHCHJleMblJI BM'b; BCTlIH'D npa (Huxley) B'D TtX'D 06~HX'D. BbIllOJIHeHiH CJIyqaHX'D., paooTbI aoraa J.I osens oJIaro,l(apeH'D OHn JIHCTbI, MHt npodiee:MeHJl HeTt n ;n;ORTOpy XYKepy rrpOCMaTpHBaH (Hooker). CHaOmaJIH OKa3hlBaJBICb OTM'BQaJIH

o6~ijJ HCTHHbI Bioaoria, RUR'b HJIJIIDcneniaasnua me

,l(JIH

BXO;lVIT'D B'D Hero noaoms

nOCTOJIl>KY, nOCKOJIbKY ~TO Heo6xOABMO

3&
copy CBt,l(tIliHMH omHOKH, ,l(ihicTBie, H1I sa

reRCJIH

MOH

coocmeaaua

,lJ;OCTaTO'lHI>lMI1 OHli

1),

H,

soppearypasre

KOTOPblJI

Jl ;n;tJIa.nD

B'D ;n;eTaJIJIX'D. Olm3aBIIIH

3TO Il,-BHHOe coOTB'»TCTBeHHbIMD: He J.lB-

BO BCJ.lKOM'D CJIyqa,» lICTIIHalllH

He ;n;OJImHbI C'lHTaTDCJl B'D

o;n;HY 1I3'D Tilx'D

npOB03rJIamaeMhIX'D

3;n;tCb ;n;OKTpHH'b, ROTOPbIH

.BJlIOTCJI oom;enpHSHaHHblMlJ JIOH,nOH'b, 29 cenratipa

Bioaoria.

1864 ro.ra.

1) T'pytioe HCKa;J(eHie 8TOro M1:.cTa, xoropoe npexa OT'b npeuenn ,"'lb:Ja.lOCh, 3<1CTUBJIlleT'b xcna, B'b 3Ha'lHTeJIhHOH M1:.p1:. rrpOTIIB'b COOCTBeHHol'l: BOJIH, C,n1:.:rUTh3,"'l1:.Chpa3'bllCaeaie IIOCJI1:.,nHllll H3'b 8TllX'b nepenepaexr., .rorrynreaaaa B'b :reKI.\lII, rrpO'IHTaHHOl'l: B'b BSJIh<{lOCT1:. Rev Professor Watts D D. OhI.la aanesaraaa B'b "Belfast WItness" 18 ;{eKaOpJI 1874 rona, T e. KaK'b pas's B'b TO npeva, xor-na nesaraaocs rperi,e H3;J;aHle CO crapux» CTeppOTHnHhIX'b Jl:OCOK'b. Cratsa Ha'IHHaeTCJI ram.: "Dr Watts, VKa3aB'b, 'ITO Cneacep s no csoexy COOCTBeHHOllfYrrpH3HaHlIO OOJI3aH'b CBOII'HI WaKTU>III reKCJIII H I'yKepy, JWTOpbIe" II T ,"'l jIteJIall H B'b 8TOM'b c.'1Y'Ia1:., KaK'b II B'b .rpyraxr. npII3HaTb ceria OOll3aHHbIVI'b, xor.ra II 8TO Jl:1:.HcTBIITeJIhHO'IYBCTBY1O, II ynoTpeOIIJI'b BhlllIenpllBeAe!lJlbUI CJIOBa, 'lTOObl J Ka3aTb na TO, 'ITO >IHorO pas-s oripamaaca K'b 3HallieHIIThI>I'b cnemanacrav i, C1, nonpocavn rro T1:.M'b npeaverax's, xoropsre ObIJIH BH1:. >IOIIX'b n03HaHiH II 0 I,OTOPbIX'b II HII'lero He xor-r, HaHTII B'b KHIIraX'b, IIM1:.BIIIIIXCll B'b ,roeM'b pacnopaaceaia 3aObIBaJI npIIBhI'IRU CBOHX'b npOTHBHIIKOB'b H ocotienao rrpOTHBHIIKOB'b-TeOJIorOB'b, MH1:. H B'b rOJIOBY He npnXOJl:HJIO,'ITO >Ioe nsrpazceme o:rarO,"'lapHOCTH MOHM'b ;'1PY3hllM'b aa cooorueaie MH1:. CB1:..n1:.Hil'l: allf'b, r)l;1:. MOIl COOCTBeHHhlllOKa3hlBaJIHCh He.n:OCTaTO'IHhIMH, oy.n:eT'b npespameao T B'b cM1:.JIOeYTBeplR,neHie, 'ITO II IIM'b 06ll3aH'b CBOHMII tjJaKTa>IH EC:rH ObI npoeeccopr, Watts 3arJIllHYJI'b na rrpenacnome K'b IT rovy (oria roxa 6bI:rII II3;(aHbI OT.n:1:.JIhHO IIOTO'IY II CHaOlReHhI OCOOhlllfII rrpe.n:IICJIOBlJIMH),OH'b aanre.rs OhI II nropoe asrpaaceaie :lro@ir rrpnaaaTeJIhHOCTU"3a IIX'b n1:.HHY1OKPUTIIKY H aa TOT'b TPY;:('b, KOTOPhlil OHII ynoTpeOUJIII na npoerop%y MHOrO'IIIc:reHHhIX'b waETOB'b, aa KOTOPhIX'b OCHOBhlBa1OTCli ;:(ORa3aTe:rhCTBa" - HH'lTO He rOBopIIT'b 0 6O:rhllIe1!'b 3aUlIiCTBOBaHiII Cpanneme OOOIIX'b TO'IOB'b no KO:III'IeCTBY 3aK:rTO'Ia1Om:arOCH B'b HHX'b waKTII'IeCI,arO xarepr.aaa rrOKa3aJIO ObI npoqieccopy 'Watts y, KaIWrO pona nozrmeparneaie CBOHX'b TOJIKOBaHiJr Hal'l:):(eT'b OH'b B'b 3TOM'b rrpenac.roma Hecown-snrro. 'ITO JKeJIaHie .n:IICKpe,nIITupOBaTh CO'lIIHeHle, ua xoropoe OH'b aananazrs, noncrpexaao Rev Professor'a c;:(il:raTh nonooaoe yrsepatneme, n, KOHe'IHO, IHr:Bll TaK~ 10 npezpacrryro I11:.JIh, He CTOHJIO .n;YMaTh 0 cpe.tcraax's B'b HCKYC(,TBil 1I,e onepnpoaan, CO CJIOBaMll npOTHBHHKOB'b Y ;J;OKTopa Watts'a ecrr, '1e,jy rrOY'IIIThCll ;J;alRB 'troH(,IIHhOpy Capel II apxieuRcRony Manning'y .II:eKa6pll 28, 1874

o CHOB

A H I H E I 0 ] 0 r J H.

,n; AHH:bI5I B10 JI 0 rIM.

rJIABA

1.

Opr-atra-recrea.a MaTepia. § 1.
pa3YIOT'1 1I3'1 'Iempex'1 rima, TpH f.1IaBHbIX'h BJleMeHTOB'1, IWTOPbIC, 3J1eMeHTa BCtM'1 npn 06bI'IHbIX'1 a30T'1 06paTUT1 COC,J,HHJIJlC1MelK)J,y C0601O, 06a xernepMHOBbInpa coROTop1Ie B'1 rexenie lKHBWI YC.lIOBiJlX1> ra3006pa3HbI, 3TO raau, IIX'1 B'1 iRlr,n;Roe 0'leH1

milmx'1 pOJ:'1 -

Timo

rsepaoe,

RUCJlop0)J,'1, BO,n;OpO)J,'1II IIOIIbITRaM'1 )J,yrn.

JrBT'1 conpOTlIBJllIJlIIC1 TtJIO, OCTalO~eeCJI

COCTOliHie, a yrae;l,aBJleHill, B'1 lKlI;I,Koe

IIOCTOllHHO TBep,J,llM'1,

aa lICK.llO'leHieM'1 llYTeu rasa 'ITO

~lOlKeT'1 611'1'1 caM1lXb ClIJl1HarO (KaR'1

CORIIX'1 reaneparypi, croaaie Tan lI3]' II

BJIeRTpU'leCROII BaiRHOe caaraerca

TO.%RO !\IbI

O,J,HOBpeMeHHOM'1 OXJIaiK,n;eIIiu, TpU

BhIlIIeYIIOMllHYTbIe auaseuie. II3'1

611.'1.11 oripauteau BBOJIIOIl,ilI MaTepilI tPal\Ta, 'ITO

1).

BTO uMteT'1

3HaeM'b,

CTpyRTypHaa, a, c.['£)J,oIICXO)J,ll TIJla, oope-

!fJYHKIl,ioHa.JI1Halil MbI JIerKO

nepepacnperhreaia anaaenie roro

II )J,BII)I,eHili opraHlI'lecl\ia BeIll,eCTB'1, 'ITO caonersa B'1 ero

BUTe.11HO, Heo6xo;I,HMO aroro, l\OTOPbIll

rrpe)J,uo.'IaraeT'1 nofIMeM'1

nO)J,BJIiKHOCTb nepepacnpe)J,tJllleMbIX'1 aaseaia

e)l,IIUUIl,'1.

B'£pollTuoe

B'1 B1ICOKOil: crerrean coeznaeaia,

06uapYiKfIBUI01"1 IIC'le3aIOTh

.3BOJIIOIl,in, COCTOllT'1 r.1aBHbIM'1 XOTII caoacraa aa 'lYBCTB'h, CaMOM'h ;l,t.'1t

30M'1 1I3'1 apanae B'1 XIIMlI'IeCRia ;I,O.llKaron

nO)J,BlliRHhIX'1 ROHe'lH1IX'1

ellJlHIIIl,'1.

BXO,lJ;ll~lIX'1 OHU npoCJlOiKHaro COCTaB'1)J,tfiOCHOBHbIX'1 crenem, MO:IeltyCOCTOllna

)J,JIlI HalIIHX'1

cymeCTB(}B8n.

Hs'1

S8r-WHa Il(}CTORHCTB8 cnoacraa ;I,pyr'!. CTelIeH1 60JI'£e

CIf.JlhI

C.wR:u{'n,

T'B.1a lIB.111IOTClI pa6JwBr6tlcnWYlOll(eJO pa6JWBl'bUCrn6fjJOUfelO, B'1 xoropon CTBOBaT1 B'1 IIOJIHOII Mtpt, CHOnCTB'1 RaiRi'J,arO Be~eCTBa

U3'1 CBOriCTB'1 TllJI'h, BXOll:ll~UX'1 COCTaMmO~IIX'h )J,pyra ero 3aTeMHJlIOT'b. Mo.~eKy.~llpHOfl 33MtTHO

npO,'l;OJIiKalOTb nop03H1 O!l;HIIM'1 II3'!. BJlilien IIO)l,BlIlKHOCTII;

HO BsalfMHO llB.1l1eTClI nemecrsa

1I0,'l;BIIlKlfOCTfI MOJIeRY~'1 !l;aHHarO .1IlIPHYIO IIO;J,BlflRHOCT1 pa3JIll'lH1IX'1 AHYb. HieM'h xecnoe BaeM'1 aarepia TpeX'1 rJI3BHhIX'1 If

HJIlI MeH'Be

XIIMII'leCRlfX'1

COe)J,lIHeHin, B'1 3aBIlClfMOCT1

COCTaB'!. ROTOPbIX'1 OHO BXO-

OTCIO)J,a MbI MOlReM'1 BhIHeCTU HtROTOpylO OpraHlI'leCKIIX'1 Tt Be~eCTBO pa3BfITieM'1,

MC1K;J;y r33006pa3HbIM'1 'laCTeJI,

BJleMeHTOB'1 II JI3MtHeHiJl !I;BIIiKeHiJI, MbI

TOIO .1emOCT11O, C'h KOTOP0il. opraauKOTOPhIJI MhI Ha3hI!fJYHKl\ilIMH. lI3'1 HHX'1 06II eraMhI Ha3bIBaeM'1

npereprrsnaers
1"£
OT'h !fJu3U'leCKlfX'1 XfIMfI'IeCKHM'h no

B'1 paCII0.10lKeHiII ROTOphIli rJIaBlfbIX'!.

npenpamenia

Ilepemra
K'1 IlX'1 HapymuBalOTh

CBOnCTB'h 'leTbIpeX'1 '1IIC.llY 3:ICMeHTOB'I"

3.lleMeHTOB'1 opranasecson 'ITO TPlf

CBoil:cTBaM'1,

!l;OJliKfIbI 3aM'IlTHT1,

CPO)J,CTBO, 3Roe Y

K'1 IWTOPbIM'1 OHO npoamaerea,

1} B'b rrepBOHa'Ia,"bHOM'b TeKcT'll (1862 T.) 8TH raasr ObIJUI OIIlICRHbI KaR'b aecryTaR'b RaK'b, OY.ll,Y'Ili ztaace .ll,OBe,cJ;eHbI TIJIOTHocref! ntllll,RllX'h r'BJI'b, OHIl He npeno apauia-nrer, B'b lKll~ROCTli.

ntaexiae,

il.AHHbUI lllOJiorm.

60e no HHTeHCHBHOCTHIIpOHBJleHia. Ilpaaza, BO,ll;OPO,ll;'hMOlKHO 3aCTaBII;1'b COe,ll;IIHIIThCH CI. 6oJlhmHM'b 1JI!cJlon 3J1eMeHTOM'b, O npncyru;aa eMY XIIMneCKaH aaepria BPH,lI;'hJill CKOJlbKO' H HJl6Y,ll;h npOJIBJlHeTCH B'b npe,ll;imax'b reaneparyps, CBoitcTBeHHhIX'b opraaaaaaas, To me MomHO CRa3aTh H 06'b yrJlepo,ll;t: '1J1CJlO aemecras, IIpli 06hIRHoBeHHOIi TeMllepaTypt cJla60. OH'b eonepmeaao nucmym crenem, He,ll;tHTeJleH'b, XlIMlIqeCRaro YEIlcs ROTOPhIMII OH'b COe,ll;IlHHeTClI, eBeJlJlRO U crpexaeaie H R'b COe,ll;IlHeHiIOB'b

60JlhlIlHHCTBt cJlyqaeB'b B'b HeM'h xpanne HH,lI;lltiJ<pepeHTIl3Ma 06HapymlIBaeT'b ,lI;Hn, arpaers pyROBO)l,Hru;yIO POJIh

Hasoaem,

1130T'b-3J1eMeHT'b,

ROroPblli,

.B'h opraamecanr's

liaR'b MbI J1.'O nnepem

u3MtHeHiHX'b. Bf'ru;eCTBO (BIi.1IO'laa aarorpcnies. II B'b il.aHHOM'b JIB-

Mem)!,y 3J1eMeHTaMII, BXO)l;lIru;IIMII B'b opraaasecsoe cJlyqat He TOJlhROqeThIpe raanaue, cnoc06HOCTh npanaaan, pa3J1II'lHhIlI tiJOPMbI,

HO II OCTa.1hHhIe,MeHte 3aMtTHhIe) CIIJlhHO pacnpocrpaaeaa

aaasrsaeaaa

JlHeTClI B'b TpeX'b pa3J1lIqHhIX'b tiJopMaX'h: aJIMa3a, rpaqmra JIeHHbIX'b YCJloBiit, RHCJlOPO,ll;'bpaaaaaers n tiJop'b, BXO,ll;Hru;ieB'b' OpraHIIqeCROe iomie Tome aJIJlOTpOIIIIqeH'b, roraa anaxorasaaa arsorponin.

nemeemo

oc06yIO tiJoPMJ, Ha3hIBaeMYIO 030HOM'b. Ospa II pocB'b He3HaqIlreJIhHOM'b ROJlIl'leCTB'S, HO COCTaBJIJI-

1raa, Ilom,

Y rJlepo,ll;'b

BJliHHieM'b orrpe,ll;t-

ero cyru;eCTBeHHYroqaCTh, TOlKe 06HapYlKHBaroT'b RaR'b ero He IIMtlI opraHII3MOB'b, naoro

araorponmecsie nepexom.
HBJleHill

CIlJlIln;iu Mbl

ORIlCJI'b, RpeMHe3eM'b, lIBJlHroru;iitClI He06xo,ll;IIMOIO CO06HapYlKIIBaeT'b naosepia 06'blICHeHilI aJl.lIoTpOIlII'leCRIlX'h 1I3MtHeHiit, I13M'imeHie B'b pacnoaoaeain OHa

CTaBHOro '1aCThro MHOrIlX'b HII3IIIIIX'b ,n;OIDKHbI aacaarpnnars p 3TOMY pacnpoorpaaeaaoon, raHllqecRYro nO,ll;BHlKHOCTIl.

HX'b, RaR'b II3BtcTHoe

MOJleRYJl'b.IIo-

aJIJlOTpOIIIIqeCRJIX'bJlBJleHiit cpe;J;JI aemecrns,

COCTaBJIlIIOru;IlX'h po

MaTepiro, RpaitHe aaaaeaareasaa:

upemnraraen,

HOBhIit BII,lI;'b MOJleRYJllIpHOH npe,n;cTaBJIHeTCH MelK,n;y

Haao

YRa3aTh eme aa O,ll;IlJI'b tiJaRT'h, ROTOPhIH B'h ,lI;aHHOM'h c.'Iyqat

,n;JlJIaaos

BeChMa IIHTepeCHhIM'h. B'h

'Ierupe

3.TII'MeHTa, I1B'b ROTOPhIX'b nO'ITII Bcen;tJlO COCTaBspanae Hecxo,n;HhI MelK,n;y c060ii. crenens crerreas rrpoTIIBOnOJlOmHOCTuno OTHOIIIeHiIO R'h XHOCTaJIbHhIMIInucmaa nporanonoaoma no

JleHhI opraanaaa,

HtROTOPbIX'h oraonresiars

,lI;ByMH I13'h HIIX'h Ha6J1IO,n;aeTclI ucmaa s IIOJIOlKHOCTH B'h oraomeaia C'IllTaJIClI BOBce aue naers

Mll'leCROii ,n;ilaTeJIhHOCTH,a Mem,n;y O,n;HIIM'hII rpeaa HepaCnJlaBJIHeMhIM'h, a reneps

Mo.lIeRYJIlIpHOii rro,n;BIDKHOCTIi. f.lIepo,n;'h, ROTOPhlH eme He,n;aBHO Y 06paru;eH'h B'h nap'h TOJIhRO npll qtn 'laCTHqHOe cn;tnJIeHie, BCt H3BtCT-

3JIeRTpHqeCROii ,n;yrIl, 06HapymIIBaeT'h HaH60JIhrnee

HaM'h 3JIeMeHTbI; ~o,n;opo,n;'h,a30T'b H RlIC.'lOPO,n;'h npOHBJIHIOT'bHaHMeHhIIIee co BcilMII II3BtCTHhIMli HaH60Jlhrnyro XHMII'lecRyro 3Hepriro, a30T'b lKe RaR'h no CllJlt

opaaaeain
<pTopa), -

cirsmenie

3JIeMeHTl1MJI.C'h ,n;pyroH CTOPOHhIRllCJIOPO,n;'h 06Hapymll-

opoxcma,

TaR'h II no ero pasao(sa IICRJIroqeHieM'h

oopaahc, II B'h 3TOM'h ornomeain

npflBoCXOAIIT'h Bcil aroro

OCTaJIbHhlHnemecraa

06HapYlKHBaeT'b BbICIIIYro ereneas

XIIMlf'leCROH He,ll;tHTeJIhHOcTII. HaM'h nponecca 3BO-

6y,n;eT'b lICHO nee B03MOlKHoe aaaseaie JIIOn;iH. Mhl BII,n;ilJIll (OCHOBHhIlI aataaa, CXO)l,HhlH Mem,n;y (lXO,n;HhIJI OHt c060ii e,n;IIHHn;hIaerse CIIJIa,

,n;BOHHoro HeCXO)J,CTBa em,n;y 3JIeMeHTaMII, eCJIH M 'ITO npn

Mhl BcrrOMHIIM'h O,n;HyJI3'h 06ru;HX'h I1CTIIH'h, BhlBe,n;eHHYro HaMIl nprr aH&lll3t

§ 163),

npo-nm,

paBHhIX'h YCJIOBilIX'h HeOTJllI'laroTCH

pa3'hC,n;lIHHroTcH,n;tncTByroru;eii aa HHX'h CHJIOro, qtM'h HX'h II, 06paTHo, aerso

,n;tiiCTByroru;aH aa e,n;IIHUn;hI, ROTOPhIlI TOJIbRO crersa

C060H, C'h Tpy,n;OM'hMOmeT'h cerrperapoaars

3Ha'lIlTeJlhHO OTJIHqaroTCH MelK,n;y c06OJI. IIo3ToMY

cerrperspyen, Hn, paacaarpaaaenaa nemeorna,

Mem)(y
eCJIH ROTO-

phIH, 06HapymJIBaH TaKiH RpaiiHiH npoTllBOnOJlOmHOCTJI 'h ,lI;ByX'hoTHoIIIeHiHX'h B tiJH3H'IeCROH nO,ll;BIImliOCTIIII co CTOPOHhl xlIliIlIqeCKOH ,lI;ilaTeJIhHOCTH,O,n;HO, B'h BhICOROIi creneaa 6J1aronpiHTHoe, YCJloBie )(.1J1 npoanaenin

co CTOPOHhI II

npe,ll;CTaBJIHIOT'b eme ;J,H$pepeHn;ian;ilI

aarerpania,

§ 2. Bs ,n;B} :JJIeMeHTHhlX'hCOe)(IIHeHiH!.'hRIiooopo,n;ll, BOAopo;J;aII X

3HaqHTeJIbHOMeHhrnyIO MOJleRYJIHpHYIO n<nBHmHOCTh,'ltn OHa BO BCHROM'h CJJyqat 06ru;e ,lI;BYX:JJIeMeHTHhIM'h coe)J,llHer:iHM'h.

a30Ta MhI Ha6J1IO,n;aeM'b

B'l> CaMHX'h3T1lX'h 3JIeMeHTaX'h,O,n;HaRO ;J,Ba rrpOiJ,yRTa coe,n;I1HeHiH I;nCJlOpO)l,a 'H

npeBocxo,n;HT'h MOJIeKYJIJlpHYIOnO,ll;BUiRHOCTf" cBoii(JTBeHHYIO BO-

C) meersjers

opr AHH'lECKAHlIIATEPIH. yrJIepO,ll,a:Be~eCTBO,uaaunaeaoe TPy)I.HO· cry~aeMblit

OKIIChIOyrJIepO)l.a,CO)l.eplKllT'bO)l.llH'b aTOM'b 1) yf.JlepO)l.a aa

O)l.IIH'b aTOllI'b KIICJIOpO)l.a (OHO I1300palKaeTClIIflOPllIYJIOH 00) II

npeacraaraers

I13'b ceea

spaaae
CO-

raas;

)l.pyroe coemaeaie,

)l.BYOKIIChuepO)l.a y aTMOclflep'b. A30T'b

yrJIeKHCJIf:Jit an, r

;J;eplKa~ee eme O)l.llH'b aTOM'b RHCJIOpO)la (002), TOlKe ra3000pa3HO II nepexomr-s COCTOllHie TOJIhRO no)l.'b )l.aBJIepieM'b copoaa HtCROJI1RO COe)l.IIHeHiii, KlICh a30Ta (N20) 8°0,

B'b lKll)I.KOe

C'b ItIICJIOPO)l.OM'b oopa3yeT'b aTMoc!Jtep'b.

cnoseraa

ROTOPhIX'bOOHapYlKIIBaIOT'b nOy'lIITe.lIhHyIO rpa,ll,a~iIO. 3aTOJIhKOno)l.'b )l.aBJIeHiellI'b 50-TII

ra3000pa3Ha

H crymaerca

ORlICh a30Ta (NO) TOlKe ran, eme He cry~aeTcH

ROTOPI.Iii XOTH II OW'b oOpa~eH'b B'b lKlI)l.ROCTh, )l.HaRO, pa O n aTMOclflep'b: nO)l.BlIlKHOCTh 'IaCTII~'b He roae

)l.alKe no,ll,'b ,lI,aBJIeHieM'b 270 rrplI

I!3MtHHeTCH BCJIt)l.cTBie roro, 'ITO II OO'l>eM'b COe)l.IIHeHHI.IX'baaoss OCTaeTCHOe1n .nepeMtHI.I. r A30TIICTI.IH aHrli)l.pII)I.'b N203 0°0 N20S 45°0. crymaerca OOI.IRHOBeHHoii TeMneparypt npII 9°0,

rasooopaaeas,

HO npR npa

B'b O'IeHh JIeTyqyIO lItlI,lI,ROCTh. AaOTHOBamii aHrII)l.plI,lI,'b N20'-lItH)l.ROCTh BII.JI.t RPHCTRJIJIOB'b, ROTOpI.Ie II.!laBllTCH IIpII 28,2°0

()OI.IRHOBeHHOii TeMnepaTypt II aaoraaaers nOJIY'IaeTCH B'b lIa'b aroro

Mellt)l.Y TtM'b RaK'b a30THI.Iii aHrH)l.plI)I.'b II RIIIIHT'b npa Btca yrJIeBO-

pH.JI.aCOe.JI.IIHeHiitMI.I MO;iteM'bBII)l.tTh, 'ITO, no Mtpt orimee noaoaenie eme JIY'Imll

soapacraaia
TOJIhROnpll cooroaaie.

CJIolltHoii MOJIeRYJIhl, OJIeRYJIapHaH M nO,ll,BlIlKHOCTh e~eCTBa, XOTa II He BnoJIHil O)l.HOOOpaaHO, B YMeHhIIraeTClI. 9TO HOM'b )l.aBJIeHill II pO,llHI.Iii ran MOlltHO lIJIJIIOCTPIIPOBRTh aa (0 ,ll,opo)l.ax'b. O)l.HOrOpll.JI.a IIX'b oy)l.eT'b ,lI,OCTaTO'IHO. BOJIOTHI.Iii ran O'IeHh HRaRoii TeMnepaTypt repaers (3TIIJIeH'1 02H,) npa

raaooopasaoe
17°0. 98°, 125°,

H4)

oarsMacJIo-

II 3TaH'b C2Hs JIerRO ClKIIlItaIOTCa npH

)l.aBJIeHilI. II~nRH'b yllte lRll)I.ORTaH'b 04H16, O.

C3Hs .JI.tJIaeTCH lItll)l.RHM'b oea'1 IIOMO~II )l.aBJIeHiHnpII ROCTh, ROTOpaa RllnllT'b OSHISII HOHaH'11J9H2071°0. )J;aJIhHtiimie TtJIa lItII)l.RiH, RIlIIlI~ia npn 270°, npII

reRCaH'1 OsHa renram, 149°

'fJIeHI.I pll)l.a

Ilearaaesaas
,lI,aJIhHtiimie noryaaora,

eme

Til.1I0 JRH)l.ROe, HIIlI~ee R

TOr)l.a RaR'b napaIflIIH"b, cO)l.epllta~iit COe)l.IIHeHiJI 1l0.JI.opO.JI.a II (N

'LlIeHlI mIll 69°0; pomaa

pH)l.a, TtJIO TBep)l.Oe. Oy~ecTByeT'b TpII

"'leHHlllI B'b C1l0(0)I.HOM'1 COCTOlIHin: aMiaR'b flI)l.paalIT'1 (NH2-NH2) RIICJIOTa-(NaH),

H3) -

raas,

oopa~aIO~iiicH_ B'b lItll)l.ROCTh 40°0., 3aTBep.JI.tBaIO~iii rrpH RpaiiHe lItn)l.OR'b, a aaoTHCTO-BO)l.O-

no)l.'b BJIilmieM'b )l.aBJIeHia HJln nYTeM'b OXJIalK)l.eHiH)1.0 npa OOI.IRHOBeHHoiiTeMIIepaTypt

raaa,
Ho

Iliam,

soropaa

ohl.lla nOJIY'IeHaTOJIhRO B'b BII)l.t

ROTOpLfii: COCTOIIT'1 nn 'faCTII~a noroparo He

asora

napunsararo
)l.tJIaIO34°0. RRrcr. npn ,lI,BYX'b RRR'b

yraepoza,

TtJIO raaooopaaaoe, ornomenia

meeca lKlI)l.RIIM'b no)l.'b.)l.aBJIeHieM'1 'fempex'b

aTMOclflep'1 H aaTBep)l.tBaIO~ee npa xoropoe

napaniaas,

CO)l.eplltlIT'13TH 3JIeMeHm B'b TOM'1 lite nJIaBIlTClI H HeJIeTY'Ie. HaROHe~'b,

B'b

II B'1 ~iaHt,

HO B'b OOJIhmIIX'b ROJIII'IeCTBaX'1, HBJIHeTClI TBep)l.I.IM'b mOM'b, BO)l.t-MI.I

()ObIKHOBeHHoil: TeMnepaTypt rpy,ll,Hocry~aeMI.IX'b eoe lite

CR1IOM'1 BalK-

HOM'b npe)l.CTaBHTeJIt ,lQ3yx3JIeMeHTHI.IX'1 Be~eCTB'b-B'1

,JIMte¥'h coeraneaie

rasoes, soropoe nepexomrs

lIBJIHeTClIB'b npe.JI.tJIax'b OOI.I'IHI.IX'1reaneparyp»,

~'b lItIl,ll,ROM'b, TaR'b H B'b TBep)l.OM'1 COCTOHHiIl;O)l.HaKO,MOJIeRyJIlIpHaanO.JI.BIIlItHOCTh BO)l.I.I TaR'b BeJIIIRa, 'fTO ell xacoa, RaR'b B'b TBep.JI.OM'b, TaR'b II B'b lKlli!;KOM'bBII)l.t npoXOTH ncnapenie 3TO npOHCXO,ll,IIT'b e,ll,JIeHHO, ~ ,l\o.1lKaen HenpepI.IBHO noxa Tm,[Ileparypa B'b nap'b,

He nO)l.HIIMeTCH ,lI,0 100°0. 3TII ,lI,BYX3JIeMeHTHhIH COe,ll,IIHeHili s XIIMlI'IeCROHTO'IR1lapsaia, MbI,lI,OJIlKHbI c Booo~e XIIlIIlI'IeCKiH coeaaBO)l.a, yrJIeRIICJIhlii ran

Paacsarpaaaa
aenia,

<laMtTlITh, 'ITO OOJIhlIllIHCTBO IIa'b HIIX'1 MeHte nOCTOHHHhI,'ItM'b II ORilChyrJIepO,ll,aTPY)l.HO paaJIaraIOTCH. Ho, HbIX'1 BhImeynoMlIHYTbIX'b semecmaas

B'b COCTaB'bROTOPhIX'bIIXO,ll,lITJ> TOJIhRO JJ;Ba 3J1ellIeHTa. Ilpama,

aa I1CKJlIO'IeHieM'b 3TIIX'b TpeX'1, BO BCtX'1 OCTaJIh-

coellRHeHie Mellt,ll,y OT,lI,tJIhHbIMlI 3JIeMeHTRlIIII CJIaOO,OCO-

---

---

------

roro nenreHaMIl erne He pa3JIOlKeHO, T. e. npaanaerca aa 8JIeMeHT'b. CJIOBO"aTOM'b", TaKllM'b OOpa30M'b, He IIMlleT'b roro aaa-reala.xaeoe Mhl B'b npasn OlKllp;aTb no CJIOBooOpa· 30BaniIO. ITo acen BllP05ITHOCTII. aT01l[bI CYTb He rrpOCThI5I.a C.l0lKHhIli ep;llHIIn;hI

crsa, soropoe

1) 3.z(,BCb,paBHO KaK'b II p;aJIbIlIe, CJIOBO"aTOM'b" 03HaQaeT"b eaaaany

10
oeHHO, ecm nplIMeM'L BO BHlmaHie KpO~l'l; ansrmeaa

,J,AHHhIlI BIO.10rm. npOCTOTY IIX'h COCTaBa.

Hn

O,J,nH'h113'1 Yf.1eBOJ,OpOJ.OB'1,

II, MOateT'h OhlTh, 00210THarO rasa,

He OI,u'h 1I0:ryqeH'h nyTeM'h nenocpea-

CTBeHHarO coe;J:HHeHill I1X'1 a.'1eMeHTOB'h; Y OO.1blliIIHCTBa 1I3'1 HHX'1

xerso paai B.1eHbl rryTe!I'1 narpsaaala

BO.ll.OP0,'l;'h O.1bROnpn T O,ll,HaRO YCTyrraen ua COCTaBHhllI xacra pacnaaaerca RUCJJOTa (HN02)

arexearst

Moryr'I> OhlTb

Oe3'1 n~MOn~1I CO,lI:BiiCTBylon~aro CpO;l,CTBa. A30T.'1 II XOTll H.

IlCR.lJ1Oqme.lbHblX'h yCJlO~llIX'1 COe;l,nHlI1OTc~ lIenOCpe,ll,CTBeHHO; aMlaR'1,

ROTOPblfi lIB.1JIeTCll npO;!,YRTOM'1llX'h eoeraaema, ,J,'BfiCTBi1Oaresrpmecaoa npu

uepeaocars

BhlCORY1O Te'lllepaTYPY,

lICRPbI. II;laH'1

rrOCTOlIHeH'1n He pacnaaae rca

reaneparypaas

HH3IIInX'1- TeMrrepaTypbl upacnarn lI3'b ORIICJOB'haaora.

sarenla.

rOpa3;J,0

MeHte YCTofmIBblMH lIB.iIII1OTCHHtlwTophle a30THOBaTbJfi aHrlI;J,plI;J,'1 (~204)

3aRHCb a30Ta (N20), npama, npacaaro Ra.1eHiH, HO .lI.tmrrclI eaaa BO;'l.bl, a30TUCTalI

sa CBOll COCTaBHhlea21e}IeHTbl TOJbRO npa TeMrrepaTypt

He MOlKen

eYJIIeCTBOBaTbB'b npacyrcraia RUC.10Ta (HN03)

paataraerca

BO,'l;01O, asornaa a

He TO.1bRO JerKO

CBOlIM'1 K'UC.10P0,J,OM'1 MHOfllMH MeTa.iI.iIaMU, HO B'h 6e3BO.ll.HOM'h C'1 COCTOlIHinpacnaaaeroa COO I. 3.l1.tCb yMtCTHO c;J,tJIaTh OTcTYlLlJeHie, of utfIIIIeM'h II3.10lKeHill, II YRa3aTb,

soropoe 6Y,'I,eT'h HaM'1 oseas nO.lJe3HOnpn ,ll,a.nhHacROJJhROrapasrepao ,1,JJlIOO!lhIIIIIHCTBa :t30TIICThlX'1 coenp"CYTcTBilI a30TllCTbIX'h coe;,mHeHifI. B3pbIB'L C'h HUM'h KUo.1aro)l,apn TOI! OblCTPOTt, C'h KaROl! a30T'L, 3aK.l!1Oqa1OOCBOOOm)l;aeTClI OT'h coemnenaaro rpe!Iyqin COJJUoepaaosaasr

,ll,IIHelIifi XIIMUqeCROe HerrOCTOlIHCTBO. o BetX'h XOPOIIIO ll3BtCTHblX'h CJJyqalIX'h ObICTparo HeB OililI)I,aHHarO JIIifiClI

paaroaenia

aareaie

3aBlIClIT'1 on

OVbIKHoBeHHaro nopoxa

rrpoucxonm,

B'h a30THORa.1ieBOfi CO.iI1I (eemrp's), Bet, TaR'h Ha.-lbIBaeMbln,

C.10pO,ia. B3pbIB'h ITIIPORCll!IllHa, KOTOPblfi Tome 3aR.iI1OqaeT'ba30T'h, ITO CYJIIeCTBY,ecrs lIBJIeHie aaaaornsaoe. rrYTe}I'h

coemaenla
}Ia.ntfIIIIeM'1-

pa3.llIqHh1X'h MeTa.110B'h C'h O)l,HOI1ll3'h HIITpORlIc.lJOn, Ha3bIBaeMofI rpe}[yqefI CTOlIHCTBOaTofI RUC.10Tb1He 1I03BOJlIen UMtTb ee B'h qllCTOM'h Bll)l;t. IOil,HCTblfI a30T'h II HlITpOMaHHllTY, a TaRlKe II narporaanepaay. JIIilI (NCh)

RUCJOTOfI; aenonpn

BaphIBqaTOCTb rrpucYJIIIt

napuaaers

rrplIROCHOBeHin, a qaCTO II Oe3'h BClIROfi BH,II,HMOIInpmaau. cs caMoE yataca10JIIefI CH.ml1:, CyTh TOlKe coesnaeaia II a30TllCTOBO,ll;OPO,n;HaH KllCJIOra (N3H). poaa, anaseaie ihH

HaKOHeIJ,'h, BeJIIeCTBa, B3pblBa1Oa30Ta, IIMeHHO XJIOpHCmll aaors U .1erKilI peasnin pa3JIOlKe!rilI. MbI

OblCTPWI

3aI!llCIIJIIill

OT'h XIIMllqeCRarO llH,lI;HTq,epeHTH3Ma a30Ta, spanae ROTOpy1O nrpners llMteT'h ra B03BpaTHMClI lIbl

xapasrepnu.

Ror,J;a Mbl Hllate peasniaxs,

)l;ofiil.eM'h ,J,O paacsorptaia YBll,n;IIM'h, naaoe TaKTOB'L

a3,OT'h B'b opraamecmm, on

naaaoe

RpallHlIH .1erKOCTb, C'h ROTOpofi aaOTIiCTbIlI coe-

,!l,IIHeHilI nperepnsrasrn, CKllX'L areaearons. 'JecRofI anepria, cxaoo u3MtHlIeT'h

113MtHeHin. ncero

anm.,

BCTaB:reHHhIX'h noUYTHO, rJIaBHhIX'h opraameH1;-

R'h XlUIlI'leCRllM'h

cBoiIcTBaM'h ,1,ByxaJIeMeHTHhIX'h coe,J,IlHeHiii ,J;OJJlliHblyuaaar»,

Ilpeaue
qtM'h aro

qTO XOTlI cpe,n;n HHX'h ecrs

CKO.1JbKO ,J;tlITe.1bHhlX'h BeJIIeCTB'h, OO.l!hIIIHHCTBO llX'b OOHapY)KllBaeT'b MeHhlIIY10 creneas XIIMHcBoficTBeHHO BOOOJIIe coenmeaiaxs, caaoe HeiITpa.'lbHOe 1I3'h Bcta TtJI'h: COCTaBJIeHHhIM'hlI3'h ,ll,BYX'h OHa OOhlRHOBeHHO spaaae II 1I3'h OOJIhYrOJIhTO!lhKO a.1eMeHTOB'h. umacraa rllX'h

Boaa

XIIMUqeCRilI enosoraa

1'01'0 Tt.lJa, C'h ROTOPbUI'h coeannaerca,

CBOllX'L coe,J,llHeHifI MOlKen

OblTh Y,J;a.neHarryTeM'h YM'BpeHHaro aarpsaaaia.

Hall KHCJJOTaIIBJJHeTClICJIaoo1ORnCJIOTOfi; Yf.lJeRIICJJbIlICOJIIIpaaaaraiorca RHC.1JOT'h pacnaaasrrca II UpH HaKa.1I1BaHili. R'h HeMHOfllM'h aJleMeHTaM'h U npnTOM'h CPQ;'I.CTBO c.lJaOoe. JlerKO pa3pYIIIa1OTclI II HarptBaHieM'h

OOJIhIIIIIHCTBOM'h',n;PY-

Paannusre yrJJeBO;'l.OpO,ll;bI IIMt1OT'h CPO,ll;CTB() Coemaeuia aMi aaa aenpouau: OHn

CPO.ll.CTBO niaaa

n ,J;'BHCTBieM'L ,J;pyrIlX'h ~e.1oqefi.

,W-

BOJJhHOCIIJJbHO, .ll.HaRO,OHO' ORalKeTClI He3HaqIlTe.lJbHhlM'h npa O

cpasaeain

C'b rJaBHblMli 1\IIC.101I3'h HIIX'h,

TaMH. OTHOCllTeJIhHOpa3JIUqHhIX'h ORlIC210B'ha30Ta Ha,n;o t3aMtTllTh

CJIt,ll,Y1OJIIee:Tt

noropue

co,n;epmaT'bHeOO.1hIIIOe KOmlqeCTBOnncropnaa

XIIMIIQPCRH llHepTHb1; HaIlOO.1te ale OoraTOEl'

KIICJJOPO,n;OM'h coenmenie

(a30THalI RHc.1OTa) ,J;tlITe:lbHO XHMHqeCRHTO.1bKOOJIarO,ll,apli Tofi zer-

ROCTH, C'h xoropon o,n;Ha 'laCTh yqaCTBY10JIIefI B'h peasnla xaoea oraaers csoa RIIC.~OpO.ll.'h .lI.JH OKHC.iIeHili OCHOBaHin, C'b KOTOPhIM'h H coemaaercs OCTaJIl>HalIxacca; o,n;HaRO ara RIlCJlOTa. II rro.ll.'h B.lJiHHieM'h TeMueparypbl Rpa~Haro xareaia YJleTYQHBaeTClI I3'L BC'i;x'h CBOllX'h COe,ll;IIHeHitl:. 1 3TH .lI.Byxa.1JeMeHTHi?lHoenmeala, RaK'h II caxa JJIeMeHThl, xapaarepnaytorca 3HaqU~ c

OPfAHH'IECRAlI MATEPIlI. Te.'1hHhlM'b

paonpccrpaaeaieas
nocnt,ll,Hill TeMrrepaTypll

Cpe,J,H HIIX'b

lIB:leHill

arsorponin,

I!JlIl,

BllpHte,

aaoxepia,

TaR'b RaR'b 3TOT'b .~ax'b C.10mHhlX'b. BO,ll,ll npn

TepMIIH'b ynoTpe6JIlIeTCH

06hTKHOBeHHO, Ror,ll,a rOBOplIT'b 0 Tt-

rasoro

poza

Ilpojeooops rpa3M'b (Graham) HaXO,ll,IIT'b oCHoBaHiH rrpe,ll,rro.'raraTh, 'ITO B'b raansa JIh,Il,a nJIII npa 6JIII3RIIX'b resneparypan, npOHCXO,J,lIT'bH~t:eHHO H3MllHeHili B'b pacnoaoaeain aroaoss. B'b pa3JIII'IHhlX'b plI,lI,aX'b yr.1eBO,Il,OpO,ll,OB'b,
B'b ROTOPhlX'b coe,J,UHeHhI MelIt.'l;Y a 1I0JIHMepilO, xoropaa MOmeT'h yrJIeBO,ll,OpO,J,OB'1,RaK'J, CIIJIhHhIM'b crpeareRaR'b MhI BII,lI,UM'h, npocrno

OTJIII'IalOrn.IIXCli,lI,pyr'b OT'b ,lI,pyra TOJIhRO TllMH oraomeaiaaa, c06010 06a HaupHMtp'b 3JIeMeHTa, MhI HaXO,ll,I1M'bHe B'b 6h1Th npO,ll,o.1meHa nO'ITJI ,lI,0 6e3KOHe'IHOCTJI. HieM'b R'1 UOJIHMepiH. ECTh eme

repneaaxs, mlteT'b MllCTO H30MepilI OiJ,HOBpeMeHHOC'b Oraomeale Mem,ll,Y n,iaHOM'b II napauiaaom, Tome,
O,ll,IIH'b tiJaRT'b, pacreaia RacalOrn.illcli BHIIMaHilI. Tll 113'1 3TIIX'!.

Bs

H30MepilO,

HtKOTOPhlX'b pH,J,axi

,Il,OJImHO C'IHTaThCli CJIY'IaeM'b 1I0JIIIMepilI. 3TIIX'b iJ,Byx3JIeMeHTIIhlX'b coe,ll,I1HeHill, ROTophill Mhi He iJ,OJImHhI OCTaBHTh 6en 'IaCTH mHBoll TRaHII O,J,HOR rpynnll 3Ta rpynrra J,OpO)l,hI, -

coemaeain,

KOTOPhilI 06pa3yIOT'1

II mHBOTHhlX'b, B'b

60JIhmHIICTBll CJIY'IaeB'b rrpIlHa,J,!IemaT'b R'1

R'b yrJIeBO,Il,OpO,ll,aM'b(npII

aTOM'b H IICR!IIO'IalO BO)l,y,

MeXaHII'IeCRili <PYHKII,iH,H yrJIeKIICJIhiH ran,

rapasrepaayerca cpaBHlITeJIh'HOH lIHepTHOCThlO JI HeIlOCTOlIHCTBOM'b,Tt lIte yraesosoropue HUXO,J,lITCliB'1 mIIBhlX'!. TRallilA1>, ORU3h1BaIOTCli cpe;J;lI CaMhIX'1 HerrOCTOR'b

KOTOPMH HBJIlIeTClI UpOIJ.YRTO!f'b paaroaeais).

soropaa

IICnOJIHlIeT'J, BCH

lIHHhlX'b H IIHepTHhIX'b ell 'IJIeHOB'h.

§ 3. Ilepexonnn
Bllca,

r.1aBHhlX'1 3JIeMeHTOB'b OpraHII'IeCRarO aroxaaro

soropoe

nemecrsaas, B'b COCTaB'b ROTOPlIX'b BXO)l,llT'h rpa U3'b 'IeThIpex'L nemecrsa. Ilpeaae Bcero 3aMtTHM1>, 'ITO yne!IH'IeHie conyrcrnyers YCJIOmHeHilO XllMll'IeCRarO COCTaBa, conponcsnaercs
MOJIeRYJIlIpHOR rrO,Il,BlImHOCTIi. BPlI)I,'b .lIli XOTh O)l,HO 1131>3TIIX'h npn 06h1RHOBeHHOH TeMrrepaTypt. Y'IacTiIl narpfmauin. TO.lbRO O,ll,IfH'1 rrpIl; HOpMaJIhHOM'h aTMoctiJepHOM'L

B'b 06rn.eM'b

YMeHhmeHieM'b

COeil:lIHeHiH MOmeT'b 6h1Tb

raaooopaansurs
Ty

R.'JaCC'b, HMeHHO CIllIpThi II HX'b npOH3BO)l,HhIlI ncnapatorca J,aB.'IeHilI, HO II 3TO ncnapenie IIIilI MaC.1a 06HapymllBalOT'h lI)I,eT'b 6h1CTPO TOJIhRO nplI

creneas
MeHbme

MOJIeRYJlilpHoII rrOiJ,BlImHOCTH,soropaa

Henacaxaio,
He06xo)l,HMa,

'IT06h1 OCTaBaThCH B'b mIl)l,ROM'b COCTOliHiH npn llM'h IIOil:BHmHOCTh yme rOpa3/10 B'b raaooopaaaoe He3Ha'IIITe.1hHalI pt3'Ie:-npH COCTOlIHie, He 06h1RHOBeHHOR

06h1RHOBeHHbIX'1 YCJIOBilIX'b; O)l,HaROupIlCYIIIalI

IIO/lBHmHOCTH crrHpTOB'b, n OHn He MoryT'h llepellTlI

nperepnsaaa
mllphl

paasoaeaia. Bs

pO)l,CTBeHHhlXb IIM'h mnpax'1 COe;J;I1HeHifI CRa3aJIaCh eIIIe

MOJIeKYJIlIpHalI UO)l,BlImHOCTh TpeX3JleMeHTHhlX'1

J,llT'h B'b mH)I,ROe COCTOlIHie. YBe.'lII'IeHilI pa3M'spa

resneparypf Y xensmeaie

TBep,J,hI II TOJhRO npII

aarpssaain

neperoUO Mllpt

MOJIeRy.[lIpHOII nOilBIImHOCTH Bern.eCTB'h

MO.1eKYJIhiMOlKHO oc06eHHO

HCHO Ha6JIIO,J,aTh B'h plI)I,aX'b lKUPHhlX'b lilIorrpe)l,tJIeHHOMY ROJlII'IeCTBY RpaXMaJIa H caxaII BOil.0P0!lH. Bs rpynrrt

C.10T'b, 'IJIeHhI ROTOPhlX'b 06pa3YlOTClI UYTeM'h UpIICOe)l,IIHeHilI K'b RllC.l0pO)l,a nee HOBhlX'b II HOBhlX'h naess yraepora )10B'1

rsepzoe COCTOlIHie HB.~lIeTClI 06hI'IH1IM'b, Tt me H3'h IIX'b npe,ll;CTaBllTeJIefr, seropue MO· ~yT'b eIIIe oopamarsca B'b mlI)I,KOe COCTOlIHie, )l,O.lmHhI )l,JIlI aroro 6h1Th narpsr» )1,0 1500 IIJIII :2000 C., a UpH 60JIte BhlCORIIX'b resneparypars paararaorca npeaae, 'ItM'b 06paTHThclI B1> nap», CMOJIbI II RaMe)l,II 06HapymlIBalOT'b TaRoR me xapaareps <p1I31I'IeCKHX'bCBORCTB'h II
Tt me caaua 1IB.1eHilI. OTHOCllTeJIhHO XlIMlI'IeCROIl YCTOH'IlIBOCTIi.9~1 TpeX3JIeMeHTHhilI cOe,I\HHeHilI, naexna xapu ~Iac.~a J,HHeHilI II II KaR'h rpynna, lKHphi CTOlIT'h 3Ha'IIITeJIhUO HHme, 'ItM'b paataraiorca o6yrJIliBalOTClI 3Ha'IIITe.1hHoII npa UpII JIerRO )l,ByxaJIeMeHTHhIlI. CMOJIhI II II 6JIII3RiH UO)l,06HhllI lIM'h TtJIa CpaBHIITeJIhHO HeBhlCOKofi narp-saaain. CUIIp'rhi

paacsarpnca-

Pa3JIU'IHhle

reaneparrps,
RaMe;J;I1 JIerRO HlIM'b coe.

Tome
He

OT;J;ll.'IlIlOT'b HtROTOPhilI

COCTaBHhllI 'IaCTH.

HaROHeIl,'b,

R'h

Tome

06.1a)l,aIOT'b

cnocooaoctuo

IIPOTlIBOCTOlITb

paaroaeaho,

9TH COe,ll,IIHeHiH, COCTOlIIIIilI lin RIICJIOpO)l,a, BO)l,OpO)l,a II Yf.llepO,J,a, pa3CMaTp,IIBaeMRH B'll lI,t;'IOM'b, lIllJIHIOTCHXIIMH'IeCRII He)l,tlITf'JIhHhlMII. RIICJIOThi MypaBhIIHalI II YRCYCHalI llBJllIIDTCH HeCOMHTIlHO 3HeprlI'IHhIMH KJICJIOTaMll, no suonrie 'IJIeHhI pilJ,OB'h jjiJIPHhlX'b RIIC.10T'h JIf'rRO

12
OTJJ:t.111l0TClJ OT'1 ocnoaaaia, 3Ha'lJlTeJIbRoil: CHJlOil:; paBHO MaJIOa crpeaaeaie H

JJ:AHllhllJ BlOJlO[!H. C'1 ROTOPhlMH COeJJ:HHeHhl. aaapaaa C HtROTOPI.IiI RHCJIOTao6JIa)];aeT'1 TaRlKe ORa3bIBaeTCII

H3'1 paCTHTeJlbHhlX'1 RHC.10T'1 o6HapymHBaIOTh C'b II;pyrHMIl TtJlaMH, a pass 06pa30BaBmilICli

H3BilCTHYro ,'l;tHTeJlbHOCTb. O,ll;HaIW, Cpe,'l;H OCTaJIbHbIX'b'IJleHOB'b 3TOil. rpynllhl BXO)];HTbB'b

coemaeaia
cpell;ll

COeJJ:HHeHiII 6hlRHOBeHHOO'leHb HenOCTOIIHHbI. 0 JIBJleHilI II30MepiH II xarorca Hill

nomsepia

3THX'b TpeX3J1eMeHTHbIX'1 COe)];HHeHiH BCTpt9Toro

O'leHb 'laCTO. RpaXMa.Il'1 H ,l(eRCTpHH'1,BilpOIlTHO, nOJlHMepHbI, rnoaoaa KHCJIOTbI. Iloaooasra

MaHHHT'1 H cop61IT'h, TPOCTHHKOBhlR MOJlO'lHblil: caXap'1-1I30MepbI. H o6HapymlIBaIOT'1 HtKOTOPblii pacrarersaua

me

H TPYKT03a, BIIJJ:a H3MtHe-

'laCTIlqHbIiI nepepacnpe-

pjlJIeHiJI H3BtCTRhl II cpell;ll CMOJl'b, RaMell;eii II llX'b npOH3BOII;HhlX'b.

MbI R'b
pill;

)l;OlllRHbI YKa3aTb eme sa

OIl;HH'b q,aKT'1 OTHOCRTeJIbHO:lTIIX'b coell;RHeHiil. yrJleORR MoryT'h 6bITb pa311;tJIeHhl sa Jl,Bt KaTeropiII.

pOII;a, BO)l;opO)l;aII KHCJlOpO)l;a;RMeHRO: BCt nepBOH I\aTeropill a RO Tt (paapymaren.mrrs) semeorsa. .1ffiIOT'b Oot

npllHa,ll;JlemaTb coell;RHeHilJ, npOn;eCCOB'b, HII nenpepsmno O

aaenomlaca

np0II;YKTOM'blI;ecTpyRTIIBHbIX'b aare-

06pa3YIOTcil B'b mIIBoil. opraaarecsoa

nropoa=coemaent»,
3TH KaTeropiH esoaeraa,

KOTOPbIII, RaK'b TaKOBbIlJ, COCTaBJlJIIOT'1acn, opramneeaaro s OTllHqaIOTCli MemJl,y c06oil. no CTeneHH, B'b KaKOH OHt npOJJBsaaaru.

R3yqeHieM'b KOTOPbIX'b MbI reneps

Hnsmie

cnapru,

llX'b npOll3-

BO,lVIWI II OJlH3RilJ K'b HHM'1 ooell;IIHeHill, o6HapymlIBaromiJI HOCTb H oOJlbmyro XHMRqeCRyro )l;tIITe.llbHOCTb, qtM'b ptll;RO HaXOII;IITCIl B'b TtJIt ll\IIBOTHbIX'b II pacreain. mecrsa, HeBhlChIxaIOmiJI MacJla,

OOJlbmyIO MO.'IeKy.lIRpHYIO nO)l,BIIlK-

OCTaJIbHhIiITpeX:lJIeMeHTHhlll 06paTHO, carapu

coemaeaia,

II RpaXMa.IlHCTMlJ BeHell;tJITeJIhHhl II nenoII lKllBOTHhlX'b. :J.1IeMeHTa opraaame, 06paTHo, 3TII

mHpbI,

KaMe)l;H II CMOJlhl, xoropue

Bc1i oOHapymIIBaIOT'bxpaaae

M3JIyro MOJleRYJIlIpHyro rrOIl;BIDKHOCTb, C'b XIIMRqeCRoil. TO'IRR 3ptHiII a CTOlIHHhI, IIBJllIroTCIl COCTaBHbIMH qaCTJIMII mHBbIX'b TKaHeii paoreain

§ 4. Cpem
nenteersa,

CJIOmHhIX'bTtJI'b,

3aKJlroQaIOmnX'b BCt 'leTbIpe raasaae Tt

xeonaro

MOlKHO pa3JIIIqHTh

me

)];Bt xareropia,

0 KOTOPbIX'b MhI TOJIhKO-'lTO

rOBOpIIJlII. xareropia
HhlJI llM'b

OIl;HII 113'b HIIX'b 06pa3YIOTcll npa COe,l(IIHeHiii COBepmeHHO aaaaorasao

H3TeropiH TPOHRbIX'b C08ll,HR8Rift.

pa3J101IWHill mHBoii TKaHII, II;pyriII OTJIll'laIOTCJI MeJK)];),cooofi,

COCTaB.lIlJroT'bOCT01lHHYro'1aCTb mIIBbIX'b TRaHeR B'!> IU'}, llepa3pymeHHOM'h BHII;t: HoOt n KaR'b

naparaerscoezaaeala,

lIn
HllH'b. 9Tll naparpaq,il: raso06pa3Hofi

semecras

nepBofi

xareropia

MbI yrrOMJIHeM'hTOJlbKO caMbIlI

BalKHhllI

Haxoil.lImilICJI B'b nr0)];YKTaX'h BhIAtJleHiII

mHBOTHbIXe' IIMeHHO: MOqeBIIHY,KpeaTllH'b II spearaMeHhIIIYIO MOpaacaorpsnasm, B'h npell;bIlI;ymeM'b npIIHllMaTh C'h (0)1'Ee

OCHOBaHiII mHBOTHaro npOHCXOmll;eHiJIoOHapymlIBaroT'b aaaxarersao TBeMhIJI npil OObIKHOBeHHofi eMIIeparypt, T

JIeKy.rrlIpRyIO rrOIl;BlImHOCTh,qilM'h 60JlbmllHCTBO nemeorss, paCIIJIaBJIeHbI) npa TeMnepaTypaX'h

OHH nJIaBlJTClI (eCJlII nooome MoryT'1 6bITb BO,l(bI II BOBce He Moryr'h

smne

TOqKH KllntHilI

<P0PMbI. C'b XHMH'!eCKOil: TO'lKII 3p1milJ OHH OOJIaAaIOT'h, o cpasseaho n oaoacrsa,

npocnnm
tl.'IilAllM'b, aropon

coell;llReHilIMll, OTROCllTeJlhHO HII3KOil. CTofiKOCThIOII He3HaqIITeJhHOii ll,il1lTe.iIhROCThIO. aa nOCTeneHHbIM'h POCTOM'hKOTOPbIX'h Mhl B'b. ropasao 60JIte BbICOKOii CTeneHII npOJIB.iI1lIOTCIlB'b a30TllCTbIX'h COe,l(llHeHilIX'h

OIl;HaKO, BCt 3TH orpanarenaua sareropia,

T. e. BXOII;lImIIX'h B'h COCTaB'hmlIBhIX'h TKaHeii.

AJIb6YMllR'h, q,llOpHH'h, Ra3ellH'h II KOTOPbIX'hBhlCOKaJI creneas IIcnapenilI 11;0MllHRMaJIbHbIX'h pa3MtpOB'h.

cpomua

HM'h nemecrsa

JJBJIlIIOTClICOeIl;IIHeHilIMII, B'h COCTOlIHill, T. e. npa na YJleTyqllTbClI.

MOlleKYJlJIpHOii-nO)l;BIDKHOCTn OCTaBJIlJIOmllX'h,'leMeRTOB'h C 3 ,n;OBell;eHa

Onn
'ITO

II3BtCTHhI TOJIbKO B'h TBeMOM'h an

OHH JIIIm8HhI ll,ame

It'!>

nceraa cMilmanHOii

C'h HHMll BO)];hl He Moryn

pacmaaarsoa,

3TOMY H81f,O npHCOe1f,HHHTb,

Ton CTeneHH MOJIeKY.lIJlpnoii llO,llBBlIk

HOCTII, soropaa He06xo)l;llMa II;JIJI 06pa30BaHiJI BO,l(HhlX'h pacraopoas; npama, OHR 06pa3yIOT'b lRH,lI;Ryro CMilcb, O)l;HaKO He paCTBOpiIIOTCiI, B'I> nO.iIHOM'hCMhlCJIil sroro CJIOBa, KaK'h TilJIa HeopralrnqecKilJ. XapaKTepHhlMll XllMlIqeCKIIMH cBoii:CTBaMII :lTHX'b Be~CTB'h IIBJliIIOTClI HeyCTOfiqHBOCTb II IIHepTHOCTh, AOBe)l;eHHhllJ 11;0 KpaiiHHX'h npell;tJrOB'h. 1I3'h uoacemesaaeo OUbITa MOlRHO BIIII;ilTb, ltaK'b JIerKO paaaaraeroa 6tJrnOBoe BemeCTBO npll 06bIqHhIoI:'ItYCJlO",

OprAHll'IECKAlI BillX'h: Moryn 'lIIBOCTh. RailLll,all X03l11ma II ooxpanarsca 3HaeT1>, RaKOrO TpY.l\a

MATEPIlI. CTOIlT1> npe)l,OXpaHIlTh )l,OJIraro speaeaa, na ero OTb nopxn.

13

uucymenaua
coxpaaenie

Ilpaaaa,
nemecrna 'ITO He HeYCTOll-

II30JIllPORaHHhIlI

OT1> COIIPIIKOCHOBeHill B1> resenie 3THX'b YCJIOBillX'b,

C1> B03)1,YXOM1> 6tJIKOBhlll HO caMhlll IIX'b KpallHIOIO caass

HelI3MtHeHHhIMII TaRlIW, craoa. COe;l,IIHeHillX'b

!fJaKn,

B03MOlKHO TO.1hKO nplI

YRa3hIBaeT'b

Bspno
3TIIX'b

'ITO 3TH nall60JIte

CJIOlKHhUI a30THCThIlI

XHMll'leCRill

eoemaeaia

BnOJIHt HHepTHhI-OHH IJOCJdlJl,HHMR O'IeHh 06b xora {Ill,

COe,ll,IIHllJOTCllC'b HtROTOPhlMII OCHOBaHillMII,-O,ll,HaRO, MOlliIIO CRa3aTh HII3ROll TO me, creneua 'ITO 6hIJIO ronopeao TOT1> Bll)l,'b ABHmeHill, '!acTIUI,'h,

IIX1> C'b 3TIIMII

0 npe,ll,hl,ll,) IIlI1X'h;

OHR 06HapymIIBaJOT'h IWTOPhIlI

B'b caMOll ,Il,pyroll

MOJleRYJIlIpHOll IIO 3aTO H3MtHeHill IIMten B3aHMHhle Bb ROTOPhIll

npemoaaraers
npacynn,

nomasao-

CBo60,ll,HYJO BH6paII,iJO

II,tJIhlX'h

HM.'h B'b

nuBb

COROll orenenn lIBJIeHillX'h HOM'b naaie

BHA'b MOJIeRYJIllpHarO

H30MepiH

H ROTOPhlll

pacnoaoaeala
6oJIhrnaro

npemoaaraen,
RalKAoe aTOM'b B'h HtROTOPhlI'b

supaaaerca
pacrsopn-

llpOAOJImHTeJIhHhlll lIn

BO B3aHM-

COCtAHHX1> aTOMOB'b. !fJOPMY.

3THX'h BeIlleCTB'b MOJRlIO 'ITO

MYJO H nepacTBoplIMjIO 1130MepOB1> llPOIICXO)l,llT'h y C!IOBillX'b. B'h ;J,oBeAena 'IeCKIIX'b C'b )l,pyrou ilTHX'h Rpaune

CJIY'lallX'b nII':ITOmnhIX'b

':IlICJIa MOAn!fJHRaII,ill. 1l0,ll,1> m:illnieM'h neycTOII'IHBhlX'h npeAtJIOB'h: XOTll II

Ilpn
II

oaaaunaerca,

npemozarars

CYIIleCTBOueperona

CaMhlX'b

Jl3Mtnenill

oRpymaJOIIlHX1> h

neAtllTe.'IhnhIX'b

nemeorsars KPOMt

CJIomnOCTh saorau ':IeThlpex'b opraan-

JI,O BhICrnHX'h arexearom., -

C'b OAHOll

eropoau

B'h HIIX'h,

B'b Re3na'IHTeJIhROM'b

ROJIlI'leCTBt,

BXOJI,llT'b YlKe

cspa

II

!fJoc!fJop'h,

'IIICJIO aTOMOB'b OpranII'IeCI{JIX'h 'leThlpeX'b II ocaonasm, 'IepTa-BXOAlITh 60JIhrnIIM'b PYROBOAlIIIlalI )J,pyrlIMH 06pa30M'h

a.'leMenTOB'h rpOMa)l,no. MhI BlIJI,tJIII, me

sa AByx3JIeMeHTnhlX'h CBollCTBeH-. a JI,ByMlI, RO~ JI,Osepra

coeAIIneHillX'b Hall rpesa, IIM'b

aJIeMeHTOB'b, RaK'},

npoanraerca

xapasrepaaa

B'b COCTaB'h coe;J,IIneHiu B'b aTIIX'b pOJIh B'b OpraHH'leCROU llo JIII6epRIOHy BOceMH8i1,II,an

He OAHIIM'b naeas, CJIOlKHhIX'b ,ll;tlITeJIhHOCTII, ara

xerupsaa

'lIICJlOM'b naeas;

coemaeniars,

TOPhlM'b IIpIIna;J,.1eJRIIT'b sezeaa TaRORa: pO)J.a, aroxa C72Hl12S

AO CaMhlX'b RpallHIIX'b

npe,ll,tJlOB'b.

(Liberkuhn) ilTOMOB'h 60Jlhllle

!fJopMyJIa a30Ta II3'b

aJIh6YMIIHa !l.Ba

NlsOn.
TaRIIM'b

CJIOBaMH, cs

cspmo coemaeao

ceMhAeCaT'b naa aTOMa yrJIe" H !l.Ba!l.n;aTb 'ItM'b

CTO )l,B1mR)l,II,Rn

aTOMOB'b BO)l,OPOll,8,

xacropma,

MOJIeRy.~a craraerca

200

oTAtJIhnhlX'h

aTOMOB'b. 10lRIITh 'ITO 3a,il,a'IlI

§ 5.
orimia

ECJIII 6hl

pa3MtphI

nacroamaro

cosaaeala

II03BOJIIIJIII, MoryT'b II

TO 6hIJIO 6hl nOJIe3RO H3npOJIIITh CBtT'b R'h rrpII.lIomlIMhlMlI II3C.llt,il,OBalIill. ero MOJIe· aa TOJIhROaTOll RaR'b Irh RpaTRIIM'£

BO BetX'b

1l0;J,P06HOCTlIX'b naan nasara,

T'B

06'blICHeHilI,

ROTOPhlll neutecraa

npOCJItmeHHhlll

CBOHCTBa OpraHH'IeCRarO ROTOPhlll reneps

npHMtHRTh

psmeain

MeXaHII'leCRilI Tt BhIBOll,hI,

C'II1TaJOTCll pasao OT'b noxoonarc ,ll;ORa3aTb,

)J.BIImeniJO MaCC'b, TaR'b H R'b )l,BHlKeHiJO MOJIeRYJl'b. Ho YRa3aHieM'b na ROTOPhlX'b MOlRnO OlKIIAaTh aarara, MomHO on ':IeThlpex'b

Mhl l1.0JImHhl orpannsarsca

Onapaacs
HOCTh semeoraa KyJI'b, B3aIIMHaro XHMll'leCRII TtX'h HhIMlI,

na aTH MeXaHI1'leCRill AOJImHa 3aBIIetTh onperiaaesaro H3'b

'ITO MO.lJeRYJIllpHaJI nO)J.BIIlR'IaCThJO OT'b lIX'h (eCJII1 MOJIeRYJIa MOJIeRYJI'1. ee

YCJIOBill:

':IaCThIO OT'b nnepuia nparaaeain, aanonem, 6hlTb

':IaCThIO OT'b naapaaeaaoom AaB.1IeHilI, CJIOlRHalI),

HX'b B3aIIMHhlX'b

1l0JIllPHhIX'b arrperania;

llJIOTnOCThJO lIX'b 1l0ABIIlKHOCTll 'JeThlpeX'h II3jJI'lmllThclI YCJIOBilIX'b, lIaCChI. 3THX'h pasmm, YBeJIlI'JeHilI nocreneaaoe

OT'b MOJIeRYJIllpnOll IIoABIImHOcTh npoxan, no Mtpt naMIl TOll 6p;eT'b

COCTaBJIllJOIIlllX'b MoryT'b B'b 3aBlICIIMOCTlI MOJIeRYJIlIpnaa P€3YJIhTaTOM'b 'JeThlpeA'1

Bs
':IeT-

c.1Y'IaaX'b,

ROrl1.a TpII npn

YCJloBiii

npH3HaHhI

1l0CTOlIH-

MOJIeRYJIllpnalI

OT'b II3MtHenifi II AOJImnO

sepraro, Iloarosy,
asarsca 'lIIRaa

1l0ABIIiRHOCTh MOJIeKYJI'b sero 6hlJlo aanO,ll;BIlmHOCTII, RaRalI

,J,OJlmHa YMeHhrnaThca

ROHCTaTIlpOBaHHoe H ROn'laa

IIOHIImenie

Mo.lJeKYJIllpHOll nOABIIlKnOCThJO,

C'b BhlCOROii MOJIeRYJIllpHOii C'b RpynRhlMlI

nOABHlRHOCTIl narnIIX'b HII3ROH Mo.'leRYJIllpHOll

aJIeMeHTOB'b

B'b CB060Acaoacmeaaa

HOM'b cocroaain nemecrsaas J.'leMeHTOB'b.

MOJIeKYJlaMn,

ROTOphlJJ, B'b ROHn;t-ROHII,OB'b,

COCTOJJT'b 1I3'h TtX'b'

me

14 ~iH J! EtC'h

,!l;AHHhIHllIMOfIlI. CYllI,eCTBJ T'h CJI'B~YWllI,iIl MeAaHII'IeCRiii 3aItOH'h, BLlBe,;l;eHHhlH e ,Il,.JIJI ~raCC'h:TaR'h liaK'h naepTt:za YBeJlImIBaWTClI nponopnioaaasno IlpmltHlIJi Ry6aM'h II3MtpeHin, cnra Tt.~a npn a cma cll,tlI.lleHill-llpO-

nOpll,iOHaJIbHOHX'h RBa,ll;paTa~l'J" TO caaocoxpaaaomaa OTHOCIITe.IIbHO y!!eHbmaeTCli. 'ITO RpyIlHWI, c.~a6hl-oHt

YBe.UJIlIeHiH ero 06'lJeMa nemecrso, MeAaHII'IeCRII

;lTOT'h 3aROH'1 K'h MOJleKY.lIaM'h,MLI MOmeM'hnoaasars, 61'3'h 1I3MtHeHill )J;tii-

C.10lKHhJJl MO.1eRy.llhl, COCTaBJIHWllI,iJl oprauasecsoe ~!eHte crroco6Hhl,

qtM'h rrpOCThIJIMO.IIeKYJIhI,nperepnfaars

CTBYWllI,iJl sa HHX'h CHJIhl. 06JIa,ll;aHie 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOn Maccon ,ll;1u!aeT'h 3TH MOJleRyJIhl MaJIO nO,J,BHmHhIMJII TtM'h CaMhlM'h ~aeT'h B03MOlltHOCThtillI3HqeCIHIM'h CH.lIaM'lJ, ~tfiCTBYWllI,IIM'h aa I MO.leRYJIhl, .rerse nponssomn, Tt ,ll;a.1]te MHt H3MtHJlTb OTHOCHTe.lIbHOe noroaeaie COCTaBJIJlWllI,HX'h In'h aTOMOB'h, T. -e. H3'h lIB.lIeHiJl, KOTOPLllI Mhl Ha3hlBaeM'h nepeMtlll,eHie~I'h B.lleRYllI,ee sa co60n YMeHbmeHie TOW n pa3.IIOllteHieM'h. ca~!OcoxpaHJlWllI,eH Cn.IIhl

RameTCll BeCbMa lIpaB,ll;Ono~06HhlM'h C.llt,ll;YWllI,ill BblBO,ll;'h: 06pa30BaHie n YMeHhmeHieM'h TtX'h

aTOMOB'hRpyIIHhIX'h arrperarons, 1fOMRY.llhl, ,;l;O.'IlKHO conpoaosnarsca KOTOPhlM'h npanucaaaam, Him!'b npocroro naaaxaaro

ROHTpaCTOB'h B'h H3MtpeHillX'h, .pOpMon

1I0.'IJIPHOCTb.

Illaps

anraerca

pannoafcla,

upaaars

KOTOpyW CTpeMHTClI Kam,ll;hlH arrperars

e,ll;HHIIll,'h, HaXO,ll;JlllI,lIXClInCRJIWqHTe.llbHO no,ll;'h MillB'h TtX'h C.lIY'IaJlX'h, KOr,ll;a qI!CJIO e,ll;HHUll,'harrpeCl(.llOHHOCTb l('h mapooopaaaoa cnell,JI.prrqeCl(YIO .p0PMY, rrplITHlIteHill ~t,ll;tfiO'IeBR,ll;HO, 'ITO no Mtpt naananaro

rata

npnraaeaia.

HeBe:ZRIW R nO.lJlIpHhlH IIX']) CBonCTBa BblpameHhI pt3KO, 06bllmOBeHHO n06tllt,ll;aeTClI B3aI!MHhIMII nOJlHpHbnm

.pOP}It

CTpeM.lIeHieM'h npRHHTb HHYW,

orrpe~tJlJleMYW }BemPfeHill

nparaseaiaaa

e~nHllll,'h. npocroro

pa3MtpOB'h C.lIOlRHoiI MOJIeRYJIbInpoaareaie npllTIDKeHill. 3Ha'IIITe.IIbHarO BtPHO,

.IIaeTCJI OTHOCI!Te.IIbHO 60.IIbme CTBiJI noxapaaro npaBt 1I0.lt'l(Y.lIaM'h opraameoaaro

II TaRIIM'lJ 06pa30M'h CTpeMIITClI RaR'h 6hl aaaaoanpoaars

C.lIt,ll;ORaTeJlbHO,B'h KpaUHe C.lIOlltHhlX'h MO.IIeRYJlaX'b,nO~06HhlX'h COCTOlllll,IIM'h1I3'h COTeH'hOT,ll;t.IIbHbIX'h aTOMOB'h, Mhl B'h R'h c.peplIqecRofI B'h 60.IIte .pOpMt, npocrars rrO.IIHpHhllI CBORCTBa 'IaCTll~aX'h. Ecml rrplI6JIIIlIteHiH

nentecrsa,

oamars

UX'h _J;O.IIlItHhl hlTh ropaaao 6 3TO cooripaaeaie

~leHbme BblpameHhl, qtm TO OHO 06'hllCHlIeT'h

HaM'h O,ll;HORpeMeHHO asa .paKTa: XmmqeCKYIO IIX'h R'h RPIICTa.JI.lIH3all,iu. uaarero (Graham) rrpe,ll;MeTa C'h oIIy6.lIlll(OBa.II'h cTpOeHiJI paacaorptaho I'paass

He,J,tlITe.lIbHOCTbC.lIOlltHbIX'h opraaurecaars

§ 6.

Belll,eCTB'h H aecnocooaocrs

OTCW,ll;aMbI eCTeCTBeHHOI1epeXO,ll;II~I'hl('h

HOBoJ! CTOPOHbI,II CTOPOHbIRpanHe BamHO!!. pH,ll;'h aarepecauxs Il mnrtHt'Hin OpraHII'IeCROR

Ilpoeeoeopt,

1\3C.lIt,ll;OBaHin, ROTOPhIlI 06tIll,aIOT'h npo.nm,

CBtT'b na aoupoca

aarepia,

OH'h nonaaars,

'ITO TBe~',ll;Oe BeIll,eCTBO MomeT'h lIB.lIl1TbCJI II.lIH CTYAHe06pa3HOll, II B'h xpucmaneourlI~pan

B'h J,BYX'b .pOp~!aX'h arrperall,iIl-XOJlJlOUOaJlblWU, He npUBO,J;I1Tb.Ih nepBOli lite MIIHiJI II rmpan;

Oa.7bHOft, 1I.11! O,ll;06HoilRpHCTamIaM'h. Ilpmrspa rroc.lIt,ll;HefI TaR'h 06bIRHOBeHHbl,'ITO HX'h MOiKHO n rrplIlla,ll;.lIemaT'h "rUApaT'h upesaeaeaa, aJIIOMIIHill, ORRCII anoTaHIIH'h, OIIRChlBal! RO.IIIIII BOO'IeHh c:Ja6b1. KaR'h XmmqeCKIl, CTpyRTyphI ORHC.lIOR'h ~pyrHX'h MeTaJI.llOB rpynllhI D eC.lII1 TO.IIbRO OHI! cynapasen., aemecrsa".

llI,eCTBYIOT'hB'h paCTBoplIMoJI qrOpMt; a.lh6YMIIH'h, JRe.1aTlIH'h, paernrexsaaa 'leCTBaX'h pacraopmorca

sparaars,
II

,ll;eKCTpIIH'h, l(aMe,Il,lI,

mlIBOTHWI 3l\CTpaRTlIBllWI rOBOpIIT'h: "XOTH

cBofIcTBa l\0.'1.101I,ll;OB'h, IIpo.pecCOp'h I'paaxs

OHH 'IaCTO B'h 60Jlbmux'h

B'h BOAt, HO CIIJIbI, Y,ll;eplltHBawm:ill IIX'h B'h XUMlIqeCRIIX'h peaKll,iax'h".

Bi.

pacraop's,

Ra'IeCTBt BO

lUICJlOT'h IIlJlI OCHOBaHin OHII OKa3hIBaWTClI upanae BCtX'h 06bIqHbIX'h

naeprasnm, "He~tllTeJlbHhle

o6ll1,t'

B'J, OUbI'IHml'h CMhlC.lIt, KO.II.lIf;Hl,ll;hl 06.IIa,ll;awn

BMtCTO roro cBoeil oceoon cTY,ll;lle06pa3Haro

,ll;tllTe.lJbHOCThW, B03KO.IIJIOH,ll;aco06Ill,aeT'b ,ll;JIlI ,ll;1I.p$Y3iu

HHRaWllI,eiJ lIn orpaaaers

.pU3HqeCRIIX'b CBOIICTB'h. Tor,ll;a fial('h rrpO'IHOCTb l(pIICTa.IIJIou~HoiI ~aBJIeHie, MlIfl(OCTb II ,ll;tJIaeT'h ero CTO.IIblite npHrO,ll;HOiI cpeiIoiI

BCJIROe mrsmaee

eMY CIIoc06HOCTb pacrenarsoa

mIlAl(OCTefi, I\al('h II oasa BOAa" • "OTCIO~a npOCXO,ll;UT'h RpaJ!.HHlI 'IYBCTBHTe.lIbHOCTh RO.II.llOII,ll;a K'h .n:tJ!.CTBilOBHtmHlIX'h arearom., ,II,pyroe KpaJ!.He xapasrepaoe CBoflCTBO l(O.llJIOn,n;OB't;-IIX'b nepeMim'lIIBOCTb". "HarrpIIMtp'h, paorsops nnpare apexneaexa .1IerROMOmen 6hlTh rrO.1yqell'h B'h 'IUCTOM1>BH,Il,t, HO OH'h He MOllteT'b 6hlTb COXpaHeH'h. Ilpama, B'h aanaHHHOi1: Tpy6d OH'h OCTaCTCH lItlI,n;RIIM'h B'h reseaie Il,tJIaro plI;J;a AHeH II He-

OprAHlI'lloCRAH MATEPIH. ,Il,tJlh, HO BO BCHKOM'hC.l) 'la'B, B'h KOH~'B KOH~OB'h, tlCoTaHaBJlIIBalOTCH na :)TOIl crynenn,

15
B'h COCTOHHie CT},n;HH II c,n;1;· KOJ!J101l)Ia e H

nepeiners

.1laeTCHBOBce HepaCTBOpIIMbIM'h. OKa3hIBaeTCH, 'ITO U3M1;HeHiH peacaarpasaeaaro

TaK'h IiaK'h aaaaeno, 'ITO MHoriH MIlHepaJIhHbIH 06pa30BaHiH B'h KpnCTaJl-

I1peMHeBoit KIIC.10TbI,OT.10)KIIBlllinCHH3'hBO,J;hI, aK'h HarrplIM'Bp'l), B'h reseaie ,n;o.llraroreoaorasecsaro K CYII\eCTBOBaHhf, II3'h CTeKJI006paaHaro I1.1II IWJI.IlOII,J;aJIbH&rO COCTOHHiHnepenun aasecsce aneprien. (H. Ha

Rose ).lI;'llitCTBHTMhHO,
!fJ0pMa -

KO.l.iIOII,:I,'h :lTO ell

:lTO ,Il,HHaMII'leCI10eCOCTOHHieMaTepiH, Tor,n;a rrepBH'lHhlH HCTO'lHIIK'h TOll CH.lhI, ROTOPlIJl ,:I,JlUTeJIbHOCTh nporexania XIIMIIKO· TOit llOCTerreHHOCTII,

RaK'h KpnCTa;IJllI'leCKali

CTaTH'leCKOC COcToHHie. ROJlJIOH,n;'h06JIa,n;aeT'h

Hero ~ro)KHO CMOTptTh, RaK'h sa II3MlmeHiit,

06HapylItUBaeTCH B'h HBJleHiw{'h lKmHeHHOCTH. Xapasrepnaa

opraamecsrns

MO)KeT'h 6hITl>, TOlKe ,n;OJImHa6hITh npmracaaa

C'h KOTOPOH npOHCXOi\H1'1 ROJlJIOn,n;a.llbHhIli Il3M'BHeHilI, 061I3aTeJhHO Tpe6yIOII\iH BpeMeHII, RaK'h He06xo,n;HMaro 3J1eMeHTa.

Ih
maHeH

R.laccy

RO,'!.Il0Il,n;OB'h rrpIIHal\.lelItaT'h CJIOlItHhIH a30THCThIlI coemaenin TtJIa. TaK'h,

He II

TO.'lhRO BCt

BalKHtfirniH

iPH mllBhIX'b yrJIeBo,n;bI, HO II

KpaitHe

COrrpOBOlIti\aIOII\ie IlX'h

TaIDlte HtROTOPbUI 1I3'h Tali'h opraHIl30BaHHhIH 06pa3yIOH\ifI 'leHiII 'IeM'h UrOJlRII ry60K'h

Ha3hIBaClIU,u.'h HcOpraHH'lCCKIII'h RpeMHeaeM'h, BXO,!\HII\ili B'h

BeII\eCTB'h, BIO,ll,lIH\HX'h B'1 RaK'l> RpII-

COCTaB'1 MHOrIIX'1 pacrenia

II paKOBuHKII

HtKOTOPbIX'h KopHeHOatCK'1, uMteT'h

cra.nomaunyn,
nO,:l,06HOe MaJItfIlIlaro

TaI;'h II RO.UOU)laJIhHYIO!fJ0pMY. PaCTBOp'h rmpara B'h TBep,ll;hlfi

KpeMHe3eMa no RCTeno;J,'h B,1iJlHien

HtCKOJlhRIIX'1,!\lIcfI nepexonrn,

cTy,n;eHh, HepaCTBopIIMhIfi B'1 BO,n;t, npaB'h HeM'h II cpa3y

me

oaeprunanie

MOateT'1 nponaonm

IW.m'leCTBa yr.uermcJlorr II\CJIO'lII, me,1aTIIHa, OI;IICII a.1IOMIIHiH RIll ORRCll me.11ma. IIS'h Ha3BaHHbIX'h BCH\eCTB'h(OIUICh ;KeJltila), Bxo,n;HH\ee B'h COCTaB'b IipOBU MJle(Protozoa), RPOBH"• ctPHoIl IIMteT'h nponosra ,,9TOT'h RIICJIOThI, npono OROJlO ozaoro HtROTOPbIX'h rrpocT'in'irnHX'b co,!\eplItaIIl,aH B'h pacraops TmmOI{paCHhIH ~Bt1'1

Ilocrhmee
rUi\paTa RpacHhlit meaora, apasnaro.

IWrrIITaIOH\HX'h, 06pa3ylOII~ec Ii paaommsn TOlRe ROJl.llOH,lI;a.'IhHOe COcToHHie. "Bo,l\a, ORHCII meJltsa, lIMteT'h paCTROp'h eaepranaerca }r.leRllCJloit BH,:I,'h reaaospacanro caeprsmaaia

BeH03HoII

sa 1.0Jlo,:l,1'R'h

IIPIICYTCTBiH CJlti\OB'h

me.llO'lII, ctpHOKIIC.~hJ,{'b cOJlefi 11 Bo06H\e HcfITpaJlhHhIX'h cO.'IeH". "CBep. CTY,:I,HH, arr01lIHHalOII\arO crycTRu H IipOBH, HO 60.1te I;0.l.101I,!I.a B'h cTY,:I,He06pa3uoe cooroaaie RpaHHe

TOK'h IIMteT'h

.u;tfiCTRfITeJI1HO IIcpexo,:l,'h aroro

HarrOMIIHaeT'h nponecos

RpOBlI 11 no HapyatHoMY Bll)!;) caxaro

rrpOi\YRTa, II

TOIl .1efROCTII, C'b KOTOPOit 3TOT'h nepexom ,:I,tHTe.Jlefi". 06pa30BaBIlIiflcli aeaa, }[eHTOM'h B'h atJlBOM'h Tt.1t oopaayen, TeMIlepaTypt ntc'h npn narpsnaaia

conepnraerca

IIO,:l,'h BJliJlHic~!'b CaMhIX'h c.m6hIX'1 spexae-

cTy,n;eHI, CROPO cTaHOBHTC!l, RaR'h II CTY,l\eHb rnapara paereain

HepaCTBOpIlMbIM'h. II3BCCTh, IWTopaH HB.1HeTCH O'leHh BmKHhIM'h MUHepaJIhHhIM'h areII atIlBOTHhl1.'h, TOlKe BXO,:l,HT'hB'b COCTaB'h coe)J,IIHeHifi, J1SB'BCTHbllI aorsops p Bno.1Ht B'llPOllTIIO, HSBCCTH caxapt B'h 'ITO npn nucmen II

rrpIlHa,!\JIe;KaII\l!X'J> R'h RO.'I.11:m.n;a'f'h.XOPOIllO BctM'h " nJlOTHhIH crycTOI,'h.

OH'h HBJlHCTCli HaCTOlIH\UM'h KO.1.101l,l,0}[,h". npIIBO)J,lBme 1"['1 paRThI, npo!fJccCOp'h I'paam, 10BOPIIT'h: "l\Io.leR} .1lIpHb1H BhIpalReHa BhICOI{'1,1.0TH OTHOllIeHie MelIt)lY BXOi\JlII\IIMU RHC.I0Ta MoateT'b 6LITh

0606H\alI

I\O.1.10IIi\OB'h,no BCCit B'BPOHTHOCTII, nceraa

B'b Hero 3.'IeMeHTaMlI MOlReT'h 6bl1'1 npOCTO. ApaouHonaJi ,n;oCTaTO'lHO,:I,JIli HeHTpa.'lliBa~ilI BO ~fHoro pan. 'Hfe.rra npn 'lHCeJl'b.

POpMyJIOIO C12H22011, HO, C};J:lI rro He3Ha'lIITCJlbHOMY IW.1UI'leCTBY1I3BeCTII II 1I0TallIa, norcpoe KIICJlOThI, !fJ0pMy.ua :lTOll rrOC.lt,:l,Heit i\O.llKHa 6hITh YBeJllI'lella COrrOCTaBJlE'Hie MelR,lI.YHe,:l,tHTe.'IhHOCThIO K0.1J.lIOJI,lI.01!5 II B'h T'll1'h CJ) 'lalIX'h, ROr)l.a :lTII BIiICOKIJl MeHhllIl!X'h RBPOHTHOCTlI, lIFeM'h 'lIIC.1a nosropeaia HeBO.'1bHO ,:I,t.mernh

IIX'h BhICOI1IIM'h 1IIO;ICKPHPHhIM'h BBCOM'h, ocoeeaao aroxaxr. 1I0.1Y'IaI01CH, no Bee(! rpyrmupoaaaia

II

CaM'b COOOIO nanpaumaaerca

BOllPOC'J" He 06pa3~ IOTCli Jill RO.l.l0II,lI.a.'IhHhIJiMOJlCHtRoToparo MeHhJlIJIX'b RpIICTa!IJIOIIi\aJIhHhIX'b 'laCTHlI,'b OCHOBOIO lWJ]-

RYJlhI JlYTe,['h nsammaro

}1O.lCR}.1'bII He JlBJUleTCH.11I na Ca'fOM'h ,:I,t.1t COCTaBHOfrxapaareps .1OII,:I,a.lhHOCTI! BeH\eCTB1;?"

§ 7.

iJ;a;'IhH1nlmic soarpacrrr,

Ha6.llOil.aenle

B'b I;Q.l.l01I;l,aX'b II r;pncTa.1.10Jlil.ax'h, an-

16
JIHRlTCHCTOJlb mc KOCm:
BamHblMH ,J,JUI

,lJ,AHHblH BIOJIOfIH. JlBJICHiH IRHdHH. llpolj>cvvOp'b CTcnCHb JICTY'ICCTH Y rpa:iM'l. YHa3llJTJ, na cymemJI;!;H TO'IHO TaRlRC cnaprs

CTBOBaHic rrapaJlJCJlII3Ma MCmil.Y JlBJlClIillMJI JleTY'leCTlI n lIBJIeHillMII Ra6.1Rl)l,aeTCHpa3JIJI'lHaIl 06bI'IHbIX'b Ha6.lIRl,n;aeTClIpa3.1IJI'lHall cnocoriaoen, aTHp'b npn parypt paCTBOpeHHOe B'b Bod (rrpH'leM'b

,n;mi)(PyaiJI 'lepen

pa3JlH'IHblX'b npn

T'lm'b,

K'b !l.HTTY3in y pa3J1H'lHbIX'b Tt.1I'b.

RaK'b

reaneparjpaas H MHOlReCTBOp;pyrnx'b TtJl'b )l,HIflTYH,n;HpYRlT'bsepeas B03!1.YX'b, npnaam, raaooripaaano

Be~cCTBo, 6y,1l.Y'IH rrpHBC,lI;CHO B't nepeMtmHBaRl~arO Heo6xo)l;HMO H36traTb P;II<{l!fJYH,II;HpOBaTb 'lpen ariania

1I0BblmcHHofr TCMne-

conpnsooaoaeaie

TOPMY, TaK'b me TO'lHO C'b MaCCORlBO!l.LI Ha6J1Rl,n;aCM'b CTe-

I1,npRYJIHpyRl~nX'b TOROB'b), aa-

-maaers

aTY noc,'!t,n;HRlRl. TO'lHO TaRlRe RaR'b Mbl

neaa B'b 6blCTPOTt H

acnapenla,
noxcoaaro

cy~CCTBYRlT'b pa3J1H'IHblll. CTeneHH B'b OblCTPOTt ,n;IITTY3in:

rrpe,n;tJlb1 ,II;.1IlIcTeneHeii ,n;H<i)(PY3HBHOii rrO,ll;BIImHOCTH ORa3bIBaRlTCli CTOJIb me llIHPORHMII, RaR'I>

rpaaanla

B'b cnoooriaocra

R'b napooripaaonaaito. napaJIJIe.lJH3Ma MomHO 6bl.10 6b1 rrpe,ll;BH,n;tTb,TaR'b RaR'b 06a TOPMY H CTpeMJIeHie

Cy~ecTBoBanic lIBJleHili - - crpeaxenie HliThClI 'lepen

rrpIIHIIMaTb ra3006pa3HYRl

resaers,
'lHX'b

mn,n;RocTb~lIB.1TlIRlTCli CJIt,n;cTBieM'b MOJJeRYJIlIpHOiinop;BHmHocTH. OTCRl,ll;asarrpH npona MO,l1;tfIen YCJIOBillX'b B'b rrpJIMofr 3aBHCHMOCTHOT'b 'laCTlI'lHarO Btca-Mbl rrpO'lHX'b paBHblX'b YCJIOBiJIX'b", rrOTOMY 'ITO, Ka1,'b YKa3aHO B'b ,ll;OJImHb1 WH 6

pacrsopa

pacnpocTpa-

KaK'b II CJ1t,n;oBa.10OmH,II;aTb,ITO ,ll;HrpTY3nBHOCTb JIeTY'leCTh aaroaaroa ' H

paanurs

CKa3aTh "rrpH

§ 5,

.1eRYJIHpHYRlrrO,ll;BHmHOcTh, pOMt anepnia R

aTOMOB'b, BJIiaRlT'b II ,n;pyriH IIX'b caoncraa,

('TBIITeJIbHO, Ha1I60.1hmYRl 6blCTPOTY ,ll;HTTY3iII H3'b BCtX't

Be~eCTB'b, C'h ROTOPblMII rrpoTec-

cops
pona

I'paam,

,n;tJIaJI'b OlIb1TbI, 06Hapymu.lJa XJIOpUCTO-B0,n;0p0,ll;Hall RIIMOTa ~

He3Ha'lHTe.1hHhIM't aTOMHblM'b BtCOM'b, raaooripaaaoe, aTMOCTep'h 1I cy~eCTBYRl~ee B'b

orvmaeaoe

coemaeale

TOJIhROrro,ll;'h ,n;aBJIeHieM'b cocoe,n;IIHeHiro 6hl-

mH,n;ROM'b BH,II;t

TOJIhRO' 6JIaro,n;apli

C'bBO,n;Oll.IJ;aJIte, "MomHO CRa3aTh, 'ITO t,ll;ROe RaJIII o6.lIa,n;aeT'bB,II;BOe60JIbmel1 6blCTPOTOil:AIIT, rpY3iH, 'ltM'b CtPHORIICJIblll Ka.lJill, 6bIcTpOTa P;IITTY3iII cnnpra

soroparo smoe
~ paannia

60.lIbllIe, 'ltM'b

CTpOTa ,l\HTPY3iH caxapa,

IIJlII CtPHORUCJIOiiMarHe3iII"

aTH B'b 06~eH'h

COOTBtTCTBYRln pa3JIII'IillM'b II,II;b1, COCTOllIIl,ie Hn 'ltM'b

B'!. BeJIH'IUHt MaCC'h MOJIeRYJI'b:JTUX'b Bl'III,eCTB'h. ,1I.JIaIIaC'b oc06eRHO UIITepeCeR'b Ton paRT'b, 'ITO RPIICTaJIJIO-

Ho B'h ,1I.aHHOM'b CJIy'lat ROJl.lJOTl,I(bI, eocroamie 0

Me.lIRIIX'h 'laCTlIII,'b, 06JIap;aRlT'b HeTl3MtpuMO 60JIbllIeRl CIIJlORl ,n;IITTyain, II3'b OTHOCIITeJIhHO RpyrrHLIX'h 'laCTIIII,'h. MfliKP;Y pa3J1II'lHhIMH Kpnpa3HIIII,a B'J. cIIoco6HOCTII P;IIrpTYHp;npOBaTb;TO me MomHO 3aMtTHa. O,1l.HaRO,9TH

CTaJIJIOHp;aMII a6JIRl,n;aeTca 3aMtTuaa u CRa3aTh II 'laCTHbIH pa3JIu'IiH

ROmIOII,1I.aX'b, OTH cpep;II HHX'b 9Ta pa3HHII,a }IeHte X

He MorYT'h 6blTh cpaBIIIIBaeMh1 C'b TOn rpOMa,n;HOii pa3HTlII,en B'b cnoeooRPTlCl'MJIOUp;aMII, RaK'b KJlaCCOM'1, C'b 0,11.CtPRORIICJlaIl Marue3ia, HO

HOCTII R'b ,lI;Hrppysin, ROTopaH cy~ecTByeT'h Mcmp;y RapYIRIIBaCT'b B'J. ceMb pan OIIa B'b

HOll CTOPOHbI,H KOJIJIOIIp;aMII,KaR'b I{JIaCCOM'b,C'b p;pyrou. X.lIOPIICTOBO,n;opop;IIaa KIICJIOTa 0660JlbmYRl CKOPOCTh.l(u<{l<{ly3iIr, 'ltM'b ;(IITTYHp;lIpyeT'b, 'ItM'b aJIb6YMIlH'h, II B'b

50

pan

.1Y'lme

100 pass

JIY'lme, 'Itn

RapaMf'Jl1.

31'0 paarasie
II B'b rlX'h nonaa. TIoaToMY !l.JllI pa3p;tJIeHill sacrsm

B'h crroc06HOCTII ,ll;IITTYR,I(IIpOBaTh oOHapymUBaeTca rrO'lTU CTOJIh me aCRO Bop;oii II paCTBOpOM'b IIoMt~aeTCH nponanaeaaa nepeHa3BaHHbIll H

CJIY'laax'b, ROr;(a Mcmp;y

nponeces,

Ipaaxom,
aroro

,n;iaJIII30M'h, MOmeT'b CJIymHTh cpep;CTBOH'h pa3.1llI'lHblHl1 1I3'h ROJIJIOIIP;OB'b II eCJIII Hb!:

pacTBopeHH?IX'h crlnraHHI>IX'b ocorieaao 60JIte

Be~eCTB'h, eCJIII OHV 06up;aRlr'b

crroc06HoCTlIMH R'b ,n;IITTY3in

eCJIH CM'hcb COCTOIIT'bxacrsn O'IeBIIp;HblM'b 6yp;eT'b

H3'h RPIICTaJJJIOII,n;OB'h. 3Ha'IeHie

TaRTa )l;JIlI HCTOJIROBaHili OpraHII'leCKIIX'b npo3TO aaaxeaie, RaR'b KPHCT&1JI0H!l.bl

I1,eCCOB'h 6yp;eT'b O'ieBIIp;H<\t EIII,e npIIcoep;IIHIIM'b R'b HeMY ,n;pyroii

3aM1)'laTeJIhHbIii .paRT'b, IIMeHHO: rorxa

MoryT'b ,ll;IITTYHp;HpoBaTh sepeas ROJIJIOII)T.bI rrO'lTII TaR'b me ObICTPO, RaR'b U 'lepeJ'!> BOAY, ROJIJIOH,n;bl rrO'lTII COBepmeHHO He Horyr'b P;II<{lq,YHp;upOBaTh sepeas KOJIJIOII,n;bl.Cop;epma~aIlCST B'b cryp;ut nonapeaaaa COJIhB'b resenie BOChMU p;Heii pacnpoorpaaarca B'b coctp;Hen Ma<lCt CTYP;HII, He cop;epmaBmaro paafe COJIII, B'h 60JIbnreM'b RQJIII'IeCTBt, 'l1J'II'b OHa pacnpocrpana-

OPfARlJql\CRAli •racs Obl B'b TC'IeRie ce~IIl )l,Ref! B'b oKpylKaron~ef! RaqReTClI

MATEPIlI • ee BO)l,t; lIelK,J,Y TtM'b, KaR'b

17
paCnpOCTpa-

nenie "KapaMe.il1l B'b. CTY)I,Rt BPllil,'b-.ilIl oopasom, Mbl il,OJIlRllbI CMOTP1lTb aa

opraHH3MbT, I{an
.'IllTb 3TII nOCJI'B)I,Hie. ;J;.illl aacs HOH cnoCOOHOCTlI .'1Ima B03MOlKHO IIM1leT'b ne anaaeaie

parrhe, q1lM'b IIpOH)I,eT'b 8 ;J,ReH". TaRII}!'b KOJIJlOH)I,a.ilbllblll coemaenia, 113'b KOTOPblX'b noorpoeau
pa3/l,tceoll II noqTII O)l,IIH'b oe3npenllTcTBeHHo BhlBO)l,'b 113'b 3TIIX'b nponycsar» sepess

Ha Be~ecTBa,

IIO caMQH cBoeH o/1l3WI8CRotI IIpUpO/l,7; CIIOCOOHbIJI

KOJIJIOlI)I,hI OT'b

J(pHcTa.1VIOIIil,OB'b eme

113CJI'B;I;OBaHiH 0 paann'ITO nYTeM'b YCJIoBin ,ll;iapaanrmoC.'IaOaro OT.11IlReJI1l3a B'b Cll.']Y

Be~eCTB'b TOJIhKO 'ITO II

1>'1 ,J,HIfJq,Y3iIl. pa3il,t.1eHie xt~.IlU'[cCM~ pacnaaarsca coeraaeaia nomeprnyn, nO)IBll)!(HOCTII poxa

Ilpoqieccops I'paast,
coe(h~1-leHHbLf1, B'b ;I,ia.1I1I3aTopt, MOJIeKYJI'b. no

1I0Ra3a.1'b, npu

C.lt1bUWH1-lblX1>

MelR,'!;Y COOOH Be~eCTB'b Be~eCTBa eoan nOBO)!,Y

)!,I1tPtllY311BHOCTH, HO saioroa !lelR)!,Y

CpO)!,CTlla MelR)I,Y' HIlMlI COOofI

MorYT'b 1I0

TO.IbKO 01111 pt3KO nOJIYTopaXJ10plIarO lIenpO'IHOCThIO H

I'paaas
spaaaaro 3aJI'b,

Ilo

rOBOplIT'b: 'ITO ecan

"TaIwro

OOJIa,ll;aror'b 113BtCTHOro cnqcooHoCTH ,'!;iamI3Y, ronopa,

lIeCXO,ll;CTBa HX'b COCTaBHhIX'b qaCTeH 3TO COe)l,lIHeRie OCTaBJIlili lReJIt3t, onnca B'b ,'!;pyr'h

K'b )l,lI(PtPY3ill";

OH'b noaa3a-

TO nopIICTOBO)!,opO)!,Hali 'ITO IIO)l;'b nyreM'b 0110 RaK'b ,,}IOj!(eT'b ara

KHCJIOTa noCJIY)!(IITh lICTOqeaaa COOofI XOTJI

CTeneHHO )l,H$<jlYH,'I;HpyeT'b H3'b com, MtqaeT'1 HIIRml'b 60.lfbillUMH OH'b II ,'I;JH no.'lyqeHiH Maccu~m paCTBopIlMOH PUCllUi\UeTClI OT;I;t.,]lIThClI no CO

RO.II.lJOlli\&1hHYro ORliCh )!(eJI1l3a. To lRe caaoe j!(e.ll1l3 a , TaK'b CO.%

OO'h YKCYCHOJ(lIC.lIO!I'b

);ia.lJH3Uropt 0T'b ;I,pyra

ImiHHieM'b .I\iaJIIl3a,

.J;IHPq,Y3ilI".

OOhlKIIOBeHHO crpesnenie CTBaM'h, pt3KO carsaoe pacnareaho pyIO rnyIO 3TIIM'h CTBIITeJIbHOCTII nee COlIpOTIIll!IeHie j!(e

CBOHCTBellHOe nenreHaCTOJIhRO 'ITO B'b

OT.illlqarolIl,HMCa

nO,ll;BlIlRHOCTH CBOIlX'b paonaaeaia

MOJIeKYJI'b,

BCTp'B'Iaen

CTOPOHhI XIIMll'feCKaro

CpO,ll;CTBa ilTIIX'b He npollcxO,'!;HT'b; CIta3aThClI nora

Be~eCTB'h,

;I,'BlIR'b H'BRO-

cmIonpOII3BOJIhHarO

omaso

, 3TO crpearenie Be~ecTBY

,'!;O.ilj!(110 B'b H3B'BCTHOH crensaa ImitHeHia,

II cooo~nTh pa3pYlIIaIO~IlM'b ObI npn

rOrOBHOCTh aaepriro

npereprrsnan, COe,'l;IIllellllhIX'h

KOTOPOH oen qt~l'h

He OhlJlO Ohl.

HepaBeHCTBO CllJIaM'b OO.1[hYC.iloBilln.

B'b nOiI,BII)!(HOCTll npa

aTOMOB'b ,ll;OJlj!(IIO cooo~nTh I13M'BHelliH, 3HUqeHie YNa3aHHaro

np01I3BO)l,CTB'B

OHn mltJIll JlMellIlO: il,pyrie

IIHhIX'b

OO'bllCHIIeTCJI ssposrsoe rJlaBHhlMII

HaMn B'h Haqa.~t BCt

r.ilaBhI HeCXOil,CTBa Mem)l,Y TOr.I\a RaR'b Tpii II3'b HIlX'b C'h II3stCTHhIMII R'b OCTaJIhHIlM'b 3.1J.e3JIeoopanepeTO lIhI,

qeThIphMJI

3J1eMellTaMII opraameenaro

neutecrsa,

06.~a)l,aIOT'b 66.~brnero PO.I\'h-OOllapYlRlIBaeT'b !reHTa~IIl. }IeHTaM'h pimKOll 3YIO~IIX'l. ItpeCTHhIlI ItameTClI,

JIO)l,BlI)!(HOCT1IO aTOMOll'h, qt~l'h

:JJIe~IeHTbI, qeTBepThIH-yrJle-

aTOMHYIO 1I0)!,BIl)!(HOCTh, HallMeHhillYro coemaeaiaxs CIIJIa cpoacraa qTOOhI He )l,aTh caaaarsca

no cpaaaeauo yrJIep0.I\a B'h

Bs
eme

OO.l1te rrpocrsm,

.I\OCTaTOqHO CIIJIhHa,

nOJIHOH MtP'B

cy~ecTByro~eH

pa3HII~'B

B'h Mo.1JeI,YJIapHoil. nO,'!;BHlRHOCTll; 'ITO xacaerca Tt.lla-COe)l,IIllelliiI, npllBO,ll;a~ill Be~eCTBO

CJIOlRHhIX'b COe,ll;lllleHeiIl, ;I,tfICTBYIOT'P

opraamecaia CpOi\CTBa, IIMteM'b

B'h KOTOP1IX'h O,'!;IlOBpeMeHIIO B'b COCToaHie XIIMIIqeCKarO

nanpaxenia, MhI paste

OCHOBaHie iJ:yMaTh, npauun

'ITO B'h HIIX'h yrta3aHHoe K'b TOMY me

HeCXO)l,Cl'BO iJ.1eMeHl'OB'h il,OJllltHO sopose, 3,11;tCh lIYTeM'b BhIBe.lII 1I3'h

CH.ilhHO ClIOCOOCTBOBaTh MOJIe1>YJIapHhIM'b nepeMt~ellillM'h. IWHRpeTHblX'b )l,Orta3aTeJIhCTB'b saaxareasaoe OCHOBHhIX'b HaqaJI'h:

I'osopa

BhIBO)!,y, ROTOPhllI

HeCXO.I\CTBOMelK)I,Y COe)l,HHeHllhIMII

3JIe~reHTaMll il,OJllRHO cnooonapylRIITh Ram,ll;hIH JIBJI;an-

COOCTBOBaTh ;I,I1q,q,ep.eH~ia~iH.

§ 8.

Kam)l,hlH

,:J;aHHhlH yqaCTOK'h 113yqeHiro semecraa, oiOJIOrOB'b, KOTOPhIli xarepin Be~eCTB'b. 'ITO TtJIa, HIl

opraautecscn
ecrs Mhl ll'b ea RilqTO ,'1;0 CllX'h

sarepia, rOpa3.I\0 nops

cnocooHhlH oOJIte BfJ)I,t pa3cMaTpIIBUJIIl:

.reaia, IIhllI

nO,ll;JIelRa~ilI opranmecaia

CJIoj!(Hoe, 'ltM'b CO)l,eplRIIT'h

OT,II,t.lIhIItCKOJlbRO

HhIH yqacTOK'b pa3JIIIqHhIX'b Bo phIX'h HhIlI .10e

opraaasecsoa OpraHUqeCRIIX'b xacca

eCTeCTBeHIIOM'b

IIepBhIX'b,

OKa3hlBaeTClI, lRIIBOrO

O)l,HO 1l3'b 1'tx'h

ROJlJlOll,ll;aJlhHhIX'h Tt.U'b, 1I3'b J(OTOnO)l,.I\eplRnBaTh noarn sceraa lRII3HeHOhl MUonaauKOJWOll.ll.aMII. KaRoe HeM'b

CJIaraeTClI I13MimeHill: ROJIll'leCTBO CIIEHCEP1>.

He B'b cocroaain MhI Hll

caxo-no-ceef
B'b

OHO nceraa lRllBOTHOii.

HaX0.ll.IITCJI COBM1lCTHO C'b )l,pyrllMII TRaHll 1I3C.Ilt,ll.OBamJ,

OCHOBAH, BIOJIOrm.

18
BaeTCJI HMteT'b, 60JrBe no Oil.HOit IjlOpMhI BtPOliTHOCTH,

IJ;AHHhIli BIO.10rIlI. npOTeIlHOBarO paCTBopHMYIO ROJlU'IeCTBt BeJIl,eCTBa. OpraHH'IeCKiJI II BeJIl,eCTBa: 06b1l(HOBeHHO npncyrcTBylOT'L II lIWJIaTIIHU, npUqe¥'b IjlOPMY, H I1epaCTBOpIlMYIO Ol'i\tJII,HUJI cpaay COBMtCTHO me I1aXOi\JlTCJI upeaeras'ITO )l,alKe 113'h

pa3J1I1'IHbIJI B'h 60JlblIIeM'b

XHMUqeCKill Bceit

BUi\oHHMlmeHiJI

a.lJI,6YMIIHa ;ImphI.

RI11Ki\Oe H31> HIIX'b 3i\tCb KJltTKU,

It

UJIH MeHblIIeM'b MUHHMaJlbHOe Hea30TIICTarO Jl npOCThIJI Mbl

paCTHTe.lJI,HUJI me BnOJlHt

JllllOJIl,aJI co6oit 060JlO'IKY caMWI ce6JI H3'b MeJlKiJI iJ,:1llte CMtCh

KOJIH'IeCTBO a30THCTaro lII!IKpoCKOn'b 1jl0pMhI 'ITO

ROJlJlOII)l,a, 3aKJlIO'IeHa

B'b KO.TlJIOH)I,aJIbHYIO

06HapYlItllBaen, O,!l.HOPO)l,Hbl. TKaHh,

,lI,aJIeKO He opramnecsaa

)l.OJImHbl IIM'BTh

B'b BURY,

Upe)l,CTaBJIJlIOJIl,all 6blTI,

paCTBOpIIMhIX'b

aepacraopnasm, pa3J10lKeHiJl, i\JIll II

RO.II.TIOll)J;OB'b,nponaraua

UOBCIO,'l.Y RpIICTaJlJlOHU H'BKOTOPhIll cJlyCOeCJlU yrJIeKHcJlbIlt Macct, (a BeJIl,eCTBa U lKllphI,

,lI,aMH. O;J,HH n3'b lItan, raas,

3THX'b UOCJlt)l.HlIX'b,

I\aK'h BO)l,a H RUCJIOP0Jl:'b '!!;pyrie, KaR'b

1),

a Momen

COJIU, JlBJIJIIOTCli B036Y)l.UTeJllIMH noaa, II3'b MO'IeBUHa, ml'liclI

caxapncrna

no Bceii B'BPOllTHOCTU, xarepsaxaaa KpeaTHH'h

paaroxeaia
B'b

n, HaKOHe~'h, TperhH-RaK'b

KpeaTIlHHH'b,

CYTI, npOJ,yKThI 60JlhllIHHCTBt

paaaoaeaia. Bs
HepaCTBopIIMbI

CTOlIJIl,eit II

ROJlJlOHIl:OB'b, ROTopble O'ieHI,

c·~Y'IaeB'h

paCTBOpIIMlI,

TO 06JIai\alOn

HU3KOn: MOJleKYJIlipHOlt CIIJIOll; 3TlI

IIOJl:BUlItHOCThlO II caMII

i\U!jJWY3IIBHOlt UOi\CJlOlItHlIJI nplIqIIHaMlI; K'h ,n;I1WKalwii OCHOBC006JIl,aJIH 611cTparo 611JllI 61,1 i\JlH lItIl3HH. MelIt,1l;y co6oIt, MaJlOlIO;J,BHlKBeJIl,eCTBa npn y,l(a-

caron),

UOCTOHHHO ~IIPKYJIUPYIOT'b II C'b HX'b )I.IlWWPHBHOit BeJIl,eCTBa, me lIJlll pa3JIOlKeHiJI U3'b IlIlX'b

RpIICTaJlJlOHi\bI,

06J1a,!!;aroJIl,ie BhICOKOit BbI3BaHHOMY

MOJIeRY·lllIPHolt paararamrs lIHhIMII

BlIlKHOCTI,IO B'b

I{pHCTa.lJJIOH;J,bI lIJlII paanoaeano, H nO)lBlIlItHlI, 6hICTPO

KOJIJIOIli\aJlhHhIli pe3YJII,TaTt

CIIoc06cTBYIOT'b 3THX'b O'ieIlI,

CJlOlKHbIX'b ROJIJIOHAOB'b o6pa3yroTcli npOCTlI lite OCTa.1I,Hhili y,n;aJIJIIOTCli U3'h roro

HOBhIJI RpUCTaJInpu6.lIlIlItalOTCH nyreM'h cocrasa, H He

JlOIl,!!;HbIH BeJIl,eCTBa (ma

HIIM'b B'b 3TOM'b OTHO!IIeHiH), WY3ilI, MlI HlIX'b ee Ralt'h I'eneps nanua 60JIte B'h II 06 paancrea. MlI

KOTOPhIli

TaK'b

rsaaen

MOlIteM1> BlI,lJ,tTb He 06.1Ja,J;a.1Il IIpO~yI{TOB'b

Bero

He06xo,lJ,IlMOCTI,

Cne~HWlI'IeCKarO nO,lJ,BHlItHOCTbIO

OpraHlI'IeCKOII CBOlnf'b

aarepin.

C'h o,!!;Hoii CTOPOHbI, BlICOKOii MOJIeRpapHoit TO He H3M'liHeHili c:romHblX'h He COCTaBHhIM'b

eC.IIlI 61,1 rpa

113'b 'IeTlIpeX'h rasoro

l.l.lImreHTOB'b rrpooruvs rB

ooemneaiav», ,lJ,tJITeJlI,HI,IlI crenean

MOrJlO 611 IIPOHCXOi\HTI, ,I('BJlTe.1bHOCTlI, uarepia,

Y,lI;a.lJeHiH H3JlHlIUlllX'b. HeB03MOlItHhI C'b He HhIMII ,l(pyroit B'b

OpraHlI'IeCIWII

H CJI'B,I(OBaTeJII,HO COe,l(IIHHlICI, KpynHhIMII

nOCTOllHHlIlI B'b ROTOpal! nucnrea IIlIep~iH He

ROTOPblli He06xoi\IIMlI C'b

CTOPOHbT, eC.m CHJlY CBoeH

611 3TH KpaHHe MOJ1eKYJlaMII,

nO,l(BHlItHble MorJlO

3JIeMeHTlI, 6bl

06pa30BaJllI

BeJIl,eCTB'b 'IaCTJlM'h

cymeorsosan,

TOil: MeXaHIIQeCKllll pa3J10qepT'h

YCTOfI'IIiBOCTII, .1IJlTI,Cll nyTe~['b meHiII.

,l(03BOJIlleT'h BM'BCTt

OpraHIIQeCRarO 06pa3ylOJIl,IIMfICll

,'l;IIIJIIJIY3iII,

C'b HeHYlKHbIMII qT06bl

BeJIl,eCTBaMII,

§8
opraameosarn B'1 m.'b

a.

BOC1I0.lJI,3yeMclI BeJIl,eCTBa WOPMYJI'B.

cJlY'Iae~!'b,

nonasars

'ITO reHe3lIC'h

OT.1II'IIlTeJIhHI,IX'h

nporeaars

BnO.JIHt co06pa3HO

C'b 3aROHaMH ::lBOJlIOD,in, BhlpameHHhIMH

06JIl,eII

B'b
Ha3blBaeMlIe "lIpoTlI.1a BCtX'h I130III.10 BOi\a ").

HaCTOaJIl,eC BpeMll 3.lIe!IeHTbI CJIt;J,Yll

Mem;J;Y XmmI\aWI Marcpill

1lIIIpORO

pacnpocrpaaeno BeJIl,eCTB'h n, RpYKC'h

y6tlKi\eHie, no seen )l,aJI'b Crooks)

'ITO TaH'h BtpOliTHOnaanaaie KaI('b H

COCTOJlT'b 113'h eme 1jl0pMbI B'h 3TOMY 1.lHtHilO, npHpO,!l.t

60.~'Be

IIpOeTbIX'b

CTII, H3'h O)l,HOit IWHe'IHolt CYJIl,(lCTBYIOJIl,IIX'b B'h reseaie MaCC'b" 'IUTaTe.lJI,

(IWTOPOlt c,'!omHbIX'b

B.
TtJl'I"

(W.

Ha;J,O npnanan., 3BO.'IIO~ilI. Pa3:IIl'IHlIll rt

'ITO

\flopMHpOBaHie. C006palKeHiJl

3JIe!IeHTOR'b,

COCTOJIJIl,II.:I.'h H3'h

3J1eMeHTOB'h, npoBbI"fHnOTe3t COeJl:HHe-

IWCMUQeCKOll (CM. "OnbITbI").

110 nOBO)l,Y sroro II BTOPIl'IllbIl!

MOlKCT'h HaIlT!!

B'h npnriaaieaiu

K'h O)(HO'IY H3'h MOIIX'b osepnom, n(lpBII'IllhIJI

TYMaHHhIX'b

Ilpocrsmat.

') ),IonteTb OhITI>,IIOI,alKeTClI crpaumrvr., 'IrO hlIC.TlOPO.J:b oraecerrs Rb RJIaccy npa~TaJI.1?IqOBb. 1\1hI C'IIITae'fb ceoll BT, IIpaB£ IIOCTYlIaTh ram., BO-IIepBbIXb, IIOTOMY, 'ITO KpllCTaJUIOll;.(bI OT.Tlll'IaIOTClI OTb hO.1.IOll;WBb npocroron cnocro aTO>fllCTH'IeCKarO COCTaBa II B'b BH,LQ roro, 'ITO cr~ IIIalICb xmnr-ie I aau nepexonar b Bb irpncran.ronnaoo COCTOlIHie.

OPfAHII'lECKAH MATEPIH. Hill, 6J1afO,l\apll KOTOPhlM'b nepaouaxarsuo fIlrrOTeTlIqeCKII B03HIIK.ijII caaa

19
3J1eMeHThI, a aa-

TtM'b IIX'b rrepBII'lHI,IH II BTOPIIqH1IH rrpOIl3BO,l\HhIll, ~IhI yBIl,l\IIM'1, 'ITO 1I3BtCTHhlH RaMHHaJl1Hhre ifJaKThl sroro nponecca BhlcTyuaIOT'1 BUOJlHt pe.l1eifJHo. 1 Pa3cMaTIlllBaeM11H RaR'1 Macchi, e,l\IIHIIU;hl3.lleMeHTOB'1O'leHh MaJlhI, XOTlI OHt 60Jl1IIle e)l,IlHIIIl,'I: IH'PBlIqHOii II ;J:pyrill,l\o.nmHhl6h1J1H JlBlIT1CHnoaae 3J1eMeHTOB'1, TaR'1 Kal('1, BO-nepnurs,

sarepia.

~BYX3J1eMeHTH1Il!coe).OIIIeHiH -

ORIICJlhI, X.1l0PIICThlHCOP)I,lIHeHiH OHI{ craranrca H3'b rrplI ROTO-

HIIX'1 II, BO-BTOP11X'1, e MoryT'b cyru;eCTBOBaT1 H npn 60JIte BhlCORlIX'1reaneparypars, phlX'1 cyru;ecTByIOT'b31Ie.MeHT1I, no BeJlIIqUHt MaCC'b ClIt,ll,yIOT'1 MOJleKy.1fhl ~IHOaleCTBa COJIerl n nO,ll;06Hw..1 ' BhlCORYIOTeMuepaTYPY, OHt COe,l\UHeHiii, Ran MoryT'h oripaaoauaarsoa cpasmrren.ao HII3KIlX'1

.Mo.1eKYlIhl 3THX'1 COe)l,llHeHiii Heo6xo,ll,HMORpYIlH'Be. 3a HHMJI HM'1 TtJI'1. 9TH lIBJIllIOTClI aecoeme 60Jll;e nyreM'1 eme YBe.llHqHBaIOT'1CBOIO

MOJleRYJlhl 061IRHOBeHRo rrpHCOC,l\lIHHIOT'1MOJleRy.lJhlBO,ll;hl, qtal'1 llIaCCY. He 6YiJ;y'IU B'1 COCTOllHill nepenocan, llIHtHHO e;l,uueHiIlMIl. rr03,l1,Hti1IlIHM'106pa30BaHieM'1 no cpanaeaho

C'1 aHfll,!l,pU,ll;UhIMIl,ll;Byx3JIeMeHTHhlMU co-

Bayrpa

orimaro

RJIaCCa rperareuearmrxs

croaCOe,l\II-

Hble, ,l\OJlmHhl 611T1 IloMtru;eHhl yr.1eBO,!l,11, uoropne rill TpeX3JIeMeHTHhIII COe,ll;llHeHiH.

HeHill O,ll,HHaKOBhlX'1 'IaCTIlU;'b II nOToMY 06pa3yIOT'1 eme 60JIte

KpyUHhlll MOJICRYJIhl,'ItM'b ,n;py-

Paararaacs

Upll

resneparjpaas,
B'1 TO'lHOM'1 co-

ORII ,n;0:rmH1161I.llll IIBIIT1CII eme II03,ll;Rte B'1 XO,'l;t XHMII'leCKol13BO.1IOU;ill, II C'1 ~IOMeRTaHA_'1 06pa30BaHiH nlhlCJlt 6hlJl'1 npHrOTOBJleR'1 IT}Tb 1{'1 B03HIIlmoBeHiIO CJlOBa.

Ih

opranmecson

sarepiu

HeIl rrpllHa,ll;JIeiRaT'1paaaccopaaaua

ifJOpMhI npOTellHOB1IA'1 semeeras, aarpsnanin

;l,epalaurill serape HhIl! qaCTIIU;hl. 3mmoro cmyers mapa.

r.lIaBHhlX'1 3.1JeMeHTa ABa nropoorenenasm, II

n IlMtIOru;ill OTHOClITeJIbHO spynII B'1 npacyr-

Cymeoraoaaaie
IITaN'1,

3TIIX'1 COe,ll;HHeHifi, HeCToflKllX'1 npa

CTBin XlIMlI'IeCRIIX'1 ,Il,tIlTeJIeH,OKaaa'IOC1 B03MOlKH1IM'1TO]11(O na nocJlt,'l;Hefl cTa,ll,ill reneauca Mhl BH,n;mI'1, 'ITO B'1 3Toii XIIMH'IeCKOii :JBOJIIOU;iu,NOTopaH npennennrerpanin, ROTOPbl!!HB.lIHeTcJl :JBOJIIOU;ilIlKIl3HII, 06HapYlKHBaeTCil TOT'1 iRe nponecct, 'IepToii BMtCTt 3BOJIIOU;ilIsoorime. C'1 B03pacTaHieM'1 nnrerpanin nponoxomro 'ItM'1

uepsmaoa
2.

nonuureaie

pa3HOpO,'l;HOCTH. .1[e9 IIpO-

MPHThl, eCJIU IIX'1 C'lHTaT1 CJlOlKHhlMII,JIBJlllIOTClIHtcROJIbRO 60.1te TUJI'1. ~Byx3JIeMeHTHhlH MOJleRYJIll IIbIH MO.TleNYJlhl aaaoponrse p areaeara, IIBJlIlIOTCHeme 60Jltp

pa3HOpOl\HhlMH, 'ltM'1

paaaopomse,

,n;Byx3JIeMeHTHhIX'1;roraa pa3HOpO,I\HhlMH,'ItM'1 semecraa,

RaR'1 MOJ1eKy.11I,coxepaanria rpexareaearasra; qeThlpeX'1

MOJleKJ;Ihl 3.lleMeHTOB'1; rpexateaenrsernpe eme llX'1 CaMhIMH me paauoraasaurs,

PO;J;H1IMHHBJIllIOTCIl nporenaonsra 6e3BO,I\HbIl! <pOpMhl. Han60JIte

co,n;epatauriH, RpOMt

,'l;Ba ,n;pyrie 3J1eMeHTa. BO,n;HbIe 3JIeMeHTbI BctX'1

3THX'1 COe,'l;I!HeHifi pa3HOpO;l,Hte, 'ltM'1

lKe pa3Hopo,n;HhHlm IIBJIJlIOTClI T1> ~1O;reKyJIhI,WTOPbIll, cO,llepma I 3TOM'b H30MepiIO H Mtpt

;J;Ba, TpH, 'IeT11pe IIJIII 60.11IIlee 'IHMO 3;reMeHTOB'1, 06HapYlliHBaIOT'1 npn

nomueplro,
3.

KOTopaH Tpe6yeT'b 1I0BTOpHaro coeraaenia. IIo;J;06Hoe 06pa30BaHie see 60Jlte II 60JIte pa3HOpO,'l;HbIA'1 MO.'leKYJI'1no POCTOM'1 pa3HOpO)l;HOCTIIB'1

xO)l;a 3eMHofi 3BOJlIOU;ilI conpcaoaraioos 1t.1'1 Kam!J.aro BII,n;a, a ROTOPbIX'1 noorpoenu 'leClmn

raase

arrperarf

CJlOalllhlX'1

II B03pacTaHieM'1 'IHC.'Ia BII:J;OB'1;ara noapacranntaa

paaaopojnpUHIIMaJI'1

HOCT1 B'1 BhlcIlIei1 CTeneHII nupaaaercn opraHII3M1I. Beru;e~TB'1, soapaoraa

B'1 coe,n;IIHeHiJlx'1 6e3a30TIICTbIX'1 II a30TIICThIX'1, 1I3'1 roro KaK'1 3e~lHofi IlIap'1

TaRIIM'1 06pa30M'1, R.llaCChl, IIOpH;l,KH, PO,ll;bI H BH!J.hI AIIMI!B03HIIRHoBeHiIO jKH3H1I, II ITO)l;Be;l,eM'1IITOf'1 113'1 RO3TO aaH MaTepin

nOCTerreHHO 110 Mtpt

ero cOBpeMeHHblii BH;J;'1,!J.ocTnrJlII eme B'1 cTa;l,in, npanuecrsonaauiia ,110HeBtpoliTHoi1

§ 9.

CTeneHH CJIOlKHOCTH. • .MhI ,n;OJIlKHhl3mitTIIT1 , 'ITO nemecrsa, 60.11bIlIefi CTeneHII, 'ltM'1 uopepaonpersteaia

B03BpaTIIMCJl OT'1 3TUX'1 'IaCTbIO BBO;J,HhIX'h pa3cYlK,n;eHilt opraHII3MbI, BhlIIOJIHllIOT'1 B'1 ropa.uo

cha3aHHOMY aa npe,ll,hl,ll,yru;HX'1crpaaanars 10p1lX'1 lKelCli ~lll!lKeHill, coeraareau C'1 nepnaro

B3rJ111,ll;a, CJIOBill, He06xo,n;IIMlIH ,ll;JIII Tl;n Y

ROTOPbIl! COCTaBJIllIOT'1 9BOJlIOU;iIO.

B'1 rrpe,n;'BJIaX'1 T'Bn TeMnepaTYp'1, npn ROTOPhIA'b IIpOHCXO;J;IIT'1 oprannsecaie npolJ,ecc1I, B3aJIMHoe cponcrao rJIaBH1IX'1 3.'IeMeHTOB'1 opranmecxnro Beur(,CTBa He,n;tlITe!11110; a

20
O,ll,IIH'b 1I3'b HIIX'b ,n;IIHeHiH MeHte ,n;JIT'b JIerRO BCt 3TUX'b cToitml'l!l!. 'IeThIpC cneniaasno JJIeM€HTOB'b, IIO Mtpt 3J1eMeHT3

,n;AIIHbIJI BIO.1JOflH. OTJInqaeTCJI CBOeIO XIIMlI'IeCRoit IlX'b CJ10lKHhIll lIHepTHOCThIO. B'b XIIMII'IeCKiH coeII BXO-

M3P3CT3HiJI BMtCTt

CJIO)RHOCTII, ,n;tJIaIOTCJI BCe MeHte COCT3B'b IWTOPhIX'b 'ITO KOJlll'IeCTBOM'b ,n;ByX'b ,n;pyrnn,

II,

H3KOHeIl,'1, Hall60Jlte aJIeMeHTOB'b, ,n;ame rrplI TtJI'1

COe,n;IlHCHiJI,

r.lIaBHhIC

C'b He60JI1lmnl'}, YCJIOBiJIX'b. lliHBlIJI

OKlIC.1JllIOIIl,lIXCJI

JIB.1IJIIDTCJI y)];e

H3CTO.lJ1RO HerrOCTOilRH1IMlI, T1iJI3,

I1X'b P3;y...

JrOlKeHie l{'b

nponcxomrs

06bIRHOBeHHhlX'b nyTeM'1

CpeAII

3JIeMeHTOB'b, CJIOlKHbI)''b

I13'b J(OTOP1lX'b

06pa30BUHiIO

BaRiIO np0,ll,YKTOB'b,

mealars, seprarsca
B'h .n.tncTBin, ro.n.HhlMll .IlBJIJIe!!oit eme 3TIIX'}, RbIX'b

aoropue,
0

noorpoena nonropaato
lKe

lIa6.lJIO,n;3eTCJI CTpeMJIeHie B'b TtX'b II lKe OTHOCBIInoz-

COe,ll,IlHeHili

II CJIt,ll,OBaTeJIhHO K'h 06pa30B3JITbIX'b II30Mepin

COCTOll 113'1 TtX'b

3.1eMeHTOB'1, 3JIeMeHTOB'1

OTJHI'fUIOTCli MelK,II,y c060it llo,n;06Hoe TalORe

CBoIICTB3MII. ,!I,tTeJI1CTByeT'h

cnocoooas lIn npeooaaraale cpem 3THX'b

cllcIl,iaJIhHoit COCTaBHbIXb

arrperanin

II llOTOMY 06JI3,l1,aIOT'b pa3JIII'IHhIMll nOJIIIMepilI BeIIl,eCTB'b opraHH'IeCKIIX'h

npncnOC06JIeHHOCTII 'IaCTeit. I;OTOPblll

nepepaCIIpe,ll,t.l!CHiilM'b :nIIX'h

spasue

CJIOlKH11)''b COC)l,lIHCHillX'h, 0Ilpe,ll,tJICHHbI1I !lX'b opraH1I3MOB'h. r.lIUBHhlX'b MCHbllIelr, 11 BIl,ll,'b BMtCTO II

lIB!illIOTClI

oPY,lI,ieM'h 3Tn

lKH3ReRHhIX'h nonpanposee

IIPIICYTcTByeT'b ,n;JIa tJ!0pMnpoBKu TpeMJI xora

OIIPP,lI,'BJlCHHali HpaitHeit B'b

creneas

MOJIeJ(YJlilpHoit BeIIl,eCTBa BMtCTO HIIX'h 60.1]te IIO,ll,BHlKHOCTII,

,lI.BlIlKHOCTIT, soropaa

06ycJlOB.UIIBaeT'h

IIJIaCTn'IecJ(ia :lJIeMCHTOB'h MOJIeKYJlllpHOfI BMtCTO

CBOitCTB3, ,lI,t.1aJ! MOJIeKyJIJIpHoII cB060,n;HOM'h IIO,!l,BlllKHOCTII IWTOPhlX'b lI'imoTopbIe tJ!II3I1'IeCKIlX'h CJIllmltOM'1 IWMIlPOMIICC'h B'h CJlIIllIKOM'h CIIJllI, J(OTOpaJI

JI3'h 'ICThlPCX'1 rasooripaaaoe 3TIIX'h

COc101lHin; IIpOCThIX'h ,'\olll CBOitCTB'b

3Ha'iJITeJlhHOfI, 3JIeMeHTOB'b, npOJlBJIlITh coe,ll,JlHeHifl

cOe,ll,IIHeHiil HeB03C.1]OlK-

11 )](JI,ll,Koe COCTOl!Hic HaIWHeIl,'1, 1I3'b KOTOPhIX'b

,n;1macn

1I0lRlIhlM'b 60JlblliYIO

:JBOJlIOIIiIO, II, npa

aoleMCHTOB'1,

IIpi06ptTaIOT'h rJlaBHhIM'h

CJIHllIROM'1 o6pa30M'h II

nO,ll,BIIlRHOCTh

uarp'snauin,
aroro Mor)T'h He

a ,lI,pyrie pail'h OhlTh

llM.tIOT'h

TBep,ll,Oe RPllCTaJIJIOIlMelK,n;y )]ilJ,lI,RllM'h COCTOJlHill, 3aCTaBUJIa 6hI

,1I,3JIhHOe COCTOllHieR COCT051T'bopraH1I3MbI, TBep,ll,hIM'b raaom, crneaaaro 'IaCTHIl,hr CB060,ll,y

BM1iCTO scero

B'h J(OJI.1]OIl,ll,aX'1, I13'1 ROTOPhlX'h Tpe6) eMblit OOpaIIl,eHhI II OTCYTCTBie 'ITO CJlllIIlKOM'h

MbI Haxo,n;lI~i'b KaR'h HO OHl!

COCT051HieM'h. Omr 06bIKHOBeHHO COe,!l,I1HlITbCH IIO ,lI,BHraThCJI

nO,ll,BIIlRHOe COCTOJlHie CBOit!IX'h

IT lRlI)JJ(OCTeit,

HC npllHIIMaIOT'I, TtJlaM'h. nOJIJIpHarO ,ll,pyra,

HenO,ll,BHlKHaro

TBep,ll,hIM'h 3aJ(OHaM'h CIIJI'b II

paCnOJIOlKeHiJI, ,lI,tJlaen

,ll,UeT'b MOJIeKYJIaM'1 I1X'h 'IYBCTBIITeJIhHhIMII TtX'h arrperaroas,

II3B'BCTHYIO J('h ,n;tit-

OTHOCHTe.l!hHO ,n;pyr'h MO.l!eKYJl'h. 60JlhllIOil

CTBiIO He3Ha'fIlTe.1J1HhIX'h COCTOSlT'h I13,!> 3TIIX'h BJIiJIHie MOJleKYJI'b co6Hmm PORhI, OHa ll3BtCTHO, 60Jlhmee )J,3JIte, CRa3hIBaeTCl! IIPIlXO,ll,I1T1 06JIer'IaeT'h 'ITO 'ItM'h ,n;BIIlKeHie BeCMIa nepexo.RY

06YCJlOBJlIIBaeT'h nnepnin

IIJlaCTH'IHOCTh KpylIHhIX'h dJlaeT'h aqmpHhIX'h

xoropue
MaJlOCIIOCTOJ(aR'b

OTIIOCIITeJIhHO

3TIIX'b

II C.l0lKHlIX'b IWJle6alliit CIl,tuJIeHieM'b; II

OpraHU'IeCKIIX'h CJIt,ll,OBaTeJIhHO C'h ,ll,pyroit TaR'h

,ll,BOJIKO. C'b O,ll,HoII CTOPOHbI, ona B'h ,n;BIIlRellie B'b I13MtHeHill oaa 'ITO 1I0,ll,'h B'h B.liSlHie)!'h <pOpMhI arrperania ,ll,BIIlReIlie npaania

I1X'b cpaBHlITeJIhHO

IIpeII.IlT~TByeT'h

C'1 MeHhllIInI'h Macct

pacnpezfaealn
'IaCTII pa3JIII'Ii.ll

aTOMOB'h BHyTpIl IIX'b

MOJ[eKYJIhl, B3alIMHoe

MeHhllIee MOllieT'h

MOlKeT,], C006Il\I1Th

andlcm6Y1OUWH

ClIJIa, TtM'h B'1

IIplIBeCTlI

MaCChI, I13MtHJIJI

paerroaoaeaie.

BtPOSlTHO,

B'b MOJIeKY.1]JIplloit

nO,ll,BlIlKHOCTII 3JIeMeHTOB'h, .lJerJ(ofI I13MtHJIeMOCTll B'b cnooorine-

COCT3BJllIIOIl\I1X'b 3TII CJIOlKHbIJI MOJIeKynr, B'b I1X'h paCnOJlOlKPHiIl. HaKOHeIl,'h, HOCTH K'b npOHIIlI,aeMhI HDX'b He npO,ll,yKThI npenpameaia pepacnpertreaie 311a'IIITe.lIhHaJI ,lI,1i.1]aen a pasanua

B'h CBOIO osepeas,

cnoc06CTBYIOT'h

Me)l\,J,y KOJl.1I0H,ll,aMII n B'b TKaHlIX'b nomeprarsca EO BeeR JI,tfrcTBlITeJIhHO, C'h OAHon CEoen TtM'b

KpIlCTaJlJlOIliI,aMII ocooeano

,ll,I1¢tJ!yaiu

B03M(JlKHhIM'b iI,BIIlKeHiJI. a MoryT'h pa30M'b 6y,ll,Y'In

opraH1I3MOB'h XIIMlI'IeCKOMY TOJIIIIt; MoryT'b CaMhIM'b CJIa6aH

6hICTpoe

xarepia

CTOPOBhI, J(OJIJlOIl,ll,hl, 6Y,ll,YQII B03ditCTBiIO C'h noaa .n.pyron )IJIa CTOJIh lKe IIOCJlt,ll,CTOPOHbI,

,ll,JIJI IipIICTaJIJIOIl,ll,OB'b, J(OJlJOll,ll,OB'b, KaK'b II TaJ(}!M'b

TO.l!hKO C'1 nOEepXROCTJl,

paaioaeaia
BeIIl,eCTBa.

J(pnCTaJIJIOIl,n;3MlI, O'IIIIIl,all roraa RaK'h

6bICTPO y,n;a.n.aJlhHtitllIHX'h I10,ll,BIIlKHOCTh

JIHThCJI H3'h opraunasa,

06pa3YIOTCH, 06pa30M'b,

MOJleK)'JIJIpHaa

,Il,lIllCTBIE (l.nOlKHhIX'h MOJIeKyJI'h, CRIIM'h I1,t.lJJlM'h,

CIU'h

HA OPfAHH%CI\YIO ,Il,inaeT'h m.'h

MATrPlIO. nplICIIocoo.neHHhIMII KpaHHIIX'h np0,J,YKTOHb K'h

21
IIJ1aCTII'Ie'lauTefi Mtpt no

COCTaB.UJlIOIII,IIX'h TKaHII, MOJIeKYJIJlpHall

BbICOKaJl

nO,J,HlIiKHOCTb IIX'b Y,J,ulIeHie noamnenaaa BcB TenJIOTa

COCTaIlHhIX'h pa3.IIOlKeHill

(T.

e.

3J1eMeHTOB'h)

OOYCJIOBJIIIBaeT'h

HeMe)l;.ueHHoe 'ITO ra

J1X'b 06pa30BaHill.

Eo

BceMY

;JTOMY Ha)l;O npIIOaBTlTb, ~aKTOpOB'h

reaneparypa, nucurie opraaaaaa,

Tl.II1I YCIIJIeHHaH yomaaaers XllMII'le-

BII6paIl,iJl CRill

MOJIeKY.II'h, IWTOPOH IIO II

nOCTOJlHHO I10)l;BepraIOTClI nepepacnpextaeaia. ,Il,1I~~Y3iIO

)l,iUlTe.IIbHOCTD 3TIIX'D II3MtlIelIiJl,

ne TO.lJDlW 06JIer'IaeT'h

yosopaers

EPllCTa.lJJIOII,II,HbIX'1 BeIIl,eCTB'b.

l'JIABA § 10.
'IecKoil oelIlIO CIl Ta'IIl, KpaliHllll iKrHie CnJI1I B'h T1l.1t

II. MaTepi:ro.
aa nero me BCllKOfi Tt

;D;'BHCTBie CHlI'D na OpraHHQeCRYro

PaCnOJIOlKeHie ,Il,O 1I3BtCTHofi iKllB~TlIaro,

sacre fi
crenean lIuMtlIelIill pt3KO.

Kam,Il,arO

rhra

npa B'h

,Il,tfICTBilI

1I3MtHlleTclI. OTJIII'lI!Te.1blIofi

OpraRn'leCKIIX'1 'lacTefi, ooorienaocmc ~OPMY, 61I.lIO 6bI

raxt,

seraaaII OCo-

B'h paCnOJIOlKeHilI

BhI3bIBaeMhIJI II

MeXaRII'leCKIIMll B03CTaHOBJIlIIOT'h

npOJlB.1J1IOTClI ocorieaao JIerKOCTb, C'h KaKofi IIJIll 6en MeHbllIefi

KO.1J.10II,'IOB'1 lIBJIlIeTCll Kor;I;a ,Il,aB.l!eHie II

OHn IIO,Il"Il,aIOTCll crenean

,Il,aBJIeHiIO II

paCTlIiKCHilO

CHOHa B'h 60.l!bllIefi

CBOIO npeiKlIIOIO H ynpyrocTH

npespararca;
He 61ITb,

pacta-

3TOli 3JIaCTll'lHOCTlI

HeB03MomHO

60JIbllIIlHCTBO

opraHH'leCKIIX'b 06.lJrr'laeT'h )J,aBJIellie, ('lOiKeT'h

,Il,tJ!:CTBifi. TO.1IbIW

OKa3hIBam!Oe

Ilpa 3TO~I'h KO.1.1IOII,Il,aJIbHOe cocroaaie opraamecsaro BeIIl,eCTBa speaeaaua rrepeMtHhI 1jJ0pMhI, He II rrQCTOllHHhIlI. IIPOi\OJIlRllTeJIbHOe aa mllBylO TKaHb, Im!tlIlIJI oonepmamnleea BlIyrPH Hell rrpOIl,eCCbIaonaro rrYTeM'h BeIIl,eCTBa, rrpUHllMaTb II RaK'J, 0T'h CJIYlKaIIl,arO nocreneano nepaonaaan.asra rrpo,J,OJllKlITeJlbHarO )l;pyroe,

aaMe,Il,JllIlI noraomenie II Yi\aJl,lBllIarOclI cnoccoaocn,

,Il,.Tm 3UMtlIhI

craparo, TaKIIM'h 'ltM'I. TOID me HBJJeeCJlIl na-

paaaoaamnaruca
06pa30M'h, 60.1bllIeiI BelI1eCTBa roaopa orenenn

)l;1I1jJ~Y3ilI) -

YMeHbllIaeT'h U3M'llIIllIOTCJI

H, B'h KOIII~t B'h ropaazo

KOHII,OB'1, YHII'lTOmaeT'h

nemecrsa

osepraaia.
,Il,aBJIelIill,

Bo06II1,e, BeIIl,eCTBa, Hn H 0T'h MOMeIITa.l!bHaro BeIIl,eCTBo, arrperania, B'h

IWTOPhIX'h COCTOllT'h opraII1I3~!bI, Mapa paBlIo

§ 11.

HeOpralIlI'leCKiH. OpralIH'leCKOe H BClIRoe 06.1ai\aIOIII,ee

Ca'\IOIO IjJOpMOIO MOJleKYJIlIpIIOJ!: Hili, II ue CBH,Il,tTeJlhCTBYIOIII,IIX'h 0 ero llBJllIlOTCll quasiMeXalIlI'leCRlIMII MeXalIll'leCRIIMH. 6J1aro,Il,apll BO,Il,hI, 'laCTbIO

npoaaaaen,
3IIa'lelIiII

,Il,Bt TtCIIO aroro

CB1I3alIH1Ill Mona,

sareropia
6bITb

'lYBCTBIITeJlbHOCTH 06hI'l1I0M'D

R'h )l.tfICTBilO

OCOOb!X'D CHJI'h, ROTOPblll TO ~!OryT'h

3BalIbI

ROJl.l!OII,Il,hI, OOJbllIill BMtCTt 3aBIlctTb HaKOlIeIl,'h, qecKill

CIIJIt,

lIa3bIBaeMOH rrpii 06paTRO,

"KUrrllJlJlJlplIm!'h aTOM'h rryreM'h acnapeaia

CPO)J,CTBOM'h", MoryT'h YBeJlH'lelIill TaKjKe OIIH

B61IpaTb 06'heMa

ROJIlI'leCTBa

nperepnssaa

3IIa'lHTeJIblIhIll

C'1 113MtlIelIieM'h IIJlll

1jJ0pMbI.

aerso repmors
Momen
HJIlI, OHO BO)l.1I, cJlY'lat

;)TY BO)l.Y, rrplllIUMaH aanaerca

UJiU BrrOJllIt

osoe

rrepBOHa'la,[bHoe 3TlIX'h ~aI{TOpOB'h;

COCTOHHie. 9TO HBJIeHie ,Il,IIIjJIjJY3IIBIIOCTII BO BClIKOM'h

OT'h KarrlIJIJlllplIOCTII pe3YJlbTaTOM'h 3,Il,tCb, oTMt'leHO

KOJlJlOH,Il,OB'b,llJIlI 0601lX'h RaK'h 1I0BbIfi

OT'h KpaJ!:lIeJ!:

,J,O.'llKHO 6blTb ,Il,tfiCTBiH ).l,pyrylO Ra3blBaeMOM'D nomm, TBOphI

cnocoris, 1I0Cpe,Il,CTBOM'h soroparo MexaHIIMoryT'h OKa3blBaTb naiaaie aa pacnoroaeaie 'laCTeH B'h OpralIlI'leCKOM'1 Ttd;. pO)l.CTBeHHYIO 1fJ0PMY sexaamecaarc )l;tfICTBill MhI lIaOJlIO;J,aeM'h B'h anaeain,
OCMOCOM'h. ECJlII IIJlOTIIOCTll, IIJlOTlIarO C'h 06tHX'1 CTOPOH'h nponanaeaon BeIIl,eCTBa, aanpaaraerca 60Jlte HaXO,Il,HTCll HBJIelIie nepenouaa, JlerRO rrepenOIIRY BelI1eCTBa oc06elIII0 nepepac1I3'h KOJlJIOll)l;aJIbHarO BeIIl,eCTBU cMtllIlIBalOIII,ieCll r,'1 OOJIte TO lIaOJllO)l.aerCll KO.m'leCTBO ,Il,BoJ!:IIOrO

COCTOllIIl,efi paannaon

nepexosa:

3lIa'lIITeJIblIOe IlJlOTHOM:y B'I.

JiOJ1H'leCTBO Mellte neIIl,eCTBY,

sepeas

O,Il,IIOBpeMeIIHO

MelIbllIee

IIJlOTHarO

nanpaaraerea

22

,1(AHHhIlIBIOJIOrIlI.

1teH'Be IIJIOTHOeB'b pe3y.1bTaT'B npOIICXO,1(IIT'banasareasaoe YBeJIIIqeHie OO'beMa nJl0THarO paCTBOpa na csers lIente rrJIOTHarO. iho aarenie, OqeBII,1(HO aanacantee OT'b II.tJIaro pH,1(a. YCJIOBi.rr,,1(0 cnx'b nops He Bno.1Ht pa3'bHCHeHO. O,1(naRO, l1ROBOOhl an 011JIO ero OO'bHCHeR Hie, ,1(tltCTBYH uenpepusno, (lTOT'b nponeoos rrOCTOllHHOnpOII3BO)(UT'b rrepeMtHhl B'b opraan'IeCKIIX'b Tt.1aX'b. qpen nosepnrocrs lRIIBOTHhIX'b II paorenin sceraa npoacxorars npooaraBaHia nO,1(OOHarO xapanrepa. Mnoria 113'b 3aMtTllhlX'h 00pa30M'b u3MtHeHill. 1jl0pMbI, IIpeTepntBaeMblX'h

aapojjnnaan,

npoacxomrs

r!laBHhIM'b

o.mrO;J;l1pll rrpOHURHOBeHiIOoKpymaIOID.UX'b

mll,1(ROcTeJl.xepeas HU'IeCROfi xarepia xepeas

nOBep}'HOCTHbIli OOO.'IO'lRH. 'ITO, RPOM'B HerrOCpe;I,CTBeHHhIX'brepeMtH'b, Bhl3hIBaeMblX'b B'b oprar II IIpOII.eCCOM'b BIIIIThIBaHia B'b TI\aHII

HYlRHO npnoaBIITb,

nporoactenia

BOAhl II BO;J,HhIX'b PUCTBOPOB'b ;J;pyroro pOAa. IIMeHHo, H RhIlle-

IWJr.101l;J;hI,3TU npoueccu

ROCBeHHO BhI3hlBaIOT'b rrepeMtHhl

JlBJIaaCb rrpU'IIIHoll: nocryuieaia

B036y.n:UTeJIefi XIIMII'leCIaIX'b u3MtHeHilt

.n;eHia U3'b TRaBell IIPOAYKTOB'b 3TUX'b H3~ltHeIlifi, IIpe.n;t.1eHia}f'},.

OHH CIIOC06CTBYIOn !l.aJIbHtJ!.I1IHM'b rrepepuc1111'Ia.'1a, § }lOJleKY JI'b

§ 12.

Ran

YlKe 6bl.10 rosopeao

(Ocnonnua
dJIueT'b

100),

TeITJIOTa,Il.lI1I nossnuea-

Hoe COCTOHHieMo.leRpHpHhIX'b

BuopaIl,ifI,

CIIoco6HOIO ItUmAYIO AtIICTBYIOID.YIOCHJIY OpraHlI'leCK11rO Be'JI,eCTBa. Ho

zerte
remonr, norupue

rrpOH3BO;I,HTb H3~rlmeHie B'b HtKoTopble

pacnoaoseaia

rrOMmlO roro

iRII3HeHHble

npOII.eCCbI li.aCTO.1bROHerrocpC;J,CTBeHHO 3aBIICllT'b IIXb r!IaBHOIO nplI'IUHoH.

on

'ITO JTy rrOC!lt;J,IIIOIO HU)(O cxnrars BbI3blBaIOT'bnpespamanie

I1pHCYID.all RO.IT.'lOU;J;aM'b CH.1aBIUIThIBaTb B'J, ce611BO,l,YII BWECTt C'b HeIO Tt rJIOID.aeMaHsora OCTaBa.1aCbBHyTplI oprannaxa. 110C.1!t.n;OBaTe.1bHOCTb amenia

MaTepbll.ITbI,

BeID.eCTB'b, e MOr!Ia 6bI nOCTOllHHO H npOllB.IJlTbCJI,eC.1H 6bl norrO,l,;J;eplitHBaeTCJI COi\epiKaID.IIMlI HOBbIlI Y;J;a.'leHieBO:\bI oo.ITer-

IlCR.UIO'IUTe!IbHO 6.'1arOil.Upli YAu.leHiIO BO;J,blH 3aM'imt ell HOBblMHnopniaun, KO.lIII'IeCTBa MaTepbH.lIOB'b.Y BbICIIIUX'b iRIIBOTHblX'bII Y BblClIIUX'b pacreain 'IUeTCll err nonapeaiem. .IIaeTCH Terr.1!OTOJ!..Xora raanaaa
B'b

XO;J;'b iRe ncnapenia, nepe;J;BlIlReHie

npn

nposaxs

paBHbIX'b YC.IIOBiHX'b, orrpeA'BO)l,HaIW .IIIICTOCO!IHIl,e BbI-

CORa rro

CTBO!IY;J:epeBa 'IaCTbIO n 3aBIICUT'b OT'b 'Ipen

ntRoTOpblX'b HB.1eHifr (MOlKeT'b 6bITb, OC~IOTIl'IeCKrrX'b), mltIOID.IlX'b M'BCTOB'b ROPHt, npmnaa I~IIpRy.'lJlIl,iIl B'b pacreaiaxs II
B'J,

3aR.~IO'IaeTCli B'b rrOTept B0il.bI IIOCTYlI.1eHin Mt.n;YIOID.HX'b nopnia pacreaia, C'b ltaRolr

ByIO rrOBepXHOCTbIIYTPM'b ncnapcaia CII!lY KurrII.'lHpHarO

CORaB'b .mCTbH

npnraaenia.

3aBJIAaHie

BbICTaB.IIeHHbIX'bna apnoo

npII

CYXOCTII rrO'lBbI RpyrOM'b RopHeJ!., HCHO nouasunaen.,

CIIJOH ncnapeaie

raraaaen,

CO;J:epiRIIMOe COCYi\HCTbIX'b RaHUJIOB'b; 6bICTpoe :lIe OlRHB.~eHie n06JIeKIIIIIX'b cTe6!IeJ!., RarrH.I.1HpHOCTb. .~tC crroc06cTByeT'b B03HIIR.n;O.1lRHa OT'b nepemnaenia HerrOCpe)(CTBeHII3MtHeHill~I'b. B0il.bI cs rrOBepXHOCTIl pacreaia narepin,

onYlIl,eHHblX'b B'b BO;J;y, CBIIil.tTe.lbCTByeT'b 0 TOM'b, KaRYIO PO!Ib nrpaers .n;OBUTP.lJbHO, HOCRO.lbRYncnapenie HOBeHiIO TeqeHill CORa. pacrnre.u.naro CQIITUTbCl! IIPH'IHHOIO Tta

CORa, rrOCTO.lbRYTemOTU, Bbl3blBaIOID.aa acnapenie, ROTOPhlll 3aBlICHn me lIoil.o6Hml'J, 06pa30M'b

nepepacnpersaeaia lKlIBOTHblX'b TelI!IOTa

CpOlIyTHblX'b 'IpeJ'b

HblM'b H ROCBeHHbIM'bB.1iHHieM'b cnocoocrsyen. Bb1iI.'E.leHie napom, rryTb i\.111 Y;J;a.leHili HOrJIOID.eHHOJ!. B0il.bI Qepe3'b BCt TRaHII, TORH, 6en IImroIIJII cocy.n;IICTaa CIICTeMa npn II

npOIIcxO;J;HIIl,IIM'b B'J, opranaaxf

nOCpe)l,CTBO.iIerKIIA'b II C'b nonepxnoora

IWiRII COCTaB.'IJIeT'b rJIaBHbIJ!. OCTaHOBHJIIICb 1,1.XOTII 6

nOCTOllHHO rrO)l,;J,epmIIBaeT'b TOKII, HPOXO)l,llID.ie

KOTOPblX'b BCt <PYHKII.iII oprannaaa

BtTBHID.IIXCJ[ RaHa!IOB'b Pl13IIOCIIT'b HO BceMY TtJIY nara3TOJ!.lI(!lil.KOCTII BHYTpb TKaHeJ!. OT'laCTII 3aBIICUT'I.

Te!IbHYIO iRHil.KOCTb,O)l,HaRO nocrynaeuie

OT'b y)(.aJIeHiH un HUX'b HaXO)l,llIIJHXCli PI1Hte jKII)I,KOCTeiI. CJItil.OBaTeJIbHO, nocKo.llbRY 3TO Yil.a.1!eHlCiKII;l,ROCTlI 1I3'}, TItaHeJ!. 06YC!IOB!IllBaeTCli IIcrrapeHieM'b II nOCRO!IbIty ncnapeaie 06!Ier'IaeTCH Ten.lJOTOIO,rrocTO.1bRY 3Ta noczsmaa HH3Mt lliHBOTHblX'b 1). il.tJIaeTCli HPII'IIIHOIO nepepacnperfaenla B'b opra-

1) 3a:l1'B'IaHie, C,J;'B.::raIIHoe KPIITHKOH, 'ITO Y .l\fJIeKOnIITaro~IIX'b 60.::r'Be nsrcoxis TeMnepaTy_pbI 3aMeLPlfKlT'b xozn. xo.teny.tapauxr, H3M'BHeHiII B'b TKalIa:X'b, 3aCTaBJI!IeT'b MelI!I npIluaBIITL, 'ITO ncnapenle, 0 ROTOPOM'b!I rosopio, 3aTpYI'IH!IeTC!I, eCJIII rexneparypa

,IJ;tHCTBIE ClI.l'J. HA OprAlIIIqECRYIO

MATEPlIO.

23
1I3BtCTHO, B3M'BYTlIJIlI3IIpyeMhlli

§ 13. MOlKHO saparrse

HlIeT'J. MHorill (pOTorpa$ierr, f1U'h Tt, RplICTaJIJIaX'h

OlKlI,n;aT1, 'ITO CB'BT'J.,C060H rassr, na

ROTOPbIH, RaR'J. Tenep1

neopraamecaia eoemaesia,
3aMtTHOe ,'I,tll:cTBie

IJPOIl3BO)l;IIT'J. XIIMH'IeCRill H3M'ilHR€n BJlillHill rania TtJla.

peasnin,

coe!J;ITHll€T'J. M€lKllS

paCIIOJWm€Hi€

MOJl€KYJI'h EO MHO-

1I OCTall'JJlIeT'h C.'1t,n;hl caoero

na caMbIX'J. CTofiRIIX'h

J,OJllKeH'h onaansars Hoe ,'I,tficTBie, BalliHbIX'J.,

CJIOlKHbIll 1I

lI3'J. ROTOPhlX'h CJlaraIOTClI 1I H1moTopbIlI

opraamecsia
opraHIIqeCROIO

1I

nerrocrnaaaua
C'IIITaTbClI

aemecraars->
Be~eCTBa, cpexa RaR'J. caMhlX'J. HMtroT'J. na

CBtT'J. ,n;tfiCTBlITe.lIbHO )lOJllKHhl B'b

ORa3bIBaeT'J. ClIJIb-

lI3'h Bhl3bIBaeMbIX'J. Bhl3hlBaeMhlll

UM'h JlBJIeuiii CBtTOM'J. raasa,

npereprrsaaeasm,
aaaxeaie.

uarepien.

MOJIeRYJIlIpUbIH BTopocTerreHHoe uee pbLi'h TOB'h,

II3MlmeHill, H3MtHellill OT'b il,tiicTBill

opraanaaf
IIpOHIlRall aa HIIX'h

lKIIBoTHaro, B'b nact,

Ha6J1IOiI,aeTClI rroTeMHtHie B'b ctT'faTI{t cBtTa.

ROlKI!,

B03HIIRaIO~ee

HOC.'!t il,tfiCTBill B'h TtJIO RaKoe-TO

CQ.lIHe'IHhlX'b JIY'fefi. TOlKe 3aBUClIT'h noaynpoapaxasm.,

BbI3hlBaIO~ill CBtT'h,

'IYBCTBO I1,BtlItROTO)l,tilcTBie, HeB'b

HaROHeIl,'b,

6e3rJIa3hlX'h il,tficTBie

opraHH3MOB'h, cBtTa

oxaauaaen,

ROTopoe o6HapYJKUBaeTCJI liD

jj\llllOTHhlX'b pacreaian,

!1.BUffieuiJUI'b

orpannsanaers
ero

:!XIlBOTuaro. Ho, rOBopH Boo6~e,

HCKJIIO'fIITeJIbHO IIX'h sriaaie aa nacs Brre'faTJItllie

U€lIp03pa'IUOCTb cJIY'fat

nOBepXHOCTbIO I! il,tJIaeT'b

3Ha'fUTeJIbHbIM'b

aenocpeacrseanoe B036y,n;uTe.l!lIMII

pII3ioJIorUqeCROe Tta

1).

Bo

BCllROM'b 6.'1aro!l.apll OrrbIT'b

COJIHe'fHhle Jly'flI,

rrpOII3Bo!J;lI~ie

lKeJITarO pocra,

I1,BtTa,

lIBJIlIIOTCa ROTOPbIM'b

Hcrrocpe;J,cTBeHHhlMII 'ITO npn

MOJIeI{YJIlIpHhlX'b

H3MtHeuifi,

rrOCTOllHIIO HaROII.'IlIIOTCJI MaTepbll.lbI, COJIHe'IHmI'J. oCBt~eHiII I! lKIIBhle

c,1Yllm~ie

,n;.1J1il,aJIbHtfIIllaro

noxaaars,
coaaeraaro rrpOHIIKaIO-

JIUCTbll BbliI,'BJIJlIOT'b KfICJIOPOil,'b II UaROIIJIlIIOT'b yrJIepo,n;'b pa3JIOlKeHieM'h aacroamee poza speaa npn IIOMO~I1 Ro.ne6aHiii:, TKaHH. HeYCTOfi'fIlBarO MoryT'b OCBOB03B'b JlBJIeHiii:. cnrsr II

II BO;J,OPOi\'b -

'ITO 3TO lIBJIeHie IIpII

conpoaoaaaerca rasa.

.1Y'Ia

noraomeaaoa

BO)J,hl II yrJIeRIIC;raro

Bs

lIBJIJleTClI

06~eIIpHHaThlM'b

IIo.10mCHie!f'b, m,1I",'h B'b IIX'b e'h HmI'b xapasrepa, 60;n;J,UTbCJl II03TOMY \!oilmo 06.mCTII

'ITO pacrenia JIIICTbll,

rrmIOII~1I II3BtcTHaro fJIaBHbIM'b ROJIe6aHiii anepria,

3PIIpHhlX'b

06.na)J,aIOT'b CIIoc06HOCTbIO oTd;rllTb 06paaOM'b

OT'b RIICJ[Opo,n;a )J,Ba ooenmeaaue noorpoeau llA'b

3.l!eMeUTa,

H3'b IWTOPhlX'b aplIpHhlX'b

8TOT'h IIepexo)J,'b

B'b MOJIeRYJIJlpHbIll nepexsmeaia B'b HIIX'b IIo,n:p06ute lIBJIeHifI. BtCOMOfi

rrocpe,n:CTBOlf'b napymeaia B'b HOBbIX'b BfqaX'b He.nIlrnHIUf'b 6Yi\eT'b

ROTOPbIX'b aaxonreanna 3TOM'b

JlBJIlIeTCJI OCHOBOIO BCtX'b

OpraHH'feCRIIX'b

OCTaHOBIITbCJI aa npn6JIlIlKeHHOe lIaroT'b TaROBbI.

neperorf
aTIIX'b HtROTOPOll:

nocaorpsn,
H3CJIt,'l,OBaHill nonpooa,

JIll

CROJIbRO-HII6Yi\b Harnefi

06'blICHeHie ATOMbI

MOJIeRYJIJlpuoii: pU3IIKlI 3a)J,a'fII

HaM'b HtROTOPhlll

ynaaaaia

)J,.nJl pfnneaia xarepia

8.l!eMeHTbl

2)

HaXO)J,JlTClI

rrU,lHHMaeTca nsune TbXb IIpe;.r!;;;rOBb. Bb ROTOPI,IXb ea ROJIeoauiJI aopxaasnsr ,LJ,:I1I opraHH3:11a;Bb 8THXb caysaaxr, HeOOhI'lnO OhICTpaa nyascarria, conponoamaexaa neztocraTO'IIII,I~f'b ITPOT8JIICHB8fIieM'b Rpomr, BbI3hIB8eT'b 38MeJ]",eHie Il,HPRFIlIIl,iH. 'ITOOM npOH3BeCTH TO ,LJ,'BHCTBie, KOTOPOMb rOBopHTCH Bi TeKCT'B, rennora 0 ,Il;O:llKHa .Il.'BHCTBOBaTh COB'I'BCTHO Cb 'CYXOCTbIO aoa.ryxa, TaKb KaKb Bb rrpOTHBHOMb c;ryqa'B OHa He MOlKeTb Clloc06cTBOBaTh ncnapeaho. ECTh H'BCKOJIhRO YKa3aniH orimaro xapaxrepa, nonmepaciaIOIIIIIXb .lIwe no.roaceaie: CYXOH II lKapKit'J. B03.lYXb BOCTO'lHhIXb nYCThIHh ,Il;'BHCTByeTb \ hP'BliJIRIOIIIHMb oopaaox-s: BC'B 8HeprH'lHhIR II 3aBOeBaTeJIbHhm pacsr JIIO,Il;eH npIIXO.ll.HTb 11.n, CYXIIXb H lKapKUXb crpam., OTM'B'leHHbIXb aa xaprax't, KaI,b Oe3.l0lK,Il;HhIa; nyrelIIeCTBenHUKU no ATPUK'B OTM'B'IaIOT'b KOHTpaCTb MelK,Il;Y naceaenieorr, JKapKUX'b-CYXIIXb U1QaCTeH (OTHOCIITeJIhHO B03BhIIIleHUbIX'b) U naceneaiesrr, lKapI,UX'b-CI,lPhIXb OOJIaCTeHuepnue napozna ,Il;'BaTeJIbHhI, a nropue He;J;'BaTE'.:rhHhI. '1) Y canenie ,Il;hIXaHia, xoropoe, KaRl, 0n:a3aJIOCb, nponcxonar-s Bb npHCYTCTBiu rB1,Ta, upaaa.meacnr-s, B'BPORTHO, Kb %OC6eHiH/bl.Mo B03;J;'BtiCTBilIMb. O'leHh B'BPOlITHO,'ITO UIIO 3aBIICIITb OT'I, noayxeala OOJI'BeCII.:rhnhIXb Brre'laTJI'Bniii. 'lpe3b nocpencrso rJIa3b II f) [1, C,TB,Il;YIOIIIIIX1,aa CII>11, HepBHbIX1, CTIIMy.:rOB1,.5IpKirr CB'BTb coe;J;IIHlIeTClI Bb namesrt, "lIhIT'B co 3!HOmeCTBOMb caMbIXb CHJIbHbIXb YJI;OBOJIbCTBiIr na OTKPblTOM'b B(3)J,YX'B, If ITOlO\ly HaJIII'lHOCTh cBllTa 'laCThIO B036YlR,Il;aeTb Bb C03HaHiu 8TU Y,iI,OBOJIhCTBilI BM'BCT'BCb 1I}. crrj'THIIIWMb, uousnnealesrr, 1, lKlI31IeHHhIXb TYHRIIil1. 2) 'IT06I,I 1I36'BlKaThne,lOpa3Y:ll'BHiii., Y:IIllCTH.OYRa3aTh, 'ITO C.:rOBO ~aTOllIb", KaRl, 8TO

24
B'h IId'h COe)l,I:IHCHil:l. Tt ORpymaro~I:IX'h II,pyrHMI:I ea I:Id'h 3TIU.'h lin

)l,AHHbUi aTOMOB'b,

BIO.~OrIlI. COe)l,lIHCHbl }lem,lIJ Tome C060H, II lIM'BroT'h CIIJIhHOC

};OTOpbIe B'h

B3al:lMHOe

CpO;J;CTBO, HO Oll,lIOBpeMeHHO aTOMOB'h, COeIl,IIHeHiJlX'h. aTOMaMU, ATOMhI,

lIM'BroT'h

CPOII,CTBO, XOTJI II }leHhIIlee, CBOIO O'Iepe.n;h, TaRI:IM'h 6bI TaK'h 06pa30M'h ptll,Ra, )l,JIIIHt llJIII B'h 'ITO no

R'h HtROTOPhIM'h

soropae,

HaXOII,JlTCJI B'h II,pyrllX'h COell,I:IHeHil:l RalKeTCJI

XI:IMI:I'IeCliIlX'h meHHhIe BOJIHbI .'le6aHiit MeHhrne. B'h

HaxoII,JI~iecJI Cpell,hI,

1:1 ORpyII,tHC'h 1,0ROaTOMOB'b, lIX'f, IIX'b BeMaTepill

C'h IWTOPhIMI:I OHt OTJIII'IaIOTCJI HtRoTophIe

01I1:I MOrJIII ROTOpaJi II no 1I3'b

COeIl,IIIIIIThCH,

nO)l,BepraIOTCJI TOH 'IaCToTt, BOlIHo06pa3HbIX'h 0T'h Ttx'h

CTBiIO BOJIII006pa3Haro TOPOH OHt npUXOII,JlT'h

RO.l!e6alIiJl

xnorooopaaau:

nesseoaoa.

CBoeH

B'h HtKOTOpyIO 'IacTOTbI

lI,aHHYIO TO'IKy.

IIoII,'h

BJliJiHieM'h nepeHOClITCJI

onpe)l,tJICHHOit OHII n:pyrl:lMII

aTOMOB'b

C'h ROTOPhIMII OTpbIBaIOT'h npell,tJIhI B'h

IlMtIOT'h

60JIhIllee aTOMbI

CPOII,CTBO, MaTepilI

K'h .n;pyrI:lM'h, 0T'h

C'h liOTOPblMI:I II

CPOII,CTBO

CJIOBaMI:I, onpe)l,tJIeHHble BtCOMOit npllTJlmeHiH.

noplI.n;KI:I

BOJIH'h OTHOCI:ITeJIhHO-HeBtCOMOll: 1IX'h IIplITJlmeHiit (Bunsen) BooH'h TenJIOThI nepiOIl,OM'h II napaaa KlIpxroTa

OlIpell,tJICHHble lIHblX'h noraomeaia CBJl3ll RalKII,arO

nepeaoears
(Kirchhoff)

OTRpbITie TI:IHII,aJIJI 0

BYH3eHa noraotueaia

OTHOCllTeJIhHO ~eCTB'b, 'ITO aTOMhI

onpe)l,tJIeHHhIX'h 06.l!all,aIOT'h

CBtTOBhIX'h onpell,tJICHHblM'b

onpell,tJIeHHbIX'h Bll6paIl,ill,

C'b OTRPbITiJiMll Be~eCTBa B'h

raaaxa,

JlCHO nOKa3aJIO, HaXO)l;a~llMCJI BI:I,lI,'h aTOMOB'b BOJIH'h, KOTOPbIlI, no'ITO XOTlI

B'h rapxoaiu Momcn BbI3bIBaJI pOm)l,aTh MoryT'h TeJIbHhIe xoro 6hITh ero Tt

C'h BOJIHaMI:I 3Tl:lpa npI:IBo;J,II}I'b ROJIe6aHiJI, me caMble nroraocrsn IIX'h TaR'h 3TOM'h

orrpe,ll,t'leHHOll:

,lI,JII:IHbI. KalK,lI,bIH Ra'IaHiJI me aroro

crreIl,iaJIbHblit BH)I,a

sasanie

cneIl,iaJIbHUM'b BOJIH'h.

nOpJI;J;KOM'h 3TI:IPHhIX'h TaRllM'b 06pa30M'h

CaMI:I rror.'lO~aIOTCJI; rrOPJI)I,Rrr 3TlIpHbIX'h 3Tl:lpa aTOMbI

aTOMOB'h MoryT'h

OKa3bIBaeTCJI, nee ROr)l,a

pa3HI:III,a Mem)l,y rrpl:IBeCTII y.n;apbI aTOMa.

IT BtCOMOH MaTepieit BtCOMOll: aarepin BO spexeaa,

ROJIOCCaJIbHa, 'ITO

me 3TI:IPHhIJI BOJIHhI rrOCJIt)l,OBacaaTOM'h lia'IaHiml'b

B'h )l,BUmeHie

B'h TOM'h CJIY'Iat, HaliOrrJIJITbCJI

pacnperfueau
yc.l!OBiu KOJIII'IeCTBO lI,aJIte, 'ITO

COOTBtTCTBYIOT'h

II pH

II,titCTBiJI

BOJIH'b )l,OJImlIbI CJIaraIO~eeCJI utlwTopoe 'IJIeHOB'b MOr'h

H Ram;J;bIll:

nplorip'sraers
MaJIbIX'h HeHbI Mem)l,y

nocreneano c060it Hell36tmlI0 CaMbIM'h I1,t.1!oe, Tali'h, ce6t, T. c.

,lI,Bumeuiit,

1I3'h 6e3'IllCJIeUUhIX'h saasxaoe MOmeT'h rlM'h

6e3KOUe'IUO

csopoeren.

3aAdTUM'h

'ITO CCJIU 'IJIeHbI B03MomlI0 H3'b H3'b BOJIH'h, cOBpeMeUHbIX'h 3TUX'h ROTOPbIll:

XIIMlIqeCKU HaY'IlIbIX'f,

CJIOmHOll: MOJleRY.'1hI nepesfnneaie 6bITb na RaR'h 'IaCTen npercraaaeain), Hero

coem(npe)l,TO MbI B'h CBOCBOitcoxpaBJIiJI'IJIeHbI RO)l,pyroit

)l,JIJI UllX'h liam)l,bIll:

nozoaeaie,
nasaaie 60)l;HOM'h RYJIa, CTBaMU, HaTb HieM'h. 06pa30M'h JIe6aHiJIM'h, CTpeMJIeHie CTII croponaaro HbIMU

sureaasnnee
'ITO BHt rropJI)I,ROM'h JIMtTb BII)I,'h MOmeT'h

)l;OJImHbI npezcraanrs TtM'h RaR'h RaR'h COCTOJIHiu,

rrpUBO)l,lIM'h B'h ea

)l,titcTBoBaTb

XIlMlI'IeCKarO

coeaaaeala.

Mem)l,y

CJIOmHaJi MOJIe6Y)l,eT'h noasrs, ECJII! a

6Ji1;~I"h

CBOn HOBhIll: KOJIe6aHiJI, raas, Bo06~e

BII)I,'h ROJIe6aHil:i, OT'IaCTU MOmeM'h aa K'h

orrpe)l,tJIJIeMbIll:

caMOCTOaTeJIbHOll: see 3TO

e)l,UHUII,bI, Rai!{,lI,aJI

1I3'h ea COCTaBHbIX'h TO MbI

CBOll: rrepBOHa'Ia.l!bHblll:

U3}ltlIeHHhIll: BbI3BaTb B'h

UX'h B3aUMHbIM'h

Bcra
'ITO

)l,titcTBIITeJIbHO

OT'IaCTII HIIX'h

};aRIIM'h

COJIHe'IlIbIit

JIy'I'h

XUMlI'IeCKOe

paaroaenie.
Ko.l!e6IlHiJl, pa3'hC)I,IIHeHiIO

)l,BYX3JIeMeHTHoit He npHXO)l,IIT'h, OT'h CHJIbI TaKTaMU. pTyTH II

MOJIeKYJIU Tali'h O,ll,HH'h 1I3'h HIIX'b TO, O'IeBII)I,HO, npHBeCTH 9TOT'h

OTHOCJITCJI In dfICTByIO~IIM'h

BOJIH006pa3HbIM'h

upnxonm,
UJII! II He B'h

COCTOJIHie YCIIJIeHHarO CTpeMJIeHie K'h B'h 'ITO paonaaeaho

1I,0JImHO B03HIIlilIYTb npaaecrn

3JIeMeHTOB'h; 1,[0-

3TO MOmeT'h CpO)l,CTBa.

MOJIeRYJIbI B'h 3aBHCHMOnpllCYTCTBiJi 3aMtqaTe.1!b(COe)l,UHeHiJl), cepe6pa, HaTpiJI H me

ooemaeaia
n:P3rrep'h

'IJICHOB'h (Draper) 3aMt'IeHbI

3aBUCHMOCTIT OT'h OTCYTCTBiJi H.lIlI eoraacia , "MeTa.l1JIII'IeCKiJI cBtTa BtC1>;

BhIBO)l,'h lIaXOII,UTCJI 3 aMt'IaeT'b 1I3MtHeHiJI UMtIOT'h

C'h HtCKOJIbRHMH Be~eCTBa COe)l;UHeHiJi

ua

ROTOPhIX'b 6WIH snepasre aTOMHhIll: BtC'h

rro)l,'h BJIiaHieM'l. aTOM HUll: MeH'Be

coemaeaia

30JIOTa, J{aJIiJl,

CBIIIIII,a, _._ Bet

BbICOliill:

ROTOPJ>IX'b 1I1l30li'h,

OKa3a.'lHCb

rrO)l,)l,aro~uMIlCJI

u3MtHeHiJlM'h".

11 paane OhIJIO 06'hlICHeHO, ynorpetiaaerca ICaIC'hnaasaaie e,ll;IIHHI(hI aemecrna, xoropoe B'h nacroatnee BpeMlI ente He pa3JIOlKeHO; CJIOBOlKe "MOJIeICYJIa" yrrorpednaerca, ICaIC'haaasaaie e,L\HHnI(hI BeIlIeCTBa, 0 ICOTOPOM:'h hI aaaesrs, 'ITO OHO CJIOlKHO, M

.Jl:1lfiCTBIE CHJI'b HA OprAHlIqECRYIO Cor.1aCHO lIaraIOTCrr TpaCT'b cnrRTpa, Ka\In CO\!H'imiIO, pa3.'IIBHbIIT HaIIICMY B'b 06'brrCHCHiIO, cBtTa, a B'BCaX'b, anaseaie TaRTa TaROBO: qaCTH Tll

MATEPlIO. COCJI;HHCHirr OC06CHHO JICrKO o6HapymrrBaIOT'b 6bICTPOTll B'b MemilY MCm!l.Y pll:miH To, BH6paI~iH" pa3.llHqHbIX'b He

25

pasROHqTO

rrO!l.'b BJIirrHicM'b aTOMHhIX'b XHMHqCCRiJl rrpc)l,rro.1araeT'b qTO 3TO

COCTaBHhIrr

ROTOPbIX'b H B'b

rrOTOMY, B'BPOJlTHO, RaRorO-TO B'b

COC)l,HHCHirr pacnaaanrca cym;ecTBonaHie )l,BflmCHiH H 6hICTPOTOH B'BCKoe II

HJlH H3MllHJlIOTCJl OTIIOIJIClIirr

qaCTrrX'b nO)J,JICmHT'b

orrpe,ll;'1::.~eHHhIMH nopar-

BOJlH006pa3HhIX'b a6UJICeniR ,'I;llJlCTBiH

OrrpC!l.llJlCHHbIMH TtX'b KOJlc6aHiH,

rrOpH!l.RlIrMU MOJleRYJI'b, cBoficTBeHHbIX'b

OTHOIIIeHie

3aK.lIIOqaCTCrr

COOTBllTCTBiII aamero BOJIH'b, T. aTOMHal'O

6'btCmpomou 60.l1/lw06HtKOTOPblM'b MomHO HaHTH ROTOPbIH BO!l.0PO!l.'b H3'b COCTaBB'b paasa-

pama20
Hbl\'b raIOm;CM'b KaIi'b 3.1C\[CHTbI,

qaCTen

MOJJeI{Pbl. 60JIllC

nO!l.TBCpm!l.CHic 3rpHpHbIX'b

B3rJIJI)l,a C. TllX'b,

!l.JlIIHHbIX'b

MhI om;ym;aeM'b BH)l,I1M'b, qTO II, 6JIl1ropo)l.-

TCIIJIOTY·

Pa3CMaTpHBaJI

BCIO rpyrrrry no BCJlIIqIlHt

!l.BYX3JICMCHTHbIX'b Bllca,

COC!l.IIHCHiII, RaK'b

MhI

CIIJIbHO OTJIIIqaIOm;iCCH

HbIP MCTa.lIJlbI, BOBCC He COC!l.HHrrIOTcrr MCm!l.Y TP!;\OM'b: npn CI;l!X'b 10\!'b l!X'b BII6pa~iH TO II He CCJlII HaCTOJlbIW EMIl 3.Jl:tCb ~lOryT'b MI.! paSJIII'IHbI,' ooparaaca KaNOH reaneparyp's.

cocoa,
qTO

a OHl!

CCJIH COC)l,I1HHIOTCH, TO C'b 60JlbIIIIIM'b HC MoryT'b rpyrrrrll rryrcM'b Y!l.CpmaTbCH BMtCTt HH

R'b MClIbIIIeit qTO MCTaJlJlbI OT!l.tJICHbI CIIJIbHOC BblCOROit

rpymrh
BtcOM'b,

MCTaJlJIIIqC6JIII3KIIM'b II Tt B'b mc !l.amc

OKIIMOB'b, c,1yqall,

MbI BII!l.I1M'b, 6bITb

C'b aTOMHbIM'b nOCTopOHHce

1,'1, 11'BCy RHC.'IOpO)J,a,

OT'b nero BtCy

narptaaaia

OT,J,tJICHiro npn

CO,J,titCTBYOT'b nOMOm;H yr,lJl TerrJlOBbIX'b MCiIt!l.y II

CPO!l.CTBO; HaKOHe~'b,

113 ~reTaJl.lIOB'b, ROTOPblC no b HOll.1JlIOTCrr I13'b OKIICJlOB'b no ,1(a.1CI\0 orcroamie npasf nponecra B.1ilmicM'b 9TII KUI,!nI'b JIll ~IbI,

aToMHmry

!l.a.llbmC

OTCTOrrT'b OT'b RnCJIOpO)l,a, nerso

B03CTaMeTaJIJlbI, II B'b

rexneparjpu;
HeOXOTHO BtcaMII cs Bb1AtJIJlIOT'b B'b

aTOMHOMY B'BCy yMtpeHHbIX'b oraomeuie

OT'b KIICJlOpO!l.a,

HHM'b COC!l.HHlIIOTCJl Kl!CJIOPO,n:'b. 0601IX'b yrlICM'l>

ORIlC.lJbl 1IX'b ,n:amc rrpl! TtCHyIO !l.lIlIlIHbIX'b 601Ite noaaria

ROJIc6aHillX'b aTOMHblMH

He

npIIrrOMHIIB'b alIaJloriIO

cJlyqarrx'b, rro,!l,'b

MCm,!l,y pacRIIclIeHieM'b BO.1JH'b II HaM'b

MeTalIlIlIqCCRarO
II

OKUClIa rasa

3TUPHbll.'b rrOMOraIOT'b :JlICMeHTOB'b,

II pa3yrlIepomeHieM'b

yrlIcRlIC.lJarO

BO,!l,OPO,!l,OM'b 0 TOM'b, CBllTa. 3HaqlI-

I10;\'l> B.lJillHicn 06pa30M'b

KOPOTKIIX'b

3TIIpHbIX'b

BOJIH'b'? XOTH yqacTic II, me II TYMaHHblH pacrenia B'b rrpo~ccct, B'b npercraarenia rro,!l,'b BlIiJlHieM'b Ha6JIIO!l.aeTCH B'b 1IIICTbJlX'b

COCTaBlITb

rrpOIICXO,!l,HT'b 1I3MtHeHiH

Cpe,J,II HllCKOJIbImX'b r8.1bHaH Raa;)l,bIH .nnqHblll ,J,lIlIcHie; BLIlI PililCh 0 paaanna B'b

rrpIIHIIMaIOm;lIX'b rrO!lBHmHOCTII KaRHM'b-HII6Y,!l,b 3)J,tCb 31IeMeHTbI, 06pa30M'b BII6pa~ilI npOlI3BCCTII 601Ite !l.aHHarO

Mo.lJeRY.JIHpHoit cs II

JlllPOHTHO, ,!I,pyrIn!'b,

Mo,1eKYlIHpHoit HaX0.Jl:IlTCH

B1I6pa~iII. paacoeHOy!l.axro B03Tt

I13'b HHX'b

COe,!l,IIHeH'b Bxo,n:rrT'b

HO MOmeT'b'

oripaaosan,

coemaenia
B'b aero

C'b OCTalIbHblMII. BC'B 3TII IIMII TaRIIM'b II BOlIHaMII Cpo,n:cTBaM'b YClIOllillX'b

OROlIO HlIX'b

croaaoe
BCll BOJlH'b,

II OHO rOTOBO HllROTopbIR 3JIeMeHTbl,

aCClIMIlJIIIPOBUTb I13'b ;)(impHbIX'l>

MOJleRYlIbI,

KOTOPbIlI

6Y!l.YTI

06pa30BaHbI.

paonoxoaeaaue
aqllIpHbIMH rrOpJl,!l,Rll, rr060qHbIM'b ,!I,pyrIIX'b qTO HllT'b O!l.HaRO B'b

BbI3bIBaIOT'b

lI3'J. COe!l.IIHeHHbIX'b Bbl3bIBueMhIH qa.1hHOM'b MomHOCTb .~OlI(CHie,

aTOMOB'b

coemaeaie
UCCTPOHHbl,

orpunaale
II

HtKOTOPbIX'b B'b uepsona!l.aIOT'b

OCTaJIbHbIX'b. qTO

9TO 3aCTaB.lJrrCTb

npC,!I,rro.l0iltHTb,

cpe.Jl:1I aTOMOB'b, rrOpOm!l.aIOT'b nepepacnpertaeaie

pacrro.'IOmeHHblX'b ~,eycTOHqIIBOCTb aTOMOB'b, lIX'b

HaCTOJIbKO

xoropoe

XOTH II pacrroATOM'h, CPO,!l,poxa OTHOHe He-

HBJIllCTCrr rrpII RamcTcrr,

HeycTOHqIIBhIM'b, 3qmpHaro KaK'b rrpe!l.CTaBlITb

qtM'b ce6t OH'b

nepnoaaxaasaoe 06pa30M'b. ClIlIbHhIM'b

npacyrcraia

KOJIe6aHiH

HBlIHeTCH 601ItC !l.tlIO TaRIIM'b

YCTOitqIIBblM'b.

lIHOrO Bb160pa,

COC;I,IlHCHHbIH C'b ,n:pyrnM'b CTBOM'b, nepeaocnroa nepeHeceHie CIITe.nbllO TpcoyeT'b lleBtcoMa.

aTOMOM'b, OTHOCIITelIbHO xoroparo aTOMY, K'b 9TO BOlIHa ,!I,BIImeHie :)TOll MaTepiIl, OHll

pacnoxaraen,
MeHbmce He qTO Cpe!l.bl,

K'b TpeTbeMY !l.BlImeHill. E,n:IIHHqHaH

KOTOPOMY lIMteT'b HeBllCOMofi Tll~!'b He cIIJIOii.

CPO!l.CTBO.

Taaoro

!l.OCTaBlIJlCTCH BOlIHaMII cpe,n:bl 601Ite, YHlIqTOiltMH

ROTopaH

MOmCT'b ,n:aTb rpc6yeMoe aTOM'b Y.Jl:epmIIBa8'f-'lft rroclIt)lOBaTeJIbHbIH BOlIHbI Im,K'b OH'b

R0.1JUqeCTBO !l.BHmeHiH TOJlbKO CBoeH MoryT'b !l.aTb 06XO!l.IIMO, Tpe6yeMoe

aTOMY BllCOMOit !l.BllmeHie,

IIHepTHOCTbIO, Ramilall

HO 1I rrOlIomIlTelIbHOH 1I qTOObI Y!l.aplIJlu 1I3'b HIlX'b

TOlIbKO

!l.lliiiC'l'Bie

JijlYl'1o

,!\pyra,

qT06bl

aTOM'}, Herr(J()peIJ;CTBeHllO

rrOCJI'B roro,

26
COBeplIlIIJI'1 caaoro TaRme, ROJIe6aHie, coorimeanoe

,ll;AHHbIll BI\)JIOrm. eMY npemreorsonaanren BOJIHOil:. ITo TOil: lRe npII'lIIHt aa Hero CIIJIaMII. He-

OOXO,Il,IIMO, 'ITOOhl aqmpHwI

BOJIHOOOpa3Hblil ,Il,BIDReHill roro cs BOBce

COBlla,Il,aJIII B'1

OhlCTPOTt C'h Ra'IaHiJlMII HeOOXO,Il,IIMO 'ItM'h HaKO'ITO B'1

aT<1Ma, orrpe,Il,t.1JeHHbIMII ero anepnieio 'ITOOhl ObICTpOTa Ka'IaHifl

II ,Il,til:CTBYlO~HMII aTOMa, TaR'h RaR'1

aTOMa, KOTOPblil: oY,II,eT'h OT)J;tJIeH'h, ObIJIa nnoa, HlIM'1

OblCTpOTa ItOJIeOaHifl COBlIa)J;aTh, HelI'h,

coemaeaaarc
BOllHbl y)l;apbl ROJleOaHie

ecm

ooa nops

RO.1IeOaHill oY,II,YT'1

TO aqmpHwl IIMli

He BbI30B)T'h

CTpeM,reHill

R'h pacnaaeuin. B'1 CBOeM'h

IT, passaxf,

rroc.lIt,Il,OBaTeJIbHhle

:-JtPlIPHbIX'h BOJIH'1 ;J,0.1lRHbI )l;0 TtX'1 He CTaHeT'h HaCTO.1[bKO illHpORIIM'h COe)l,IIHeHHbIX'h aTOMOB'h CHJIbi Bbl3BaTb ceot, B'h 1t coxuna, II

HaROIlJIIIThCII, IlORa HIIX'h

nponasomxoe
3Ha'ilITe.llbHO ctPepy TaKHM'h TaRIIM'h II3MtHeHill, CJItJl,CTBiu npnraaenia IlYTeM'h

OCJIaOHT'h Cil'lmJIeHie MorYT'h

BHeCeT'b O,n:HH'h lIn nepeneceaie. CBtT'h IIOMo~n B'1 Talwil:

HOBhlX'h RTOMOB'h, C'h ROTOPbIMH OH'h II COe)l,HHHTCII. RalKeTCll, rrO)l,OOHblll IlO)l,OOHOe IIpii KaR'h coaepmaers

'ITO TO.lIbRO ITO.llY'IIIBIllII

OOpa30M'h B03MOlKHOCTh IIpe)l;CTRBIITh }!b1 BI!!:'BCTt C'h TtM'h MoryT'h IIOPO)l,HTh npiocpsraen, 3arJIIIHyJIII K'b HaM'h on npasomrca

MOJIeRYJIllpHblJl

nponecca, crieperaiorca

KOTOPbIX'1 HeBHtPOPM'E, 'ITO BIIOsoropoe, ObITh OJ;-

,n:IIMbllI ,n:BHlKeHill, IIOCblJIaeMbIll YJI,apOB'b aToMtI BtCOMOfI

BU)l;IIMOe ,n:BHlKeHie.

ITYTeM'1 HaKOIT.TleHia

oe3ROHe'IHO MalIbIX'h nx'b nepexo,n:'h B'h .1efI{O npesa

xarepin

B'b naxaaie.

ROJII1'leCTBO ,n:BHlKeHill, MoryT'h

B'1 KOHlIt-KOHlIOB'b, BblBe!\eHbI. HIlM'1 paaoxs HOBIITh II B'1 Ton

RalK,n:bIil: H3'b :-JTHX'b aTOMOB'1, BhI3bIBaeT'1 H3'1 noroparo OHH BIlOC.'It)l;CTBin

COCTOIIHie HeYCTOII'lHBarO

pasnoafcia,
roro

'\!OMeHT'h, xorta

arouu,

noaaepraamieca OWIO paate

B'b O)l;HO U TO lIte

TtM'1

lKe B.1illHiIlM'h,

Oy)l,YT'1 BblBe,n:eHhI H3'1 HeYCTOll'IlmarO )l;BIIlKeHill, soropoe lIn OT'1 :-JTIIX'h cIIeRy.llllTIlBHblX'1 llBJIlleTCJI O)l,HHM'h II3'h Be~ecTBt. CBtT'1

paaaosscla,
nepeaano. MbI BalKHhlX'h HtT'h II

IlPOII30fi;J,eT'h

Bbl,n:ilJIeHie ncero COBeplIleHHO cauua tPaKT'b,

HeJaBIlCHMO 'ITO

nocrpoeain,

,:J;O.lIlI{Ilhl ycraB030Y)l,IITe.llea Heooxo,n:IIMOCTil

CBtT'1

aanoo.rse ,!l;JJI paaroaeaia

MO.lIeKYJIllpHbIX'b onpe)l,tJlIITh IIaC'b man, naexoe

II3M1meHiu

B'1 OpraHII'IeCROM'h

HaC'b

3)l,tCh,

},m,u"ll7J

oopa iO"Wo
'ITO

BbI3bIBaeT'h

HeOOXO,:J;IIMO TOJlhIW .3Han, lItJIefi

OH'b e)}oUCrn6Ume.llbHO

Bbl3bIBaeT'h UH,J;YRlIin:

IIX'1.

coenaaeaia, ,!l;JIJI IT ,:J;.lIJIHaHa3h1pan, Kam)l,bIII 'ITO .1JeHeCTRII, paCllYCTIITClI, lKUBOTHblX'b. aaBbl3bIBalO~III'h Be~eCTBa opraoOJIte )l,Pyroe, coemBHYTPh RpafI-

IIB.1l1lOTCII COBeplIleHHO ,J;OCTaTO'lHbIMHmnpoxia pacreain nomepraiorea no6trn pacrenia ,n:tfiCTBilO

qTO aemeemo, casra, ilBtTOR'b

XJIOPOtPHJlOM'1 H upmaromee B'b 6YTOHan,

3e.'IeHbl11 lIB'En, xpacsn,

IIOIIBJlleTCII Koqa

Ror,n:a O.1t)l,Hble oe3ilBtTHbIe II

CO.'IHe'lHarO

npioop'BTalOT'b

CBOII IIpKilI

qTO aHaJ10r!I'lHilII

§ 14. Teneps

II3MtHeHin

HaO.1lO)l,UlOTClI U ua

llOBepXHOCTU rJIaBHoMY 0

HtKOTOPbIX'h

Mbi npm .. )l,UM'h K'h caMoMY O IIMeHHO K'1 XIIMlI'leClwMY pa3.1H'lHblX'1

JI.3'h ;J,tllTe.lIeJt,

1I3MtHeHilI pacTeHilI B'h HH3M'b,

B'1 oprannaas:

CpO,n:CTBY. J)lbI elKe)l,HeBHO ~WlKeM'h .1emoJt II3MtHlleMocTII 6y;J,Y'lu I{aR'h Be~eCTB'1, IWTOPblJI, KOTopoe, ctaoae C'b noropsnra

OJIlO,n:aTh MHOlKeCTBO rrpU'lItpOB'1, COIIPIIKocHoBeHie. Bhl3hIBUlOT'b He ero roaopa caepn.,

CBIIiI,'llTe.1hcTBylO~HX'1 YlKe 0 Be~eCTBaX'1, MbI 3Hue~fb )l;tficTBie,

II lKUBOTHbIX'1 no;J,'1 ll.lliIlHim!'1

OHI! IIPIlXO)l,JITb

BBe,Il,eHbI B'1 H BClIKoe BBe)l,eHiII

MHOlKeCTBO Be~eCTB'b, pacrsopu JICHO no

rrpOII3BO)l,1I~HX'b XHMH'IeCKIIX'1

Me,n:JIeHHOe, TaIl'1 npemozaraers HeHijI, Tt.lla naa RaK'1 ITOCJlt H3MtHeHill, 113MtH'l!IBOCTh uooome II

naauaaexoe

.1tKapcTBeHHoe TaR'1 II

nepe~It~eHie IICKyccTBeHHbIX'1, eaasaanam TtX'1 II

MO.1eKy.1'h. ,!l;aiKe O'leHh

eCTeCTBeHHhlX'b, llPOII3BO.l(_JIT'1 npa OOJIte Il2lII MeHte r.mBt ,n:OJllItHO OblTh BllO.lIHt no)l,'1 BJIiIlHieM'h opraHII3MbI

ROTOPbIII oOHapYlKIIBalOTCJI B'1 llepBofi )l,tIlTeJIhHhlX'1 OpraHII'IeCKOfi uarepia

CBOHM'1 pe3YJIhTaTaM'1. )l,tllTe.1elI JlBJIlleTCII -

O'leBII,n:HbIM'1, 'ITO

XIIMH'leCKII}''h ,!l;Bt

rJIaBHOlO IIPIl'lHHOlr opraanaau IIIITaHie nocroanaun IIepeMt~eHifi. ,n:h1xaHie -

MOJIeRy.lInpHbIX'b nepeM'B~eHiII, lKilBOTHhlX'1.

KOTOPbIlI IIPOIIBJllllOT'1 OCHOBHbllI tPYHItilili llO)l;)l,eplItIIBaeTCII

B'h ooorieaaocrn llB.1111OTCIITtM'h uarepsatoa»,

CilOCOOOM'h, IIOCpe)l;CTBOM'h soroparo

llPIITOR'b

HeOOXO)l,IIMblX'1 )l,JIII :-JTHX'1 JI,tJlTe.1hHbIX'h MOJIeky.llJlpHbIX'1 COCTOnT'1 OT'IaCTU II B'b noraomenia B'b :-JTHX'1 RpaJtHe rror.'Io~eHiII OOJIte

Ilpoueccs

IIIITaHill

lKHBOTHbIX'1

CJIOlItHbIX'1 Be~eCTB'1,

CiiOCOOHbIX'1 .terso

!I3MtHJIThCll,

OTqaCTU

)l,llHCTBIE CIIJI'J.IIA OprAIIH'IECRYIO MATEPlIO. npOCThlX'J.Be~eCTB'1, CnOC06HhlX'1Xll}III'IeCRil II3MilHHTh

27

nepnna.

TKaHlI nOCTOllHHO co.n,epmaT'1 XOTli HaM'1 II

He3Ha'illTeJIhHOeKO.1JlI'IeCTBO cOJIefi ~eJIO'lHhlX'J. II ~eJIO'lHO-3eMelIhHhlX'1 MeTaJIlIOB'J., OTOPhili R BXO,'(llT'J. '1 CIICTeMYB'J. O.n,HOH B tjl0PM1l II Bhl,n;1llIliIOTCli1I3'J. Hell B'J. ,'(pyroH. ,'(eHiIO H no T'BM'1 npeapameaiaas, aania OH'B caMII npereprrsaaam, CPO,J;CTBO annaerca HeJI3B1lcTHaB'1 TO'lHOCTlI pOJIh :lTlIX'1 COlIeH, O,'(HaRO,Cy,n;ll no lIX'J. nOBceM1lcTHOMYHaXOlRB'1 opraHII3M1l, MomHO H1lROTOPhlX'1113'1 CM1lJIO YTBepm,n;aTh,'ITO IIX'1 nmll'leCROe npll'lIIHOIO

6e30CTaHOBO'IHO npOllcxo,n;ll~H1.'J. MeTaMoptjlO3'h. Bo BCllROM'1CJIY'la1l, TO neopraamecsoe Be~eCTBO, OT'1 aoroparo 3aBIICllT'1 npenpameaia B'1

rJlaBHhlM'1 06pa30M'1 He nyTeM'h lIil'1 ORpy-

opranmecsoa

xarepia,

nocrynaen, a

B'1

opraaasas

npOrJIaThIBaHili BM1lCT1lC'J. TBep,n;OH mll,n;KOHnH~efl, II jj(aIO~eir cpe,n;hl, T. e.-li3'1 lKHBOTIlaro. He3aBlIcHMO OT'1 cnococa uocrynreaia T'B.Ia, KaK'1 y HH31II1IX'1lRIIBOTHhlX'1, nJIH 'lepen BbIClIIHX'h tjlO}lM'1, He3aBllCIIMO TaR;Ke OT'1roro, '11!HO!!MO.1JeRYJIHpHhlX'1 113M1lHeHiH, nponcxoaannn»

nyTeM'1 noraomeuia

B03.n,yxa RJIfI Il3'1 BO)l,hl,B'1 .-laBlICliMOCTII OT'1 YCJIOBiit lKII3HH RHCJIOpo,n;a '1epe3'1 06~yIO nOBepXHOCTh

cneniarsaue

opraau

!\hlXaIlill,

RaR'1

llBJIlieTCH Jill OH'1 nenocpeaemeaaoa B'1 mllBhIX'1 TRaHllX'1, H!I11nrpaers aamnnieca

npaTOJIhRO

poas
'If 0

O'illCTHTeJIll, BhlHOCJ! rrpO,lJ,yRThi paaaoaeaia, Bet :lTll ll3MtHeHili

pe3YlIhTaTOM'1 He liM'1 BbI-

3BaHHhlX'1 113M1lHeHiir,-BO BCllKOM'1 CJIY'lat, OCTaeTCliBrrOJIH1lcrrpaBe,n;lIIIBhlM'J. YTBeplR,n;eHie, nO!\iI.eplRIlBaIOTCliero ,n;1lHcTBieM'1, ero 06~iH BhIBO;I;'1, bI M

mianieut,

TO'lHO TaRlRe

nOCIw.IbKY HaC'1 nnrepecyers KaR'1 IIMOHHO ;I;'BHcTByen nenoopeaoraenao nepnonaaarsao .lll

}lOmeM'1

HO 3a;J;aBaThClI onpOCOM'1 TOM'1, B 0 KOJlIOll;I;h1,liJIII BhI3hIBaeT'1

noraomeaaan

II ,n;1I1fl<jiYH,n;llPYIO~iit cpe,n;II TKaHeit KIICJIOPO)J,'J., IIM'1

ORIICJIlleT'1nponnraaaue

opraameosie

06pa30BaHie 60.;r1le rrpOCThIX'1II 60lI1le OKllCJIeHHbIX'1 COe!\HHeHiit, ROTOPhIli

3aTtM'1 ente !\a.il1lo ORHCJIliIOTCli II Bo BCHROM'1 c!Iy'la1l rsepxo TB.10 lKIIBOTHhIXb, noorynasrn, Bcer,n;a B'1 spaaae

npespamaerca
nero

E'J. eme 60JI1le npOCThIlI caersa

coemaeaia.
ORllCJIeHHbIMll II

YCTaHOBJIeHO, 'ITO T1l Be~eCTBa, II3'1 ROTOPhlX'h CTPOllTCll B'1 HeORHCJIeHHhIMll arn KaR'160JIhlIIlIHCTBOT1l.1'1, OCTaB.1JJ!IO~llX'1

HeYCTolI'IllBOM'L COCTOliHin,roraa

opraHII3'!'1, OCTaBJllIO'I'1 ero Bno.1JH1l KHClIOHHhIMH, O 06.i!a,n;all YCTOit'lllBhlM'1 COCTOilHieM'1. TO cIO;I;a CJ'B;J;YeT'1,ITO KaIWBbI 6bI HII 6h1JIll rro,'(p06HOCTH ' T1lX'1 H3M1lHeHiH, ROTOPhliinpoacxo,n;ilT'b BO BCeM'1opraaasas, MIPleCI;aro paBlIoB1lciil oomaa 06~Im'1 rrpOn;eCCOM'1aiaerca a

nepexom

OT'1 HeYCTOit'lllBarOXIICYMMa,n;BllmeHia, OCBO-

R'1 yCTOH'IllBOMY.BY;J;eT'1.1U :lTO ROCBeHHbIfi,IlJIIl rrpilMOH nponeccs,

CYMMaMOJIeKYJIlIpHbI1.'h rrepeM1l~eHiH, paBHO RaK'1 H 06~alI

60m;I;aIOII~arOCllnpa :lTOM'b, 6y,n;eT'Lra me caaaa.

§ 15.

Cpe,n;n Be~eCTB'1, COCTaB!IaIO~llX'h'opraanaxsr, npn

Ha6:rIO;I;aeTCliocoriaa sareropia nenocpexcrseaTaKHM'h a '1pen nOCpe!\CTBO no-

XllMII'IeCRarO nepepacnparbaenia, croponuaro cpoacrsa; rrpn :lTO'I'1

KOTOPO!I peannia Bbl3hIBaeTCli He ocaonaaie

HbIM'L CPOACTBOM'1 e~eCTB'L, y'IaCTBYIO~I!X'h B'1 nepepacnpersteaia, B

ecn,

C'IIITaTb, 'ITO nepepacnparsreaie,

06pa30M'1 BhI3bIBaeMoe, llBJIlleTCJ! ,n;OBOlIhHO BamHhIM'b, eCJIII He CaMhIM'1 BamHhIM'1,B'1 mll3HII OpraHfI3~WB'1. B'1 06bl'lHbIX'1 CJ1Y'IallX'bXIIMll'leCROfi peannia ~I!'('L roro B'L Hefl Be~eCTB'1 poza, soropae caMII nperepnbaaiors ,'(Ba rr.1Jll H1lCKOJ1bIW Y'laCTBYIOpaCIlOJIOH3,!1lHeHili B'1 MO.leRpilpHbI1.'1 He

lReHilIX'1; H l!3M1lHeHill OrpaHll'IIIBaIOTCll ,J;aHHbBlJI e~eCTBaMII. Ho 6bIBaIOT'1 cJIY'lall II ,n;pyB HaC'1reneps H IlHTepecYIOT'1, KorAa XIIMIl'lCCRalI peasnia

orpaamn-

Bae:rCii T1lMll Be~eCTBaMII, rrpnHllBlIIlIMll B'1 HeH Y'mcTie nepnonaaan.ao, '1ecKYIOpeasuiro BeIl\eCTB'B, soropoe llhl3bIBaen H.lIlI 1I3M1lHeHie B'1 MOJIeRYlIllpHOM'1pacnoxoaeaia naaxe C'L Be~eCTBOM'1, noropoe caao

HO Bhl3h1Baen XI!MlIII B'1 oRpya,aIO~eM'1 OCTaeTCll B'1 JIOK01l, BII;J;a. O,n;Ha '1aCTb B'1 euapr»

MOrJIO 6bI OCTaThCllB'1 nORo1l. HaROHen;'L, cYll\eCTBYIOT'LH raaie B'J. coet,n;HeM'1BeIl\eCTB1l. B'b aB.leHillX'h TaR'1 Ha3bIBaeMaro ,n;1lfICTBill nepsaro npeaparars

C.1Y'lan, RorAa O,n;HO conpaaooaoaeaie 6bICTPblll npeapameaia

6pOlReHili MhI IIMileM'1 rrpllM1lpbI "co06~aIO~arOCll"

3aKllaCltll, B'h KOTOpofInpOlIcxOAIIT'1 MOJIeRYJIlipHOe I3M'BHeHie, Momen 1 II yrJIeKllCJIOTYCTO '1aCTelI caxapa; BOnpeaa osoero pacnaaenia 06paTIIT1 60de '1t~I'1

oma

'1aCThAiaCTa3a MomeT'J. IIPIlM1lpOM'1 "co06-

1,000

B1lCOBbIX'h '1acTefi xpaxaaaa

B'1 oaxaps.

28

,n:AHHhllf sioaona.

m;aron~aroclf" ,n:'lulcTzill sroporo pop;a MoryT'1 CJIylKlITh nepeMBHhl, Bfre3alIlIO rrpOlIcXO,n:ffm;ilfBO MHorUX'h ROJIJIOU)(ax'hrro)('h BJIiaHieM'h npacaaaeaia MIIHIIMaJIhHhIX'h ROJIII'IeCTB'h pa3JIIIQHhlX'h semecrst, IWTOPhlll npIT 3TOM'h caMH He 06HapYiItHBaroT'h HHItaItOrO 3a'I'BTHarO npespameaia H He HcnhIThIBaroT'h HUl\aItOrO nOCJI'B,a;CTBia: OT'h conpnsooaoseaia C'h ,IW,'lJIOH;J;alflI. Ilpnpojra coo6m;arom;UXClf" II3M1meHiil: nepsaro BITiIa, ROTOPhlii: )(JIll sacs oc06eHHO HameH'h, MOmeT'h 6hlTh, XOTl! U rpy60, npeacraereaa no aaarorin C'h BH)(HMhl!IH II3MllHeHillMH B'h pH,n;y OC06hfM'h 06pa30M'h paCIIOJIOmeHHbIX'h MaCC'h, ROTOPbIH rrepe,n;aroT'h IIOC.wB)J;OBaTeJIbHO oma )(pyroil: JIOJIY'IeHHOe UMll )(BlllKeHie. Hall60JIlle npocroa npuMllp'h noaoriaaro aarenia npeaCTaBJIlleT'h oma )(llTcKall aaoaaa: RUpnllQU orasarca aa CBOU ROPOTRill 60KOBhlll CTOpOHhIII paonozaraeroa B'h PH,n;'h TaR']), 'ITO naaeaie nepsaro lIS'h HHX'h BhI3hlBaeT'h naaeaie aroporo, naaeaie nroporo Bhl3hIBaeT'h naaeaie rpersaro U TaR']) )(aJIlle ;1;0 ROHIl,a pll,n;a. 3,n;llCh MbI uMlleM'h pJl)('h e,n;uHUIl,'h, U3'h KOTOPhIX'h Ram)(al! aaromroa B'h cocroanin Heycroil:QHBarO PaBHOBtcill II ROTOPbll! TaR']) pacrrOJIOmeHbI OTHOClIreJIhHO )(pyr'h ,n;pyra, qrO Ram,n;al! U3'h HIIX'h nepexomrs B'h COCTOllHieYCToit'lIIBaro paBHOB'BCill, ,n;aeT'h y,n;ap'h COc1l)l;Heil:e)l;IIHHIl,ll, II npIITOM'h y,n;ap'h ,n;OCTUTO'lHO CIIJI1Hblit, '1T061I 3acraBIIT1 II 3Ty e,n;IIHIlIl,y nepearn B'h COCTOHHie YCToil:'1IIBaro panaoaficia. RalK,n;l1ll 1I3'h cMtmaHHbIX'h MelK,n;y c060it CJIOmHblXb MOJIeKYJI1" nperepntaaa u3MllHeHie B'h pacnoroaenia CBOUX'h '1acTefi, HelI36tmHo B1I3bIBaeT'h MOJIeRYaapaoe ,J,BlliKeHie, soropoe ,n;OJImHO uponaneera HllKoTopoe pascrponcrao BORpyr'h lIfOJIeRYJI']); COCll,n;HHH MO.7leKYJIa,nOTpeBOiKeHHall 3TlIM'h C006m;eHHbBI'1 eil ,n;BlIiKeHieM'1, MOiKeT'h noreprrsrs 113MllHeHie B'h pacnoaoaeaia CBOIIX'h aTOMOB'1, ocorienno, eCJIII OH!I naromrca B'1 HeYCToit'IHBOM'h paanonscin; MbI iKe 3HaeM'1, 'ITO aTOMbI CJIOmHblX'hMOJIeKYJI'h, ROTOPhIll nomepaeau 3TOMYTaR'1 Ha3bIBaeMOMY "RaTaJI!I3Y", fhoucm6ume.JWJiO aaxoraroa B'h HeYCToit'lIlBOM'h paBHOB'BCiII H 'ITO oripaanomlaca npa !IX'1 II3MllHeHill MOJIeKYJIbl Haxo,n;lITCll B'1 COCTOllHiu OOJlr6e YCTOit'llIBOM'h. Ha OCHOBaHill ncero aroro RalKeTClI BtPOllTHbIM'1, 'ITO npenpameaia aroro BII,n;a i\titcTBllTe.UhHO llBJIllfOTClI aaaaormasraa TOJIhRO 'ITO npllBe)l;eHHOMY npIIMtpy C'1 R!IPnH'IaMll. Ilpasarsso lI.1IH HllT'1 npezraraesoe orn.acaeaie, BO BClIKOM'h c.llY'lall MbI llMlleM'1 ,n;OCTaTO'lHOe ocaonaaie npemoaarars, 'ITO 60JI1ll0e ROJIll'leCTBO iKll3HeHHlIX'1 rrpeapameaia 06H3aHo CBOlIM'1 cym;ecTBoBaHie:M'h ,n;titCTBillM'h aroro pors, B']) nO)l,TBepat,n;eHie cero II npnae,n;eM'1HtCROJI1KOrpynll'1 <jlaRTOB'1,KOTOPbIe3aCTaBJIlIfOT'hsacs c,n;llJIaT1 noxoriaoe aaanoseaie 1). B'1 npei\lI,n;ym;eit rJIaBll (§ 2) yme ynoMIIHaJIOC1 MllMOXO)(OM'h RpafIHen HeycTofmlBocTII, 0 cBoil:cTBeHRoit soorime coe,n;llHeHillM'1 a30Ta. MlI Bll,n;llJIII, 'ITO HllROTOP1lll ll3'1 HllX'1 BSPhIaaiorca no,n;'hBJIillHieM'h Hll'lTOmHoit IICI{P11, a '1aCTO II 6e3'1 BClIKOfi Bll,n;lIMOit nparaasr, II 'ITO rpoaamos 60JI1llIIHCTBO OCTaJI1H1IX'hO'leH1 JIerRO pa3JIal'aeTCll ,n;tficTBieM'h ,n;pyrlIX'1 nomecrm, lIJIII Ten.lJOTlI. 3Ha'ieHie aroro cnoaoraa aSOTIICTlIX'1 coe,n;llHeHifi HaM'1 craaers lICHO, eCJIII MlI conOCTaBlIM'1 ero C'h TtM'h <jlaRTOM'1,'ITO BCm;eCTBa,cnocoriaua Bh13BaTb TO.llhIW-'1TO onncaHH1IM'1 IIYTeM']) 3KCTeHClIBHlIlI MOJIeRYJIlIpHblll1I3MllHeHill, CYTb nemeersa a30TUCTbIlI. ).l;pOiKiKH COCTOllT'hII3'1 paCTlITeJI1H1IX'1 RJIllTOR'h, co,n;epmam;lIX'h a30T'h R.l!llTOR'1, ROTOPbIll pacryT'l> , aCCIIMlIJIlIPYll a30T'h U3'h cycaa, IIo,n;06HbIM'1 06pa30M'h II "YRCYCHblii: ~BllT'h", ROTOP1Iit ana') B03BpalQalICb reneps K'b nonpocy nocat, n;'BJIaro pana JI'BT'b, 1I Haxomy HOBoe rr.O)l,TBepiKi.\eHieB'b He)l,aBHO i.\o;:rolKeHlIoil: nepem, Royal Society CTaTb'B Mr. S. VIr. Pickermg. II3'b CTaTbH 8TOM. COrJIaCYlOlQeMClI 'b CBOnX'bBbIBO)l,aX'b C'b pe3YJIbTaTaMH, ,:(OCTHrHYB TblMH rrpoifJ. rrHMO (Grimaux}, lICHO BH:J;HO,KaEHM'b BalKHhlM'b ,I:('BlITeJIeM'bB'b lKH3HeHHhlX'b lIBJIeHilIX'b ,J;OJIlKHO 6hlTb rrpH3HaHO 06pa30BaRie H30MepOB'b nozcs BJIilI HieM'b CaMJ,lX'b Hn'IT01KHbIX'b H3M'BneniM B'b YCJIOBilIX'b. BhlJIO HaM,I:(eRO, 'ITO H'BEOTOPhllIH3'b HCEYCCTBeHHO rrpnrOTOBJIeHHbIX'b BelQeCTB'b, CXO,IJ,HhlX'b B'b CBOIIX'b CBOMCTBaX'bH peaEn;ilIX'b C'b 6:BJIEaMH, OEa3aJIHCb rrO,ll;06HhlMH 8TIIM'b rrOCJI:B:J;HHM'b no CrrOC06HOCTII ripaaonars-npa n o MaJI:BMmeM'b pa3lKIIlKeRin CrYCTEH. "B'b npacyrcraia CJlr600BZ %eUmpaJlb1'wu CO.J!U ORII o6pa3YIOT'b CrYCTEII IIplI narpt.nan!a ,:(0 rexrreparypsr, O'IeHb 6JIH3EOM E'b TOM, IIpH EOTOPOil: caeprsraarorca IIpOTeIIHbI. BbIJIO noxaaaao, 'ITO O,:(HHb H3b &TIfX'b HCEYCCTBeHHbIX'b opraHH'IeCEHXb EOJIJIOII,I:(OBbrpOH3BOi.\IfT'bcaeprsraaate EPOBIf, nozooaoe TO r My caepnrsaano, EOTOpOe "Bhl3bIBaeTCli uayrpeacaasnrt, BrrphlCEIIBaHieM'b HYKJIeOrrpOTeHHa".

,:J,'IlfiCTBIE CII.l'h '1JITeJlhHO 06.Tler'laeT'h R'h EJIaccy HillMli. eaxaps, III,eHill ROrOpol! rpnOOB'h TOme n, )1,iaCTa3'h, peannho

HA OprAHH'IECKYIO }HTEP1IO. YIWYCROH c1;MlIH'h RlIC.l0TM BbI3bIBaeT'h 113']) cnapra, npeapamenie

29
npIIHa,J,Jle)KHT'h COe)l,HHeH CIOHallcoeCb )1,0BbI1{paXMa.Tla B'h a30THCTMMH

06P1l30BllHiJi npopacraaia

ImI{'h Bc1; npe,ll,CTaBHTe.1II1 aroro T'BJIO.

K.1IaCca, ooran,

KOTOPhIII npa naaaao

aaoraoros
OCTaJI1Hble

Ih

a30TllC1'bIM'h

lKE' COe)l,IIHeHillM'h enocoonoe

npllHa;r:JIelKIIT'h 60raTblJl ItpafiHen

Ta3'h-0'kmOBoe ,l1J1IlPHiH, KaR'h

MlIH)I,aJIeBH)I,HblX'h meJIe3'h, npe,J.CTaBHTeJIll II xapanreps Bap1IIpyeT'1 caaaro JU'h

BbI3bIBaTh

H'BKOTOPW! npenpaa30TOM'h 01ICTl'OTOH, cTa)l,iH

H'h BCIII,eCTBaX'h, K'h ROTOPbBI'h ero OHII pa3J1armOTClI; 3TOM'h

npliMimIHBaIOT'h. ceM1II, aKcreHCHBHhIX'1

Bcf
peasnia, )1,aJIte,

aTn

OTJIlI'IaIOTClI

ROTOPhIJi OHH Bbi3blBalOT'1 KaKoli: 'ITO ,ll,.TllIsacs Mellqy O'leHb BaJRHO,

B'h oRpymalOIII,HX'1 XO;r:lIT'1 IIplI

yrJlcpO)l,ax'h,

B'h 3aBIICIIMOCTH OT'1 TorO,)I,O --COCTant

paaroaenie

pepMeHTa.

HaO.llO,J,aeTCH CYlIl,CCTBOBaHie KOHTpacTa nO.TlHBIOIII,IU!II CBOJ! <PYHKIl,ilI IIpH CBOIl <PYHRIl,in CIIJlaMII, T€HillMII, aoe TO yBII)J,IIM'h, a30Ta, iK1I3IIeHHaa co;\epmaHie

B'h XlIMII'IeCKOM'1

opraHII3MaMlI,

HOMOIIl,H BHtmHHX'1 KaK'h

CH.'I'1, H RJIaCC'h,

opraaasuaaa,
cpaBHHM'h

BhIII0.1HJlIOIII,HMlI Ma-

pa3nHBalOlI~IIMJ!CJI BHYTpII 'ITO 3eJleH11JI pacreaia, 001l3aHbl nas cBoefi i\tllTeJIblIOCTb UCRJlIO'IeHie, rpyrrrra II

I1X'b. ECJIH Mbl

mnBOTHhIX'h C'1 pac-

)J,.la KOTOPbIX'h snpaurepuo

mIl3HelIHOll

,J,'BlITeJlbHOCT11O COJlHe'lHblM'h .1Y'laM'1;

mHCOecrs He

BOTHhIll me,

KOTOPbIX'1 ne II<tXO,J,UTClIB'h nO,Il,06HOfi 3aBIICHMoCTlI, coei\lIJH?lIili:. xnorie --

CTOJlT'h, r,11lBH1IM'h 00pa30M'h, O,J,HO 3Ha~reHaTeJl1HOe Himm Bet, asora ecrs pacTyr'h 3Ha'lUTe.ITbHall B'h TeMHoTt, Mb!

1l30TUCTblX'h soropoe rpUOOB'1, rpynna paCTeHiJlMH. cpasaaaa»

Bs

3TOM'h pt3KOM'h soropon,

paamsia eC,1l! ,l(ame

)J,JlJI nacs

OCOOCIIHO 1I0Y'IIITe.11HO: npercrannrem TpeTili rOpa3)1,O 66.l1hmml'1

Me,K;J,Y pacrcco;r:epmalIieM'h anaroro

am-TO

OTJlll'laeTCJI

IIO cpaBIICHilO

C'h ,l(pyruMII lIali:;'I;€M'h,

pJl;'l;'h <paRTOB'h, IIMtIOIII,HX'h 'lUCTH O,l(HOrO II OT'h )l,pyruX'h lltlI3HelIIIhIJI RaR'h 'lllCTII

.'10rU'lHOe

aaasesle,

Mem!l.Y COOOll pa3J1II'lHblll pt3KO OTJIII'l3IOTClI IIIITeHCIlBHblll Tor!l.a

me opraanaaa, pacrenia

OTHOCHTe.ll1HOe cozepaanie pacrenia,

a30TllCT1IX'h BeIIl,eCTB'h B'h ctMeHaX'b H ctMeHa

rOpa3,I1,0 OOJIbllJe, 'lacTefi JlBJleIIiJl, Hea30TIIKOTop11e uepepoaneOCTaerCJI B'h opra(aa

lJ1m'1 B'h OCTaJI11I11X'h 'laCTlIX'h cnoc06nOCThIO

IIPOJlBJIJlT1 B'h OTCYTCTBie CBtTU Tt IIO,l(06HllM'h 60raTb! il.tJlTe.~bHbIJI mUpOBhIJI TYHKIl,tn,

1I3'I, KOTOP1IX'h C21araeTClI IIpOIl,eCC'h npopacrania. '1aCTH, BbIlIO.1HJlIOlIl,ia CTblllKpOMt npn )l,aeTCIl ylImIllHyTh KaR'h, roro HanpnMtp'h,

me 00pa30M'h B'h TtJlt

mIIBOTlIhIX'h ompanrenia.

a30TOM'h;

OTJlOmeHiJl-He BCeIl,tJlO

BhInO.l[HHIOT'h )l,tJlTeJlhIII,IX'h BeIIl,eCTB'1

HaOJlIO)I,aeTCH. 'ITO 1I0JlB.l[eHie norepea cs

6e3330TllCT1IX'h IIBJleHie

B'h opraaaxs, mupOB1IM'h --

HOpMaJlI,1I1IX'h YCJlOBiJlx'h nO'lTJ! 06bIKIIoBeIIHO eme IIII CBJl3aHO Oi\HOli: 'laCTH, CtMJlH'h), pacreaia 'laCTII Kar{'J, npanae

COCTOllT'h 1I3'h a30TUCT1IX'h BeIIl,eC'rB'h, conpoBom-

,lI,tHTeJl1HOCTll: YMeHbUIeHieM'h

aaausaeaoe

HiPM'h sepaspaaso 1I113Mt II'B'f'h IICR.~IO'IelIieM'h

mII3HB)I,tIlTeJI1HOCTII. 1I0iI.'leprmeT'h

HaM'h lIMeHHO: 0

O)l,IIH'!, <paRT'h, ROTOPbIfi pt3'le clIoc06noll: 0 a30THCTarO BeIIl,eCTBa. Hea30TUCT1IX'h

IIpe;l,1I)LYIIl,ie,

06napymuBaT1 Tt.l[aX'1.

mU3HeHH11H anreaia,

KOTOpaJl owrapaereaian, OIIH lIBJllI· BeIIl,eCTB'L llm-

611 aOCOJlIOTIIO JIIllIleH3

OObll;HOBeHIIO Ho

ronopart
aa

CaMOM'1 i\bt 6t.1KOBblX'h

IOTeR TO.ITlIW OTHOCUTeJIhnO Hea30TIICTLIMII,

a He a6CO.1IOTHO. ROJlII'IeCTBO C'h ero otJlIWBarO passnrie OblT1

B'J,

TKaHJlX'h

MaJlO IIO cpanneain KOJlII'IeCTBO

cO)J,epmaHieM'h KaKYIO-JIIIOO BCIIl,eCTBa. KdTRU.

B'h TKaHJlX'h

BOTlIaro,

IIO BC'B

pacrenia, HtKoTopoe xacrs, H ll3'h

KOTOP111I oOlIapymJ!BaIOT'1

<PYIIKIl,iOHaJIbIIYIO KalK)I,Ofi. mIIBoli:

)I,'BilTeJlhIIOCT1, COi\epmaT'h paCTllTe,IT1IIoli: n030}ll(,l(aeT'h aan., 'lTOObI npCTeputBaeT'h, He THeTon ~30TllCT1IJI MhI IiJltTRt Tt oaa JlHJlelIiJl,

IIMteTclI

corepsama»
BctX'1

Bt,

B'L CBOeM'h COq3Bt II3MtnelIilIX'h,

a30T'h.

ROTOP1IX'L craraerca BO

II

II

sra

'laCTb CRa· aaa30'ITO

eCJIU HeJlb3H nallOO.1te i\tli:cTBie Bll,ll,llM'1,

Y'l3CTBOBaJla

,lI,aJIhntfiUIllX'h

rWTOp11H KJltTKa

OHa BO BCllKOM'1 cJlY'lat )l,tlITeJl1HOcTll. JIll aa

npO)l,OJlmaeT'L

HOClITeJlbHIIIl,elO sa MbI

M'STHOli: He3aBHClIMoli B'h npasf IiaK~ ooemaenia BII)I,IIM'h,

Mbl, COUOCTaBHB'h BCB am TBopn:a I13MtHeHin pa3BIITie BeIIl,eCTB3, BOOOIIl,e xpanae

)l,OIia3aTCJIbCTBa, CMOTptT1 BeIIl,eCTBt~ lIX'1

MaTepiH,

B'h OpraHII'IeCKOM'h

CKJlOHHbl R'h paaroaeaim: aaeprin, naauaaeaua

paaaoaeaia IiOTOP1IlI,

'1aCTO nunpereprrsaaa

3hIBa1OT'h BHe3aUHoe

J! KpYUHoe 'ITO BCt

<pepMeHTaMH,

30

.n:AHHhIaEIOJIorrH.

camr MOJIeKYJUlpHhIJJ H3M'lmeHia, BbJ3hlBaIOT'hIIX'h B'h COrrpOBOm.n:aIOIIl,HX'h yr.iIeBO.n:aX'h, npanaaJIema'l''h K'h a30'l'lICThIM'h COe.n:HHeHillM'h. MhI BIl,ll,HM'h,'ITO Cpe,ll,Il n;tJIhIX'h }t.1!aCCOB'h opraanaMOB'h H Cpe,ll,H'lacTeii O,ll,HOrO roro ate opraanasa HaOJIIO,ll,aeTCll H npaxoe O'l'HOIIIeHieMeat,ll,y RO.lIllQeCTBOM'h a30'l'HCThIX'hcoe.n:IIHeHiii U CTeneHlIO ue3aBHCHMoii ,ll,ill!TeJIhHOC'l'II. Haxoaem, MhI BUf(IIM'h, 'ITO ,I(ame B'h rlX'h phIX'1 spaane He3Ha'IIlTeJIhHa, CO,ll,epma lll,IIMf! a30T'h. Pa3Bt, opraHII3MaX'1 II.'IH 'IaC'l'HX'h OpraR1I3~m, ,ll,tll'l'eJIhHOC'l'hKOTO-

uponcrommla

ll3M1meHill nee lite B030yat,ll,aIOTCllBeIIl,eCTBaMH, He RameTClI BtpOllTHhIM'h

nOCJIt soero aroro,

npemoaoaeaie,

'ITO 3TH-IipaHHe HeYCTOII'IHBlIH a30TIICTlIH BPIIl,eCTBanOCTOJlHHO C00611(aIOn HtCKOJIhROMeHte HeYCTOii'If!BhIM'1,cMtrnaHHlIM'1 C'1 HliMll f! CnhlThlBaIOn? BeIIl,eCTBaM'1 MOJIeRYJIJlpHhll1 ,ll,BlImeHill, BJIeRYIIl,ill sa coooii IIepeXO,ll,'h E'1 YCTOH'IIIBOMY OCToaHiIO, e. II3MtHeHill, IlO,ll,06RhlH C T. TtM'1, KaKia caaa OHH

Ilpn opraansxa,

aTOM'hTt BHt

II3MtHeHia,

CYIIl,eCTBOBaHie IWTOPhIX'1 Mh! rrpe,ll,IlO.l[araeM'1B'h lItIIBOM'1

opraHlI3Mt, BIIOJIHt aHaJIOrIl'IHhT H3M1meHillM'1,IIPOH3BO,ll,H1IbIM'1 a30THCThlMII BelIl,ecTBaMIl BHt opraansxa HimOTophle yr.lJeBO)Ihl,npa np0.l\OJllltIITeJlhHOM'1 corrpIIROCHOBeHin C'1 ROTOPhliI npn 6JJarOIIpillTTt, ROTOPhlll ,ll,a.iI'BeB'1 YECYCHyIO RI!C.iIOTY,TaR'1 'ITO BI!OBh o6pa30BaB6o.iIte CTOHRlIMH II 60Jlte OI{IlC.iIeHHhIMH, 'ItM'1 a30THCThIMHBelIl,eCTBaMlI, nepeXO,ll,lITh B'1 yrJIeRlICJIOTY I! cnnprs, HhlX'h YC.iIOBillX'1 npeapamaerca rniJJCH semeorna lIBJIHIOTCHI! 6hlJIH paapyrneHhl. B'1 TtJIt B'h semeoraa,

opraHH3MOB'h aTH jl{e caMble yrJleBO;l;hl, HaXO;!;HCh B'1 nOCTOllHB'h yr.l[eKIICJIOTYII BO,ll,Y, . e. T OKIICJIeHHhlMII,'ItM'h Tt,

HOM'1 corrpUKOCHOBCHiII 'h a30TIICTOfI MaTepiel!, npeapanranrca C

KOTOPbIll Tome HBJIllIOTClIOOJIte CTOMRIIMII II 60JIte

IJ3'1 ROTOPhlX'1 OHII nOJIY'IIIJIIIC1. A TaR'1 RaK'1 II YRcycHali KHCJIOTanpH )l.aJIhH-BMrneM'h ORI!CJIeHiII npeBpalIl,aeTca B'1 BO;!;yH yrJIeKIICJIOTY,TO rJIaBHaH pa3HlllW UCXO)l.lIlIl,IlMIIBRt T-BJIa II BRy'l'pn ero, neccs BhlpameH'b nO.'IH7Je, 'ItM'1 BHt sezeno name, Mhl ,ll,OJImHhl nperoranan, CTaBJIeHHhTX'ha noporaoe a ryn BII)I,t 6hlTh II3'h Hero Mem;!;y nponeccaan, nponoropce OhlJIOnpnno3aI{JIIO'IaeTCll TOJlhKO B'h TOM'h, 'lTO BHyTpli ero npoce6t MOJIeRYJIhl yr.l[eBO,ll,OB'1 B'1 BH,ll,t KIIprrlI'Ieil:,

ero. IIpO,ll,OJIjl{all )l.aJIte cpanaeaie,

pe6po, npI!'IeM'h pasaoaseie, XIIMH'IeCKIIMH II

B'1 KOTOPOM'h OHII HaXO,ll,HTcH, OTlI X TerrJIOBbIMII CII.l!aMII, RaKill 6hlTh He )l.til:B'1

H He lIB.l!HeTCHBnO.JHt YCTOH'IIIBhlM'b, O,'l,HaIWsoe lite HaCTO.l!1KO YCTOHqIIBO,ITO OHII He MO· ' B1IBe,ll,eHhl TtMH CTBYIOT'h aa HIIX'1 B'1

opraaamrs. A30THCTblll jl{e no;!;06RhIM'h me 06pa30M'h pacnoaoaenaurs II BOT'h, Kor;J;a opraanses

CIIJIaM'h. 3Tll ene-exe

MOJleRYJIhl oryn M

nperoraaaeau
Moryn

RlIprrlI'Ieil:, HO C'1 Y3KIIMII 'ITO

pe6paMII JJ rronpOTHBO-

TOMY HaxO)l.lllIl,I!XClI B'1 HaCTOJI1KOHeycToil:QIIBOM'1 paaacnscia, CTOllTh i\iliICTBYIOIIl,IIM'1 B'1

ypaBHoB'BllleHHhlll a30THCThlll :MOJIeRYJIhl na.l\aIOT'h, nepeORt )l,aIOn TOJI'IOR'1JIy'Irne ypaBRoBtrneHH1lM'1 MOJIeRYB'1 YCTOM'IIIBOe OTROCII-

XO;!;ll B'1 YCTOR'IIIBOe pacnoacaeaie,

pacaoacseaie,

JIaM'1 6e3a30TIICThlX'1 semeoms,

3aCTaBJIlIIOlIl,iH3TII nocJIt,ll,HiH Tome nepearn

---

KpaMHe J1IOOOnhlTRO 3HaMeHaTeJIhHO, II 'ITO B'h TeXHIIRt Mhl He TOJI1KO MaCCOBhlX'1II3MtH eRiM B'h HO ,ll,ajJ(e yrroTpe6.l!lleM'1 i\JIJI sroro cOe,ll,HHeHiHTtX'h caoonpeaenaae

nOJI13yeMclI Tim'h ate rrpIIHIl,IIlIOM'h ,ll,JIli B030ym;!;eHill TeJIhHOYCTOil:'IIIB1IX'1 semeersars, MhlX'1 RJIaCCOB'1, KaRie npieMlI pymeMHoMY nopoxy, !tIhl BH)I,tJIII

;'\tMCTByIOIIl,HMH B'1 mHBOTHOM'h.Hamn

pymeHHoH CTptJIh611 CBORlITClIR'1 TOMY, 'ITOOhl paCrrOJIOmHThB03MOlltRO OJI1l3KO R'1 ROTOPhlil:MhI XOTIIM'1 B30pBaTh, T. e. pa3JIojJ(IITh, He60.l!1rnyIO nopnbo T. e. paaaaraerca, II EOTOPlIR He06hIRHoBeHHo.'IerRO B3p1IBaen,

IlIICTORHaro COCTaBanopoxa,

TtM'h CaMhUf'b co06m;aeT'b MO.7IeKy.l!HpHOe B036ym.a;eRie rpy.a;nte pa3.'IaraIOlIl,eMycll pYlKeMHOMY rropoxy. Ha BOrrpOC'1me 0 nplIpo.n.t eon, oma 113'1 a30TIICTlIX'1 COJeH '). IIIICTOHRaro COCTaBa MhI rrOJIYQIIM'1 oTBtn, QTO 3TO

1) TIoc;!1; ztonraro npoMelKYTKa npexena, Bb rrpono.rxcenie noroparo MenlI 3anIIMaJIII zrpyrie npe,n:MeTbI, 1I naXOlKY. 'ITO pacnpocrpanenmae Bb nacroarnee BpeMJJ: B3rJIlI,n:bI COrJIaCYIOTClI cr. H3JIOllWnnbIM'h 3.n'BCb; H reneps npeano.tar aIOT'h, 'ITO B'h opraaaaa-s He3Ha'HITeJIbnOe MWIeI'y.1Hpnoe paanpaareaie naesamro BbI3bIBaeTb rcpynaoe I1:'BHCTBie. npOH3BOl1:H H3M'BneRie, nO,'l,Gonoe B3PbIBY. O.il,RaIW, II3'h .nByX'h npe;:J,JIOlKenRhlXb reneps

B03,I1,1lll:CTBIE oprAHll'lECKOf[

MATEPlH HA CIUhI.

31
llh13blBa<RHbIll

IITaR'b,
rrcpeMtlll,CHlR, BhIBO;I'b, aa 'ITO npOTeKaIOT'h .1l1'IHhIH

Il'h OprURH'IeCKlIX'b BhI3hluaeMblif ~!HOrjR

COe,Il,IIHeHtRX'b, IIm!H~fO "i\1nlcTBieM'b,

MOJIeKy,lU!pHhlX'b IIe1le~dllll,eHiYi, IIMt~T'b ~d;CTO B'b CTO~h lKe

BUeMhlA.'b HeIIOCpC,II,CTBeHHhUl'b • XIIMII'IeCIUlM'b "C006lll,aIDlll,In!Ca ORU3bIBueTca 1I3'b r.llUllHbIX'b

XIIMHqeCI;UM'b i\tHcTBIeM'b. npeapameain Heo6xoi\HMO BbITt'RaIDIIl,HM'b

Bs !rlmCTBIITe.lIhHOCTII,
opraHIl3Mt II3'b MbI 3HaeM'b, lKHBOTHuro B3rJIlI.n;U 'ITO paaHe o6lll,uro

XIlMlI'IeCKIIX'h

IIYTe~l'b

RaT3.lIM3a, H

qJURTbI, COBepmeHHO HC3aBIICIIMO RpaXlUa;mc1'blH xepeas

oaxapacrua nemectsa, norxomaesua

lKIIBOTHaro. Ha~f'b H3BtCTHO, npeapameaie 3HaeM'b, pa3.ll0lKeHbl qTO

on

norpooaaro

HX'b 06'baCHeHiH.

lKlIBOTHblMH

B'b IIHlll,t,

llOHBJlRIDTCH B'b nrs npoxolK,II,enia nIlX'b ran, CT3BHhIMH 'IaCTJJMll Tl,aHCBhIX'h

3RCRpeMeHTUX'b II Tt.IO TRaHell:

CJIt)J,OBaTe.lIbHO ,Il,O.lllKHbI pa3JIaraThCH 'ITO 3TH nentecrna

BO Bpe!.1:lI CBoero He ,Il,tJIaIDTCR COB'b TRaHaX'b 3THX'b TIl.'It lKilk

II BXO,Il,flT'b B'b COCTaB'b TOJIbRO 3aR.llID'IeHHhIX'b HaKOHe~'b, 3HepriI!, MhI 6blTb 'ITO YCTOll'lliBOCTb HCR.IID'IllTeJIbHmI'b B'b yr,~eBOi\hI

U TBep)l,bIX'b Tt:l'b, 'ITO

CJl'B)l,@UTeJlbU(), llX'b OHn He Moryr'b

He eCTb HeII()Cpe)l,CTBeHHbIH pe3Y.llbBelll,eCTB'b TOR i\ttl.cTBieM'b

H3MtHeHill:.

HaCTO.UhKO BeJIHIm, TeMIIepaT1 phI H TOll II

UIMIl'IeCK()11

l\()T()P()H HMeHHO -

()HR U())l,Bepraro1'ca XlmIIqeCIWMY Ol{PYlKaIDHIUX'b B'b

lKR1l0THaro.

Ha~1'b OCTaeTCR TO.lIbRO O,Il,HO 06'bRCHeHie, B'b yr.IeKIIC.10TY

CBOllM'b rrpeBpalll,eHieM'L ,Il,tHCTBiID. 0 RpaflHell: HaM'h 6e3ROHe'IHO i\t.'I() 1I3MtR'B'I"h paano!LilRTe2Ieli.

§ 16.
II

IlO;J,Y 06JI3aHbI raaaa uarepiu JJ3M:lmeHia,

"C006n(aIDlll,eMyca" csoe Ha3Hl1'1eHie, TIO;l,'b B:IianieM'b lWTOPbIJI CIIAb!.

~Ta

lfCIIO.1HlVlU

eC.ll1 ,n;aJIa TI()llaTle OIIlICbIBaTb

HRe~lOCTU 06pa3HbJa II nasnaaxn liOTOpbIH nocJt,Il,Hie.

opraHIPleCIWl[ C.~omHbJlI

He06xo,:(IIMOCTII, HenpCpblBH()

,Il,alKe eC.m 6bI 3TO 6bJ.lIO B03MOlKHO, IIoi\p06HO npOn3BO,ll;RT'b JI,.llR saes, cne~T!4JH'IecRYID i\OCTaTO'lHO acno ,II,'BIICTB)IDlll,ia naao Hl1 HIlX'b K'b

JKHBblX'b Timax'b

elKeMIIHYTHO C'b 06HIIIMR II3'b aa

RaI{'b IIMtIDlll,IIX'b BJliHHiaM'b, liOTOPbIa

oioaorin, nocrpoenu B'b

TOJIbRO OTMtTIITb naparpal}lax'b

'IYBcTBHTeJlbHocTb O'lep'IeHa

nemecras, i\tHCTBYWT'b

opraunaan,

H3MtHHIDlll,IIMCH

npe;l,bI;J,ylll,I1X'b

HX'h cneIl,HqJH'IeCRUa

q~BCTBIITe.llbHOCTh.

r.IIA BA III.
B03,Il,':BMCTBie

opr-arraaecxoa
xarepia

MaTepiH

na

CBJ1bI.

§ 17.
;l,IlIIilWHiH. 'IaCTet'! Db enos To,

IIepepacnpe.r(t.7enie 'ITO }IbI Tt,1a, C,}, i\PyrolI

npe,:(IIo.JaraeT'b

O)l,HOB?eMeHHOc ncpepacnpe)l,t.lleHie KaR'b 'IaCTH HdM'imeHie B'b aamero B'b pacnoJIomeHilI MelKi\Y aa IIepe,ll;BHHy,'lllCb pa3JIH'IHO

C'b O;I,HOtl. CTOpOHbI noenpnnaaaem, CTOPOHbI HB.rraeTCa lW'lOPblM'b l{aK'b B3aHMHbIa Bpmm, llA'b CHJI'b, 6.mro,n;apa

i\aHHaro

113't!tHeHieM'b )l,aHHaH cara, OTHomeHiH,

paorroaoseaia
Tt.lIa

onpe,Il,'£.1eHHmm pa3.1Il'lHbIn cTBya JaHbI

MOMeHTaMll

HOBoe nO!lOlKeHie. e,Il,IIHJl~hl

Bs

TO caaoe MtHReT'b 06pa30M'b RB.1eHiIl

)l,tl'tCTBya

arrperara,

3TH ei\HHH~hI,'B03i\tHIIPOH3BO,I(Hn RaM'b He06noHepa3,I1,t.llbHO CBlITtM'b lIepepacIIpe)l,tJIeHili

(pearnpya)
MelK;(y c06otl.,

pa3JIll'lHbIM'b 06a IIOpRi\Ka

Hl1 pa3.1l1qHbIJI OTHOHleHin r.laB'I;

qaCTIi ,Il,aI:lHotl. CII.1hI, By,Il,) 'II! MelKi\Y Tt

.JRBlmaJl.eHTH()e r13MtHeHie lO,Il,IIMO I1X'b pa3JIH'IaTb. Opraml'leCl{()H ;(06Hblfl lKe MaTepin, 0630p'b nasaaa

BO B3allMHOM'b

3THX'b 'IaCTe!!.

qaCTO CMtmIIBaIDTCR. MbI 6trJIo ClIJIaMH: 3i\-BCb

B'b

A
lKe

npei\bli\Ylll,etl.

0603pt.llH

liOTOPbllI

Bbl3bl1laIDTCR na

Mbl ,Il,O.lllKHbI c)l,t.llaTb

O,'l,HOnpeMeHHbIX'b nepepacnpertaeain, MbI HaTaJIKIIBaeMClI sarpymeaie.

npeTepntBaeMhIX'b qacTn notopoe

C'b
npeTepntIluH CIIBHhIMU,

emamr.
MaCChl, B03 HURllen OCTaIDTCll nee-

caaaro T.

aecpraaasecsoa Heo6xoi\IIMO

nepCM'Blll,eHie e. OHt

IIO)l,'b BJ1iJIHie~fb ,Il,tll:cTBYIDlll,eH ClI.'!bI, 06bIRHOBeHHO T'BM'b B(3)l,tHcTBieM'b,

OrpaHII'IIIBaIDTCll

l1l1IOTe31, .)arlI)la -

yrneno.tr.; .rpyra» TomWBaHlH

o.nua

npIIHllMaeT'b,

'ITO 'lTO

pU.1b 06a

llIIC'TOHa

nrpaer s
a30TllCTblJI B'b O/IIIOH

a30THCToe HJ'b

Bell\eCTBO,

a pOJIb

neurecma

OTHOCHTeJIbHaa CJIlI)lYIOll\HX'b

npasnonoI'JIaB'b.

c(OOHOCTb 8THX'b

oY,J;eT L

paacaorpt.na

32

,lI,AHHbIll BIO.lJOrm.

B'b CIIJIY HX'b HHepII,iH, He yC.~OlKH)I11 ero HOBbIml" CIIJla~lH,

Bs

noropua

OIIt

casn

aaposaaers.
,lI,pyriJI

OpraHH'leCKoll. lRe xarepin

nepml'llIII,am!bIJI 'laCTII pearupYIOT'b He TO.%RO B'b CII.lJY CBOCH BbI3BalIHbIll TaKHM'b 06pa30M'b B03,l1,tll.CTBiil, IWTOPbIJI'

JlHcpII,iH: OHt

TaI{'b YCTPOCHhl, 'ITO ,lI,tll.cTBie CllJlbI BbI3hlBaeT'b 'B'b HIIX'b, KpOMt roro,

,lI,tll.CTBill, II~I'BIOIII,iJI 60.11hIIIee snaaeaie. Mhl }lOlKeM'b Ha3BaTh uenpaxsnm, CTBeHHO npanaa pa3JIUllie~f'b. crsia,

B'b ,lI,tl'!cTBHTe!lbHOCTIl' HaCTOJlhKO npeBOC10,ll,1lT'b KOJlU'leIIrHOpUpOBaTh UX'b na CIIJbI" Mhl

B03,l1,tll.CTBill, 'ITO BnOJlH'B 3aTeMHllIOT'b 3TIl rrocJlt,ll,Hill. 06III,IUI'b 3ar.~aBic}!'J, "B03,1I:£i:iCTBill opraamecaon H03,'\tll.CTBill, uarepin

HeB03MOlKHOCTbOT,lI,'B.1HTb6a BIlfJ,U B03fJ,tll.CTBill. 3aCTaBJIllCT'b uacs 0

Ilo.n,

,lI,OJllKHbI BKJlIO'lUTb KaK'b npauua

TaK'b H 3TH ROCBeHHOBbI3hlBaeMbill B03,l1,'Bllrarese KaI\'b Ram,ll,bIJi: HOBbIJI 3TO

§ 18. Beanaa ,lI,tll.cTBYIOIII,all

IWTOPhlll rrpnHa,ll,J1ea;aT'bK'b CaMhlM'b 3aMt'laTeJIhHbIM'b mII3HeHHhlM'b ~IBJleHillM'b. CHJlU BbI3bJBaeT'b H'b OpraHII'leCRol'! aarepia, Ha3hlBaeM'b

II B'b HeOpraHH'leCIWfI, TOT'b HU;I;'b B03,l1,tl'!CTBill, KOTOPbIl'! MbI pa3'b,

remoros.

I\or,'\a It'b CHJIaM'b, ,lI,tfICTBYIOIII,HM'b MelK,lI,Ye,'\HHIIII,aMn arrporara,

rrpn6amIllIOTciI

CH.lIbI, He06xo,ll,IUIO rrpOnC10,ll,HT'bB'b 60JlbIIIeH IIJln l!eHbIIIeJi: crenean HhlX'b BII6paII,iil.

noatnueaie

~roJleRYJlllpMaTepin,

IIo,ll,TBeplR,'\elIHoe MHOiKeCTBOM'b OIlbITOB'h ,lI,.~ll aeopraamecsoa paBHO CIlpaBe,ll,JlUBbIM'bII ,lI,JiI uarepin B03,l1,tHcTBle B'b OOOIIX'b BII,lI,aX'b xarepin ~IOryn

noaoaeuie
HaH60Jlhrne

,lI,OJIlRlIOC'lIITaTbCll reutuaoe

opraautecscs.
CII.llaMH, ae-

BbI3hlBaeTCll TtMII

,lI,tffCTBiil IWTOPbIl'h OKaH'lIlBaIOTCil XmIIl'leCKIIM'b COe;I,IIHeHie;ll'bpa3JIIl'lHbIA'b BCIII,eCTB'b. OTil X O,ll,yrneB.lelIHblil TtJla 3Ha'fHTeJlhHO ptlKe CTBieM'b atenrpmecaaro rrYTeM'b XIIMn'leCRarO 6blTb CIIJlhHO aarpsrn rrYTeM'b seraameoaaro TOR O,ll,HaRO Y HIIX'b norooaoe a, II coemaeaia. qTO

,'\aBJleHiil, IIJln ,lI,tll.remora BCTpt'faeTCil

npnaoxoaaeaie

II B'h OOJlhrnlIHcTBt CJlY'fueB'b He 6bIBaeT'b TaK'b 3aMtTHo, KaR'b HarptBaHie

me

xacaerca

O,ll,yrneBJleHHbIX'b Tt.1'1, TO II Y HnX'b

HtKOTOPhlJI KOJIlI'leCTBa remora

06pa3YIOTCil rro,ll,'b B21iilHie~I'h pa3JH'fHbIX'b ,lI,PyrHX'b ,'\'BllCTBiH; cpaBHCHiIO C'b TcmlOTOH, nOpOlKi\aeMOll. ;I,tlrcTBieM'b T!(aHII, II na BeIII,eCTBa,CO,ll,epmaIII,UICH B'h pa3JIII'lill. lId'b HeO,ll,YllleB.leHHhlX'J, rrO;I;06ubIX'b MI,I Bllil,IIM'b O;I;HO1I3'b xapaarepusm,

O,ll,HaKO, 3TH KO.1H'feCTBa HIl'ITOl£(Hhl no raaaaxs. ~-3AtCh,

FIICJlOpo,'\a aa BeIII,eCTBa, 1I3'h KOTOPbIX'bnocrpoeau BO BCilRmf'b MY'fat,

Mem,ll,YOil,yrnen.leHHbIMII II HeO,ll,yrneB.1eHHbIMII tJIaMll. TOJlb!(O aeaaoria T TtJl'h 06bIKHOBCHHOcyIII,eCTByIOT'bB'b YCJlOBiilX'b, npa TenJlOTY rryTml'b XHMH'leCKHX'b peaxuitt, oopaaoaanie 'feM'b pa3BIITie paTyphI, MaTepill Terr.l0TbI H'b HHX'b

!(OTOPhlX'h OHn B'b COCTOilHin Bhlil,tJlilTh !taK'b XHMH'feCKOe COe,ll,lIHeHieH

II Tt H3'b HIIX'b, KOTOPbIil ORalRYTCiI B'b O,ll,YllleBJleHHWI

YC.10BiilA'b, JllIrnaIOTCH 3TOII crroc06HOCTII BCROpt 1I0C!lt roro,

aataroos.

me

TtJla

nOCTOilHHO 06J1a-

,lI,aIOT'boOJlte lUll

~leH'Be BbIpalKeHHOH crroc06HOCTbIO pU3BHBaTb TeIIJlOTY 31'HM'b rryTeM'b; IIplIO'feHb craooe nona II HIIKOril,a He ,lI,OXO,ll,JlIII,ee BbICO!(Oll.rexne,lI,0 renao npO,ll,OJl£(aeT'b6bITh O,ll,YllleBJleHHbIM'h. nee npeaa,

TenJlOTbI, llHoril,a

ne npexpamaerca

Omomeaie

Mem,ll,y,lI,tHcTBieM'b II B03,l1,ti1cTBieltf'b, T. e. Mem)J;y XHMlI'leCRIIMlI 1I3M1lHeHiJlMH MOJleRYJlilpHbIX'h BH6paIl,iJi:, JlCHO BblcTyrraeT'b npa KJraCCOB'b opraHH3MOB'b, a raicse pa3J1I1'fUbIX'b MbI Ha6J1IO-

H MelR,lI,y reHedlICOM'b renaonaxs

COrrOCTaBJleHin}lelK,lI,y C060IO paaamasm, ,lI,aeM'b npanae ctMeHa He3Ha'fIITeJlhHOe paannrie

'laCTell. II pa3J1lI'lHbIX'b COCTOJIHiHO,ll,HOrOII roro TeJlhHOMY oopaaoaaain II Il,BtTbI, ,lI,ti1cTBlITeJlhHO pt3I\Oe

me

oprsaaaaa,

Bs

pacreaian,

TenJlOTbI, 'fTO BnOJlHt 'lacm

COOTBtTcTByeT'h nesaasnero, RaI\'b npopaCTaIOIII,iH

B'b HlIX'b yr.'lelmCJlOTbI; TOJIbROraaia nomnueaie aacsxosua reaneparypu. .1lUlIIb aeaaoro rezneparypa

T. e. T'B, B'b KOTOPbIX'h ll,ll,en

3Ha'lIITeJlhHOe OI\lICJleHie, 06HapymllBaIOT'h qTO KaCaeTCJI mHBOTHbIX'b, TO Tt 1I3'b HIIX'b aaepria II ,lI,hllllyT'b ,lI,tJlTeJlbHte. B03Ayxa; O,ll,HaRo, HtCI\OJlhRO TenJlte OI\pymaIOIII,aro

JlBJlilIOTCJI TenJlOKpOBHbIMlI, IWTOPhlJl paCXO,ll,YIOT'boon.me

Haaozaos

B'b

noaof,

ROr,ll,a OHn npllXO,ll,JlT'b B'b rpiJl,ycOB'b smne; 3Ua'lHTeJ1hHOBhlClIIYIO, 'ftM'b

,lI,BlImeHie, reuneparypa

HX'b TtJla

nO,ll,HlIMaeTCJIaa

y MJle!(OnHTaIOIII,lIX'b, KOTOPblil 06bmHOBeHHO nO,ll;,lI,eplitlIBaroT'b TeMnepaTYPY OI\pYlKaIOIII,eJi: pe,ll,b1, yrrpalRHeHie Ta!(lKe suaaaaere c

npaeaeouaoe ocpasoaaaie remora. on

9TOT'b Bllil,'b MOJleRYJlJlpHarOB036YlK)Jeuiil He1I36tmHo conponoaaaen, BCllI\iJi: rrepeXO,ll,'h HeycTOH'lIIBarO R'b YCTOH'fIlBOMY paonoaoasaim MOJleI\YJl'b, He3aBlICliMO 1I11 on CTe-

B03,ll,sllCTBlh OprAHlPIECROll MATEPIJI H~ CII.1IJ. HeHJI JIepeXO,ll,a, HII a30TlICTbliI Be~eCTBa, OT'1 COCTaBa CaMIIX'b Be~eCTB'1. I13'1 ROTOPbIX'1noorpoaan rnaaa, ).l;pyrmnr C.l0Ba MIT npenpamaroroa ,

33
.lIH

I1JIJIoe3ailOTITCTIJJI Be~eCTBa,

,ll,I1tPtPYH,ll,aJlbme,

,ll,lIpyIO~iil cpe,ll,JI TR~~eiI;

OCTaHaB.1ITBaeTCiIJIll n poneccs neperoxa OR,rICJIeHlIbUIII npOCTIJiI eoemneaia

sa oopasoaanla
-

II3'1 RpallHe

C.10iliHbIX'1 COe;\JIlIenIlI ,ll,pyrnX'1, He}IHOrO }leH'Be C.10iItHbIX'1, I1.111OR'1 ll;\eT'b ropasro TaIi1> 'ITO oopa3YIOTCJ! BnO.1Ht TemOTa iIB.liI€TCiI cnYTHIIROM'1 aroto npouecca. C;\'B.1aHHOe IIepBOHa'laJIbHO JIuonXOM'1 npOTUBOnOJIOilieHie CTBaMII, liaR1> n'II~ell TO.1IiOBaTh B1> TOM1> ,ll,JIiI TRaneil, II oe3a30TUCTbIMlI; lI,ll,y~ail na liaR'1 .l!OTIJ, !lOilieT'1 ObITh npnnaro ;L.1i1 npOH3BO;\CTBa TeIl.l0TbI. CaMblfi tPaliT'b eymecraonania TeIWOTY, nnraacs Be~eCTBaMH,

BO BCiIROM'1 CJIY'Iat a30TIICTbIMII semeero HeJIb3H

Mellqy

IIII~efr

;'I,JJ! npOIl3BO,ll,OTBaTen-

TO.lJbRO C'1 OrpUHll'IeHIHMII. Bo BCHROlI'1 CJIY'Iat, B'1 ;r,tficTBIlTe.1lhHOCTH II CaM1> .lHOUA'1 nO'ITU BcerrtJIO aroro

CMhlCYB, 'ITO IIII~a,

1I0CTPOllI{y TRaHeH, He MOiIteT'1 CJIymuTh He YTBepm,ll,aJI'1. COe,ll,HHeHifr, lIn

II.10TOH,ll,HblX'1 iKHBOTHbIX'1, liOTOPbIH MoryT'1 JRHTh II pa3BHBaTh COCTOH~HMn H3'1 a30TIICThIX'1 TRaHH, J!B.lI11IOTCH ra'ITO a30TIICTW! COB'1 H83Ha'IIIORailieTCH nyTeM'b He TOJIhRO II oeaaao-

Yilie ,ll,OCTUTO'IHO ,:J;ORa3bIBUeT'1, 'ITO U30TlICTbIlI COe!l.HlIeHiH,oopa3yIO~iJl RHMII iKe npOII3BO,I(HTeJIllMHTeIlJIa, RaR'1 II IIHPRYJJHpyIO~iH e;I.lIHeHilf, oy;r,Y'I1I

}Ieili,:J;y TRaHllMH II nayrpa npasza,

oe3a30TIICTbIJ! COe,ll,lIHeHiJ!; 3TOTb BbIBO,J,'1 IIO!l.TBepiliAaeTCJ! TaKlRe II TtM'b,

canraeuu

BHt

Tt.'la,

pa3BlIBaIOT'1

TeIJ.1IOTy, XOTH, secsaa

Te.1hHo)l'1 RO.11I'IeCTBil. --_

Haro

;J,YMaTb, 'ITO YRa3aHHoe oOilte TtCHOM'1 CMhlc;rt:

npornaonuroaeaie
npeapamaiorca npespameaia TaK'b lKe liaR'b

CTO.1h lhe HeBilpHbUI'1 II B'b ;I,pyrml'h BO;I.bI II FJeBO,:J;opO,:J;bI, soropue, cooo~aIO~arOCH rscrua Xmlll'IeCRarO npn TeII.lOTY, HO II ;J,pyrie B€ll\eCTB3,

BtPOHTHO, 'ITO yrae-

npOXO,:J;lI'Iepe3'b

OHCTeMYopraaaaxa,

;I,tilCTBill, pa3BIIBaIOT'b BO BpeMH caoero B03MOlKHO, 'ITO

BII;!,hI aseprin. IIepexo;!,il

aaoracrua,

OT'b :MeHte YCT01!'lRBUrO MOJIeK).'lllpaaro BlI;J.hI MOJIeKyJllpHhlX'b

paCIIOJIOlKeHiH K'b

OO.lte YCTofilJ.IlBOMY,nopOlK;J,aIOT'b O;I.HOBpeMeRHOn TO MOJeRplIpHoe Mbi Ha3hIBaeM'b TeIl.10TOfi, II ;J.pyrie B'b CIl.1aX'b, paCXO;J,yeMbIX'b opruR1I3MOM'b. YCJIOBiil: 0;J,H3 reurora erna remora ~IOlheT'b

B030YlK)J,eHie, noropoe

;J,BIlJKeHif!, ROTOPW! peu,nmYIOTCll B'b 3aBllCIIMOCTU on u3MtHeHilt Be~eCTBa nperepoopa30B3Hie

Ibn,

HaKOHerr'b, B03MOiRRO, 'ITO llB.'IeHill, COilPOBOiKImrimllIOTcll lioqa ,II,pyrnn oe3a30rHCTbIH CH.n, Ror;J,a

;J,aIO~ill MeTaMoptP03'h oe3330TllCTbIX'b Be~eCTB'b,

oripaaonarscs,

nilB3lOT'b ~IeTa~lOp~03'b,

RaXO;J,llCh B'b rrIIpliymlpJ'IOm1IX'h

iR11;J,1I0CTllX'b, otiparuo, 11 ROTOPbIJI HX'b csoen

MOllieT'1 COIIpOBOiR;J,aThCH 06pa30BaHieM'1 nO,:J;BepraIOTCH H3~ltHeHiIO B'1 )J,tl1Te.%HblX'1 KOTOPhlfi, crop all npn iRe B1> O'lart

oe3a30TIICThlll nemenorJIOTHJIH; noHCRJIIO'IU-

TR3HHX'1,

,II,OOHO F.1IO, uraen.

OOhIqHbIX'1 ydOBiHX'1,

npOIl3BO,ll,UT'1 nO'ITU Juonxa

T€JhHO Tem:rOTY, cropaa CJt;r,YIO~eMY: TliaHPU-II <PYHIiI\iil Eali}'

napOBOH MamIlHhl,-'IaCTh TaROM'b CJIy'Iat

TelIJIOTbI npespacnO,:J;I!TCJIR'1 IIII~eIO

C.M'bICJl1o

B'b MeXaHlI'IeCRoe ;r,BHlheHie.

roraa

Bs

aHTHTe3IIC'1

lIaR'1 330TIICThIll BeID;eCTBa HB.lJJlIOTCH 6'0 0601lJ-lO.II'O ,:J;.1H HX'1 rrocTpoilRII Be~eCTBa HB.1l1IOTCH nlI~eil TR3Hefi

lIaR'1 uarepsara oe3a30TIlCTbIi!

II EaR'1 ~raTepbH.1bI ;J,.1H npOIIJBO;J,CTBa IIX'1 TO.lIbKO 60 OO,}{OJllo

C.M'bICJl10,

MaTephH.1'b ;J,.111rrp01I3BO;(CTBa IIX'1 tPYHRIIin. RaR'1 ,II,aJIb-

He nOA.lemIlT'1 CO~fHtHiIO, 'ITO reutora, oe3npephIBHO B03HlHlaIO~aH B'1 Tt.1t, B03,:J;tJ!CTBie B'1 OTBtT'1 HU XHMlI'leCROe ,:J;tJlcTBie, caaa nenpepunno crrocoocTByeT'1 HtillIIe~IY XIIMII'IeCEmry ,II,tfiCTBiIO. MbI yme COCTOllHie nonsnnennoa MaTepiu MOJeRpJlpHOfi

paafe

(OCHOBHhIH

Hasara

Buoparrin

o.'rarorrpiHTcTByen

§ 100) BIIAt.1II, 'ITO TtM'1 nepeMt~eHiHM'1

H ,II,BnmeHiH, 1I3'1 ROTOPbIX'1 C.1araeTCH 3Bo.'IIOIIiH. .MbI BII,II,t.1U, 'ITO B'1 opraanauars, HaOJIIOAaeTOHOCO-

oeHHO 3aMilTRoe 1I0BbImeHie MOJleRYJIHpHbIX'1 BIiOparrin. 3!J;tCh me MbI BII!l.IIM'1, 'ITO 3TO noBbIlIIeHHoe COCTOHHie Mo.1eRYJIapHOll BIIOparrili caxo aB.'IHeTClf HenpepbIBHbIM'1 CJIt)J,CTBieM'1 HeIIjJepblBHhlX'b MOJIeRYJlHPHbIX'b nepepacrrpe!l.tJIeHiH, ROTOphIH ORO caao me II oO.l!er'faeT'b. Terr.~OTa, pa3BIIBaeMaH RamAhIM'1 marOM'1 XIIMII'IeCRarO 1I3MimeHia, dJIaeT'1 B03MOmHhlM'1 CJIt~yIOII(iH nrars XlIMII'IeORarO II3MtHeHiH. 9Ta CBH3h HBJIeHin BHYTpn TtJIa TaIWBa me, RaR'1 II BH'I; ero. B'1 ropam;eM'h RYCRt !l.epeBIt TeII.1oTa, BbI,ll,tJIaeMaH 'IaCT1IO, COe!l.IIHlIIOmeIOclI B'b
cnEllCEP'h. OCllOBARIH BIOJlOrIH.

OT.JIUqaIOIH;lIxcH no ROJIIIqeCTBY II ObICTPOri; nO,:J;OOHbIX'1 nepepacnpeataealn,

34

,lI;AHHl:JlImoaorrn.

)l,aHHhlH !IOMeHT'b C'h KI1CJlOpO)l,OM'h, cooomaers npIIJIelKam,I1M'h qaCTlIM'h TY TeMIIepaTYPY, IIpU xoropoa OHt MOrYT'h TaKlKe BCTYIIHTh B'h COe)l,IUleiIie cs KlICJlOPO,n;OM'h B'h lKIIBOM'h lKlIBOTHOM'hTemIOTa, npOH3BO)l,mmli ORlICJleHie}!'hRalIt;J,arO ,lI;aHHarO ROJllIqeCTBa OpraH1I30BaHHoft lIJIH He OpraHlI30BaHHOH xarepia, IIO,ll;)l;eplEHBaeT'h reuneparypy, TY eme qaCTII Moryn ORIIcmIThClI. npn ROTOPOlI He ORHC.lleHHhllI

§ 19. CBtT'1

RBJIlIeTClITOlReO;J,HUM'h H3b BII)l;OB'h T'Bx'h ClI.'l'h, ROTOFbIlIB03HlIRaroT'h B'h opraB'h oTBtn aa AtiicTBilI, I{OTOPbIM'h opraaaaxs IIoABepraeTCJI. <l>octPopec-

HlI3Mt, KaR'h B03AtiicTBie neania Baron HimOTopbIe BII;J,hl

TO.1hROB'b HeMHOrnX'b CJIyqalIX'b Ha601ro;J,aeTcR paoreaia; Y

rpnoom;

sanre ncero

ee 06IlapYlEUnaTeI):-

Cpe)l,n lKIIBOTIlbIX'b 3TO lIBJIeHie OTHOClITeJIbHO OOJI'Be pacMOpJI, xoropoe 'ITO rrpOR3BOAJlT'1MOPCItiR lKRBOTHhllI. cBtTa, RaR'b U paannrie

rrpOCTpaHCHO. BctM'b MHorie JlOTbI, ecrs panin;

XOPOlllO H3BtCTHO CYIIl,eCTBOBdHie HtCROJIbRIIX'b BIIAOB'h cBtTlIm,nXCli TO cBtqeHie

CtROMbIX'b II MHOrmI'b aaaaouo

tjlaItTbI 3aCTaBJIflroT'b npnaaan.,

upoameaie

C.'1t;J,CTBie ORHCJIeHilI CaMIIX'b TRaHcil: U;JII CO)l,CplKam,RXCJI HfIX'1 Bem,CCTB'b. B'b !IelR)l,Y CBtTOM'b n TenJIOTOii 3aBIICHT'b OT']) pa3HlIIW nemecrsa
xal\\l,l:i'l'I',))a.

CB1lT'I,, TaK'b lEe RaK'b n TCIIJIOTa, JlBJlJ!CTCJIBblpalKeHicM'b 1I0BbIlIleHHoii nlO.llCRYJIRPHoil: B1I6-

uin,
ll~:n.

paamsie

B'b xapaarepf

BII6paII rrOJlBJIRH.\l,IA-

II03TOMY, RailteTClI, MbI MOmeM'h )l,OUYCTUTb,'ITO CBtT']) U TelIJIOTa paBHO M'JrYT'b 6bITb aa XU.lfU'IeCKOeAtiicTBie, npa 3TOM'b
'U\);I,'l'B\,;pli\~\l,IIWb 'b'l'\)'l''b

BbI3hlBaeMbI ItaK'b BOd;I.titcTBie opranaseonaro roTCR B'b 3aHIICIIMOCTUon

lflJl:iIYl:\)l\bl)\

xapasrepa

nponcxoxantaro

MOJIeRy.lIllpHaro ROJIe6a'n'6l'J.5\;I.'b.

;l,m,\l,'6'<Yl:Io:lbC'l'I','i\' \)lIR'l'H'i',I'\)

,n;CHO,'ITO Y CHETJlm,RXCJI HactKoMbIX'b casra.

rrpo,n;OJIlKHTeJIbIIOCTb cB1lqeHiR 3aBHCIIT'b on YCHJIHBarom,ec;IhlxaHie, rrYTeM'b1I30JInpOHaIliJl cBtTJlm,arocli

npO)l,o.lIAORa-

amTe;JbIlOCTH AbIxaHiJl, II BCJlIWe )l,BIIilteHie,

YCHJIHHaeT'b II JlPROCTb nemecrsa,

Ilpoeeccops

MaTeY'In (Matteucci),

3ars , qTO Y HactRoMbIX'b ncnycaaaie

cBtTa

eonpoaoxraerca

BbIJI,t.'1eHieM'byr.lJeKHMOTbI II noHaM'b y,n;aCTCIl

r.1om,eHicM'b RHCJIOpO;I.a.--. ~<I>oc~OpHqeCI{Oe cB'BqeHie MOPCI\UX'bmlIBOTIlbIX'1 6hlJIO 06'bJlCHIIeMO He ORHCJleHieM'f"a CllO)l;lIJIOCbR'b .:J.pyrUM'b npH'IIIHaM'b; HO, MOlKeT'b 6bITb, :.RIlBOTHOeU3'h pona ~TBt OT'IaCTII 06'bRCHHTb ero II He rrpH6'EraH K'b I crreIl,iaJIbHmry B036YlK;l,eIliro. )J;JIH rrpuMtpa BQ3bMeM'b

Noctiluca

(MOpCRUII cBt'ma

IIJIII HOqeIl,BtTRa),

HOTopaJ! B'b 60JILlIlIIH3TH MeJIRili lltHBOTHYIl

C.JlyqaeB'b lIBJlIeTCll npU'IIIHOii

tjloctjlopecIl,eHD;iu y oeperOB'b AHrJIiH.

He B'b COCTOllIIilI rro,n;AeplKlIBaTb rrOCTOJlHCTBO Il,UpI>YJIllIl,iH HHyTpn csoern TtJIa II rrOTOMY )l,BHlKeHie lKllil,KOCTeii, co,'\epmum,IlX'b crenean Baron BU,n;IlbI HO%ro, Iwr!l.a RHCJIOPOA'b, OJI)!{IlO HaxOAIlTLCJI y HIlX'b B'b 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOfi A HCKPbI, IlCXO)l,lIm,ill U3'h 3TIIX'b lEIIBOTHbIX'b, 6bIIU1I! Kor,n;a BeCJIOnorpyaaerea rrpOCTO rro,n;'b BJIiIIIlieM'b BHeiltllBOTHaro. 3TH HCRPbI 3aBIICJlT'b He OT']) B036ymCOrrpOHOllt;l,aeT'b BHe3arrIloe rrepe)l;BnlKeHie anIBOTHbIX'b-Y HtKOTOPbIX'h KOJlh'IaTbIX'b rro,'\'b B.lIiJlIlieM'b HMrrYJIbCOB'b 1I3BIlt. Bbl3blBammll

BO.IIIbI TIIXO YAapRroTcli 0 6epen corpaoeniaaa, xoropoe

B'b BO;r.y. BOilMOlRHO, sro, )l,eHiJ! HeH3BtCTIlaro aanuarc

CrreIl,HtPIIqeCKarO AtJlTeJlH, a H03Hlmaron peaKIl,iii,

Y(;II.1CHili XIIMlIqeCKlIX'b

lKlI,n;rWCTeif, BbI3bIBaeMOe Tm[qIW~r'b, rrepe,'\arom,IlMCR qepeWb HtlltHOe Tt!lO Bo nClIIWM'h C.1Y'Ia'E y 'IcpBefl, ;J,pyrHX'1 MOPCltll\'I,

J Pj roso:» 1--C"ltn
KaR'b nomeprarncs npaxaau

oopaayeroa, rro HCel! HRPOJITHOCTH, IIIlbIM'h rrYTeM'b II ue IIBJIJ!eTCR RHCJIOpO)l,a. ,ll,'llHcTBIITe.lbHO, CTOlIT'bTOJIbRO BcrrOMHHTborimerroJlyqaroT'b cnoc06HOCTb CBtTHTbCJI B'b TeMHoTt, 'IT06bI BIIAtTb, 'ITO cym,eA'BHCTBiro COJIHe'lHaro ocasmeain, B'h Heo,n;YlIleBJIeHHOiixarepia sarepia,

npJl~[bIM'b OTBtTOM'b na H3BtCTHblii rrOCJIt roro

,'\tiicTBie

tjlaKT'b, 'ITO IltROTOPbIJI semecrsa CBtToHcrrYCKaIIiJl.

CTByroT'b II APyria

§ 20. Ilepepacnpersreaia

06hlRHoBeHIIo conpoaosnaioroa rrpOHCXOAJlT'b'b opB

3JIeKTpnqeCItIIMH JlB!leIliilMU; paayerca raHH3MaX'b. OIIbITbI nosaaanr,

MbI uMteM'b Il,1l.l1hlii plI)I,'h ,n;OKa3aTe.IIbCTB'b, 'ITO 3JIeltTpnqeCTBO 06KOTOPbIJ!aonpepuaao 'ITO KOlKa II 60JlbIlIUHCTBO BHyTpeHHIIX'h 060JIOqeR'b HaXO/l.JlTCJIB'b

n rrplI TtX'h nepepacuperfueainxs

rrpOTHBorro.lIOlKHbIX'b 3.lIeRTpIIqeCKHX'bCOCTOJlHiJlX'b qTO Mem,n;ypa3JllI'IHbIMII BHYTpeHHHMII opraH HaMIl. HarrpHMtp'h, rreqeHbro II lKeJIYAROM'b, aOJIro,n;aroTCJI H aresrpmecaie ROHTpaCThl; rrpnqeM'b 3TH ROHTpaCTb[)l,OCTIIraroT'b BbICIIIHX'h creneaoa B'b TtX'b CJlyqallX'b, RorAa nponeeca, rrpOIIcro)l,Jlm,ie
B'b

cpaeaasaemm,

:'IaCTJlX'b, COBepIlIeIlHO HecxOAHbI. )J;ro6ya Peli:MOH'b (du Bois R9ymond)

AORa-

ROJJ,1111cflm. OPfAHII'U.ClWfI MATJ:.PIIIHA CH.lll. "TO hail;,J,w1 sa.l'b, C>. O:IbHOMh pa3p]';J£ ;.1~hTplI'IeCRitl CTO My~hpa jJ (1J'b, norxa :llycRpa Mbl COe,J;IIHiIe~I'brrpOBO;J;HIIlWM'bhaKpO-HII6p,b ero nonepe-raaro paaptaa, no.iysaeroa

35
TO'IliY aa npo06pa3yeTcll eCJIII BM1iHe 61l.JIH

C'b RaHOII-J1II60 TO'HWlI HepBHO~ BO.JIOImo. !O'IHllll

TOI;'b:

nO;J;06HllfI llie pC3Y,]bTaT'b

U B'b TOM'b C.ly;ra1i,

:lIbl B03bMe)lb

rrpll'IHHbI aroro

lIB.1(eHlll eme

orrpeJ,1i.leHbl. IIpIIHi1B'b BO RHIIMaHle C.l'£J,YIOlIl,le Tpll 41m;Ta: 1) ) aaaaaasre . il.'leRTpU'IeCKie ROHTpaCTll Ha1l60.'I'Ee Sa)IBTHbl Ta~l'b, r)J,1i upoaosonm, ;J;1illTeJIbHOe Bbl;J;1i:reHle, 2) OHU C')) TPY,J;OM'b06HapYlInIBaIOTCll Tan, TOM'b c.1J'Ia'B, xor.ia T1].1a iKI;BOTHaro, cospamenie r,J;il U'Bn 3a~r1lTuaro ;J;BlllKeuill lKH)J,lWC'fII, II

3)

;J;alKe B,)) Uil'))

MYCRp,)) 3aCTaBJIllIOT'b coxpamarsoa,

Bll)J,1i.1(lIB,))ero

nepaoaasarsao

Hell361illiHo Bbl3bIBaeT'b nepeJ,BHlKeHie Bcer)J,a JIB.JIlleTCll npII'II!HOfI

cOJ,epiRalIl,HXCll B'b HeM')) aiesrpmeoaaro B03MY-

:iKII;J;ROCTefI-Mbl C'IlITae~I'b B03~IOlKHbIM'b,'ITO BbIlIIeYKa3aHHble TORI! 06'blICHllIOTCll rrpOCTO rpeaieM'b pa3HOp0;J;HbIX'b BClIl,eCTB'b, soropoe meHill.

Easoao

6bl HII 611.10 TO.lJIWBaRie41a1;(Ta,CYlIl,eCTBOBaHieero He rrO;J;JIelKHT'b cmIWBHiIO: nolKIIBOTHaro oprannsaa 'IaCTllX'b ero, 06lIl,IIX'b II HeIIpCpllBHO B03HIIKaIOT'b paarn-ria B'b il:reKTplI'IeCKOM'b a C.JI'£J,OBaTe.lbHO II nOCTOilHHoe B03CTaHOB.JIeHie 3JIeK'IaCTHMII. b HtCKOJIbKO opraanaaasa. CKaTa aresrpnre3.1eHTpH'IeCl;1IX'b HB.1eHi:l'!, paBHO CBOll3.1eKTpn'IeClwfr anepriu

BCIO;J;YB}, rt.11i TpII'IeCKarO

COCTOJIHiu, pa3.lU'IlIbIX'b paBHoBtciJI IIo'Ull\IO :mH.'b

nYTe:lI'b B03HHKHOBelIiH TOKOB'b MelKAY 3Tmm ~raJIO 3,UI1iTHllX'b 06pa30RaHllI I':lK'b pacreniaas,

CTBeHHLn..'bBc1iM'b opraanswaxs,

TaR'b II mIlBOTHbU!'b, MLl aaaes

C.1Y'laeB'b crreI\ia.TfbHarO II KpaIIHC p'lm;aro

JI'mIlno
(Torpedo) opranaua,

B'b BII;J;y Tt

JIHTepeCHbIll llB.1eHi a, yrpH (Gymnotes). -

KOTOPblll, Ha6.l!IO,J;aIOTCHY il.leltTI)J!'IeCRarO B'b 3TIIX'b pbl6ax'b 3)J,1iCb OHO cavo coe .nmenie 06pa30BaHie

II :lJIeRTpU'IeCI\aro I{aR'b B'b ;r,pyrnx'b aroro opraaa II

CTBa 1IB.1lleTCil He CJIY'IaIIHbDI'b CIIYTHIIKOM'b pa3JIIl'IHblX'b 41YHKI\ifI, I!CIIO.llHHC}!1lX'bpa3.11U'IHllMIl oprannauars, oc06eHHO JrB.1l1eTCil OC060IO 41YHKI\ieIO iKIIBOTHaro II rrpIITOM'b 41YHl;I\ielO, )J,.lJil BbIIIO.1HeHilI ROTOPOH mI'lleTcil CIlJIbHO paannroo ero HilKOTOPblA'b npemorarars, csnrars, cncniarsnoe

Orpoeuie
paan npespamesie

cnenianuun

opraas.

C'b HepBHblMII I\eHT-

3aCTaBlI.10

'ITO B'b HeM'b npOIlCXO;J.IIT'b aenocpercrsemroe 'ITO IIyreM'b HepBHbIX'b Inmy.lbCOB'b B'b 3TOIl 6a-

TaRcb Ha3bIBae'IOH HepBHOll CII.lJbl B'b CIl.1), Ha3bIBamlYIO 3.11eKTpn'IeCTBOM'b. O)J,6bITb,IIpaBlI.1bH'Ee B03HIIKaen npespamenie Tal;'b II cnenianaoe MOJIeKYJIlIpHarO ,J,BIlmeHill B1' Ten pa3BIITie 3.1(eKTpU'IeCTBa,

HaRO, ~fOmen

rapef

iRlIBOTHarO

BlI,J;J, aneprin,

rrpOIIJBO;J;CTBOsoroparo 06pa30BaHiH,
B'b

II COCTaBJIlIeT'b (PYHKI\ilO oprana.

Bo BCHKOM'b CJIY'Ia1i I;aK'b oemee, aaBIICIIMO 0T'b cnocoria raHH'IeCKoII TtX'b

ae-:

i\OJIlKHOC'IlITaTbCH O;J;HlIM'b1I3'b BII;J;OB'b B03)J,1ificTBiH opTt ;J;tfICTBiH, IWTOPbIM'b OHO nomepraerca, XOTil )J,aHCJIy'Iat

xarepin

oTB1in

na

Hbl!l BIl;J;'b B03,J;1ifIcTBilI JIB.1ileTCH He npil:llbBI'b B03J,'EfICTBieM'b, a OT,,\a.lleHHbBl'b IIOCJItJ,CTBieM'b 1I3M1iHeHill, HOTOPWI HenocpeJ,CTB8HlI0 Bbl3bIBaIOTCH i\'EllTe.lilMIl, BO BCilKmI'b orimaro OH'b lIB.ll1eTCil O;J;HH:Il'b1I3'b IIpOllBJICHifI roro Bbli3blBaIOT'b 3TH BHtlIIuie aTOll r.lJaB1i.

nepepacnpe.rareala runasn,
xarepiu,

,J;BumeHiH, uoropce pa3C:IlOTptHiIO B'b

;J;'DllTe,111II, HaK'b TaKOBOo, rrO)J,:Iellia.lO HalIIe~!y H3BtCTHblM'b

§ 21.
nplIcOei\IIHIITb

R'b pa3C\IOrp1iHHbl'U'b Ha\III HelI3BtcTHllll npn Ho 61lTb arori,

)J,BllllieHill Mbl )J,OJIlKHblreneps KaR'b II npll 1I3M1iHeHirrx'b

TlIII'b ;I,BlllKeHi!J:. TeIIJIOTa, 1I3MtHeHillX'b neopraaarecsoa

CBtT'b H ilJleI{TplI'IeCTBO Bll)J,t.1ilIOTca

cOBeplIIeHHO TaK'b ~e OpraHII'IeCKOfI xarepin. KOTOPllll He Momen T1iJIaMII; B'b BII;J;y sero

B'b H1iROTOPblX'b KJIaCCaX'b lKIIBllX'b T'EJI'b rrpOHBJIHeTCil BHi\'b CIIJIll,

oroaecrunsm,

Hli

cs O)J,HOH1I3'b cars,

npOllBJIileMbIX'b HelKllBllMll II3Y'IeHllblX'b BII)l;OB'h.

BlI)J,'b CHJIll )J,OJIlKeH'bC'lllTaTbCH HeII3B1icTHbIM'b B'b TOM'b CMbICJI1i,

'ITO OH'b He MOl!{en 6blTb rrOi\BeJ,eH'b nO;J;'b KaKOll-.11l60 1I3'b paH1ie rOBOpIO 0 TOM'b, 'ITO Ha3bIBaIOT'b HepBHO!1 Ctl.1(Oll. 3Ta CIIJIa 3apOlK)J,aeTCH 06blKHOBeHHO BO BCtX'b

JI

l!{lIBOTHllX'b, sa

IICKJIIO'leHieM'b HII3-

1II1IX'b, IIO)J,'bB.llillHieM'b )J,1iilCTBYIOlIl,HX'b IW'b BC1iX'h BII,l,OB'h. CJra6WI HJIIl MeXaHH'IeCKia npaC ROCHOBeHilI, IIPOII3BO)J,1IlIl,illB'b Hac"}' olIl,ylIl,eHiil ocasaaia H.m ;J;aBJIeHill, paBHO KaK'b II npapOCT'b U.JIlI IlOTepH MOJIeRYJIHpHOfIBJ16paI\iII, nponasozamla B'b sacs omymenia TeIlJIa II XOaoza, BO BetX'b opraaaaxam, cHa6meHHblX'b nepsnon CIICTeMofI, BbI3bIBaIOT'b II3B1iCTHOe

36
HepBHoe pasp;pameHie,
ROTOpOe, RaK'b

;J,AHHbIIi BIO:lOI'IH. n Y HaC'b CaMHX'b, llJIlI C0061lIaeTCH maBHOMY aeps-

HOM)' ~eHTpy II B036ym;'l;aeT'b B'h He~l1) C03HaHie, llJIII HerrOCpe,n;CTBeHHObl3b1BaeT'b 'lnCTO $11B

smecale
$n'lecKiH

rrpo~eCCbI, MorYlI.\ie rrpOIICXOP;IIThB'h JIl06mf'h M1lCTil opraanaaa. Ha3b1BaeMblX'h opraaaan 'lyBCTB'h, onparsneaaaa nocpeaorsa ---

Bs

060C06JIeHHblX1>

Y'laCTKaX'h opraHlI3Ma,

BH11IIIHiH p;ilil:CTBili acaaro C03HaHiJi paa6WIH paa-

Bbl3b1BaIOT'b Orrpep;ilJIeHIIhllI IIepBHbIII B03p;til:CTBiH, IWTOPbIH rrpOHBJIHIOTCllllJIll KaK'}, cneunOIlIYllIeHiH, llJIH RaK'h B036ym,n;eHie, KOTOpOe 6en Bbl3b1BaeT'h ,n;tHTeJIhHOCTh~fyCRYJIOB'h Il.lUI ,n;pyruX'b opranoas. ,n;pameHiil:, CJIt,n;YIOIlIHX'h HenOCpe,!!,C1'BeHHO aa rrOCTOHHHO rrpOHCXO,n;HT'h paarpaseaia, BHtIIIHIIMH H C)I,tJl8JIIICh BHyTpeHHmm, BhI3b1BaeMblH cnraaa, Rpod nepansm,

,1l;til:cTBieM'h BHilIIIHHX'h

CHJI'h, B'b OpraHH3Mt

KOTOPhIII nepaoaasarsno

6.mrO;J,apH rror.'IOllIeHiIO OpraHH3MOll'h Bem;eCTB'h, lIB-

JIIlBIIIIIXCH HOCIITeJIlIMII 3THX'h CH.JI'h.Ih 3TOMY RJIaccy MoryT'h 6b1Th OTHeCeHl,I nepnaua ,n;palKeHiH, ROTOPhIlI B03HHKaIOT'b 6JIarO'!{apH 113M'imeHiro TRaHeil: rrO,Il;'h BJIiHHieM'h rrpIIHOCHMblX'h KpOBhIO. Pa3H006pa3Hble aarepin, npOH3BO,1l;H~fOe IICJIOPO,il;OM'h K II norza opraaasas i\pyrllMII

nenteotm,
opraoopa-

$aKTbI rrOKa3b1BaIOT'b,ITO 6e3rrpepblBHOe 113MtHeHie ' B036Y;'l;IITe.1JllMII CIO;J,yB'h cIIcTeMt B nepecraers

RII3Ma, COnpOBOlIt)l.aeTCIlpa3BIITieM'h HepBHoil: CIIJIbI: q'aR'h, HepBRall caaa aonaaarsca, RpOBII; KOr)l,a XIIMII'leCIWe npeapamenie HIIlIteHie HepBHoil: CHJIbf, nanpmrsp», ;wxaHill roro, Macct II ~HpKyJlll~iH

He rrOJIyqaeT'h KHC.1IOpO;'l;a JIII ROf,Il;a aapjmaeren H BO spesa cna C'h ero

~lIpKyJlJI~ill

B'h opraHH3M'B YMeHbIIIaeTCll, TO Ra6JIIO)I,aeTCllII noOCJIa6JleHHbIM'h ;'l;bIXaHie~f'h 11 YCllJIeHia 3TH $aKThI rrOATBepm,1l;aIOT'b, HepBHoil: CIIJIbI TpeoyeT'h

OCJIa6JIeHHoii: I1,IIPKYJUlIl,ieil:; II OopaTHO, YCIIJleHHall rpara H YCHJleHHarO paspymeaia TKaHeil:. 'ITO HepBHaH cnra oopaayerca

Bd

B'h 60.~hlIIeM'h IIJIll MeHhIIIeM'h ROJIH'lecTBil B'h 3aBHCHMOCTH OT1> npncoennmrs eme ,1l;pyrie, noropue ;J,OKa3bIBaIOTD, clle~ia.ijhHbIX'h

HaCKOJlhROYCJlOBill 6.~arorrpillTeTBYIOT'h ObICTPbIM'hMO.1eRYJlllpHblM'hH3MtHeHin~f'h BO ncea T'B.1Ja;K'b 3THM'h $aKTaM'h MomHO ~fO:reKY'1HpHbIlJ,n;tilCTBill HB.1JllIOTCH rrpH'llIHaMlI

'ITO HtROTOPhIII crre~Il$lIqeCRilJ OCTaBJlHIOT'h ansaaoro caaro }[tHeHiil cporcraa -

HepBHbIX'h B03)1,til:cTBifr CO CTOPOHbI opraaasaa. COMHtHiH, 'ITO aapymeaie B'h ,n;aHHoil: 'laCTH oprarmsua

,IJ, til:CTBill

paCTIITeJlhHbIX'h a:rKaJIOll,n;OB'h He nYTeM'h XnMH'lelICXO113-

MO.lIeKYJlHpHaro paaaosfcia

npOIl3BO;'l;I1T'hB036YlIt,'l,eHie B'h aepnars, o6a R.laCCa nepnnars

)!,Htu,IU.'h 113'1 3TOll IIMeHno 'laCTH. --O,ll,IIH'h RJlaCC'h. 06a aenia nemecras

C'h 3TOll TO'lRII apfmia

BbI3hIBae~fbIX'h II3BHt II Bbl3b1Bae~fblX'hT13BHYTPIIOHH MoryT'h 6bITh npHnllcaHhI

~!OrYT'h 6bITh coe;J;HHeHhIB'h

XIIMII'IeCROMY MeTaMoPT03Y B'h TRaHJlX'h. TOil: CMtCII iKH,Il;KIIX'h U rsep'la-

qYBcTBa OCH3aHiJi II ,n;aBJIeHilI HecoMHilHHO HB.1HIOTClICJlt,lJ;CTBieM'bYCKopeHHaro 113Mtno)!,'h BJlillHieM'h MeXaHII'leCKarO paaxpaaenia ,1l;bIX'hTtJI'h, 113'1 ROTOpoil COCTOlIT'hpa3;J,pam3eMbIlI 'laCTH. CYllIecTByeT'h MHomeCTBO,n;OKa3aTe.lIhCTB'h,'ITO 'lYBCTBO BKyca 3aBHCIIT'h OT'h XIIMll'feCKarO ;'l;tilcTBin, B036YlK,n;aeMaro TtMlI CTII'lKaMII

aarepla,

KOTOPbllI npOHlIKJIlI

'Iepe3'h 06e.'IO'lKY, lIOI{pblBaIOlII,YIO BRYCOBhIenepna; lIpo$ecCOp'h rpa3M'h, nplIIIa,n;.'IelItaT'h R'h RJIaccy lItIlBOTHblJI

BelII,eCTBa, IIMtIOlII,ilJ TKaHII; roraa

BKYC'h, KaI,'h nonaaan,

pIICTaJIJlOH,ll,OB'h, OTOPhIe R

06J1a,ll,aIOT'h cnOC06HOCThIO 6hICTPO npOHIIRaTh 'lepen

KaK'h Heo6.1a,lJ,3IOlII,ie3mi!.

crrOC06HOCThIOKO.'mOH;J,bl6e3BRycHhI. To lite caaoe 3TO 'IYBCTBO,BelII,eCTBOHe06xo,n;uMO

crrpaBe,n;JIIIBOII )!,JlJI 'lYBcTBa OOOHHUiH: 'fTOObI B036Y'lq3Th ,Il,OJllItHO B'h 60JIhlIIeil: IIJIll MeHhllleil CTeneHII onocccaocrs aepna, 'ITO nepanua rrponnsars

CTeneHH o6HapYlKHBaTh JIeTY'feCTh; lIBJlHHCh CJlil,n;cTBieM'h 'lepen COe,lJ,I1HIITeJIhHO-TKaHHYIO 060JIO'lItY HaC'h 3H3ROMlIT'h $oTorpa$iH, rrpem)J,e ncero ctT'laTKII. 060HHTeJlhHarO

Mo.~eRyJlHpHoil:rrO,ll,BIImHOCTH, JleTY'IeCTh BelII,eCTBa YKa3hIB3e1,"h aa rrpHcYIlIYIO eMY B'h BhIClIIeH OrrHTh-TaKII $aRTbI, Brre'laTJItHiH, C'h noropsnm nOK33bIBaIOT'h naas,

Ha3bIB3eMbllI ~BtTaMll,

3aBUCHT'h OT'h onpe)!,tJleRXOTH B'h 'IYBCTBt CJIyxa H CJIil,n;cTBieM'b,o,n;HaKO,

HbIX'h H3MtHeHiil,

npon3Bo,n;UMhIX'h CBtTOM'h B'h BellIecTBt

MbI He MOmeM'h TaR'h me lICHO npOCJIt,1l;HThCBlI3h Mem,n;y npnsaaoa

3RM, 'ITO, CJJYXOBOil: nnapars a npacnoeooaeas R'h YClI.JleHiIO saopanis, COCTaBJllIIOm;HX'h 3ByK'h, H R'h rrepe,!{aqt HX'h B'h MtlIIO'leK'h C'h mIl,n;KocThIO, B'h KOTOPblil: ncrpyaaiorc» aepnaaa OKOH'faHiJl, Mbl He }!Oll,eM'h COMHtBaThClI, 'ITO 'lYBCTBO 3BYKa B03HIIKaeT'h 6J1I1limfilIIlIM'h 06pa30M'b H3'h MOJleRYJIllpHblX'hrrepcMtllIeHiil, BbI3bIBaeMblX'b B'h HepBaX'h BII6paIl,ieIO lltll,n;KO-

B03)l;1liiCTBIE OprAHlI'IECROii MATEPIH HA CII.1hl. CTII: 3TO TtM'b OOJIte B'RPMTHO, 'ITO, KaR'b !fhl 3HaeM'1, neasoe

37

ROJIeOaHie cnoccocrayers

!Iepe~It~eHiIO Haro n.m

Mo.1eRYJI'1.--

O:\HaKO, MOmeT'b OhlTb HalIOOJIte BtCRIIM'b )l;ORa3aTeJIbCTBOM'b

B'1 1I0.1b3Y aanrero

npemoaoaeaia, 'ITO ncaxaa aepnnaa C1LJIaHe3aBlICHMO on nearpaasnepneeputecxaro B03HIIKHOBeHiil suaaaaerca XllMll'IeCRIIM'b II3MtHeHieM'b, aBJIaeTCH
CllJIbHO )l;tiicTBOBaTb H8 npnxoasn, JIll OHII B'b eonpaJI!l!I C'1 ea nepmpepieIO.

TOT'1 q,aRT'b, 'ITO OO!lbIIlIIHCTBO XIIMll'leCKllX'b )l;'llHTe!leii, onocorimm, nepBHyIO CIlCTeMY, )l;tiiCTBYIOT'1aa nee He3aBlfCIBfO OT'1 roro, [WCHOBeHie C'1 ea nearpaan CTByIOT'bTOHIl'leCKU; HallOO.lIte KptrrRia BJiYCOBbIeaepna,

Paannaua
IIX'b

MIlHepaJIbHbIll RIlC!lOThl ,Il,McnOCOOHOCTb,Il,1liiCTBOBaTbaa

!I3'b HIlX'b JlBJIilIOTCa HallOO.lIte TOHII'IeCRUMIl; TO me, out npoaaaozars npa BIUIThlBaHiu '1epen I\omy,

'ITO }Ihl ua3hlBaeM'b !IX'b KlICJIOTHOCTbIO, Ka3hlBaeT'b na Y ,a OO.lIbII mmeHie, soropoe CBlll,'BTCJIhCTByeT'b0 TOM'b, 'ITO II RomUhle

nepsu nMU B030ym)l;aIOTcii. To me MomHO CRa3aTb 0 HBKOTOPbIX'bpaCTUTeJIbHbIX'1 aJIRa!lOlI,II,ax'b, xoropue oOHapYlKuBaIOT'b ocorieaayn ropess-c-ara rope'lb cBII)l;tTeJIbCTByeT'b 0 IIX'b CIJOCOOHOCTII )l;tiicTBoBaTb aa nepaeepmeoaie aepsu, TOr)l;a Ean IIX'b TOHII'IeCRia caoacrsa roaopart 0 UX'b cnocoriaocra B030ym)l;aTb aepnaae nempu; Hanoo.lie ropssoe II3'b HIIX'b, cTpnXHIIH'b, aaraerca HalIoo.lIte CllJIbHhlM'b HepBHhlM'b BOil()j';(IlTe.1eM'b 1). Ilpaaaa, 'ITO 3TO rrOCJI'Bi\Hee ornomeuie ORa3bIBaeTCii )l;aJIeROHe OO~IlM'b, rass
l;aK'1 Be~eCTBa, nO,ll;06HbIlI oniYMY, raIIllImy II )l;pyr., ,II,'!;iicTBya 3aMtTHbIM'b OOpa30M'b aa Be~eCTBaMII II Ollpe)l;tJI03r'1, BOBce He OTJIn'laIOTCa pt3Emnr cTByeT'b 1I3B1lcTHoe oraomeaie .1eHHbnm '1aCTmm nepsaoa Hoe aaaa BRYCOBbIMll cBoiicTBa~m; BtpHO TaR'b me, (ITO cjmeOi\HaRO 3Tll rrplIMtphl TOJIbRO MelK)l;y HtKOTOPhlMIl crren;lIq,ll'leCRllMll

npemoaoaeaie, OTHIO,II,b e orpanaa ero. Bpa)l;'b JIll MomHO COMHtBaTbCa B'b cnpaH BC;(.lllBOCTll aroro npemoaoaenia, eora R'b BhlmerrpIIBe)l;eHHbIM'b q,arnaM'1 rrpllCOe,Il,llHlnI'b eme Tpl! q,aRTa: 1) pa3!lII'IHbIH BKycOBhla npnnpasu II apoaarmeoida Be~eCTBa ,Il,tiiCTByIOT'b liUI;'1 nepnaae B030Y)l;IITe.lIll, 2) aH3CTeTll'IeCRia nemeersa, Rpmrt orintaro ,ll;tiicTBia, soropoe
()HH BbldblBaIOT'1 npa

cncreau;

orpaamananrs

C)l;tJIaH-

B,ll;b[XaHill II rrpllHaTill

BHYTPb, llP01l3BO,J,HT'brrO,J,06HhIJi me MtCTHhlii

') Eor.ra $I IIHCa:I'h 8TO :U'BCTO, O 3a6hrJI'h YKa3aTh aa T'B rrO;:(TBcplK~CHi$I hIBo~a, T B C;J,h 'raanaro B'h § 15 OTHOCHTC.:rhHO PO.:rH a30THCThIX'h COC;:(HHCHill 'h lKH3HCHHhIX'h npoB neccavs, EOTOPhI$I,n:aIOT'hHaM'h ,n:'Bj'ICTBilI paCTHTCJIhHhlX'haJIKaJIOll,n:OB'h.,n;'BJIOB'h TOM'h, 'I ro BC'B 8TH BeII(eCTBa, MHHllMaJIhHOe KOJIH'IeCTBO KOTOPhIX'h rrpOHSBO;:(lIT'h TaKOll CllJIhHhlfi 3 I»\!leKT'h, noasnuaa \!lYHKl~ill (ozma IIICCTHa,n:IlaTaH-YlKe ,n:OCTaTO'IHalInoaa ,n:JIH CTPllXHlIHa) , BC'B CYTh BeII(CCTBa a30TIICThllI, H-'ITO OC06CHllOxapaKTcpHO-OTHOCllTeJIhHO HCCTOllKilI couaancnia. Hc6oJIhlIIOe KO.:rll'ICCTBO MOJIeKYJIHpHhlX'hH3M'BHeHill, xoropoe llM'BCT'h MlIcro B'h 8TllX'h KPOIIIC'IHhIX'h rroprriaxr, paCTllTeJIhHhIX'h aJIKaJIOH,n:OB"L, noxa OHH ;:(llrpm:IUPYIOT'h cpezta Bcell cacrexsr opraaaaaa, BOd6YlK,n:aCT'h0JIhlIIOe Iw.:rII'IeCTBOMOJIeKY6 ,,]lIPHhIX'h H3'1!'BHeHiii:B'h aSOTHCThIX'haJICMeHTaX'hTEaHcll. O;:(HaKO,8TO,n:OKa3aTc.:rhCTBO, ROTOPOCnsoarnaie TO n My naaa.rs ,n:OCTaBJIlI:Ill TH pacra8 Tf'.1bHhIe a.:rKaJIOlI,n:hI, B'h HRCTOlIII(ee npexa 3Ha'IHTe.:rhHO YCIIJIIIBaCTClI ropaano 6oJI'Be 1l0pa,KaIOII(llMH rpaKTaMII, EOTOPhlC ,n:OCTaB.1lIIOT'h ,n:pyriH a30TllCThIlI COC;:(llHeHilI - paa,1H'IHbIH BSphIB'IaThlH BCII(CCTBa.8Tll BeII(eCiBa, npoaano.aa BH'B opr-aaaaxa rrYTCM'h BHC3aUHhIX'h pa3.:rOlKeHill YlKaCaIOII(ilI ,n:'BllCTBilI, rrpOH3BO;:(lIT'hrarda )fIC CHJIhHhlH ;:('BllCTBilI H BHYTPli opranaaxa: O,LIHaCOTalI rpana aarporaanepaaa Brro.:rH'B ,n:OCTaTO'IHalI toaa. Ii3z c.111;:(oBaHicDr. S. B. Bradbury, "Somc New Vas-Dilators" (CM. The Lancet, Nov. 161895), rro;:(p06HOpaacaarpnaaem, ,n:'BllCTBiH CXQ;J;HhlX'h BCII(CCTB'h MCTllJI'h-HllTpaTa, rJIIOKOJIh-.l\llHIITpaTa, epHTpOJIh-TCTpaHHTpaTa. ,n;Bll. nepnsrx's TaR'h ;KC, EaK'h H anrpo-rnanepmrs, lIB.IlIIOTCH YCTOll'IllBhlMll TOJIhKO B'h TeMHOT'BII rrpn OXJIalK,n:cHill - COJIHe'IHhlll CB'BT'h II 'l'eu.1oTa HX'h paanar-atot-r., B3phIBaIOT'h jKC oun roastco npn 6hICTPOM'hnarp-snaaia llJIll (JT'h COTPflCCHilI .J:1H nacr, ocooeano IIHTepeCHO,'ITO HaHMeHBe CTOllKOCll3'h HHX'h . r.110I\O~b-'I~IIlITpaT'h :I'BllCTBYE'T'hOC06CHHO Cll.'IhHO H 6hlCTPO glH3iOJIOrll'ICCEll, rrpH'IeM'h ero bnCTBle cpaBHHTCJIhHOCROPOnpoxoaame. 'repes'h MllHYTY ;:(aBJIeHic xposn nanaers na ,4. a 'ICPCS'h 'IeThlpe MliHYThl ua ~ /3; acxeaaer-s lKe 8TO JIBJICHie 'ICPC3'h 'IeTBepTh 'Iaca. Tar\IIM'h 06pa30M'h,8TO rcpanne aecromcoe coenaaeaio, paanaraaci, B'h T'BJI'B B'h O'ICHh EOPUTKoe BpC:UlI, np01I3Bo,n:IIT'h sa 8TOT'hKOPOTKill npOMClKYTOK'h 60JIhlIIOC IWJIll'ICCTBO MO.1eKYJIlIpHarO ll3M'BHCHilI, .l\'BitCTBYJI. EaK'h KalKCTClI,He 'IpC30 nocpezrcrao aepsaon CliCTeMhI, a upaxo aa KpOBeHOCHhIC COCy;:(bI.

W:

38

,J,AHHWI EW.10rIlI. npn

3~~eRT'h (rrepBOHa'IaJbHOCB036YlK;J,eHicII 3aT'Bm, yna,J,om,) n,

aasoaen», 3)

nnnranaain
II HrpBhI

'ICPC3'b ROlKY lI3hIRa II aoca, BHYTph. sa

amriaK'b,

I;OTOPh1H 6.1aro,J,aplI CBOCll.Rpafmel! 1I0)l,KOlKHh1C aepnu,

MO.1CKpllpHOfI 1I0;J,BlIlKHOCTIl

6bICTPO II CII.lhHO B036y)!(;r_aen RaIn II lIBJlICTClI mrBcTt on uraorc

raxs

C'b TtM'b 6hICTPO;I,tfICTByIO~H~l'b B036Y;J,lITc.llcm, II npn IIpic~d

JiB:IJ!CTClI.1ll HCPB'b TO.l!hROlIPOBOi\HlIKml'b, ROTOPh1H nepeaaers O;J,HOM'b IWHl(t, HaROIIJlIeTClI lIO Mtpt nporoauenia

rro.:rY'IeHHbI!r HMlIy.1bC'b

KOHl\a K'b ;r;pyrOMY, HJH OH'b CaM'b rropOl!(;J;aeT'b CHJY, KOTOpaJI, noamrsaa )l,0 ,!\pyroro'? Ha 3TH

nonpocu

MbI eme

He IIMte~r'b oTBtTa.

:MbI 3HaeM,]} TOJIbIW, 'ITO BCRKoe B036YiR;(eHie, cIIoc06Hoe BbI3BaTb B'b HepBHoil. CII.1bT,nOMIIMQ scero npe,!\hI)l,y-

HepB'B MO!leRy.'lJ!pHhllI113M'imcHia,MOlKcn Bh13BaTbB'1 HIIX'b npOJlBJCHic )l,tJlTe.'IbHOCTII. auia H YBtpeHHOCTb, 'ITO TaROBOHMCHHOnpoaoxoareaie maro OCHOBhIBaeTClI aa eme 60J]tc CPC)l,CTBCHHaro lIhITa Hai\'b nepnaxn: O 3apOl«;l,aeTCa nepanaa aepnnaa Hon enra y6'B,J,lITeJIhHblX'b lPaKTan, YCTaHOBJICHHhIX'b IIYTCM'bHCIIO-

onuru

1I0Ra3a.1H, 'ITO B'1 oTpt3aHHm!'I. RYCKt nepsa xoraa OH'b 6y,!\eT'b pa3!1palKaeM'b !reXaHU'ICCRH TORa, T. e. 'ITO B'b HCPB-

ctua

RalR,J,hIil. pass,

H.1lI 1I0,J,BcpraeM'b)l,tHcTBiIO XUMII'ICCRIlX'bB036Yl!()l,CHilt II.1U ranaaameoaaro 3apOlK;I;aeTClIIIplI Be~eCTBt. § 22. Ham

BClIROM'1pa3CTpOHCTB'B OJICRYJlllpHaro M paeaoascia

eme OCTaeTClI YRa3aT1 na cauoe

BaeMbIX1, opraHII3Ma!!II HIJM'b Ha~lJI

B'b OTB'RT'b aa )l,illlCTBiJl OKp}malOII~ci1 1IA'h CpC,J,1I.11'1 pa3CJIOTp'BHBJlillllIOC ilBlI;I\eHie. pa.3B1ITia 3aBIICIIT'b on

saaaoe

U3'b n03;J,1lilCTBiH,o6HapYiItff-

$OPN:1M'b HeBlI,J,JlMarO ,J,BlllIWHiJl M11 ,2l,O.~jRBhI upnoasurs BetX'}, Jf(H3HCHHhIX'b J!BJCHiIl f.1IaBHb1M'b06pa30M'b

Oymecrsoaaale
aroro cy~a ropue

BII;J,a ClIJl1L lJacTo C'IIITaIOT'b, 'ITO cnoc06HOCTb IIPOII3BOAIIT1BUAHMOC ilBlIiKeHie IIplIT0.11ROO,J,Ho}IYIIS'b )l,BYX'b IlO;J,IJ,apCTB'1praanaoaaasarc o uipa, Jlmr 'ITO TO.%lWHtIWIIpe;J,CTaBIITeJIH )l,pyr()ro nomapcrua 06JIa;r;aIOT'bnOlI cnooorisocn,n. O;I:HaKO, Bsr.HlI-

HYB'b na ],t.10 r.1y6iRc, MhI yBlI;J,IDI'b, 'ITO paCTIITe.~hHalI lRn3H1 BCIO;I:Y,TaRlRe, RaK'b II Jf(IlBOTHalI, conpOBO)!(;I;aeTCII poaaaeniesn, n aaa mII3Hh HCM1I0.1Ima. RaR'b Y CaMhIX'b nuomnrs, TaR'b II y CaM11X'bHH3Il1U,'J, paCTIITe.11H1IX'b praananom, o MaTcpin BO sceus rImt. npOIlCXO,J,llT'1 IIOCTOJlHHOe epcpacnpersxeaie n ars, npanra, He nceraa Moryn BII;J,lHraro ;J,BlIlKeHill II 'ITO 6e3'b Hero paCTHTC.~b-

nOMO~1I ~IIlRpOCROna MO)!(HO ROHCTaTlIpOBaT1nepensmeaie

Y Protophytes

IIJlII

BHyrpeHHIlX'b sacren;

;I,BUiKCHiH

611T1 BII,2l,HM11 HelIocpe;J.CTBCHHO, O)l,HaKOOHIl MoryT'b 61IT1> Ha'IaJIa Ha6JIlO-

,!\OKa3aHhI 6.HarO;l,aplI IISMtHCHiIO BO B3aIlMHOM'b 1l0.10iReHiII OT;rB:IbH11X'b'laCTe!I, soropoe npOJlB.1IIeTCJIIepes'1 H'BCR0.11IW ' 'IaCOB'b mIll 'Iepes'b HtCIW.1bKO ;J.Hefr 1I0C]t )J,eHill. B'b OT;J.tJl1HblX'bIUtTO'IK3X'b MHOrn1'b BbICIlIllX'b pacrenin ;l,tllTe.l1HOe ;J,BlIlRCHie3aR.1IO'laIOmnXClIB'b HIlX'b aepaumem. 6pa'IHbIX'b, RaK'b II Bet nnrie MOlRHOa priori
nplI;J,TII

~IOiRHO.1erKO Ha6JIIO)l,aTh lIpC;J.CTaBHTeJHI TaHHO-

Bucmie

J1BH06pa'lH1111acrenia, p

06HapYiRIIBaIOn enio 60.1tC 3a~ltTHo paa-

MeXaHII'ICCRarO,J,Bua;eHill, RDTOpOC B11paiRaCTCa B'1 l\lIpKy.1l1IJ,in CORa. )1,tfiCTBIlT8J1bHO, K'b aaIDIO'IeHiIO, 'ITO B'1 pacreain, 06HapYiRlIBaIOmeM'b3Ha'IIITCJ1hHyID 6fl3'b sroro 6bI.n0 UbI lleB03MOmno B3:1mro,n:tHcTBieMem:,n:y prao cnoc06HoCTH 1I0;J.)I,eplKUBaTh nYTpH R II ocooeano IlX'b HH3Il1ilI $OpMhl 'IaCTU OTHOCUTeJI1HO IIpuMtpaMII 6C3'lHCJIeHlKlI)l,ROcTeil.,pacreain

;I,IlT$cpCHIJ,iaIJ,iIO'laCTeH, )l,O.'liRHO nponCXO;J,HTb no BctM'1 nanpaBJlCHillM'b 1I0CTOllHHoe BHyrpennee TC'IeHic, TaK'b ian HaMIl, IIClIo.mmo~nMH paS.1H'IHhIlITYHI{l\ill.---IIoMH~ro eaoero TtJIa YKa3aHHoc lIepei\BIIlRenic ilpyn aroro .llpyra,

cIIoc06H11 II R'b anoro pO)l,a ,J,BlIlReHilI~l'1: OH!! i\BHTaIOTb CHon BHtllIHilI a TaR;RC MoryT'b nepamarars 1I0CJ]t)l,HllrO mqa

C'1MtcTa na MtCTO see csoe Tbo. Oscillatorix'a

rrOi\BIIlKHOCTlIMorYT'b CJIylKliTh ;r;tllTe.nbHhlJlnepemnaeaia PUTMU'ICCKOe noxasnnanie

HbIX'b 300CIIOP'bBO)l,opocJIefIAlgac), (

U neOlIpCi\tJIeHHO

1I0cTynaTC.~bnlIll ,J,BlIlKeHill Diatomaceae. )1,trrcTBlITe.l1HO, MHorill MeJI1'lailrnilI paCTlITe.'IhHhIif $OpMbI H xaorin 60.1te npynnsra na UX'b Ha'Ia.%HhIX'b cTa)l,iJlX'b OUHapYjKHBaIOT'b MexaHIlHH'ICCKYIO ~1;JlTCJ]bHOCTh, Hl]CRO.lbRO Be OT.11I'IUIO.lI\YIOca OT'b ,lItllTe.1bHOCTU npCicTtfiIllIlX'b lKlIBOTHblX'b. CpC;J,URbICORO opraHH30BaHHlIX'b pacrenin, ROTOPblll BO B3POCJ]OM'1COCTOllHill COBepllIeHHOJ]llmeHbI CIIoc06HOCTIInepemararsca C'b M1>Craaa ~!1lCTO, ep'B)I,RO H na6.l!IO,!\aeTca

BOd~llflCTBIE crroc06HOCTh )JIlM03a 'fhI'IJlHI,n II nepeirsmsn, H

OPl'AHH'IECROi'I MATEPIH HA CII.%I. 'IaCTII. MOlliHO R'h 06ru,eJI3BilCTHhIM'h ocaosaaia ),0 OHa nosaaars lIX'h rrpHMilpaM'h, lIllTeH ~llRarO

39
RalWBhl TaR'h, TO OHil OPXJI),norpj-

OT~ilJIhHhIlI MYXOJIOBRa, 6ap6apllca EC.lH IIhIJIhIl,hI llpll

CThI,lI;JIIIBall B'h I1,B'liTaX'h It'b II

npIICOe,ll;lIHHTh

I1,ilJIhlH ,'Pll,ll;'h ,lI;pyrHX'h. ThI'IHHOR'b

paaxpaaenia
),OTPOHYTbCli Ram) sorxa 'ITO 3aB1I3II. n'IeJIY, aa

JlPIIIIO,ll;HIIMaIOTCli

npusacanrca

phIJIhIl,y. Maccy

CJIerRa aa

Cistus,

OTTOllhlPIIBaIOTClI Hhlil it;aeT'h

OTKJIOIIIlIOTCli OT'b B'b 1I0llCRaX'h

.IJ,apBIIH'h, H'liROTOPhIiI BXO,ll;I1T'b B'b I1,BilTOI{'h II He

BhI6paChIBaIOT'h XOTiI

CBOi'I X060TOR'b

Me,ll;OM'h •• clIoc06HOCTh ,lI;BHraThCJI ilBJIaeTCH COCTaBJIilen ~BHlKeHie OT.meranopoauars ueramrnoIIPC),-

MhI BII,lI;HM'h TaRIIM'b

06pa30M'h,

JlCIi.1IO'IHTeJIbHOH IIpHHa~JIeJKHOCTH JKHBOTHhIX'b, O,ll;HaRO B'b HHX'h, 06HapymIlBaeTCll 'IlITe.'lhHoti xeproa. Me1aHII'IeCROe B'h TaROH 3aM'liTHOH <popMil, TOJIhRO 6JIaro,ll;apil lKlIBOTHhIlI cBoeH lKH3Hh; cBoeti Moryn nO'ITII ,lI;BlIlIieHie, 'ITO il.ilticTBIITeJIhHO 1I0'ITII

RaWb B'h rpYlIlIil, cHoc06HOCTlI H3'h

llHor.n;a axs ROTOPhIX'h

6e3rpaHH'IHoti Til

HCIIOJIHIlTh 6e3rpaHW:lHOH TaR'b

,lI;ilfICTBiJl,

raCTCJI HX'h BH~IIMaJl qecKiil ;OnIlKeHili

cnoc06HOCTbIO npOH3BOil,IITh

BhIcnrie

nopJ!,lI;KH

lKIIBOTHhIX'h

pil3RO

OT.lIII'IaIOTCJI 0T'h IIII3IIIIIX'h MOlliHO BhICIIIHMII H HH3lIIHMlI

PII;r,ROB'h.

Ha6JIIO,lI;ail, lIilIBOTHaro

IIOBII,lI;llMOMY, 6hICTPhIJI BhICKa3aHHaro

,lI;BlImeHiil

llH<PY30piil:, Mem),y

YCOMHIIThClI B'h nepemaraeaoe ~fbI )'BII;(U'II'h, TaIn, y .Mctazoa.--BO.n;hI ,lI;BIIB'1

C) ru,eCTBOBaHilI
CTUBlITeJIlI}llI 'lepe3'h 'ITO Protozoa

TOJIbRO-'ITO

KOHTpaCTa

nomapcma;
npoerpaaersn

O,ll;HaRO, cpaBHHB'h B'h onpe,ll;ilJIeHH1IfI MeHhlIIee

KOJIlIqeCTBO MaTepilI, IIpoMemyrOIt'h

onpersreaaoe

npexean,
'IilM'h 06IITaTeJIeti

pa3RIIBaIOT'h II

HecpaBHIIMO 60JIile B'h

ROJIH'IeCTBO CHJIhI, npoameaia BII.n;a

Cpc;r,1I lIiHBOTHhlX'h Ha6JIIO.n;aeTciI HilcKOJI1RO cnOC060B'h ca)JbIX'h lIieHie uapaaro 8TIIX'h HII3mHX'h lltrYTIIRa, BOJIH006pa3Ho H Y HilROTOPbIX'h C.l[il,ll;CTBie I1JIII pilCHH'IeR'I); lIBJIileTCJI RaR'h KOJIe6aHill oco6aro 3TlIX'h

BTW!MarO

,lI;BlImeHiil.

B1ICOKO opraHH30BaHH1IX'h CJIY'Iailx'h

npmarnom;
cORpaTJOrocT1 na HJIII Bo

O.n;HHO'IHarO HlllI IIpOilBJIileTClI IKIIBOTHaro. 3RTo;r:ep~nrcrroc06Hble opranu, y Bcilx'h 1I3'1

H3rH6aIOnV1xcH

BOJIOCKaX'h, B1:.rpocTaIOru,fIX'h C'h rroBepXHOCTIl Ha6JIIO.n;aIOTciI orpoonm, ,lI;BHmeHie. 3TO 3a'IaTO'IH1Ie HilIWTOPhIX'h IIpo.n;OJIlIieHiJl, oc061Ie

~IHOrHX'h Coelenterata

(ItlIlne'IHOIIOJIOCTHhIX'h) RJIilTRaX'h CTHMYJIOB'h nponcronm, clIeIl,ia.11HbIX'h mHBOTHhIX'h

'IeClmX'1 6.1aro;r,apil BbICIIIIIX'h pOBaHHoiI BHFpH I'y.11HOH mlIX'h

3Hil.0.n;epMH'IeCRHX'1 no,TJ,'h BJIilIHieM'h ROTOP1IM'h B'h

pWpa'inBaThCli II

COI{paTHTeJl1HhIe BCilROY'h TaR'h cJIY'Iail rrpOH3BOil.IITCiI ItaR'1 I1,IIpRYJIilII,iil ABHlIieHiil

opranuaaf
BJIblHieM'h

MHOrnX'h

HH3IIIlIX'1

BII.n;lIMoe .n;BHlIieHie B036yllt.n;CHiil:. II 'ITO

CrreH;iaJIII3I1snorie jltII;u\OcTefi BHil MyCBbIC-

TRaHhIO

no,ll;'h

3TJIX'1 lKHBOTH1IX'1 HX'h TilJIa

HMilIOT'h

aepnarenaaa CTelIeHH

060JIO'II{ll 3aBIICHT'1 MhI B'h

ram,

RaR'h

B'1 3Ha'illTeJI1Hoti ronopa

OT']) OCMOTU'IeCKIIX'h II OHll JIlIIIIeHbI csaaars,

KamIJIJlilpHhIX'1

CII.'!'h, TO HeJI131I C'h 1I0JIHOil: 'fO'IHOCT1IO yrBepmAaTb, .n;'lillTeJIhHOCTlI. Ho,

soorime,

npasf

'ITO ,TJ,BlImeHie y

mlIBOTHhI.X'1

np01I3Bo;r:HTCiI 60JIbIIlIIHCTBil Til

TO.lIhRO MycRy.JJaMlI,

ItOTOphIe B036YlK.;IaIOTClI

TO.'IhItO 'Ipe3'h nepexo.nr TaR'h .n;BU-

IJOcpe.n;CTBO HepBOB'1.

Bs
l\UK'h lReHiil rpora

rpOMMHOM'h

c.l[Y'IaCB'1 MhI He 3HaeM'h, RaIWB1I T'li cIIeIl,iaJI1HhIe ,lI;BlIllteHiil.

CIIJl'h, xoropue rrepe;r:BHmeHie pacreaia,

rrOpOlli,'l,aIOT'h 3TH pa3JIH'IH1Ii1 MeXaHH'IeCIdil IKII)l,ROCTeH II 3aBHCilT'h ROTOP1Ill noli 1I3MilHeHili

Ilpama,

MhI ~romeM'h nOHilT1 BhI3hIBaeT'1, H HilROTOPllil

<pOpMhI, ROTOPhIiI OHO I1HOr)l,a 06'hllCHeHiIO "lltllBOrO orypna 3HaeM'h II onca"

3TH llBJIeHili

OT'h OCMOCa,. IIO,ll;.II;aIOTCli TaRllte ,lI;BumeHiilM'h y6ilmeHaro 'ITO

noroono

CJIil.n;yIOT'h

uenoopexctaenao
He

aa UPHROCHOBeHieM'h K'h BO)l,'li; HaKOHeIl,'1, ~IOryT']) 6hIT1 06'hllCHeHhI U TaRiil .n;BumeHill, RaK'h y aero-

(Impatieens
Mbl

me tangere),

Carpobolus'a,
noropoe

O,ll;HaKO, !IhI HII'Iero

3HaeM'h 0 TOM'1, l{aRUM'h 06pa30M'hMOJIeKYJIlIpHOe ,lI;BIImeHie npespamaerca atHBOTH1IX'h. Me;r:Y3h1, HJIll Macci; COBepmeHHo He MOmeM'h CRa3aT1, Alcionium, HepBY, npH npU'IHHhI lI3'h npIl'IHHhI TaRllte Me)J;JIeHHarO cospameaia 06'he!ra, omoro

B'1 .n;BlIiReHie MaCC'h B'h TilJI1; .n;B1!meHiil: .n;UCIta 1I0 scea 1I0JIlmOB'h. ;r:BHlIieHie, .n;aJIa rrpnB'h )l,BHpacnpucrpaaaeroa HeBUAHMoe HaYRa )l,B1ImeHiil

pUTMH'IeCKHX'h

ROPaJIJI8

paatpaaeaia
MlI 06'hIlCHlITh,

COCTaBJIJlIOIII,I1X'h ero 06pa30M'h HeBH,J,lI!rarO

He !lOlIieM'h Bhl3h1BaeT'h

RaRUM'h

npOXO,ll;ilru,ee rro

BH.n;lIMoe .n;BHlKeHie

MycRy.'Ia.

Ilpanaa,

ItJIa,ll;HOMY HCRYCCTBY .H;ilJIhlil: pil,ll;'h MeTO.n;OB'h rrpenpanteaia

40
meHie BII.J;IIMOe. Co06m;aa napa meHifi

.n;AHHbIaBIO.'lorrII. BO.n;t TeII.10TY, MbI ee ucrrapaeM1> II .n;BIImeHie pacmapmomaroca O)l;HaRO O'IeBH,'\HO, 'ITO Co06m;UTb MarHHTY lIn

rrepe.n;aeM'b TBep.n;b!M'b TtJIaM'b: He npe.n;CTaB,1[lleT1>narorin a

reaesnos
}IHTRaro

MYCRYJlbHb!X'b .n;BHme.'It3a 'Ipe3'b 1I0-

C'b 3TlI~!'b llB,1[eHieM'b. CIlJIY, pa3BlIBarom;yIOCll B'b 6aTapet

UJIU B'b ,I\IIHaMOMarnIlH'B, Mb! MOmeM'b cpeacrno TOB'b, Mb! MOf.l.UI 6bI nOJIY'IllTb, yorponn, Ht'ITO rania,

oRpymaIOm;efi ero npOBOJIOKU; nOCTaBIlIl'b me pll.n;OM'bRtCKO.lbRO no,'\06HbIX'b MarHII6.aarO,J;apll

nparaaeaho

Kam.n;aro un

HllX'b co CBOIIMl> COII 'ITO 'ITO

cil.n;OM1>,O,I\HO aKRYMYJIHTllBHOe .n;BllmeHie,. craranneeca HaM'b IISBtCTHO 06'b OpraHII'IeCIwJl. xarepin, O.n;IIH'bBIl.n;'b MOJIeKy.lJllpHbIX'bu3MtHeHifi, HaCTOJIbKO aaataren.nna, HeM1>BbI3BaTb BII,J,llMoe .n;BlImeHie. 'IeCKIIX'b.

US'b OT,'\tJIbHbIX'b

TaKllM1> 06paSOM'b MeXamI'IeCKYro MO.'l.e.'lb MYCKYllbHaro He .n;aeT'b HaM'b --aHaJIOrn'IHOe rrponcxo.n;llT'b II B'b opraHlIsMt. KOTOPbIll 'ITO, npeacrora npa

nepeubmeaia, cospamenia. O),HaRO TO, OCHOBaHifi npamoaarars,

Bo BCllKOM'b CJIY'Iat

MM 3Hamn, 6bi B'1

npoaasomrs

BlliJ;llMbIJI 113MtHeHia B'b arrpeaJIJIOTpOlllI'IeCKIIX1> ura ll30MepII-

Ospa,

a: rOBopIO 061, II3MtRellilIX'1

tfJoPMbI; npa csaaaas

Bb opraHII'IeCKOM'b Bem;ecTBt, OH'b Mon

HarrpIIMtp'b,

paSJll1'IRbIX'b TeMrrepaTypaX'b

npaaaaaers

paS.1II'IHbIil

spaIIS'1

CTaJIJIlI'IeCKill II

HeKplICTaJIJIII'IeCKill

3TOM'b ee JIerKO saCTaBIITb nepeiITII C'b 1I3MilHeHieM'b 06'b8Ma. SHaeM'b TaKiKe, 1I3'b paoraopaaaro

o.n;Hofi TOPMbI B'b .n;pyryIO, rrYTeM'b HeSHa'InTeJIbHbIX'b IIsMilHeRifi Kam.n;bIfi TaKoJI ell neperojn, aepaapusao 'ITO no.n;06l1bIfi aJI.lJOTpOrrII3M'b II.'lII,

TeMrrepaTypbI; MemiJ;Y TtM'1 MbI aaaexs, Cpe.'l.1IRO.'lJIOll'ITO HtROCOCTOllHilI liaR'b

oxopse,

II30Mepn3l!I'b CllJIbHO paonpoorpaaeas BeIll,eCTB'b. MbI neperoza

JJ;allhHbIX'b OpraHII'IeCKIIX'b II HeOpraHII'leCRIIX'b TOpWI lIS'b rro.n;o6HbIX'bnpeapameaia HalIpIlMtp'b, rarpan, B1> aepaersopaaua OpraHrr'IeCRIIX'b, na lrr.111 aa paapnxoas cTy.n;eHb B'b

KOJIJIOIl.n;OB'b oonpoaoaaaeroa HtCKO:IbRllX'b

BII.n;IIMbIMIInepeMtIll,eHillMII,

spesne- RIICJIOTbI O Bpe:lIJI osoero B

npozoaaeaie

.n;HeJI CTlIrHBaeTCll II BbI.n;ilJIlIeT'b 1I3ldimellia npoacmnrn,

3aRJIIO'IaIOm;yIOClIB'b HeM'b BOiJ;Y. lh! Bll B'b BlI.n;y, 'ITO rrO)l,06HW[ IIS0MepllbIlI TaR'b II HeOpraHII'IeCKHX'b RO,'l.l!OIl,J,OB'b'IaCTO

on

CaMbIX1> 1I3'b KOJI-

He3Ha'illTe.nbHhIX'b rrpII'IIIH'b, RaROBhInanp. C.1t,J,bIHeiITpaJIbHOll COJIII,n.1Hnoasnneaie

TeMlIepaTYpu HepBHbIM'b

rparyca,

MbI ;n;O.'IJKHbI C'IHTaTb IIpaB)l.orro)l,06HbIM1>,'ITO HtKoTopble H3MtHlIeMbI

JIOII.n;OB'b, OCTaB.1lIIOm;IIX'bIyCKy.1bI, MoryT'b 6bITb TaKIIM1> 06pa30M'b C } H oaosa IIpIIHHMaTb osoe

Jlerno
mecrna

npeanee

COCTOllHie, Kor;n;a

paapaseale

npespamaeroa.

ce6t

npercrasars,

'ITO 6JIaro.n;apJ[ CTpyKTypHhI~'b pacIIo.'10meHilIMb MycKy.'IhHarO Be-

HII'ITOlKHhU! BII;n;IIMbIll ,J;BIImeHiH, BbI3BUHHhIH TaKllM'b o6pa30M1>, MoryT'b HaROrrJIllThCIi

II IIPOllBJIJlTbCJI B'b BII)l,t 60.'1b1IIOrOROJIlI'IeCTBa BII.n;IIMltrO ,ll;BHmeHill.

§ 23.

OJJ;HaKo, ra

IICTIIHlt, KOTOpyIO MbI .n;OJImHbI opMy.mpoBaTh T fUII naoro TO.'lKOBaHia TaKTOB'b lUll

nee

He 3aBIICIIT'b OT'b roro

on

B'b 3TOll r.1aBt, TOll

BO-

HJ1iI HHOiI rJIIIOMaTepilI rro.n;'b B03-

Te3bI. ,!J,JIlI HaC'b .n;OCTaTO'IHO, KOHU;t-KOHU;OB'b,y6t)lJITbCJ[, 'ITO opraaarecsaa B'b BJIiHHieM'b ;n;tfICTBilI CII.'1'b or6ucm6UtneJW){O

oo){apYJICU6aem"6 HCHO3aMtTl).bIJ[ B03)1,tiICTBilI.

II HaM1> ,J;.I[J[.n;a.'1bHtfrrnIIX'b u;tcleiI HIIhroT'b 9TII B03;rF.HCTBill.

HtT'b

He06xo,J,IIMOCTH3HaTh, 1>W'U.11"6 otipaso.sc»

Bi,
3TII

rrpei\bI.n;yru;eJI rJIaBt

6bIJIII

YKasaHbI

HtCKO.lhKO CIIOc060B'b, rrOCpe)lCTBOMbKOTOYKa3aHbI

PbIX'b CIIJIbI BbI3bIBaIOn

neuepaonpersreale

OpraHH'IeCKOiI MaTepiH, a B'b :noJI rJIaBt C'b paaaars CTOPOH'b Ton aarepia

HtCROJIhKO cIIOco60B'b, IIOCpe.n;CTBOM'b OTOPhIX'b 06HapY;KIIBaeTClI ,ll,BHmeHie, conpOBOiK;J;aIOm;ee K

nepepacnpeafueala. A

TaM'b MbI pa3CldoTpt.l!II

06m;iJI TaRT'b, 9KCTeHoKpymaIOm;IIX'b

'ITO 6.1Jaro)(apJ[ osoea KparrHPiI HeycToJI'IIISOCTHopraamecaaa CIIBHbIlI MO.1JeKYJIJlpHbIlI rrepexfnneaia YCJIOBiJI. <paRT'b, 'ITO B'b Te'IeHie

npereprrsaaers

B'b OTBtT'b aa O'IeHh CJ1a6bIJ[H3MtHeHiff

3)1,tCh MbI pa3CMaTpHBa.'1H Cn pa3JIIIQHbIX'b CTOPOH'b COoTBtTcTByrom;iJI o6ru;iJI 3TIlX'b 9KCTeHCUBHbIX'blIepeMtm;eHiJI paSBIIBaeTCli 6CJIhlIIOe RO.1J:II'Ie-

CTBO aaeprin, B1> nepsoas c~y'Iat MbI paSCMaTpUSaJIU, RaIn semecma, COCTaB.I.(lIIOm;ilI opraHI['IeCKYIO MaTepiIO, nepexorars OT'b COCTOlIHia HeYCToJI'IllBarO paanonscia R'b COCTOJ[HiIO ) cronxaaaro

nepexozf

paBHoBtcia; 3TII semeersa

BO BTOPOMb me CJIY'Iat MbI pa3CMaTpIlSaJIII, RaR'b rrpll 1I0.n;06HOM'b BbI,I\'BJIJlIOT'b OlIpe.n;tJIeHHbIlI KOJIII'IeCTlIa aaeprin, KOTOpwi Moryn

METABOJIII3M'1. I1pOllBJI~ThCli B'1 IjIOp:III:'B TeIIJIOThl, cBilTa, 31IeKTplI'IeCTBa, HepBHOR ClilIhl lllIli

41
MeX3HIi'IeCKarO BIIOJIHt 3aBIi.JlelKUT'h 6bI ROJIII'Ie-

)J,BJlmeHili B'1 3aBIICIIMOCTUon pa3.'IH'IHhlX'1 YC.IIOBlII. rrpU6aBJIIO K'1 3TOMY TO.JIhRO, 'ITO KOJlH'IeCTBOpa3BHBaeMOR aaepria

a:

CJlT'b OT'1 ROJIII'IeCTBa 1I3MtHeHiti:

sarepia.

lIn

TOti: IIepBU'IHoti: UCTIIHbl, opraHII3M'h, OHO sceraa

xoropaa

B'b OCHOBt BCtX'h OCTaJIhHbIX'hIICTIIH'h, HeIIocpeilCTBeHHO cJI'I;;J;yeT'h, 'ITO sasoe CTBO CUJIbl II B'h RaROM'1 6bI BU,n;t HII paoroxoaars ;)!iBIIBaJIeHTHO TOR CIIJIt, ;)HepriH, soropoe 'leCIW}! MaTepill, paororyers noropoe aasaa 6bl.lIa BJlOmeHa B'h opraanaxs. Tpe6yeT'b npespauteaia

COOTBtTcTByeT'h

C'h O)lHOR CTOPOHbl, 1I3'h raaoro ROJIH'IeCTBaopraHIIOpraHII'IeCROil He npo-

aa!iOHa 0 rrOCTOlIHCTBt CIIJIbl CJI'1;J;yeT'b, 'ITO RalK,n;oe ROJIII'IeCTBOMeXaHII'IeCROR HJIU ,n;pyroii: opraaaaxs,

xarepla,

CO,3;epmIIT'h 3Ty aaeprito CRPblTYIOaaeprho,

B'h CRPhITOM'h COCTOliHiH. II, C'h ,n;pyroil

CTOpOHbl, H3'h 3aROHa rrOCTOlIHCTBaCIIJI'h CJIt,n;yeT'b, 'ITO norooaoe co,n;epmaII\eti: ary HeB03MOlKHO6en .llBII.JIaCh6bI B'h Toil II.JIII ,n;pyroti: <jJOPMt.

npespameale

roro,

'ITo6bI aaepria

rJIABA III.
MeT a ()0 JI HaM §
23a.

'D.
YRa3aJI'h H3

Bs

Ha'IaJIt

-lO-X'h

rO,3;OB'hIjIpaHUY3CRiil XIIMIIR'h 1I;IOM3 (Dumas) lRII3HII JIBJIlieTCli

npoTIIBOIIOJIOiKHOCTh MelR,n;y )ltlITeJIbHOCThIOpaCTIITeJIbHarO II lRlIBOTHaro napcrsa: 'IeCKII~'b 3tiJljleKTOM'h paomrenaon

r.JIaBH1IM'h XIIMII-

pasaoseaie

,n;BYORHCH yrJIepo,n;a, COIIpO,n;BYORIICII rJIepo,n;a. y

BOiK,n;aeMoeCCIIMIIJIlln;ieti: ell yrJIepo)la II oCBo6olR)leHieM'h RIICJIOpo,n;a, JIaBHlIM'h lRe XHMll'IeCRIIM'h a r ;)tPifJeKTOM'b iKHBOTHOii:lRH3HII JIBJIJIeTCJI RIICJleHie yrJIepo,n;a II oripaaonaaie O

Bet

paCTeHiJI, aa IICRJIIO'IeHieM'h 6e3x.'IOpoljlIIJIJIbHbIX'h, B03CTaHOBJIJIIOT'h yrJIepo,n;'h; Bcil lRIIBOT3TO nOJlolReHie He BIIO.lIHt IlC'IepIIlIBaeT'b 06II\ilI

HbIll, sa IICKJIIO'IeHieM'h HeMHOrIIX'h, cO,ll;eplRaII\IIX'hXJIOpotiJHJIJI'h,CHOBaORHCJIllIOT'hero. saaaoe TaKIIM'h ~6pa30M'1 1I306palRaen nocperorao TO'IHO lRIIBOTHblX'h Bcen;t.IIO 3aBIlCIlMbIMII OT'h pacrenia ;J;pyrlIx'h lRIIBOTHlIX'h; pacrenia

oraomeala:

BacsaOHO

II.IIII HeIIOCpe,ll;CTBeHHo IlJIII 'Ipe3'h nee lRe He ,Il;o6bI-

lRe Il306pamaIOTCH BOBce HeaaBIlCIIMhIMIl OT'h lRIlII Moryn

1l0THblX'b; 3Ta sropaa

nOJIOBIIHaYTBeplR,Il;eHiH, XOTHB'h rJIaBHlIX'h 'IepTaX'b BtpHa, ,Il;t·ii:cTBIITeJIhHOCTh.JI;tJIO B'h TOM'h, 'ITO XOTJI paereaia rrpJIMO II3'b HeOpraHII'IeCI{arO Mipa,

naoripaaaers

BaTh Heo6xo,ll;IlMble xarepsanr

HO MHOriJI lI3'h HIIX'h ro-

pa3,J,O.~er'Ie ,Il;06blBaIOT'h 3TII MaTephJI.11I 1I3'h pa3JIaraIOII\IIXCJI lRIIBOTHblX'h II.JIII II3'h IlX'h 6'bt(3RCRpeTOB'h). C'h 3TO.ti:nonpaasoa OCTaeTClIB'h CII.JIt. KaRlIM'h lRe 06pa30~'h ,'\B1oKIICII yrJIepO,ll;a He cpa3y M1IlI ;KUBOTHlIM'hOT'h paereaia, npeapamaerca

iho.7eniu

I1IlIpOROe rrpOTIIBOIIOJIOlRelIie 0601IX'h napcras

npolIcxo,n;lIT'b 3TlI upeapameaia? B'h Til.10 He npespamaanoa

Y raepors, 3aRJIIO'laIOII\iilclI B'h pacrealn, II BeII\eCTBa, BOClIpIIHIIMae3TII ROII3'h MSTephlIJIhl,

cpaay B'h ,Il;BYORIICh yrJIepo,J,a. 06a

He'IHbre pe3y.lIhTaTa ,Il;OCTlIraIOTCJIrryTeM'h ,Il;ByX'h CJIOlRlIblX'h PJI,n;OB'h 1I3MtHeHiil. neOpraHII'IeCRIIX'h BeII\eCTB'h rryTeM'h nocrenenaaro 3y.lbrart JrOlO nponccca, not,J,ltlUrCli nperepn'BBaIOT'b rrOCJIt)J;OBaTe.JIbHblH lI3rlHeHili npei\bI,Il;YII\IIMII; nepBbIii:

Oopa3yIOII\ie TKaHIi paCTeHiJI, TaR'h lRe Ra1\'h II BRJIIO'IeHHble B'h HIIX'h, uapaearsraanroa

YCJIOlRHeHiH; eII\eCTBa, rrOJIY'IaIOII\ilICli B'h peB C'h

lRIIBOTHlIM'h II 'IaCTbIO DM'h aCCIIMIIJIUPYIOTCJI, 3aTtM'h a B'h o6II\eM'h npOTIIBOnOJIOlRHarOxapaarepa

D3'h ;JTIIX'h PlI,ll;OB'hJIB.IIlIeTClI ROHCTPYRTIIBHbIM'h (C03II)laTeJIhHlIM'h), JI;JIli 0603Ha'IeHili 0601IX'1 nponeeoos's ynoTt MeTa6oJIII'leCKiH 1I3M1meHiJI, ROTOPlIlI Be,n;yT'h R'h

a BTOpofi ",Il;eCTpYKTIIBHllM'h" (pa3pymDTeJIhHlIM'h). Tpe6J1JIeTCIlTepMIIH'h "MeTa6oJIII3M'h".

nocrpoeHiIO 60JIlle CJIOlRHlIX'h BeII\eCTB'h lI3'h 60JIte npocrurs, Ha3hlBaIOTCli "aHs6oJIH3MOM'h"; a 06paTHlIJI IIM'1 1I3MllHeHiJI, Bbl3blBaIOII\ilI nepexo.rs OT'h CJIOlRHlIX'h BeII\eCTB'1 R'h npoCTlIM'h, Ha31IBaIOTCH "RaTa6oJIU3MOM'h". 3TH npnmaonoxoaaue nponeccu B'h ,Il;lIii:CTBH-

42
TeJIhHOCTIi He 06mlMaIOT'h .l!omeHilr, a TO.%RO

,TI; ~HHhIiI BIO.l0rm. BetX'D npeBpam;eHiiI, xapaareps, aTmIOB'h. Ho orOBopRY. HMilIOm;UX'hMtCTO B'h opraHII3MaX'D. T. e. He :MHorilf

1I3'h HUX'h HOCilT'h 1I3mrepH'IeCRiII

nepeafansaie
eme

reneps

npamo.iaraion,
Mhl aanxexca

HII CIIIITe3a, IIH

pas-

,'\BY~flI BhlilleYRa3aHHhlMII MorYT'h csanpeBpanpOllC-

npOTHBono.l!OlKHhIMII nponeccaan. He06xo;l,IIMO c)l/imaTh TaThCIl menia TO'IRIr apsaia, a He B'h 9TH npOTHBorro;rrO~Hhlll JI3!rlmcHia pacTHTe.l!hHolr OHll xopomo llilI3Hn OT.lJlI'IUTeJhHhiMIi sepraaa B'h IIX'h d.l0M'h, iKlIBOTHOll II TOJIhI\O C'h 06m;ea

6Ylma.ThHOM'h C}IhIC.lil -

xapURTeplI3yIOT'b

a He B'h nO/l,p06HOCTlIX'D.AilJIO B'h TOM'h, 'ITO B'h paoreaiars

XO)l,lIT'h Rara60JIH'IeClde nponeccaaa

anario.msua:

nponecou,

XOTil OHII II ilB.1IlIOTCil He3Ha'iIITe.lhHhlMII no cpaaneain C'h KaTa60.1n'IeCRIIMH.

IIO cpaBHeHiIO cs IIPOIl,CCChl, XOTil Y nepefI)l,eM'h B'h Tal{'h lKIIBhlJl

a B'h lRIIBOTHhlX'h IIM'BIOT'h MilcTO aHa60.'m'IeCI;ie II Xmm'IeCRYIO xapaKTepIICTIIRY xapaxrepa, TaK'h RaR'h aa

HIIX'h OHU IlB.'IlIIOTCli He3Ha'IlI'fe.%HhBm OCTaBJIIlIl $II3II'IeCKYIO K'h H3.l0lKeHiIO IIX'D lRH3HeHHaro

3THX'1 1I3MilHeHiii, MeTa60JIH'IeCRili

II3M1meHill Ha)l,O

CMOTpilTh KaR'h na 1I3MilHeHill, Morym;ill npOHCXO)l,HTh TO.1hRO B'h lKHBOM'h nemecras,

uaanaaeaon
CROn'h a30T'h, 6e3'h B'h ,J,pyrie He

§ 23b.
TaK'h

nporcmaaa's.

Cor.lJaCHO 3BOJIIOIl,iOHHolI rnroreaf 6hlTh, MeJIh'IafImill COCTOJlHilI lIX'D 06HapYilmTh TO BpeMJl 6hl.10 611 HeB03~OlRHO 06m;ill

lIhl )l,OJlKHhI IIpIIHIlTh, 06.1a,J,a.11I ,J,a.1hHililmee

'ITO nepBIJll

cym;ecTBa-MOllieT'h II'h B'h

e)l,UHIIIl,hl nporomasasr,

HaCTO.1hRO MeJIRill, 'ITO MlmpoCIIoc06HOCThIO YCBOIlBaTh ],aK'h

II MaTepbJl.l!hI

,J,.1Jl yr.leBO)l,OB'h HerrOCpe;l,CTBeHHO 1I3'h OpraHlI'IeCROII 3aROH'h y6ililqaeT'h uarepia sacs,

neopraamecaaro
RaR'h

uipa,

'Iero

06pa30BaHie He

IIpOTOITJIa3'IIhl,II Ha6.lJIOII,eHie rnnu opra-

BH,TI;y OTCYTCTBiJl IIpe;l,IIIeCTBOBaBmeiI IICTO'IHIIRII ;r,.lll YCBoeHill. II Protophyta,

MOrJIII cym;ecTBOBaTh

3BOJIIOIl,iu, paBHO

Ha;l,'h $YHIiIl,iIlMII Protozoa HII3MOB'h npereraara.m Mhl BII~IIM'h CThlU paaonars maaxu Bae~!hlX'h

'ITO nepBII'IHhIe

O;I,HOBpeMeHHOII jRIIBOTHYIO II paCTIITeJIhHYIO lRlI3Hh. )J,ilJrCTBHTeJIhHO. ifJOP}IhI lKIIBOTHaro Tuna semecrau He MoryT'h BOBce cnocooaua 06IIpOTOC'h HH a30TIICT1IX'h, HH 6e3a30TuTlIIIa,

C'h O,J,HOll CTOPOHbI, 'ITO pa3BIIThIil

C03)1,aBaTh 113'h ORpYlliaIOm;aro IIX'D aeopranmecaaro coe,J,IIHeHifr II C'h ,J,pyroll-'ITO 6e3a30TlICThlJl B8m;eCTBa 113'1 neopraamecmrrs OpraHlI3MOB'h, mItcTil

pa3BlIThIJl ifJOp~IhI

paernraunaro

COe;l,IIHeHiiI, B'h 06pa30BaHiH T. e. CXO,J,HhI B'h 3TOM'1 ornomeaiu

3aBIICllT'h r.'laBHhIM'h OOPU30M'h (XOTll ROCBeHHO) 0T'h a30TlICThIX'h COe)l,IIHeHifI, )1,0611lI3'h npe;I,meCTBOBaBlIIlIX'h opraanaeaxs lI;l,eT'h pysa rpnooas.

OO.l!hIIIIIHCTBOM'h 6e3x.10poifJU.1JlhHhIX'h pacreain HIlTh, 'ITO B'h IlaQa.lhHhlX'h HOIO )l,JIIlilnIBOTHaro rnna,

Ha

ocaonaain

aroro ~Ihl ,TI;O.1lKHhl IIpn)I,.lJ}I

C'h paCXO;l,YIOm;eIO;l,ilIlTeJIhHOCThIO,xapaRTep-

06'1 pyIiy HaIWII.1IlIOm;all_)l,illlTe.1hHOCT1,xapasrepnaa OpraHII'IeCRIIX'h semecrm,

0601Ix'h paCTlITe.lhH1IX'h TUIIOB'h; 3aTilM'h ifJOpMhI;rr;ilIlT8JIhHOCTII MaJIO-nO-)IaJlY )l,ll$$epeHIl,lIpYIOTCll. XOTIl HCRyccTBeHHoe 06pa30BaHie IIYTeM'h 1I0c.lJil;l,oBaTeJIhHaroBnO.lHl> YC.lO)!{HeHill nOIII.10 HaCTO.1hRO ;I,a:reRO, 'ITO B'h uacronmee nO,J,06HhIll, eC.llI He H;I,eHTll'IHhIll C'h IIpOTeIIHa!flI, IIYTeBO)l,HOiIHIITII ;I,.lJl psmeaia eme MelR;rr;y COOOJ1, 06pa30Ba.lIH 06pa30Ba.1aCh 6eJIiOHeQHO aepasp'snreaaun cnoc06HOCTh lKlIBOiIxarepin, npOIIIe,J,meM'h uacroamee raHII3Mil.
B'h

BpeMlI nOJIY'IeHhl aenteorea

TilM'h He !IeIl'Be MhI He IIMileM'h HlIRaRoII IIpII KaRHX'h YCJIOBillX'hB03HIIH.1I1 IIpOTellHJJ; nporenau, coe,ll,IIHIIBililICh

nonpoca

0 roxs,

~IeHile 1I0HJlTHO HaM'h, IIplI IiaRHX'h YC.'lOBiJlX'h He~ilaTe.lhHhIe reseaie ;l,0.1raro nepiora nocreneanaro

;I,illlTe.1hHYIO npOTOIl.1a3MY. MhI IIpIIHIIMaeM'h, 'ITO lKllBaJl OX.1alR)I,eHill, BO speua BOJHIlKaeT'h cmIhIiI C03;I,aeT'h

uarepla aoroparo
COOTMaTepilI

pa3HooopaaHhliI
BOnpOC'h:

'IaCTl! 3e~HOil 1I0nep}'HOCTH Me;l,.18HHO lIepeXO;I,IIJH sepeas HO TyT'h lIepe;l,'h naxn RaKHM'h 06pa30M'h lIepnOHa'Ia.l!hHO B03HHIi.la B'h llamofi

BtTCTBYIOII\iH (pIl31I'feCKi:r ycronia; YII0;I,06JIHTh ce6il

cym;ecTBeHHhlK

MaTephll.1M, 1I3'h ROTOPhIX'h OHa

HOBoe ROJIlI'IeCTBO

II IiaRIBl'h 06pa30M'h )l.a.lile BCll lKlIBaH xarepia Ha'IaJIlICh aHu60.1I1'IeCRill

B03HIII'.'la 6.'larO;l,apH 3TOll cnocoriOHU npOreRaIOT'h B'h

HOCTH R'h caMOB03paCTaHiIO'? I'eneps BpeMil, II IIpelR;I,e ncero

lRe, OCTaBIIB'h pa3CYlR~eHiil 0 TOM'h, KaN'h B'h OT)I,aJIeHHOM'h II3MilHE'Hiil, H3.lJOlKIIM'h, RaR'h 06paTlIM'h BHIIMaHie aa 1I3MilHeHill B'h paCTlITeJIbHOM'h op-

MET~BO.'IlIdM'1.

43
pa3!lOlKeHie 011.110 )!,ByORlICII yraepo.ia C'1 Hml'1 yrJIepo)!,a, Ta!{'1 'ITO 3TOn <pYH!{Il,ieii He;J,lIrpepeHIl,lIpO-

(§

§
13),

23c.

MbI iJ,O.'IlKHbI npnaars, BoliTIi B'b TOT'1 mIll

'ITO nepnoaaaaasao )J;pyroli yr.leBO)J,'1,3Ton

T. e. oT;J,'flJIeHie OT'1 RIlCJIOpOiJ,acoemnennaro O;J,HaKO, reneps

JlOc.~t)J;Hili MOn

HaHHOl! nporamaaaa. upn ell Y'IacTilI. cBoeii Macc'£ C'1 nporonaaaaos,

npoIl,OOC'1 OObI!{HOBeHHO BbI3bIBaeTCH cue-

uia.lbHbIM'1 BelIl,eCTBOM'1 uoporpnJlJIOM'1, nponnraao

BKpalI.1eHHblM'1 B'1 npOTOnJIaaMY II )!,tHCTBylOlI~nM'1

X.lJOPOrpIIJIJlOBOe 3epHO He npOCTO B3BtmeHO B'1 'npOTOnJIa3MaTII'IeCIWfI CtTblO, soropaa

upcromaaas,
Casca

OHO BO Bcell (Sachs), X.'lO-

COCTaBJllleT'1 O,ll;HOIl,tJlO(> B3B'£meHbI 'IaCTlI'IIUI <PYHKIl,ilO. IIepBOIt nepnmaaro xoropoe )J,aJIb-

O!{pYlKalOlII,eli 3epHO; HJIlI, COrJlaCHO npe;J,CTaBJleHilO B'1 noropoa oo.'1er'IalOlII,ee nnm'IeC!{YlO BelIl,eCTB'1, T. 3qllIpnaro nponecca

porpnJlJlbHblll aepna npe;J,cTaBJllllOT'1 U3'1 ceoa nporomaaay, :l.10porpn.l.1a: MCXalIn'IeCKOe npncnocoereaie, cryrreHblO npoacxomn, n £llIIIHX'1 K'1 noorpoeauo npn u3MtHeuili pacreaia, OpramI'IeCKnX'1 aHaOOJllI'IeCKarO nponecca

c. nepBolO cryneas»

0I{a3bIBaeTCH OT;J,tJlCHie yrJlepo;J,a U3'1 yr.lIcKUCJIarO rasa, H YKalKellI'1 TOJIbKOaa ABt rpynm;

nOMOIIl,I1onpe)!,tJIeliliaro aa

BOJllIOOOpa3Haro ,Il;BUlKeHiH. Mbl 3iJ,tCh

He oY,ll;eM'h pa3CMaTpHBaTb )!,eTaJln aroro

reHe3HC'1 naCCHBlIbIX'1 MaTepbHJIOB'1, 113'1 KOTOPbIX'1 B03BO,ll;IlTClI

erpoeaie
npn

II aa reHe3l1C'1 ,Il;11l1TeJlbHbIX'1 BelIl,eCTB'1, !{OTOpbIa OOYCJlOBJlIlBalOT'1 opao II caMblJ1 IIpOIl,eCC'1 IIOCTpOeHiJI. H3'1 BO,!l;bII yr.'1eRIlC.l0Tbl I no BcelI BtPOJITHOCTH, rrplIHa)J,JIelKaT'1 R'1 HtCI.;QJIb-

3'OBaHie nepnsm, Y'IacTill

ORa3blBaCTCH, 'ITO yrJIeBO;J,bl, IWTOPblC C03,'(aeT'b nporornaaaa XJlOPO\llHJWOBbIX'1aepem.,

r;nM'1 pa3.TIII'IHbIM'1BIIAaM'1. TeOpeTH'IeCRH B03MOlKHO IIpeAnO.lJOlKIITb CYlIl,eCTBOBauienO'ITH oeaKOHe'IUaro 'Inc.lJa pa3JlII'IHbIX'1 yr.lIeBO,!l;OB'1.MHolKecTBo COe,!l,IIHeHiJ1 3TOro pora 6blJIO noryseao lICKYCCTBeHHO,a HtlWTOPblJI H3'b HIlX'1 BblpaoaTbiBalOTCJI eCTeCTBeHHbIM'1 yTeM'1 B'1 paCTeHilIX'1. n XOTlI B03~lOlKHO, 'ITO nepsne no BC.1t,!l,'1 3aTtM'1, mara OTHlITilI YrJlepO,!l;aIl3'1 yraesncaaro raaa Bcer,!l,a O,ll;HHaIWBbl, paoreain B'b B03HlIRalOT'1 pa3COeiJ,IlHeHifI, no Bcell BtPOJITHOCTH,B'1 pa3.'ln'IHbIX'1 rnnaxs

.nnnue

BII,Il;bl yrJleBO)J;OB'1,'ITO II lIB!IJIeTCJ! npll'IHHoJ1 3TOM'1 1I3MimeHiH lIB.1llllOTCH osopte

paannla

xapaarepf

BblpaoaTLfilaeMbIX'1 ,J,aJlte pa3Jlll'IHLIMII paCTIITeJlbUbIMIl TlIlIa~!I!; lIC:lO,!{lIlII,lIX'1 npa naR'1 HallOOJlte pacnpocrpanemme Ha3HaHLI AeRCTpIIH'b, RpaXMa.'1'1, pacreais; arOll ClOiI,a me aUaOOJIIl3Ma.

HtROTOPLIlI 1I3'1 3TIIX'1 npo-

RaTaOo.l!H'IeCRIIMH,'ItM'1 aHaOOJIH'IeCRHMII.

I1pe)J;CTaBHTeJlII aCTIlTeJIhHblX'1 yr'JleBO)J;OB'1, oryT'1 6bITh p M

paannnue

BlI,!l;bI caxapa,

xapaarepnue

,Il;.l!a pa3JIH'IHbIX'1

IlpIlHa,:J;JlelKIlT'1 II

IutT'IaTRa,

BLIpaoaTbIBaeMaa nyTeM'1 ,!I,aJIbHtitrnam npO;J;yRTbI paCTHTeJIbHoJ1

Hanoorae

BalKHblM'1 H3'1 3TUX'1 BelIl,eCTB'1 HBJllIeTCH RpaXMaJI'1, TaR'1 RaR'1 B'1 yrJleBOil,OB'1 HaROllJlHlOTCH nepBOHa'IaJlLHO Ca~fOM'1 crpoenin ,Il;pyra croess, spanraasaaro

I1MeHHO q,OpMt

,J,tlITeJlhHOCTH,'ITOOLI rrOTOM'1 Tl3MtHlllICb BblllO.lJHlITb cnoa pa3Jlll'IHbIJI naaaaaeaia. Harwn.1eHiH OOHapYlKIIBaeTCH B'1

aepna,

Ilponeccs
B'h ,Il;He~n II

RalK,!{oe 3epHO

COCTOHn II3'1 HaJIaralOlII,IIXCH ,!I,pyr'1 na rrpOIl,ecct OTJIOlKeHill, II necsaa

'ITO YRa3LIBaeT'1 sa nepepsmsr

B03MOlKHO, 'ITO pa3HIIIl,a B'b TeIlJIOTt II oCBtlIl,eHill HMteT'1 COCTaB'bO)J;lIHaROBhIHC'1 pa3.~lI'IHbmlI aerao OTJIaraTbCJI IId'1 caxapa

UO'IblO OOYCJlOBJIlBaeT'b OCTaHOBRY,TO Ha'IaJlO nponecca TO nO;J;OOHOe MY BelIl,eCTBO, xoropoe e xapom, H OOJIa,!{aeT'1cnocoriaccrnc

OTJIOlKeHilI. RpaXMaJl'1 HJlII ;J,pyroe BlI)!,amr caH CHOBa npIIHHMaTL em

qJOP~IY,MOlKeT'1 rryTeM'1 ,ll,aJIhHtlIIlIaro I10CTpoeHiH. B'1 O,!{HIIX'b MtcTaX'1 pa.ILHblll

MeTaOOJIiI3MaiJ,aTb Ha'IaJIO Il,t.l[o~ry pHiJ,y CTpyRTypHhIX'b cnH-

OHO IIepeXO,ll;UT'1 B'1 Il,e.ITlOJl03Y, o,!{tBalOlII,YlO OOO.10'IROli paHHHX'1 cTa,!l,iHX'1 pOCTa pa3JIII'IHbII!

Oe3'IlIc.leHHoe MHOlKeCTBOrrpOTOnJIa3MaTII'IeCRnX'1-OT,ll,'BJlbHOCTeH, ,!1,pyrnx'1 06pa3yen B'b BOJlORHa, ROJle'IRIi IIJH OROH'IaThIH TpyOKII, KOTOPbllI aa IIPOIlCXO,ll;lIlII,ie rrpn TRaHeJ1 06pa3yroT'b RaHaJIbI iJ,JlH paCTHTeJIhHarO CORa II T. ,ll,.'{aCTII oOlIl,eiI CTpyRTYPbI pacreaia. aTOMOB'1 0il,uoro BClO)!,y oopa3YH

3TOM'1 MHOrO'IlICJIellHblJI XHMU'IeCRill rrepeCTaHOBRa H3'1 coemaeain

113M'£HeHill rrpOTeRalOT'1 pa3JIH'IHhlM'1 nYTeM'b: IIHor,!{a HMteT'b MtCTO npoeraa 3TO 1130MepU'JeCRiJII13MtHeHiJI; HHOr,ll;a I1pOUCXO)J,HT'1unaaeaie s BRJIlO'IeHie BMtCTO Hero zpyroro, 113'1 3JIeMeHTOB'b II

3TO, TaR'1 na3blFaeMaH,

peaania 3aMtlIl,eHilI, a IIHoril,a, RaR'1 HaIlpIIMtp'1, rrpn oopaaosauia ORCIIIl,eJIlOJI03b1,113'h I{OTOPOHCOCTOllT'b,l\peBeCHbIH BOJIORHa, mrteT'1 MicTO nponeccs ORJICJIeHia.

44
IIOMIIMO Bhlpa60TKII OTJIII'IaeTClI ThIBaeT'h erne II CaMOe C~6H, T. OTKY,JI;arrOJIY'IaroT'h pacreaia

,Il,AHHhIJIBIO.'lOfIlI. naCCIIBHhIX'h CTPOIITeJlhllhIX'h e. HOBhlJl nopnia ---US'h

xarepiaros»,
a30Ta. UJIll

npOTOmIa3Ma He3aBIlClIMO lIS'h

supaoaOT'h roro,

rrpOTOmIa3MhI. XIIMII'IeCKl!

rrpOT0IT.1a3Ma

OT'h CTpOIITeJIhHarO MaTepiaJIa npncyrcTBimI'h

aaors

aTMOC(pepHaro aaiana, BClIIeCTB'h, IWII, pa3,1lI'IHhIX'h xoporno, ero

pa3JIaraIOlIIllXCJI npo,:r;yKTOB'h

II Bhl,JI;'iUIHeMhIX'h lItllBOTHhIMII OpraHII'IeCKnX'h niii: naerr, II'h BO BClIKOM'h CJIY'Iat a30T'h B'h ljJopMt B'h pacreais B'h BOCXO,JI;HlIIeM'h TOKt: T3K'h KaK'h

H3KOHeu;'h, lId'h

,n;tllTeJIhHOCTII HtKOTOPhIX'h rp1l60B'h II 63KTepifJ, nOCeJIlIIOlIIlIXClI aa KOPHIIX'h ca~IlIX'h pacreXIIMII'IeCKIU'h coe,:r;IIHeHiii: nocTynpOTeKaIOT'h ero II, ljJOPMY ITpOnyTeM'h HeIl3BtcTHhIX'h I13'h

nponeccoas (soropue

He 3aBIIClIT'h OT'h cBtTa, TeMHoTt),

CTOJIb lite

eCJIII He JIY'Irne, Ty I1JIn J(pyryIO a

npOTOITJIa3Ma OT,JI;t.lllleT'h 330T'h

COe,JI;I1I1l1H KaKIIM'h-HII6Y,JI;b IT3'h yrJIeBO,JI;OB'h, oopaayers C'h TeIlHOBaro aemeorsa norJIoru;aeT'h 1I3'h nO'IBeHHhIX'h COJIeii: rperiyeaoe "HtllX'h II ljJocljJopa. IIocJItJ(Heii: HiHM'h, 06pa30BaHie CBOii:CTBOM'hporeaaonarc n TelIHOB'h. EMlI cryneasro

cOe,JI;I1HeHiii:, noraomaers

6tJIOK'h rJIYTeH'h II.'l1l IIX'h 1I30MephI; B'h <lTO lite BpeMlI KO.'lII'leCTBO CtphI, i\OJIatHO lIB.llIITbCH, coraacao HarnlIM'h

nporomaaaa
npe,JI;CTaBJIe-

B'h HtKOTOPhIX'h My-

iKIIBOii: npOTonJIa3MhI 1I3'h <lTIIX'h HeatlIBhIX'h npOTeHHOB'h. OCHOBHhIM'h nemecrsa HBJIlIeTCHero CKJIOHHOCTb 6e3'IIICJIeHHhIM'hnepeXOp;aM'h, K'h pa3JIlI'IHhIlI passu 1I30MepbI npo-

II R3l1teTClI np3B,JI;Ono,:r;06HhIM'h, 'ITO B'h npOTOnJIa3Mt nepeafnnanu ~eSKOHe'lHOe paanooopasie HhIM'h nponecooas aaaie yrJIeB0,n;OB'h B'h CBOIlX'h caoacraars. ltoHe'IHO, pari pacreaia,

;)TO TaK'h, TO MhI i\O.1J.atHhI aKJliO'IIITb, 'ITO npOTOIIJIa3Ma ;r;OIIYCKaeT'h IIO'ITil 3 C'h ;)TInI'h ,JI;Boii:cTBeHero 06pa30YBe.IIII'IeHie ROJIR'IeCTBa npOTOnJIadMbI II conpoaoaaamnee npOIICXO,JI;IIT'h nocrponxa II II ero lItlI3Hb. ,:r;O:J.lItHbl6hITb npIICOe)l;IIHeH1,l

Ih
HtRoTophIe

<lTIIM'h OCHOBHhIM'hMeTa60JIII'IeCKHM'h nponecoass cpaBHIITeJIbHO aeoymeoraeaaue 06pa30BaHieM'h KpaCHlIIIIX'h II nponeecu,

lIrpaIOru;ie CJIyllte6HYIO PO.1b H ORaH<lljJIIPHhIX'h MaM'h, <lTIIX'h npO,JI;yKTOB'hcJIylltaT'h

'IIIBaIOru;iecH

apOMaTll'IeCRIIX'h nemeorm.,

;;;r;RIIX'h ceaperons,

rOpbKIIX'h COe,JI;llHeHiii: I lI,JI;OB'h;O,JI;HIlII3'h I nponeccaaa

,l\.IIH rrpIIl3JIe'IeHiH lItIIBOTHhIX'h, ,JI;pyrie ,:r;JIlI samnrsr lI,eCCOB'hHBJIlIIOTClI, RaateTCH, npoero semeerss, HallJ'h lIa,n;o YKa3aTb oraomenie .'lIOU;iII sexaoro ace 60Jlte mapa

OT'h HIIX'h. H -bKoTophIe 113'h <lTllX'h npoBhI,JI;tJIeHiH,T. e. Y,JI;a.'leHieM'h6e3IIo.'Ie3HblX'h 3i\tCb B'h 06111IIX'h 'IepTaX'h ljJaRTOB'h <lBOop-

II 6e3'h cOMH'imill KaTa60JIII'IeCKarO xapaKTepa. H3Mt'IeHllhIX'h

R'h Y'IeHiro 06'h <lBO.llIOU;iIIB'h ea U;tJIOM'h. MhI ylKe BII,JI;tJIII rrpOIlCXOl\IIJI0 nee B03paCT3IOlIIee no II 60JIte

(§

8a),

'ITO

B'h reseaie

oaoen

pa3IIOpO,JI;HOCTIICM'BrneHie CaMhIM'h ,J,opory ,:r;JIH BO,:r;OPOCJIIIM'h II pacreaia, paorareasaoa KOH'IaJI 06HaII rrpOIICXO,JI;HJIO

pa3HOpOJl,HhIX'hcoe,n;IIHeHiii:, rrpIIrOTOBJIlIlI TtM'h

r:1HII'IeCKoii: lItII3HII. TtMII

3;r;tCb lite MhI BII,JI;IIM'h, 'ITO B'h rrpQ,JI;OJlateHiepaanaria

mH3HII, Ha'IIIHaJl C'h ell uocroanaoe pylltlIBaeTClI

anamms

ljJOpM'h, rrOi\06HhIX'h rpH6aM'h

II

ljJopMaMII, KOTOPhlH lIBJIHIOTCIl rJlaBHhIMII rrpe;r;CTaBIITeJIJlMIlxipa YBe,1J.II'leHie'IIIMa B'h pa3Ho06pa3iII nemecrm., aoropce

06pa3YIOlIIlIXCil CJlOlKHhIX'bcoe,n;IIHeHiii:; <lTO YBeJIII'IeHie rrpOII'B.1l1eTCHB'h KpyrrHOM'h

HaXOi\lI'lIIIIXCJI B'h O;J;HOM'h TOM'h lRe paCTeHiII, rr

B'h eme 60JIbmeM'h

paaaooripaain,

arrperars

BIl,JI;OB'h,

PO,JI;OB'h, OTpaJl;OB'hH KJIaCCOB'hpacreain.

§ 23d.

MhI Yllte YKa3hIBaJIII, 'ITO MeTa6oJIII3M'h, xapaRTepIl3YIOlIIifI

JKIIBOTHYrolItITilHb, pe3YJlbTaThI C03IIK'h Il3JIOllteHiIO B'h

COCTOIlT'hrJIaBHhIM'h 06pa30M'h II3'h nponecca ,n;aTe.llbIIaro nponeeca, xapaxrepnayicmaro

paaroseaia,

YHlI'ITOlltaIOlIIaro

paCTIITe.llbHYIO lItrr3Hb.

Ilepexom

mlIBOTH3ro MeTa60JIII3Ma, MhI ,n;OJIlItlIhIC'h caaaro "I:1CTlIX'b roro lite caaaro lItlIBOTHaro.

Ha'I:1JIa 3aMtTIITb , 'ITO OH'h napsapyen,

llIUPOKIIX'h Ilpe,n;t.llaX'h RaK'h B'h pa3JI!I'IHhIX'h RJIaCCaX'hlRIIBOTHhIX'h, TaK'h II B'h pa3JIII'IHblX'h CpaBHIIM'h ITIITaHie rrJIOTOJl;J;HhIX'h paCTIITeJIbHOll,JI;HhIX'h H lItIlBOTHhIX'h. IIepBhIlI II3'h HIIX'h ITIITaIOTClI rrO'ITII HCKJIIO'IlITBJIbHO MyCKy.'lbHhIMII TKaHlIMII, TaK'h RaK'h Harrai\aIOT'h 06pa30M'h aa ,JI;HKIIX'hTpaBOH,:r;HhIX'h JKIIBOTHhIX'h, KOTOPhIlI pt,JI;KO 6IlIBaIOT'h ~IIPHhI rJIaBHhIM'h II rrOTOMY

nosra He CO,JI;eplltaT'h 6e3a30THhIX'h OpraHII'IeCKIIX'h BellleCTB'h; CJIt;r;oBaTeJIbHO,rJIaBHOIOrrlIru;eii: IIJIOTOll;J;HhIX'h lIBJIlIIOTClI a30TIICThIll coanmeaia, 06paTHO, ITHlIIa paCTIITeJIbHOll,JI;HhIX'h lItIlBOT-

MENBO.llI3M'h. JlblXb liOr:\a

45
conocraarenia Mhl, RameTCif, MOmeM'lJ. IIrpalOT'1 HaCTOJI1R()

COi\CpmlIT'h CpaBHlITC.11HO HCMHOrO a30TJlCTbIX'h BCrn;CCTB'h (RpOMt TtX'h CJlyqaeB'b, mlIBOTHOe naraerca 'ITO nporenan c1;MifJlaMII). lIn Moryn aroro II yr.1JeBOi\1I B'1 OpraHlIl[eCIWM'1

3aImOl[llT1 ,

nponeccf

0.11I3KilIpom, 'ITO B'1 3Hal[IlTeJI1HOii dpt ll;J,HlIll lRlIBOTHbIlI TpeoylOT'1 ropaaao 60.%me, 'ItM'1 Brrn;eCTB'1 rr.,:a.wa II rrpnCYTCTBiH B'1 UIIjJ1t

,'Ipyr'1 )l,pyra 3aMtHHTb.

Ilpaaaa,

paCTIITeJI1HO-

OOJbme UIIrn;II 11llIIrn;eBapIITeJI1Hall CIlCTeMa IIX'1 ropa3A()

y n.lJOTOifi\HlIX'1. O)l;HaKO, 3TO

paatnsie

3aBIlCIIT'1 r.lJaBHbIM'1 00pa30M'1 orr.

paCTIITe.lJ1HOHi\HbIX'1 mHBOTHhlXb 00Jl111IHX'1 RO.1JJ1'IeCTB'1 eHymHhlX1. H B'h nIIrn;eBapnTe.11HYIO CIICTeMY mllBOTHarO 6e3'1 npnMtClJ

i\peBeCHHHhlX'1 BO.lJOKH'1,~e.lJIO.lJ03hl,X.10poqllI,1.lJa; II eCJIH ObI RpaXMaJI'1, npOTO-

earaps

nocrynam

IICHYlRHlIX'1 BejJ1eCTB'1, TO OO'1eM'1 nama, npIIHllMaeMOii paCTHTe.%HOHi\HWIlI II HJJOTOHi\HhlMn. no BcefI BtPOHTHOCTII, He II 3epHOH)I,HhlX'1nTII~'1, IIo JIlJlIIeBapHTeJl1Hoit CIIOCOOHOCTII .1JeTaT1oot OTmI'IaJICll ObI TaK'1 p1l3RO Mem'1 COOoit. acrperia

Cpasaeaie

MifCOHi\HhlX1.

Hanpmltp'1,

II rOJlyOll, ;J:tJIaeT'1 3TOT'1 BhlBOi\'1 Ol[CEIIAHhlM'1. I{3R'1 H IIO i\.lIHat .H;() pa3HJI~a. Bce me,

nTH~bI OTJIII'IaIOTCHHe3Hal[IlTeJI1HO, paaao ecrs HtKoTopaH aaepria,

CIICTeMbI (XOTl! y. rOJIyoH OHa HtCRO.lI1KO OOJI1I1Ie); 'ITO me xacaeroa

I;O.1II'IeCTBa lIoTpe6.1J1eMOii IIHrn;H, TO 3,'1,tC1, BtPOllTHO, Kam(,TCll, HCHO, 'ITO 1II01t IIpuoaBKoII on lIIII~Cll

aanaos

aneprin,

npiooptTaeMbIit

ro.1yoeM'1 OT'1 yr.lJeBOil,OB'1C'1 HeOO.lI1nO.lJY'Iae~raro l!CTpeOOn .1IO;:I,el1:, IIIITalOBpeMII 1I0l[TH Bee~tJIo lllIrn;H B1. B'h soeanoe cpaaneaia

IIpOTeHHOB'1, MaJIO OT.UI'IaeTCH OT'1 sanaoa

O;(HIlX'1 rrpOTCUHOB'1.ToT'1 )he BhlBO,'l'1 MOiEHO C,J,t.1aT1 IIplI pa3.111'IHO. 0'1 O;:l,Holf CTOPOHhl, M1I HMteM'1 Macean, -

xoropue

nm alOTCJI HCR.1IOl[IITe.:J1IIO ~[JICOM'1,a e'1 i-Ipyroii paCTHTe.11Holt IIIIrn;efI. roes }[lICOM'b

IIII,J,yeOB'1, mIIByrn:IIX'1

Pa3.1JH'Iie MelR;,\Y RO.1Hl[eCTBa~mnorpeoaoa naranmaroca 3epHOM'1 IIH;'\yca O)l;HOro uarepsara He Talh i\pyrIDI'b

na l[eJloBtKa

3TO,!'h C.1Y'Iat HeCoMHtHHO cyrn;ecTByeT'b, HO Bce aw paamsie ~IaCCUII II A0.1iEHO Ob1.10 011 ObIT1, 'Ierr,n HeB03MOmHa. eC.11l ObI saMtHu

MemAY pa~iOROM'b uaranmaBMHKO, EaRIlM'b ORO 01lJla ObI <jJ1I3io.lJOrHaaa-

Ilepexoxa

R'1 rro:\pOOHOMY pascaorpsal»

atHBOTHaro MeTU00.1H3Ma, }lbI paH1IIIe lIn

ue~[CJlpa3.11l'IHbIMHMeHbllIlIMII npeapameaiana, OOrnCM) ~[eTu60.1JIl[eCKOMYnponeccy,

ROTOPbIJI JlBJIHIOTCH.1ymeoHbIMIl no OTHOIIIeHilOR'1 c IIIIjJ1H. ,lJ;tJI() HaO.1IO.n;aeMbIX'b B'1 jI\HBOTHOM'1, IMteT1. I y.n;aJleHie 1I3JIIIIIICJlIOHHhlHmeJIe3bI nparoonocoocrsyers. B'1 meJJYi\Rt rrOi\'1 HaSBaHieM'1 rrpoHCxO.H;HT'1

IlMtlOrn:eMY d.1110 OCBOOOm)l,eHieaeprin a

B1, Tm!'b, 'ITO n;t.11IH pll/l,'1 am3HeHHhIX'b nponecoom., HIIX'1 rrpO,'lYRTOB'1. lIn Tllcmll

Il,t.1blO TO.lbRO BbrpaOOTEY MaTep1HJJOB'1;'\JJl oorn:eit .n;tJlTeJlbHOCTII praanaxa, o KpOBH BO BpeMli ea rrpoxom)l;eHiH sepeas npn meBaHill cenperu, TOB.1aeTCJI '1 00.11IIIOM'h IWJIHl[eCTBt cexpers, B (pep._lIeHT'1-11TiaJIIIH'1;cMtllIllBaHCb H.1H MeHte IlpCRpajJ1eHilO B'1 caxaps 1I3.111BaIOTCH 60JIte iI;e.1);J,Ol[HarOCORa. Kpm!t

co;'\ppmarn;ilt Me;Kil.Y )l,pyrHMll Bern;eCTBaMIIa30C'1 nHjJ1eit, rrriamns KpaXMaJIa. 3aTtM'1, H3BtcTHbIe BMtc.rt

l[aCTH CO,'lep)harn;arOCHB'h rrllrn;t

paaaoodpaaaue

HtKOTOP1IX'b coren II XJOPIICTOBO,'l,OPOi\HOlf RIlCJIOTbI,me.lJYil.Ol[HhllleOR'1 <jJepMeHT'1lIeIICUH'1, IIpll noaonm soroparo

3aR.1IO'Iaen B'1 ceot ;,\pyroli aaorncnm

pacTBopcHie llorJI0rn;eHH1IX'1 IIpoTellHOB'1.

Ih :lTHM'b MeTaOOJllll[eCRIlM'1npO)l;YRTaM'1,oO.lJer'IaIOHen.3MtHeHHlIll RpaXMaJIHCT1Ill nemeorsa, B'1

rn:InIb pacraopeaie nocryrralOjJ1HX'1 B'b meJly;'\OR'1 TBep!l:bIX'1 Tt.lI'1, rrpUCOeil.HHJleTCJI rrpO)l,}'RT'1 MeTaOOJlH3Ma,nporesaiomaro B'1 1l0,'\meJly.n;Ol[HOii)helle3t; cMtIIIIlBaHC1 C'1 nllrn;eBoli namaIl,C10, :lTOT'b <jJepMeHT'b llpeBpajJ1aeT'1 noe.It l[cro 3TIl B'1 ~axap'1 rrOCJIti\HfH II noraomaiorca. ll03BOJIJlIO ce6t YI{a3aT1 na 00CTOHTeJl1CTBO,

ROTOpoe JlBJlHeTCli RpalfHe 3HaMeHaTeJl1HbLln: IIMeHHO, 'ITO 3TH IIpo~eCCbI, nporesaiomie ;(ORa3bIBaIOT'b HaM'1, 'ITO HeYCTolt'IUBbIH aSOTIlCThlif coeznaeaia riOroplIe, MtHllHC1 caxn, II Bhl3bIBaIOT'1 XIlMlll[eCKil! 3i\tCb a30T'1 arpaers H3!!tHeRil! Ty ;I,&~ s II nporeaaaxs

UIIrn:eBapIlTe.1I1Hoit CIICTeMt II lI~rtlOrn;ie ~t.lJ11O nplIrOTOBJIeHie nlljJ1eBhlXb MaTep1l!.1JOB'1, HOBa C l!BJlHIOTCJI B030Yil.IITe.lJHMn, B'b ORpylitalOrn;IlX'1 IIX'1 yr.lJeBOaa CBOeM'1nyTII R'1 nporenaa, IIO CBOIIM'1 OCOOeHHhlM'1oopa,

me

POJlb, KaR'1 II 1I0BCIO.n;y. CXO.n;HhlH

llBJIeHiH npOIlCXO.H;HT'1 B'1 .n;pyrHX'1 BHYTpeHHOCTlIX'1. RPOB1, nporom II rr€'IeHII l[epen CeJle3eHRY, nonaepraerca TaM'1 il.tlICTBilO "clIe~iaJIbHarO CBolIcTBaM'1 npIlHai\.lJemarn;aro R'1 rn;eJlOl[HhlM'1 6t,lRaM'1 Il cozepaamaro

46

AAHHhllI BIO!lOrilI.

30m, COe;l,lIHeHHOeC'1 HUM'1 lKe.11mo". Hanoaem., Mbi lIepeXO,J,IIM'bK'b nesena, Rpatl:He BalKKOMY opraHY, ROTOPh1tl: 'b OAHO H TOme spesa lIBJllIeTCli II qmopIIKolO II CKJlaAO'lHbIM'1aMoaB 'pom. 3;1,tCb O)(HOBpeMeHHOnpOIICXO)l,IIT'b HtCKO.IIbKO MeTaOO.IIU'leCRHX'b npOI\eCCOB'bH ~relK)I,y IIIIMII oopa30BaHie ate.II'lII, soropoe :I,O nOC.'ItAHIIX'1 .lItT'1 C'UITa.'IOCb e;vmCTBeUHhIM'bneqeHO'IHbIM'b npouecooxs. B'b HlmoTopbIX'b H.II'i;TRaX'b ne-reaa HaXO,:l;lITCiIMaCChIl&UPOBhlX'bUY3bIPbROB'b, soropue iIB.lIlIlOTClI, RameTCII, rrpO)l,YRTOM'hyr.IIeBO)l,HarO MeraMop!fJoda. Hasoaem, B'b lIe'leHU npOHCXO)l,lIT'blIauoo.!I'f;e nasaoe IIBJIeHie - OOlI.lIbHOe oopaaosaaie r.IIlIROreHa, ROTOphlll MOlKeT'b OhlTb aaanaas mlIBOTHhlM'b I(paXMa.IIOM'h; B'h I{alI(,'Iotl: 1I3'h oopa3ylOm,IIX'b ero R.lItTOR'b r.IIIIROrelI'h ORa3bIBaeTCII 3aR;JIO'feHHbIM'hRaR'b ObI B'h R.lIyOOR'hlI3'h nporomaaaaTlI'leCRlIX'b HlITetl:, TaK'b 'ITO Mhl 3)1,tCb CHOBa HMteM'h a30THCToe BeII\eCTBO,npOHIl3bIBalOII\ee :rtlaccy, noropaa TO oopaayerca H3'1 caxapa, TO CHOBa pacnycaaerca B'h BlIAt caxapa. Oxa3hlBaeTCII, 'fTO paorsopnaaa !fJ0pMa yrJleBO,'la, nocrynaa B'b neseas 1I3'h nayrpeaaocrej, CKOn.IIlIerCiI 3;('ECb B'b !fJOpMt r.IIHIwreHa, BCer,:l;a rorcnaro CHOBa nepenm B'1 paCrBOplI!IhlH YrJleBO,J,'bH BOllrlI B'h CIIcreMY opraanaaa, r)l,t OH'b HJlIl HenocpeAcTBeHHo norpeuaaerca HJlll ()TJlaraeTCII rrpe)l,BapIITeJlhHO yme B'h TtX'1 MtcTaX'1, f)l,'E CO BpeMeHeM'1 6YAeT'1 113pacxOAonam, llOaTOMY, nOJlh3YlICh cpaaaeaiem, Mux. <l>ocTepa (Michael Foster), MbI MOmeM'h paacMaTpHBaTh RpyIIHhle sanacu rJIIIKoreHa B'h neseau, RaR'h I\eHTpaJIbHhlll: OaHI,'b, a He3Ha'IUTe.1bHhIe ero aanacu B'h .lIycKy.,aX'h, KaI('h )rECTHbIlI OT,'It.'JeHiH UaHlia. l\IomHo YKaS:1Th na nOY'IIITeJIbHhIli rrapaJJ:leJIU3M'b1tlemi'J,ynpOI\eCCa~II, npOl1CXO,ll,IIII\lIMll B'1 opraaaaxf mlIBOTHhIX'h,II Timu, IWTophle rrpOHCXO;I;IIT'1 B'h paCTlITeJIhHOM'bopraHu3Mt. B'h OOOUX'hc.lIyqax'b oepasymrca yrJIeBO,J,hl, soropue nyTeM'h npHCOe,'lIIHeHilI II YiJ,a.'IeHill1faCTIII\hl BO;I;hIMoryT'h JIerKOrrepeMtHiITh paCTBOplIMYIO$OPMYna HepaCTllOpIIMYIO II nOTmry IIIlJIlIOTCII no BpeMeHaM'h rrpIIcrrOCOOJIeHHbLlfU ,:I;.1Hnepeneceaia, a no Bpe)reHa~I'b ,:I;JIII oraoaeaia. llOi\OOHO TOMY, HaK'h l&IIBOTHhIll: KpaXMaJI'h, r.'JUKoreH'1, TO OTJIaraeTCiI B'h BlI)I,t aanaca B'h IIe'IeHII lIJIIl B'h i\pyrnx'h 1tltcTaX'h, TO, npespamaacs B'h rJIIOK03Y, nepeHOCHTCII,:I;JUIlIOTpeO.1JCHill UJIH )J,JIII nonaro OT.I01KeHill; Tarn me TO'lHO II r;paXMaJI'b pacreaia, MtHlI1I aepacrsopmrym !fJOPMY aa paCTB'0pIIMYIO, TO nepeHOCIITCH R'h paCTYII\HM'h 'faCTIIM'h, rAt npeBpaII\ae'fcJT nYTeM'hxera0D.1IH3MaB'h I\eJIIO.il03Y II ;I;pyrill BeII\eCrBa paCTIITC.lIhHhIX'hTKaHetl:, TO OTHOCliTCl!B'h orrpe)J,tJIeHHhIlI )rtcTa, r,J,t, CHOBa npnaanan BII,:I;'h npaxuara, cnononao .'IemlIT'h B'h lllI;\'E aanaca )J,JIiI 6Y)I,YII\aro norpenaeaia; rasie aanacu ooonpaerca ll'h pa3)1,I'rhI)''h .ilHCThHX'hKanYCTbI, B'1 KOPHlIX'b ptllhI, B'h rr'l,ll,3eMHhIX'h yroJIII\eHiIl1'b aa CTCOJIiIX'h rlapTo!fJe.illl. Ho BeII\eCTBO, soropoe mHBOTHbili nOTpeOJIIlIOT'h npOlI3BO;I;CTBO na MeXaHH'IeCKarO.n;llumeHill II TCilJIOTbI, pacreHie rpanrrs na noaseaenie CBOUX'hCTpyRTypHbIX'h 1I0CTpOCK~. Bnpo-rem, IIHOri\a naparae.T1lI3M'h3TIIM'h He lICqepIIhIBaeTCII: sat..h pacrenie oraranraaers B'h ctMeHH HtROTOPhlH aanacs ' sparaaaa i\JIiI norperiieaia ero 3apO,:l;blIIIeM'h, TaR'h lKe II ll'h 3apOAblilit lKHBOTHarOB'h pasBIIBaIOII\UXCli MycKy.mX'h cson.taerca I'.1UKoreH'b, rrOrpeOJlIlIOII\itl:CII rr03;I;Hte ,:I;.il1Iaaaepureaia Hi'h nOCrpOfIRH. § 23e. IIepeXO,'lIlM'h reneps K'1 ca~lOll: BamHotl: II oOII\ef! !fJOpMt lKUBOTHarO xera60JIU3M, xoropaa OOYCJIOBJilIBaen BIIi\IDlOe npoaareaie mH3HH, T. e. MYCRyJIbHYIO H nepBHyIO ,:I;tlll'e.ilhHOCTh. 3,ll,tCh CHOBa B03HIIRaeT'b BOnpOC'h,pa3CMOTp'EHHhlll:HaMU B'1 H3i\aHiu 1864 roaa, HO nOA.lIemaII\ill: reneps nepeoaorpy npn CBtTt HOBttl:IIIIIX'h ycrrtxOB'h 3HaHill: KaKOBhI Tt cnell,iaJIhHbIII MeTaOOJIU'feCRill u3MtHeHill, nocpe,:l;CTBOM'h aoropsns aaepria, CYII\eCTBYIOII\aiIB'h !fJOpMt MOJIeKY.lIllpHaro ABflmeHiH, npespamaerca sayrpn MYCKYJIOB'1 B'h anepriro, soropas supaaaerca .MaCC060l.iIt'b )l,BHmeHieM'h. CYII\eCTBYIOT'h aa B3r.1I1li\aOTHOCHTe.lJhHO n npapom aroro npeapameaia. Cor.lIaCHO0AHOMY H3'h HIIX'h, HaXO,:l;HII\ieCII B'h MycKYJIaX'h yrJIeBO;I;bI .1\OJI1RHhl HYTeM'h )l,aJIhHtll:IIIaro MeTa60llII3Mll YC,lIOl&HIITbCH a30TfICTaro coeaaaenia fIJIH coe;I;IIHeHifi npem;I;e, 'ltM'h OHHc;I;t.lJaIOTCII )1,0 <mOCOOHbIMilnpereprrsnan, Tt BHe3aIIHbIII paaroaenla, ROTOPhIH npoaanonrrs COKpaII\eHie MycHyJIa. )J,pyrofi B3rJIII,ll,'1 U3JIOlKeH'hB'h § 15 II YCHJIeH'hTaM'b HOBbIMH AOKa3aTeJIbCrBaMII, npHIIIe;I;IIIuMll MHt B'b rO.IIOBY BO BpeMII nepeoaorpa TeKCTa)l,JIIIHacTOIlII\arO I13i\aHilI; COrJIaCHO

METABO.1ll3'1fll. 3To,r), B3r.1If;(y, 'lUSbPll! yr.leBO,J;bI Bll MycRpan, RaRl, II Be3;( £, IIpII

47
rrplIROCHOBeHin CJ, HeycrOI!lIO.1eRYJHlp3RCTeHClIBHoe MO.1eRY.llJfpa C.1t;I;oBaTe.lbHO Oi\HOll. II3'1 HUXb,

a30TIICTbnllI

Beru;eCTBl1MlI, rro;.!,'1 B.1iilHie,!'1 TO.1%a

OTi He3Ha'llITe.1bHlJ~'1

Hh1\'1 U3M1meHill. 3THX'1 a30THCTbIX'1 coeanaenin, HOC II3,r1meHie, Jl OCBooollqeHie pe3Y;1bTaTOM'h soroparo

nperepirssaers

aB.llIeTClI ORlIC.'leHie UX'h yr.1epo;.!,a, OT;I;aTh npeuaymeerso

60.'lbiliOrO KOJIU'IeCTBa }IO.1eKplIpHaro

;.!,BumeHia. 06a aTII B3r.11I;(a B'h aacroa-

mer

Bpe~[JI lIBJIlllOTClI TO.1bRO flIIIOTe3aMlI, II, 'lT06bI

Ha'! b Ha;I;O B3BtCIITb

IIpaBi\OUOJ\OOHOCTb RaiR;I:ofi. CpaBHIIM'h 1IX'1 II IIOCMOTPIIMll,aa CTOpOHy IUOTOll:(HbIX'1 at;IBOTHbIH IiaTaDo.llI'leCRifi UpO-

EOTOpofi H3'h HHX'1 CI\.10HRIOTCIItPaRTbI. MbI ;l,O.1lKHbInpuaaars, 'ITO B'1 Tbt TiecCb coruacyerca pa3BIITie aaeprin Cb rrepBbIMb TaR'1 lUll rras naase

pasonarpaaaeasm, )I,O.1lKHO nponexomn, npOCThIX'1

B3r.llI;l,OBll B'1 TO~fb

CUbIC.TE, 'ITO

nCRJIIO'IIITe.1bHO OT'1 HlI3Bei\eHill BeII\eCTB'1, ROTOPbHl lIB.'lHIOTCRUpOnO.1Y'laIOTb aTmr'1 lI3BHt C.1Y'Ia'B ROPa3COr:'1aCHO Boyrae-

C.10iRHbIX'1 a30TIICTbIX'1 y~.'leBO;I:OB'1,lI3b B03,ro;RlIO ClrarpUBaH

COe;I;IIHelIill 11;0 TtX'1

)l,YhTamr Bb1;.!,t.lIeHilI; ;l,t.10 B'1 TOM'1, 'ITO n.'lOTOlI;.!,HbIlllItlIBOTHlJlI BOBce lie O;\HaRO, K'1 aTOMY i\OIIyru;elIilO npHCYTCTBie BbIpa60TaH'1 Bn TOphIfr 6lJ.l'1 MbI nee lRe ;I;0.1atHbI rrpII6aBHTb, .n;o ero cospameaia ea IIIIIII,II nyre~'1

KOTOPbIX'1 ;l,OJIlRHa 6bIJIa 61,1, B'1 npOTlIBlIOM'1 C.1Y'I[I'B, pa3BIIB[lTbCII anepria. '1',0 n B'h MYCKpt ransorena 'IaCTII'lHarO 1J.1I1I c.axapa, paaroaenia.

lUfb a30THCTOI!

lRe lItIlBOTPb1X'1, nIIII\a

ROTOP1IX'1 COCTOIIT'1 1I0qTlI nyrem,

IICK.1IOQlITC.1bHOII3'1 ymeno-

;l0B'1, 'IbI HaTa.1I(I!BaeMCll sa KOTOpOn yrJIeBO;llJ HORbIlI BelI\eCTBa, BO;\b1 Moryn paRHofi npeaae

pJl;l,'1 3aTpY.I\lIeHill., 3IturaIOIII,llX'1 npanars ;I;aJlblItrrrnaro

nmoreay,

il,OJIatlIbI 6bITb nepeaexeasr 'It~r'1

COe;I:IIHeHilI B'1 npOTerrMYCKPbHOII anepria. a30Ta

6y:\en

B03MQjRHO 06pa30BaHie ROTOPhIll nyre'I'1 6y;I;en MtCTO

llPPBhl'i.'1, aHa60JIlI'leCRiR nepenrn

II3MtHeHilI, soropaa

Qpe3'1

npncoemneaia

B'1 nporennosaa rrp1I6wIII

BeIIl,OCTBa, cOUpOBOat;I;alOTclI noraomeaieas 3aTt'II'1 BlJiI,t.1eHa

aneprin,

noaonaaf

TOI1 aaeprin,

KaTa6D.lllI'IeCRIIM'1 IIpO06pa30BaHie 1I3'1

I\CCCom,. IIo.llY'IeHie

B'1 CII.~t B03\IOlRHO TOJIbRO B'1 TO~I'1 C.1Y'Ia'B, eC.lII yneBOi\bI IIepBOHa'Ia.'1bHOe a30T'1, aa

paararanrca
npamenin aaora Tar,'1

lIerrOCpe;l,CTBeHHO; ee.'H! lIte IlMten

HUX'1 rrpOTeIIHOB'1 II 3aTtM'1

paaroateaie

aTIIX'1 UOC.lt.n;HUX'b~ TO npnoun. TaM'1 H'En [l30Ta,

B'1 CIVlt HeB03ROTOPlJII

MOiRHa. BO-BTOPbIX'1, B03HHKaen HaXO.:\IITCli B'1 CeppI'1 'ITO orioramenie csnrania

BOnpOC'1: OTI,Y;l,a oeperea nporennars,

He06xoil,H~rbIll. ;I;.1J1npe-

yr.leBOil,OB'1 B'1 upOTeUHlJ?

nCli.llO'leHie~1'1 roro,

- aJIb6yMIIHt II i\pymx'1 FJIeBOi\OB'1

pa3HOCrrMbIX'1 RPOBblO, OTHRTie ate BpRiI,'1 .'1][ 6wIO Obi :JKOHOMHO. OCTaeTCJI eme pe3y.11TaTmI'1 O;l,lIO naralIMH.laCb

OT'1 O;l,HHX'1 rrpOTeIllIOB'1 C'1 I\tJIbIO ECJIlI 61,1 anepria,

coaraaia

.n;pyrnx'1

a30TOM'1 1IB.1J1eTCH He06'1J1CHIUlbI!f'1.

3aTpY;I;lIelIie. 60.1II'leCRarO nenia

OCBOOOlRJ\aeMall )rycRpOM'1,

Bxo:\lIru;nX'1 B'1 COCTaB'1 Mi cRp.a MYCRYJIbHOHpa60TbI.

IIpOTeIlHOB'1, TO IW.IU'leCTBO a30-

THCThIX'1 npO;.!,yRTOB'1 B1I;.J,t.leHilI ,'lOJIlRHO ObI.'lO 6lJ Imf'BHlITbCJI npOUOpI\iOHa.'lbHO UpH U3MtRO.1IIIQeCTBaooaepmomron cooraomeaia O:\HaKO, OlIbITbI UOKa3a.1lI, 'ITO IIO)J,OO,'lOKa3aHO, 'lTO KO.'lII'IeCTBO Bb13;tC'1 I\O.lII'leCTBOM'1 ][3CHOBa nO;I;TBepat)J,eH'1. na C.lI'B;I;YIOru;ilI B'h cospameain RHC.l0pO)l;a ;I;OJIlRHa ~fOatHO yRa3aHie~I'1 nplI

nato

He lIa6.'lIO,J:aeTCIl.

YlKe ,J:aBlIO 6b1.'l0 neaasao

.1l!euofi MO'IeBHHlJ He B03paCraeT'1 B'1 OTBtT'1 aa He1l'1 ecn, II yr.lepO;l,a zarepia, BbICKa3aHHbIlI

CKO.lbRO-HH6Y;I;b nponopmoaaasao 3TOT'1 tPaKT'1 61,1.1'1 B03pamalOT'1 cooripaseain

paC:\Oi\OBaHHoll. ~rycRy.llbHOIl lIte aneprin:

qlaRT'1: MyCKyJI'1, JIlIUIeHlIbIH RpOBII H KHCJIOpo.n;a,. npoao.raaers II3'1 ROTOPOfr MOmeT'1 6bITb IIO.'IY'IeHa anepria; Mj CRy.lI'1 BbI;l,tJllen

CORpaIIl,aT1ClI: 3lIa'IHT'1, aTOM'1 RO.IIl'leCTB3

yr.18RIIc.lIOTY: 3Ha'IIIT'1, Heo6xo.n;llMbIJI .n;.1J1aroro ~IyC!{pa, aaornaro

nOJlY'IaIOTCli II3'1 COCTaBHlJX'1 'laCTelI

a CJIti\OBaTe.1blIO, aaepria aroro

IIO.lIYQaTbCll rryreM'1 paaroaeaia Ci\'BJIa.Th HtCRO.llbROnoarp-noapaseain. YC'lOOIli .n;tRTe.llbHOCTlIMycKpa

nemecrsa, Bo-nepnuxs,

IIpOTHB'1 Ha;l,O IIMtTh

noapazeala

B'1 B1I;l,Y, 'ITO YRa3aHHbllI

HeHOpMaJIbHbI, a FBepm;I.aTb

lRe, 'iTO lIB.1eHiH, nponcxommin

npn HeHOpMaJI1HbIX'1 YCJIOniRX'1, IIMtIOT'1 ~ltCTO rr rrpIl lIOpMa.1bHbIX'1, BO BCJlROM'1 c.'lY'Iat, pnC.ROBaHO. B0'3MOlItHO, II i\alIte necsaa BtPOlITHO, 'ITO npouecca, nporenaiouria 81, npacyrCTBIIIR POBII II RIICJIOpo.n;a, He nOXOlKII aa rt, nasie B03H1IRalOT'1 B'1 I1X'1 OTCYTCTBill: MyC-

48

,lJ,AHHLIH BIo.l0flJI. CJIY'IallX'h, ROr~a HtT'b BeIIl,eCTB'b, a TOJIbIiO

RyJIbHoe BeIIl,eCTBO MOlReT'1 CaMO nOTpeOJIlITbCHB'b TtX'b ROTOPblH OOblRHOBeHHO 1I0TpeOJlHIOTCH. O-BTOpbrX'b, B HbIH q,aRT'b HnCROJIbIW He ycrpaHHeT'b 3aCJIOHHeT'bero. ECJIH, RaR'b 3TO npIIHHMaIOT'b, yrJIepo~'b MycRYJIa, TO OTHHTie ynIePo~a IIl,eCTBa H BLI~t,IeHie
]I

3TO OCOOeHHOCYIIl,eCTBeHHO, YRa3aH-

nepBOHWIaJIbHO npnBe,J,eHHbIH aoapaseaia, II RIICJIOPO,n;'b, 1I3'b ROTOPI>IX'b npn

~aHHbIl'b

YCJIOBillX'b 1I0JIY'IaeTCH yrJIeRHCJIOTa, BXO~lIT'b 13'1 COCTaB'1C.l0lRHbIX'b a30TnCTbIX'b BeIIl,ecTB'b H RHC.lJOPO,ll;a ,J,OJIlRHO BbI3bIBllTb

paaroaeaie

a30THCTaro Be-

aSOTHCTbIX'bnpO~YRTOB'b pa3JIOlReHiH ~OJIlRHO ObITb nponcpnioaan.ao

KOJIH'IeCTBYnponSBe,n;eHHOH paOOTbI, -rero B'1 ~'MCTBHTeJIhHOCTII He HaOJIlO~aeTClI. BTO saTpY,J,HeHie OOXO~IITCHnyTeM'b npe~IIOJIOlReHiJl, 'ITO ,,3anaceHHoe 13'1MYCRyJIt CJIOlRHOe B3phIB-

saroe

BeIIl,eCTBO" HMteT'b TaRiH CBOHCTBa,,,'ITO noc.lt

B3pbIBa nO.'lY'lUeTCJIa30THCThlfi OCTaTOR'b, yrJIepo~a II RHCJIOpO~a,~OObI-

OOJIa~aIOIIl,iH cnOCOOHOCTbIO BHOBb npHcoe,n;HHlITh cBtlRiH nopnia BaeMbIX'1 II3'b KPOBH, H TaRHM'1 3TOMYTOJIROBaHiIO,MOJIeRYJIhI apaatararo a

OOpaSOM'bB0300IIOBJIlIIOIIl,iH B3pLIB'laTOe BeIIl,eCTBO". COrJIaCIIO BeIIl,eCTBa COCTOllT'1 H3'1 CJIOlRIIOlra30THCTOHMOJIC-

RYJIhl, coe~HHeHHOH C'1 MO.lJeKYJIOn yrJIeBo,n;a II, BpeMH OT'1 BpeMeIIH, MOJIeRYJIYII. CHOBa B03CTaHOBJIlIIOT'bnO~OOHYIOme H II3'b xpoaa.

paararaers

yrJIeBO~HyIO

ReB03MOlRHOnpe,l\nOJIaraTb,

'ITO yrJIepo~'1 H3BJIeRaeTCHH3'1 MOJeRYJIhl yrJieBO,J,a:MaJIO BtPOJlTHO, 'lTOOhl caaooe CPOi\CTBO, OOIIapYlRIIBaeMOe a30TllCThIMH MO,1leRY.i!a~III, lOnIO Ohl npeO,J,OJItTh OOJIte CHJIbIIOeCPO)l,CTBO ~ yrJIeBO~OB'1; H c.lJt~QBaTeJIbHO, OCTaeTClI npe~1.I0JIOiKllTh, 'lTO :u;t.lJIIIWM'b npIICOe~HHJlTbCHR'b CJlOlRHOHa30THCTOH YrJIeBO~opo,n;HaJl'IaCTb aroro MO.'IeRYJIa ymeBO;J;a ~OJIlRHa aroro CJlt,l\yeT1? pa3pyMOJIeRy.1t. qTO lRe H3'1 OT'b

coemaeaia

YCTOH'lIlBa, a a30TIICTlIlI OTIIOCIITeJIbHO YCTOH'IHBa. He

C.1l11;J;OBaTeJIbHO, rIInOTe3a TpeoyeT'b, 'lTOOhl HeYCTOH'IIIBall 'IaCTb BpeMlI IDaJIa Obi YCTOH'lIIBYIOyrJreBo~HyIO 'IaCTb, He pa3pymaJlcb caaa. ero IIOCJItll,naa 'laCTb, H1WleTCH IIpOTIIBOnOJIOlRHlIll CTOM'b TtJIt JIH'InarO naM}' npOIl,eCCaMH, npOllcxo,n;llIIl,IlMll He O'IeHI, npaBll,OnO!(OOHhlM'b. RaR'h Tima, MbI YlRe ranoreaa, BHt

Ilorooaoe

spexeaa

aaKJIIO'Ienie, HMeHHO

BH)J,tJIH, ROCBeHHO no,n;TBepiK,n;aeTca 113MimeHilI B'h a30TUB'1 oRpylRaIOIIl,HX'1 HX'h yrJIepo-

npn

ROTOPhlX'1 IlH'ITOlRIlblJl

,n;aIOT'b Ha'IaJIO OOa'lHTeJIbHbIM'b H3MtIleHilIM'b MorYIIl,ia nO~TBep,J,lITb ee. CJIOlReHHhlHCTOr'h ctna. OCTaJIOCb eme

,IIHCTbIX'h coep;HHeHillX'h. 3p;tC1 me MbI rrpfIBep;e~{'b eme p;Ba KOCBeHHbIH,IIORa3aTeJIbCTBapa3xapaRTepa, ctnt O,J,HO ll3'h TaRHX'b ~ORasaTelhCTB'b p;aeT1. KOJIH'IeCTBO nporoCOIIpO-

npesaeapeseaao
ECJIH B'h B'b Ramp;oil:

p;OCTaTO'lHOe )l;J111XlIMH'IeCRoil: peaKIl,iu

BO!l;hl, TO Ha'IHHaeTCH ruaaaa

paaroaeaie nporeaaons, U3'h ROTOPblX'b COCTaBJleHa aeprsaa RJItTO'IRt; paasoaeaie 3TO BhI3bIBaeT'h paaroaenie yrJIeBOp;OB'b,
yrJIeRlICJIarO rasa H TeIIJIOTbI, IIOCJIt,n;nlIli anoraa MOlReT'b

nOlRAaIOIIl,eeClI oripaaoaaaiem,

paaaanaerB'b namenaTaR'b

ca B'b 'raROM'b OOJIbmOM'h KOJIlI'IeCTBt, 'ITO erori, HieM'b flIIIOTe3LI MoryT'h CJIylRllTh YR3saHnhIe pHTeJIbHOM'b RaHMt, He3Ha'lfITeJIbHhllI n B'b r;J;t lIM'ilen

aaropsnca.

).LpyrHM'b no,n;TBeplR)l.e-

paa'se

IIpOIl,eCCbI, upoaororanne

MtCTO B3aUMO)l.tncTBie 3THX'b !l;BYX'h KJIaCCOB'h BeIIl,eCTB'1: HaXOAlIIIl,fIXCJI RaK'b 13'1 CJIOHt, OOJIbmnX'bKOJIlI'IeCTB'1 YCTOHnpa-

Ii01H'IeCTBa a30TllCThIX'b ooenmeain,

ceapers

llOi\lReJIy,n;O'lHOH lReJIe3b1,Bhl3hlBaIOT'b upespameaia 'ITO R3Ta00.l1lI'Iecuill II3MtHeHill, H3MtHeHiH, B'b

'IIIBhlX'h yrJIeB();J;OB'1. TaRlIM'b OOpa30M'b MhI Haxo,n;fIM'b HtROTOPbIlI ROCBeHHhIll IIOATneplR,n;enill, yotm,n;aIOIIl,iH aacs, Ilopom;J;aIOIIl,ill MyCRyJIbnyIOaaeprno, RpynH111I Ha,n;.1lelRaT'1 R'b TOil: nareropia

3hlBaIOTCli He3Ha'lHTe.1IbHhIMHpaarcaealaaa

§ 23f.

llpOTeHHOB'1 1).

xoroport

paaaoaeaia

yr.leBo,n;OB'1 BbI-

3,n;'llCh oy,n;en

y,n;OOHO YRaaaTb aa O,llHy OOIIl,YIO 'IepTY B'b opraaasania

mH-

1) 8TO TOJIROBaHie C'lIlTaeTClI nacnpoaeprnyrsnrr, T'BMb, 'ITO conepacaste )TJIeBO,n;OBbBb Mycr;YJIaXb .aocrnraerr, TOJIhRO 1, ;:,BC1>:XbTBep,llhlXb neniecrm.. He rrommaio, ICaRb MOjReTb TOTb .paRTb 6hlTh COrJIaCOBaHb Cb I\IITHpOBaHHhIMb Ha:llH ua CTp. 46, YOJIojReHieMb M. Poster's, 'ITO vTJIOjReHie rJIHIWreHa Bb rre'leHH II MYCKy.~aXb MOjReTb 6hlTh cpaBHIIBaeMO Cb I\eHTpaJIhHhIMb 6aHKOMb II ero OTi'l:-BJIenilIMll.

METAIl0.'llI3!1'b.

49

BOTHhlX'b, B'b BH"J,y eft Rpuii.He 3HalIeHUTCJbHarO II XOTH eme OOJrBe ROCBCHHuro 3HU'lCHiH ,lI,lIa IlH'fepeCYIDm,aro RMb

sonpooa.

C'b H3BilcTHOii. TO'lRff 3P1JHiH, lKHBOTHOCanraerca

MR'b

OhI

annapaTOM'b ,lI,lIll YBCJIR'leHiH aneprin:

TaK'b, B'b HCM'b cym;eCTByeT'b ~ilJIhIii. pll,ll,'b npacnocoriOOlIblJIee ROlIH'leCTBO ,ll,BlIlKeHilI. MeXaHll'IeCKlIM'b UYTeM'b, B'b CBH3n C'b nepn<peTtlIOM'b, OOJ1hIlIee

:leBiii., nocpe)J,CTBOM'bROTOpblX'b MHHHMUJ1bHoe ROJIII'leCTBO ;J,BHlKCHiH)J,ueT'b Ha'ialIO OOJIhlleMY ROJIH'leCTBY )J,BHlKeHiH, a 3TO IIOC.Jlil,ll,Hee rrOpOlKiI,aeT'b eme HtltOTOPblll H3'b 3THX'b npuonoccrueain ;l,pyrilI XHMlI'IeCRllM'b. OCOObllI HeOOJIhmill oopa30BaHill-OCH3aTeJlbHhIll pII'IeCKHMll \}KOll.'IaHillMH npIIl{aCaIDm;HMCll K'b KOlKt, ,ll,aB:leHie, 'ItM'b IICrrOJIHHIOT'b osoe aaaaaxeaie Ttllb~a-CTOllm;ill

OCH3aTelIhll.hIX'b HepBOB'b, OY'l,YQHpa3,ll,palKael.Ihl BCllKllM'b rrpOII3BO,ll,HT'baa upuJIelKam,ia HepBHblli BOJIOKHa ropasso MlirKali

TO, RaROC MOrJIa OhI ueperan,

Tl{aHh; II TaKllM'b OOpa30M'b 3Tll npnIIJUI YChI, KOlJIa'IbH1'b aa paacroaaia->-

cnOCOOJIell.ill YBeJIII'lHBUIDT'b ClUY, llpOU3BO,ll;1lm,YIO om,ym,eHie. Vibrissae, nopO)!,'b UMtIDT'b ll,tlIhID ,!l,alIhHtii.lJIee ycoaepmescrsoaaaie HapYlKHal! 'IaCTh Ram,ll,oii. Talwii.

ocasaala->-

ocasaaie

II npe)l,CTaBlIllIDT'b1I3'hceria oOJIte COBeplJIeHll.hIlI pOpMhl oro iKe rana, RaR'b OCl!3aTelIbHbIlI TtlIh~a. < r m,eTlUlRII lIBJIlleTClI MR'b ObI )l,JIflHHhIM'b nJIe'IOM'b phl'Iara, npUKOCHOBeHieBHtllHeii. HII3llHX'b qacm a BHYTpeHHal! ero IWpOTKIIM'b nJIe'IOM'b. l103TOMY caaee xersoe 01;OH'laHie U TtM'b YCUlIIma'fh BUe'IaTJItHie.

K'h Kal;OMY-lIUOO npe,ll,Mery 3aCTaBJlReT'b BHYTpeHHiii. ltOHe~'b ClIlIbHO Ha)J,aBJIllBaTh Ha nepaaoe

Bs

CJIYXOBblX'bopraaars

TUllOB'b B'b

conpUROCHOBeHiH C'b CJIYXOBblMU HepBaMU HaXO,ll,l!TCli 'faR'b nO,J,ueprallCh l,ll;apaM'h 'ltM'b TO, uanoe

uaauaaeaue

OTOJlIITbI,

soropue,

C,lYXOBhIX'bBOlIH'h, Uepe,ll,aIDT'b nepBhIM'b OOJIte CHJIhHOeBIIe'laTJl'ilHie, B'J, MlIrKyID OTHOCUJIllCb BhlCllHX'b TllUOB'b cymecTByIDT'b OOJIte BhlpaOOTaHHbIli UPlI-

ORU nOJIY'IUJIU ObI, eCJIll QhI UX'b KOR~bI OhIJIU npOCTO norpYlKeHhI B03,l1,YIlIHhlX'bBuopan;iii.. COC'fOIIT'bU3'b upomesmm,

TKaHh; B'b CJIYXOBblX'bopraaaxs cnocooJIeHili

,lI,JIl! YCIlJIeHia ,lI,tlicTBia CilT'laTKa raaaa

Bet

3TH npnaspu

K'b YCUJIeniID MeXaHlI'leCRUrO ,ll,tliCTBill, JIlIpRarO ,lI,tii.CTBil!.

a Teuepb nepefl~eM'h R'h

C.lIY'Ia1UI'bYCllJIeHia MOJIeRYnaJIO'leR'b U KOHYCOB'b,raTaR'b RaK'b ,Il,iaMeTp'b aa ,ll;OJIIO

RnM'b OOpa30M'b pa3Mtm,eHHblX'b ,lI,PYr'h OKOlIO~pyra, B030ym,ll,aThCll OT,lI,tJlhHblMU 'IaCTJlMU U300pameHill narosem. ltam!\oll He npeaumaers
1/10,000

'ITO Kam,ll,al! lI3'b HllX'b MOmeT'b nopoaas ,'I,aHHarO npejjrera,

,ll,IDHMa, TO 3<pnpHoe Ro:'IeOaHie, npmorsmeeca nearpa

lIS'b HUX'b, MOmeT'b np01l3BeCTU TOJIbRO oe3KOHe'l1l0 Ma.'10e IWJIHqeCTBOU3MilHeHifI, lIJIH ,Il,ame ,ll;JIl! MOJIeRYJI'bnezymaro R'b HeMY nepsaaro BOJIORHa. Ho HenOCpe,Il,CTBeHHO

He)!,OCTaTO'IHoe,no Bceii. BilpOliTHOCTU, ,II,.ilJ!B030ylK,ll;eHili nepsaaro rrpeo,Il,oJIilHill naepnin BOS.lIt cilT'IaTI{J! pacnoraraeroa lIeiKan

JIaIDT'b OT'b ceria BOJIOIWH~a, 0T'b ClIOl! esrrama, ycuJIcHia rasoe norysaerca

CJIoii. aepmrnrem, R'b ROTOPbIM'bnaJIO'IKU II ROHYChI noonnoaain me 3TUX'b CJIOeB'b, na paacroanin OROJIO1/100 i\IOliMa ranraioaaaa KJ1tTRn; B'b RalR,II,OHU3'b HUX'b MaJIillilJIee paaapaTaRHM'b nYTeM'h e/l,llHU'IHarO HJIll /l,IlOHHOro BOlIORlla, coemaennaro H <PYHRn;in opraH a OHO B'b

meHie MOiKeT'b Bbl3BaTh OOJIbWee paazpaseaie; cs 3pHTeJIbHblM'b nearpoa». lPII3ioJIoriH, a He 3HaID. ConOCTaBJIlIa nepsue MOmeT'b OblTb )l,OBe,Il,ell'b B'b $n3iolIOrlI'IeCIiiH UarlIl!,II,HO. noropoe MHil

CII.~a, ,Il,OCTaTO'IHaJ!II,.'IJ! B036YlR,ll;eHiJ! nepnaaro , aaraerca

RameTCR, 'ITO aa OCHOBaHin c!poeHill

TOJIIWBaHie 3pHTeJIhHaro nponecca

npaB)I,OrrO,Il,OOllhIM'b; rpIIHRTO-JIll r

CJIY'IaH, T. e. YCIIJIeHilI MeXaHll'leCRoii.

MbI

oarsr, C'b llOClIil,Il,HllM'bCOBeplJIeHCTBa 3TO O'IeHh MOiKeM'b Ha3BaTh, ,,06m,iii.

ycuJIer+ie XHMH'leCRarO i\tJtCTBill,

yBU;J,IIM'h, AO naaoro arors,

3Ha'lnTeJIbHUrO

opramrsaf

RaK'b Mbi ero

Epanae He3Ha'IUTelIbHoe OROH'laHilIX'b nopoanaen, rpoaamoe

npiexs" .

1t0HBYJIhCUBHOecOi\paraHie

rrpu YROJIt nouaaaaaers

IiOJIUqeCTBO MOJeRYJIl!pHhIX'b 113MtHeHiii. B'b nepnasm, KO.'lU'IeCTBO MOJIeKYJIl!pHbIX'b H3M'i>HeHiii. B'b MYCRYJIt,

ROH'lUeTCJI MaCCOBbIM'b ,Il,BlliKeHim!'b.

Gcorieano

acao

3TO MomHO

Ha61IID,ll,UTb ua

06'beKTaX'b, Y ROTOPhIX'h CllHHHOil: M03r'b HaCTOJIbROnoapeaaeas,

'ITO He rrpOBO,Il,UT'b60JIblJIe

om,ym,eHiil:, ncrrblTblBaeMblX'b HUiKHIIMU KOHe'lHOCTlIMU,K'b rO.loBHOMY M03ry; npu 3TUX'b yCJIOllian YROJI'b cTynHH nee lKe BhI3blBaeT'b KOHBYJIhCUBHYroi-\tlITeJIbHOCTb B'b Horil, U )l,aiKe 60JIile pt3RYID, qtM'b KOr,1(a OHa conponoauaeroa om,ym,eHicM'b; TaR'b RaR'b He3Ha'lHTeJIhHblll
CIIEHCEP1:>.~ OCHOBAHIH mOJIOrIH.

50
MOJehplIpHWI 6hlTh HecoMHllHHo naasaema

)l,ARHhIll B'h HepBHhIX'h rrpOU30HTII 06;raCTlIX'h

BIO~OnlI lIPOH3BO,J;U'lIhIil npn )hOJIO)['h, II He Mor)T'h MYCKYlJa, TO aTO YBClIU-

oaomamars,
YBe'lU'leHle CUlIHHoro

KOJIH'leCTBeHHO panna )l,OlJAtHO 6hIlJO B'h T'llX'h rrp01I30IlIJIO

,n;BIIJKeHIIO, 06HapYlRITBaIOm;eMYClI M03ra,

oospanremn )l,BIIAteHlll,

B'h KOJIlI'leCTBil oTKy)I,a

setne

nOChlJIaTOTCJI pe~JIeKTOpHhle 'ITO nponecos YBe 111no

CTnMphI qeEllI 06I11elI

K'h MYCKYJIaM'h K'h sonpocy 0 Mera60 1I1I3M E, 'l!hl MOlReM'h BU)I,'llTh, MhI paH'lle C'h )l,PynuIII eme II noanpamaacs ~II3IOJIoru'leCI{lnHl He npIIMtnJIJIIICh CUJIhl, CYIIIeCTBOBaHie aoroparo npe)l.rrOJIOlhUJIlI B'h ~[YClqJ'll, nponeccaun B'h K'h TOMY BpPMeHlI, OKa3aJICll

Boanpamaacs
cpanaeme, lRe~I'h 6hl, anars

CBoeH rrpIIpo,n;'ll

aaa 1I0rUqeH'h B'h

C)I,EJIaHHOe HaMlI B'h 60JI'lle MhI BhlCTp'll'lIIlJlI B'h nponeccaas, 1I3'1!EHeHlll aTII

§ 15

Ilpoxozaaa
MhI MOauh'h rrp01I30IlI10 IIlICTOH'h cpanneme

KOr)l,a ;J;eTOHaTophl,

ynorperitaarmeca cpaaanrs 6hl B3pblB'h eCJIU 6hl

MeJIKOM'h OPYlhlIl, npoueeos 1I6'h rrIICTO'reTa MhI BU)I,lHI'h, 1I3M'llHeHlll

ap-amopur,
soropoo IIYUU.II no

~[eTa60JIII'leCKIH nIICTOJIeT'll,

B'h MYCI{YJI'll C'h llBJIeIlIeM'h, B'h sanars B'h 3aplllReHHOH pa3pll)I,'h UyIlIK1l IIpII~['llHJIJI

a IIUCTOJIeT'h

MYCKYllhHhlM'h MO'leh) tapana nepnaua HIe

'ITO HepBHhIH

Bhl3hIBaeT'h

HeaHa'iIITe'IbHhIJI paCIIpOCTpaIIeHhI 1I3'1!ilHe)r1epo,n;a, II30MeTe'Isnaaa MecneCTOllT'h

B'h HeYCTOHqIIBhIX'h nporeaaaxs, BhI3hlBaIOT'h cpern arOM'h, ropaam

Cpe)l,lI KOTOPhlX'h 601IhIlIee npoaasoza

OKOH'laHIlI,

~IOJIeKYJllpHOe OKlIC1eHle IIX'h

B'h FJeBO)l,ax'h,

;J;II~~YH)I,lIPYTOIIII!X'h npu Bem;ecTBE

MYCh)JIa, nponaaomrs

HahoHe~b, pasecua) neparypu

TerrJIUTa, oCB060ih,n;aeMall B'h cOhpaTIIMOM'h

npenpamenm

(B'llPOllTIIO,

MYCI{}JIhHhIX'b

BOJIOhOII'h, aTO rrOClJ'll;J;IIee rrpe,'l;rrOJIOAteHie rro,J;HHTlJI II narema HarrpKI['llp'h, B'b COlIII Menzel'a

rrO,'l;TBeplRi\aerClI

lI3B'llCTHhIMU HaM'h clJyqaJI}IlI, 3,'l;'llCh II3JOJlteHle*-'lTOrO <paRThI, McaIOIIIICciI

Iwr,n;a HeaHa'illTeJIbHbIlI 1I3M'llHeHlll, MEcTaMII

BhI3hlBaIOT'h rrepeM'llHHhlll

II30MepnqeCKlH sonpoca,

JaI{uHqIIBaJI Han60 'I'lle Ta60.IIH3!f'b oonne

CJIlIUlhOM'h OTBJIeqeHHOe II COqIlHeHllI, B'b ero dJIOM'h

,n;aIOIIIee B'h rrOi\p06HOCTII, 3aKJIIO'laeT'h

HecooTB'llTcTBYTOIIIlll

xapasrepy

ncero II'lH

Mhl YKameM'h

~IeTa60.II1I3,ra

P::13C~rarpHBae!fhIfl

na lIepBOM'h !fileT'll KJIUCC'h

aHa6olJlIQeChle, B'b reseme

C03II,'l;aTeJIbHble, nponecou,

ma 1hHO xapaKTeplI3YIOIIIle KaTa60JHQeCKIC, B01HhlXb, qaIOIIIeeca MHO,heCTBO CTIYJlte6Rbnm

paoreara,
KOTOPblX'h

aTIIX'h

nponeccom,

y)I,aphl 3~IIPHhIX,)) K1aCC'b JltII(3aK'lIOlI3M'llHiIeTcH rrpOIICXO)l,lIT'h lIBJIllIOTCll pacrema HO B'h

BOJIH'h ChOlIlJlIIOTCll B'h C.lIOlRHhlX'h HeycTon:'lIlBbIX'h HJIII pa3pYIIIHTeJIhlIhle, B'h reseme nponecca,

MOJIeKpaX'b

Ha

BTOPOM'b lRe MilcT'll

Cne~IUTIhHO XUpaI{Tep1I3YIOIIIle ,n;ocTaBJIlle~IOH pacTeHlHMII) KpO!f'll lIpll nsnne ') roro, <lTOMb npoueccom.,

1I3MilHeHlll, B'h IIIIIIIE

uasnmeunoe

MOJIeKYJIllpHOe ,J;BfIlReHle

1I0Cpe)l,CTBeHHo II HeIIOCpei\CTBeHHo COCraBJIllIOIIIee pa3Ho06pa3HhIX'h haTa6oJIII'leCKUX'h cym,ecTBeHRhIMlI

B'h MaCCOBoe ;I,BlIlReHle, 'laCTHhIA'h uaoro

,n;ilJlTelJbHOCTb jKIIBOTHbIX'h 'deTa60JIII'leChHX'h npo~eCCOB'b, llBJIllIOTCll npoueccoas-

KOTOPhIe

,ll.llll ,Il,ByX'h rllUBHbIX'b

Bl,IIlIeYKa3uHHblX'b

nponcro.nm,

a B'b mIlBOTHOM'h -

aHa60 lJII'IeCKIIX'b,

BO BCJ!hOMb clJY'fa'll

Jl.Ba, YRu3aHHble

') Ilpe.ane 'I'B'I1'b IIOCTaBlITh TO'll'.), 1I II03BO'IlO ce6t CKa3aTh 'ITO B'b aacroanree apexa Y'IeHl6 0 'I1eTaOO'IH3M'Berne HaXO,llHTClI B'b xaorasecxoa CTa.II:lH, H 'ITO caxsre pacrrpocrpaneaaue BhIBOiJ;hIHYlK,lIaIOTClI B'b OIIbITHOii:IIOB'BPR'B B'b ,L(oRa3aTeJIhcTllo He06XO,llHMOCTII IIhITHOII IIOB'BPKH MOlKHOIIpHBecTH aHOMa1JhHhHI O paKT'b .J:o'Iro ,lIeplKa'IOCh MH'BHle, 'ITO lKeJIaTHH'b, haK'b IIHrn;eBOII IIP0.II:YRT'b, He HM'BeT'b n;'BHhI,II XOTlI reneps ero C'IliTaIOT'b I1'BHHhIM'b, TaK'b haR'b OH'b arpaer-s TY ,he POJIh, RaR'b lKHpbI HJIII yr-resoznr, onnaao ,lIO CHX'b IIOP'b ,lIeplKHTClI y6'BlK,lIeHle, 'ITO OH'b He BbIIIOJIlIlIeT'b CTpyRTypHhIX'b I1'BJIeii: (IICKJIlO'IalI IIOCTPoJlhii H'BhOTOPhIX'b He.II:'BlITe1JhHbIX'b KaHeii:), 8TH paRTbI coraaT CYIOTClIC'b ero COCTaBO'l1'b 6~,:(y'IH OTHOCHTeJIhHO CTOHRIIM'b a30THCThIM'b cocnanemews, OH'b He rrparo.rcm, ,lI'IH T'BX'b WYHRIIlii:, icama BbInOJIHlIIOTCHB'b MYCR~ 'Iax'b II .II:pyrIIX'b TRaHHX'b HeCTOHhHMII a30THCTbIMli coep;IIHeHllIMII Ho eCJIII 8TO npencraaaeme cnpaaenJIIIBO, TO He06xo.II:H'I1bIM'bC1J'B,lICTBle1\{'b ,lIOJIlKHOqBIIThCH npennono.seme, 'ITO Bern;eCTBO BOJIOC'b, IIepCTII, nepses-s II P;PyrIIX'b ROJKHhIX'b I 06pa30BaHlH, XHMII'IeCRII rro,ll06mfe aceJIaTHHY II ente 60JIBe CTOlIKGe,,lIO'IlKHO6hITh CTOJIh)he, IIJIII enre 60'I'Be, HenIITaTeJIhHhIM'b, KaK'b H lKe'IaTHH'b '{TO lKe B'b TaROM'br'IY'laB Ha,110 MaTh 0 JIH'IHHRaX'b MOJIH,ROTOPbIH ':(J

IIPlIB.lH3IITE.1hHOE IIOHHTIE 0 mll3HU.

51

r .IABA
ITPHOJIH3HTeJIbHOe

IV 1).
nOHHTie 0 .iRH3HH.

§ 24.

JIll~aM'h, npllHllMalOm;llM'h oomee Y'leHie OO'h3BOJIIO~ill, e;J;BaJIll Ha,ll;OYRa3hIBaTh, B'h I1PHPO,ll;t. RJlaCCll$llKa~iH, n pacnonaraem, :lT0

'ITO BCeB03MOmHhlliR.'laCCII(fmRa~ill HBJIHIOTCHyO'heRTIIBHhIMll C npe,ll;CTaBJIeHiHMll He llMtlOT'h H aOco.1IOTHhlX'h, OOTBtTCTBYIOm;UX'h C llM'h paarpaaaseain IIpIICrrOc06JIeHie, rrpn noxomu xorra Mhl soroparo MhI OrpalllI'lllBaeM'h npe,ll;MeThI,

nO,J,JlelRam;ie llarueMY 1I3l'leHilO, I! TtM'h CaMhlM'h06JIer'laeM'h name MhllIIJIeHie. 1103TOMY-TO,

nuraesca

onpe,ll;tJlllTh Ht'lTO C.l!OlRHOe IIJIII 0606m;uTh 60JIte HJII! MeHte C.llOlRHhle CROJIhRO bI HaMtpeBaJIUCh, mn, 06paTHO, OCTaBJlHeM'h M 'ITO-JII!60

<PaI(ThI, HmI'h pt,ll;RO y.n;aeTcJI 36'BlKaTh O,ll;HolI1I3'h ,n;llyX'h 0IIIll60R'h: Mhl lI.lIlI IlI{JIIO'laeM'h B'h u olIpe.n;t.lleHie 60JlhllIe roro, 'It}l'h II B'h noncaaxs :J,'lueHie, noropoe I;ar;'h pan BHt 0lIpeAtJIeHiJl1l3'h roro, 'ITO,n;OJIlRHOhl.110 'h Hero BOttTl!. To O B

me sarpymeaie

BCTptTI!M'h MhI e.

sa onpe,ll;t.lleHHhl}I'h nOI!llTieM'h 0 mmlHH: HaM'h oy,n;eT'hTpy)l,HO HattTH onpeORa3aJlOCh6hl He CJIHIIIROM'h yaRllM'h II He C.'IHlIIRml'h lIIUPOKlBI'h, T. nesnoria n3'h JIy'IlIIe nOCTOHTh aa ceria, 'ItM'h COBeplIIeHHoeonpezsreuie. ecrs CTpeMJIeHie R'h llH,iI,llBU,II;yaJI1I3a~ilI. Ben Ho CTOllT'h TO.llhRO RameTCJImr'illOm;efI Ma.110aaaxeaia. ocraasuna. C.'l,tJIaHHhIX'h paate 1I3C.llt,llYH, B'h ROTOTpe60BaHiH,

,n;OCTaTO'IHhlM'h. B3rJlllHeM'h oaasaaa na Tt ROTOPhlHMoryn

onpersreain,

I;ahOM'h ornomeaia

OHH OIW3hlBUIOTCJI He1l;0CTaTO'IHhlMll, Mhl yBlI,ll;llM'h Tt rnnopars, 'ITO )!(ll3Hh

phIM'h ;J;O.lImHO y,J,OBJIeTBOpllTh0Jlte 6

Illeaman.
cepseaaaro Hmn saerca

JI3Y'IeHill 3Ta $op'ly;ra

IIOCMOTptTh, HaCROJlhRO OHa oCBtm;aeTcli $aRTaMu C'h TO'lKH 3P'BHiH ell

pa3BUTiJi 11 HaCKOJlhROonpaanr-

rrplI COIIOCTaB.1eHin HJI31IIUX'h<pOpM'hmU3HlI C'h BhlClIIIIMII, II }Ihl rroilMeM'h BCIO ea

BhIpa3IlTeJIhHOCTh,ocorieaao YI;a3aHo (OCHOBHhIli Hasasa,

§ 56),

BMtCTIIMOCTII. O,il,HaRO,RaR'h OHpe,ll;tJleHiH }!OmHO cAtJIaTh

yme

6hIJIO

rrpOTHB'h aroro

nospaae-

Hill OT'laCTll na TOM'h OCHOBaHin,'ITO OHOOTHOCHTCH CTOJIhI{O $yHR~ioHa!lhHhlM'h U3MtHe K'h HeHiJIM'h, cOCTaB.'IlllOm;llM'h iKn3Hh, Cl\O.'lhKOl\'h cTpyInypHhIM'h JI3MtHeHiHM'hTtX'h arrperarom, xarepin,

soropue

rrpOllBJIHIOT'h iKU3Hh; a OT'IaCTll aa TOM'h OCHOBaHiu, 'ITO OHO BRJIIO'IaeT'h He BXO,n;HT'h HB.1eHifl, ROrass, HunpIIMtp'h, sa

B'h nouarie

mI!3HII 60.'IhIllOe 'II!C,10 JlBJIeHiil, IWTOPblH C'h 06hI'lHoil TO'lRll apsnia

B'h 3TO noaarie;

spacraamsania.
(Richerand): "mU3Hh, 3TOcoripanie Orrpe,ll;'B.lIeHHUrO BpeMeHH B'h opraanao:lT0 onpe)l,t.'IeHie paBHO npHMt-

I1pOTI!B'h onparaienia TOphIll c.lIt,il,YIOT'h,ll;pyn BaHHOM'hTt.'It" HIIMOK'h rnieaiio, -

Pnsepama

.n;pyrOM'h B'h reseaie

MO:KHOC;J,t.llUTh$aTa.'lhHOe sospaaeaie: npOllcxO;J,Hn(eMY B'h

opranaaaf

nOCJlt CMepTII. I'aienie Tome npe,i\CTaB.lIlleT'h

eyII(eCTByIOT'h OP;HII~l'h II3'h STHX'h BeII(eCTB'h II IIo.:ryqaIOT'h H3'h HIIX'h BC'B T'B neycron'lHBbIlI a30TIICTbIlI cocaaaema, ROTOPbIlI HeOUXO~II:\ibI .J;JIH IIOP;,i\eplKaHiH IIX'h lKlI3HII II P;JIlI paanaria TRaHeli. lImI RaR'h lIWlKeM'h MbI OU'hlICHIITb IIHTaHie RHIIlKHaro 'IepBJI: ,J;eplKaCb B'h nonro CJIelKaBIIIIIXCH JIIICTaX'h UYMarH, OH'h He HaXO,'l;IIT'h IIHoli a30TIICToJI IIIIII(II, RpOM'B ron, RaRaH 3aRJIIO'laeTCH B'h BbICOXIlleM'h K:lelicTep'B, ROTOPbIli HBJIJIeTCJI o,J;Holi II3'h iJI0PM'h JKeJIaTIIHa, IIJIII, HaROHe~'h, B'h ItaROIi 1>OPM'B IIOJIY'laeT'h HeOUXO,i\IIMOe ROJIII'leeTBO a30TIICTaro BeII(eCTBa .:rII'lIIHRa lKYRa, zoropaa IIpO'B,'l;aeT'b OTBepCTilI B'h CTo.:r'BTHeM'h epy6JIeHHOM'h nepens.

1) 3Ta r.rana, BM'BCT'S C'h ,i\ByMH C:l'BP;YIOII(II)[II, BIIepBbIe ubI.:ra IIOM'BII(eHa B'h III 'laCTII IIepBOna'laJIbHarOII3,i\aHiJI Ocnonauln Llcaxonoi-ln (1855): COCTaBJIHH BCTYIIJIeHie, XOTlI II He06xop;IIMoe ,'l;JIJI pa3B11BaeMOIi TaM'h apryaearania, STII nraBbI Bee lKe JIBJIJIJIIICb 'l'BM'hTO BBOP;HbIM'h. Tam, ImR'h rerreps MbI IIM'BeM'h p;1;.:r0 cnaxaaa C'h 06Il~ef[ HaYlwli Bionorten II 3aT'BM'h y*e C'h OOJI'Be 'laCTHoli IICIIXOJIorieli, TO STII r.ranu !\IOryT'h 6bITb IIO)r'BII(eHbI B'h l\OOTB'BTCTBYIOII(eM'h M'BCT'B.

4*

52
U3'b Ce61I "c06paHie xeaaaro

,Ii,AHHhllI BIO.~OrIlI. lIBJleHiil:, ROTOPhIlI CJlt!lYWT'h ..'Ipyr'h aa ,n:pyrOM'I> B'I> reseaie orpaan-

no

spexeaa B'I> OpraHU30BaHHOM'!>Tt;!'!;". MHimiIO )l;e-BJleHBIIJlJlfI (De-Blainville),

"iKU3Hb ecrs a B'h

,n:Boil:Hoe BHyTpeHHee .n;BII3TO nonarie B'L .n;pymx'I> CJlUIlIROM'I>IDIfsoropue

iKeHie coemnema

n pa3J10iKeHilI, O)l,HOBpe~leHHO oomee II nenpepuaaoe". ORa3bIBaeTClI CJlIIlIIROM'I>Y3Rmn,

H1lROTOPhlX'I> orncmeaiars

pORUM'!>. C'I> O)l,HOil:CTOPOHbI, OHO BbIpamaeT'I> TO.1bRO Tt H HepBHyIO ¢lYHRn:iII, KOTOPhllI COCTaB.lIllIOT'b Han60Jlte' nareropin ueccu xoropue lReRill, nnrerpania II )l;e31IHTerpan:in, noropae nponeocu,

lKH3HeHHhle nponeccsr,

qlll3io.1!OrII 0603IIa'IaIOT'I>, KaK'b BereTaTIIBHYIO lKH3Hb, II BOBce He YKa3hlBaeT'I> na MyCKy.lIbHyro 3UMtTHhlll p. HaII60.1(te xapaarapaua HO CTOJlb iKe lKII3HeHHbIX'I> JlBJleHifl. C'b )l,pyroil: CTOPOHhl, OHO nponcxomnne

onacasaers

He TOJlbRO rt npo-

npOHCXO)l,lIT'I> B'b iKHBOM'b TtJlt,

XOPOIliO BblpaiKae'l''h II oaaonaeaaae omospeaeaao

B'I> raJlbBaHU'IeClwi1

oarapes,
II pa3.10-

TOlKe rrpe)l,CTaBJlllIOT'I> c060i1 ,,)l,BOflHOe BHyrpeHHee )l,BlIlKeHie ooemaeaia oomee II nenpepaaaoe". 1I Ca~l'I> npe,.'(:IOlKHJI'b onpell,tJIIITb lKHaHb ,n;pyrOM'b MtCTt

Bt
XBi1CTBiii"

RaK'b "lwop.n;HHan:iro

1).

I'asoe

orrpe,rrt.leHie

HMteT'b HtROTOPWI rrpeIIMYII1eCTBu. OHO BR.1IO'IaeT'b BCt 1I3MlmeHiil:, ROTOPWI 06HapYiKlIliO-

opraauseoaia

II3MtHeHill,

npOIICXOJl,llII1ill BO BHYTpeHHOCTllX'h, B'I> ROHe'IHOCTllX'b II B'b M03ry. ~!HOlKeCTBOHeOpraHlI'leCRIIX'b npII3RUR'b lKll3RlI, HO 06HapyatIIBaIOT'b ell. CMCPTb,a aeconepmenaaa BbICTaBJlIll soopmaania-> HU3IIHIM'b UO
MbI pa6JlIO-

ORO lICK.'lIO'laeT'b rpoxamoe opmaanho, Ton 60Jt3Hb.

BaIOT'b He3HU'Iure.~bHyIO KOOp;(IIHan:iIO II.1JlI nonce RaR'b cncn:u¢llI'IeCKifr RpOMt roro, ¢laRT'b, 'ITO OCTaHOBRa ROOp,:l,IIHaIl,iu ecrs OHO rapaoanpyers ell cTyneHllX'b; npII opraHll3!.m,

3TO orrpe,n;t.~eRie 06HUMaeT'b C060IO H 06bl'IHbIMU rrpe,n;CTaB.nCHinMII lKU3HII 0 06HapYlKIIBaIOT'b TOJIbRO nesaasa-

C'b HallIlIMIl

aa paa.lll'IRblX'b

lWTopbIe Mhl npII'IIICJlllelll.'!> l{'b

ypOBHIO iKU3HH, OKa3b1BaIOTCll TtWJ Te.~bHyIO noopmaanho; ,J,UCM'b,'ITO noasnneaie meHieM'b B'b panrspaxr.

caMbIMU, soropue

3TOM'b, nO,J,HIIMallCb OT'b HIIX'b snron,

,:1,0'Ie.10BtKa,

ypOBHII iKII3HII nOCTOllHHO ccnposoaaaerca II C.lIomHOCTUROOP,'l,IIHUn:iII. Omaxo,

COOTBtTCTBYIOm,IIM'bOBbIn B03-

3TO orrpeJl,t.1CHie, RaK'b II paase ~romHO llCHO HH

npnBe,ll,eHHhllI, BK!lIO'IaeT'b C!lUmROM'b xaoro. BpaII1aIOII1IIMlICH ;J,BumeHihMII, C'b ell CI,a3UTb, 'ITO OHa TaRme 06HapyauIBaeT'b

COJIHe'IHOfi CIICTe~t C'b ell npaBIIJIbHO

ca~roypaBHOB'!;IlIIIBaIOII1IIMlICll rrepTyp6aI~inMU ROOp,ll,IIHan:iIO )l,ti1CTBli1. O,J,HaRo, RaR'b lKH3HII, RaK'b H u3MtHeHill, 0 lRU3HlI, ,RaK'b

6bI

,J,ORa3blBa.1HHaM'b B'b OTB.lIC'IeHiII, 'ITO ,J,BUiKeHie ruaaers

II IIX'b crrYTHIIROB'b C'b TaRIll\I.1,me npOlIcxo,n;llII1ill B'I> ero 06hIRlIOBCHHO iK1I3Hh-3TO )J,O.IIiKHbI npUHlITb, 'ITO

npaaom,

~!olReT'b 6blTb BR.~IO'IeHu B'b nouarie CTOllT'b BHt

HeUO,J,BII)ltHOM'b,He'IYBCTByIOII1eM'b BepHt, ,J,BlIiKeHili He6eCHbIX'b Tt.1'b

Mhl BO BCllROM'b CJY'Iat npeacrasaenia

IIOHnMUIOT'h II KaR'b Mbl 3.n;tCb ;J,0.1lKHblero POPMYJIHP0BaTb. OCTaeTCll eII1e ynoMllHyTb onpersreaie, BbICRa33HHoe.'IIOUCOM'bG. H_ (

Lewes):

pllJl,'b onpc!(t.'1CHUblX'b n rrOCJIt)l,OBaTeJIbHbIX'b u3MtHeHiil: RaR'b B'b crpoeain, KOTOPblll IlMtIOT'b MtCTO BHyTpn lIHJI,IIBU;J,YYMa,He opranaaas nenia npomraaers

TaR'b U B'b COCTaBt, IIMeHHO: 'ITO lRIIBOii CMtHY II

napjmaa

ero TOlR;J,eCTBeHHOCTH". Oc06eHHO

BalKHO IIOc.wB;J,Hee06CTOllTe.1bCTBO, bl;J,BnrueMoe onpe,:l,t.leHieM'I> Jhonca, B CYII1eCTBOBaTb,RaR'b Il,tJIoe, rrepeM'llII1eHie ero, '1acTeii. TITO jKe xacaerca U HepBHblX'b ,n;'llil:CTBiii, caxn Te.lJbHO3TO onparszeaie lRII3Hb RaR'b mlI3neHHblX'b meaie, He

HeC~IOTpn aa aenpepasano

OCTaJIbHorO, TO MomRO n03pa3UTb, 'ITO 113M'lluepanua ,J,'BlICTBill, a CJIt,n;OBaOIIpeJl,tJIlili II3'b sponeoopa-

B'b CTPYRTypt U COCTaBt, XOTlI U llB.'IlIIOTCli He06xo,J,IIMbIMII crrYTHfIRaMII MYCRYlIbHbIX'b CYTb MYCIty.1JbHblll 1I npercraareaic He BKJlIO'IaeT'b HaII60JIte 3Ta ¢lopMyJIa 3aMtTHbIli ,n:BUlKeHill, cs ROTOPblMll ca0 iKII3HII. 3aTtM'b, HaIIpIIMtp'b, nnraaie,

MbIM'b T'llCHbIM'b 06pa30M'b CB1l3blBaeTClI name

PRO'"

II3MtHenifi,

IIrHOpupyeT'I>' TOT'b ¢lUKT'b, 'ITO MHO rill

llBJIeHiii npOTeRaIOT'I>o,n;HoBpeMenHo: RaR'b,

,n;hIxaHie H BhI,n;tJIeHie cs lIX'b MHOrO'IllCJIeHHblMll no,n;pa3;J,tJIeHilllll.lI.

') C1I1:. Westminster npUOaBJIeHie A.

Review, April 1852. -

Art IV. A Theory of Population.

CM. TaKlKe

ITPIIBlIIJUTEJIbHOE IiTtlh'h, T01bhO ropan MbI BU)l;IIM'h, C'b TOil: IIJIlI 'ITO

nOUHTliI

0 JKU3Ul! onper na lneHIH no, 'ITO XOpOUIO BhIpalRaen RalRil:0e 1I3'b HIlX'b TtM'b 'ItM'b OTblChUTb $OPMYlI~,

53
lIdI3HB11JeTCH noHe }feHEe, numenpa) BII!l;Inf'b, OT'b

RtllR,1(Oe 1I3'h &TlIX'h lIn j)IoryT'b IIX'b OTBtTIITb

HCHHbIJI nB1eHIH 6bna

il:pyroll

CTOPOH'b, HO 'ITO

rrpU6JIH3J1Te1bHO BtPHbIM'b 6bI BO BCEX'], ,II,tllO B'b TO'll'b, MO)IWT'b 6b1Th, OiJ;HaRO, llIar'b

OTHOJlleHIJIA'b $OPMYlIY, 'ITO &TIl

6e3YhoplI3HeHHa, 601te oTBt'IaIOIIl,YIO

HeB03MOlKHO Tpe60BaHln~l'b, MbI II3~[tHeHInM'b

Bee Ate B03MO'lRHO rrOCTpOIlTb Bt')I,eHHbIH BaiRUyIO soropaa, ITO le3HO rO'IhIl Ha,!II oc06eHHOCTh,

orrpe,'lt~eHIJl BCtM'b BCt Ton

YUYChaIOT'b, RaR'h lKH3HeHHhIM'b OTJIU'IaeT'b ITOCpe,'l;CTBOM'b !(OCTIIlhUXO 0603Ha'IUTh

:lTO BChopt

rrpUC} IIl,YIO Bo06IIl,e 60JIte, 'ItM'b 'ItM'b AtIl3HIl, marOM'b

oc06eHHOCTb, If3MtHeHIH MbI HaM'b 6YleT'b rrOCTeueHHO renepenmea !(tJIae~raro !(albHtitJllllI lRII3-

il:P) na, llyn,

lKJl3HeHHblJI oeooeauocrs, xoreparo C'b,

HCMII3HeHHblX'b nono lJHneM'b name

npeane
sa

rrOil:P06HO

3Ty

rrpOCJItil:IITb

npexoraareme 06paSOM'b

HaCIW lIbRO :lTO

namen
halR/INO

spfaia,

TaKIIM'b rrOHlITIH

MhI 6YAeM'b nOHIIMaTb

He06xo)1;I1MOCTb

OrpaHII'IeHIlI RaR'b

II, B'b KOHI~E ROH~OB'b, rrOqYBcTByeM'b HC06xO)1;IlMOCTb C;I,t1aTb 'IepT'b, hOTOPbIlI RpallHe

01 pamnema

CaMblM'b y)1;06HhIM'h 'lIeTO)1;OM'b )1;1H BhI)1;tJIeHllI HeAtIlJHeHHOCTIf, BOCU01bsyeMcH cpaanemem, 06IIl,InI'b lRII3HII

OT'lII'IaIOT'b

Ht'HHOCTb OT'b

!(ByX'b

HeCXO!(HhIX'b BIl'ITO HBJIlIeTClI BI!;I,OB'b

,:J,0B'b lRII3HeHHOCTII

II no CMOTPIfM'b, B'b qCM'b OHII COrTlacYIOTcH ;l,O'llhHO 6bITb $opMaM'b

OqeBII)1;HO, TO,

C)IIl,eCTJleHHhIM'b CBOIICTBOM'b AtI!3HIl, ell UpI! O'IeBII)I;HO rasae, cpannema TtX'b BbI6paB'h pona HBJIeHill OT'b 'ITO 06IIl,ee ell,

CBOitCTBO'n, 6p;eTJ> aer-re

)l;11I JlCEn ncero

BCt'.f'b

oOIfapYlReHO seprs, T e

$OpM'h

ROTOPbllI

IIM'BIOT'b rrplI'lItp'b

scero

MeHte

06IIl,HX'h

HB l11IOTClI Hau60JIte

HeCXO)l;UbIMII

§ 25
npmlEp'b uae'I'b, UIlIIl,a Helb31I HeHl!I HOCTI! ~BErt, roro

1)
Rah'b un Tt'leCHOH Y'-lCTBeUHoIO, lhU3HU MbI I13MtHeHlll B'b TKaHlI, B'b raasa U MblJIllleHllI, rrpelR)1;e Ben 6e3'b scero haI,'h 3aMtaaasmaerca

aCCUMlIJIil~IIO, soropaa

lRU3HII,

'ITO 06a nepenra II

rrpe;l,CTaBJIllIOT'b B'b hPOBb, naiuea

ce611 nponeccu 9TO 0 6pOCaIOIIl,eeCll lR1I3HU

I13MtHeHIlI I13MtHeHI1I I13Mt'1b1 BIl)1;IlY'b B'b Tt.1a

He MOMeT'b I10naCTb (lOCTaBJIHeT'b

He MOlReT'b npesparnrsca

rrOCb]1l0K'b h'b 04!HOBY TtlJa

BblBO;'l;y

mea
Me

npoameme
B'b reaneparjps,

Bo06IIl,e I13MtHeHllI

ROHeqHo,

OeJ'IlICJIeHHOe '!HOMeCTBO I13nltHeHlll,

C'b hOTOPhIMII He CB1l3b1BaeTCil rrpe)1;CTaB'leHie 0 JKII3HeHTaRb haI('b U

Heopraaateoua B'b xapaarepf

Tt

rrOCTOlIHHO npereprrseasm,

arrperamn,

paatarasnmaca
a }Ie,'l'leHHhI He BlI;I,ll

opraaasecua 2)
n He 6pocaIOTCli

O;l,HahO, MhI )1;OJIlRHhI npnanan. HeO;J;YllleBJIeHHhIMU ueaia "hI 1 HI!

taaa ,
ero

1)
C)Tb

'ITO rposaaaoe

60lJbJllUHCTBO HB'leHlil:, He )1;IIHa'IIII'IeChllI, clyqaeB'b

rrpe)1;CTaBJIlleMblX'b 'ITO U3xtB'b

amema
3aMtqall

CTaTIIqeCRlll, BHe3aUHoe II, T~hlIM'b

HeO,lI;YJlleBJIeHHbI:\.'b TtJl'b 'ITO, C'b O)1;HOil: roponu, c rrplIllIlcaTb ClJlITaTb ero rOTOBbI

B'b 60JIbmnHcTBt ;l,BaTelIIO IICTIIHHali

rtaaa, 3)
b 1t,

;'I;BUlheHle Jl'b HeO,J;yJlleB.1eHHO'.f'b Tt'1t, )1;BlIlReHill B'b AtIlBOM'h 6bI 0 RaKm1'bB'b hahOM'b MbI 06pa30M'b, OqeBUi\HO, 'ITO hahOBbI

lRIlBOY)

oriparao,

Mbl rOTOBbI BII)I;t

~[epTBhI'II'b

6h!1[U )1;aJIbHtil:JIlllI 1I3'ltlIeHlil:

orpanmema,
UJIII I13'ltHeHIli

I1;1,eil 0 lRII3HII )1;OlIlRHa 6bITb II;'I;eeil: U MblJIlJIeHili oC'b ~tlbIO ll3MEHeHleM'b 3a&lIO'IaeT'b

m60

Cpasansaa
oTHomeHUI JaMtqaeM'b, HIe, raoraase, HahOHe~'b,

)1; 1]te a

aareata
B'b

aooaxaaama

onpersmrs,
06a

Ha6JIIO,'IaeMblll u3MtueHllI 06pa30BaHie

HUX'b u3MtueHllI

OTJIIIqaIOTCll OT'b U3'1rfmeHiu B'b TrmHb 06pa30BaHie noc'!t

UelRU3HeHHhIA'b, OHU Cyrb

'ITO 06a nponecca

He lIBJIllIOTCli ei\IIHlIqHbI'.f'b

ooeamensnu«

Ilpespameme
lllIIIl,eBoil: mnenia,

nnmn

B'b ce6t

noentspaaaonuaaero II,

haJllII~bI,

MJIeqHarO CORa, norromeme roro, RaR'b

pa3H006pa3.HbIJI

I!pOlICXO,\lIIIl,llI

CO)1;epIRIIMOe MJIe'IHblX'b

1) &fo M13cTO 3aM13HlIeT'h C060H TOT'b OTPhIBOh'h, KOTOPhIH B'h "OCHOBaHl5lX'h Ilcnxo'Iorm" OTHOCHTC5I K'h IIpe,J;hI.ZJ:YIlIeH rJIaB13 0 "MeTO,J;13 " r tB Yha3aHHhIH 3f:\13ch IIpleM'h II3CJI13.ZJ:OBaHl51 6hIJI'h BhI.D;BHHYT'h KaK'h MeTo,J;'h, hOTOPhIH .ZJ:OJIlKeH'h 6hITh CHCTe'IaTll'IeCKH BhIIIOJIH5IeM'h npn BhI6op13 rauorea-s 8Ta r.naaa 0 ,MeTO.ZJ:13" BKJIIO'IeHa B'h HaCT05lIllee BpeM5I BM'BCT13 C'h OCTaJIhHhIM'h MaTeph5l'IOM'h B'h TOM'h, 03ar'IaBJIeHHhIH "Pa3';[Il'IHhle OTPhIBKIl' (" Vanous Fragments')

54
nYTell n:Bnh BaIOT'h HieM'h saca noorynars B'h KpOBh. COCTOIlHiJI. oaoacma B'h

iI,\HHMJI

BIOJIOfm. ,J;OKa3aTeJIhCTBIt BCIIKOM'h Tpe6yeT'h He ,J;.~IlHHyIO npersaia;'l,ame 1I aa 06HapYlKIInOi\'h

Ilponerenie

KaKOrO-JII160 T'ima BO

COCTOIlHifi C03HaHill, aroro

KalK)I,Oe 113'h KOTOPhlX'h IIBJIlleTCJI peayn.raroxs

1I3M'imeHiJI

meCTBOBaBIIlaro

Heopraaaxecala
CIWJIhKO-JIII60 B'h reaneparyps, He roaopa B'h

CJIyqat

3Ha'lIITe.1hHOJI

CT€n€HH.

Ilpasra,

MeTeOpOJIOrH'IeCKHX'h npfjq!lH'h npeTepHtBaIOT'h II3MtHeHiJI Ho

HeO,'1;ymeBJI€HHMe npesxern B'h 06'heMt,

B'h reseaie

i\HJI H.l!ll

YCJIOBiJIX'h BJIalKHOCTlI lK1l3HeHHml'h pll;'l,hI aTMoctjJepHMX'h 3aMtTH1IJI,

3JIeRTpU'IeCKOM'h T'1lJlaX'h HiIlM'h,

aanpaaeaia,
IICHOCTll II KaK1

YlKe 0 TOM'h, 'ITO H3MtHeHiJI ClI'Bi\OBaHill, cBoiicTBeHHoll 'ITO 06pa3yIOT'h

B'h uecpraaaxecaars 113M1meH3MtHeHiii:. BJIiHHiH, (lTHMH miaH3MtHeHill. neopraaaseBJ,

mmeau

6hlC'rpOThl

3TH nocllt,I\HiJI npn

OT.lIH'IaIOTCJI eme TtM'h, H HemHBMJI, 60.1te (lTOM'h, RpOMt i\Pyrill, H3MtHeHie H3MtHeHiii,

oooaeO'tll/ble

JEUBMJI TtM, HO lKIIBh11l Ttlla HiIlMH, HTaK'h, caaro

TaK'h me

nO,I\BepraIOTCJI ,I\tii:CTBiIO II crporo 60JIte

HenOCpei\CTBeHHO BM3MBaeMMX'h 6MTh OT.1H'IHlifO

06HapymHBaIOT'h XOTIl opraamecxoe npHCYTCTBieM'h

MHOrOqnCJIeHHlIll

He Moa\eT'h

on

nOCJIt,I\OBaTeJIhH1IX'h tjJan, Bc1i i\pyrill H3MtHeHie, mH3Hh,

O;.!,HaKO ;KH3HeHHoe H3MtHeHiJI, ;KH3Hh, B'h npei\CTaB.1I1IOIII,ee rapxoaia TtM'h 3aMtTHte urn, 'ITO

113MtHeHie (lTO

;)TOM'h

OTHOIIleHiH C'lHTaTh ero

TaR'h CllJIhHO npeBOCXOi\Hn OTJIH'IHTeJIhHOii nepron. IIBJIeHiii:, 'ITO qtM'h 1I.1H 60JIte 1I3MtHeHiii. OT.lJlI'IaIOTCIl 1l3MtneHiii. eon, i\pyrIIMH C.lJOBaMH,opraHH3MOB'h

CBOii:CTBO MOlJlHO BMnOCJIti\OBaTeJIhHMe

TaRHM'h 06pa30M'h pll;.!,'h H3MtHeHiii.

nOCKOJIhRY MM ee rpy60 c060ii:

,I\tJIHJIH H3'h i\pyrHX'h tjJa3UChl IIlIH, B1IClIIHX'h 61lCTPll11 pJIi\'h XO,I\IITCIl TOT'h tjJaKT'h, H HH3IIlHX'h ll3MtHeIIiJI,

C'h (lTUM'h nOHJITieM'h na113MtHeHill. aanoaens, }Ihl

BMIIle

Ilpa
60JIte

cpasaeuia IIJIII 60:lte i\JIllHHllii:

MM HaXOi\IIM'h,

'ITQ nepnue

.06HapYlKHBaIOT'h

i\.lJHHHllI1 pJIi\'h 1I3MtHeIIiii:, HaMIl TUnnqHllM'h

60JIte

61lCTPhIX'h

Oripamaacs
'ITO jjm3HeHHhl1l rllX'h

CHOBa 1\'1 BM6paHHMM'h H3MtHeHill

oonoepeuewuuo:»
MHoro

Ilaraaie,
paase

on

JIB.lJeIIillM'h, TtM'h, 'ITO

BH,I\HM'h, i\a.1te,

HemU3HeHHhIX'h

CJIaraIOTCIl H3'h MHOOHO BR.l!IOme.rrypanaB'h

3TO He npocron oraoapeaeano. nllIIl,ell,

PJI,l{'h i\tii:CTBill: Bo speaa ua cexperu nee

'1aeT'h B'h ce6t i\OR'h yme CORU II 60TaTh,

,I\tllCTBill, Hai\'h

npOHCXOi\JIIII,lIX'h

meBaHill

paooraen,
CORn; n

npOrJIOq€HHOll

H3JIUBail

paCTBOpllIOIII,ie eme

paCXOi\YII RHIIlRll

CBOIO MyCRyJlhHyIO i\tIlTeJIhHOCTh. B'h TO ,BpeMll, RaR'h IIIIIII,a,

Ilosa

;KeJIYi\OK'h npo;l,OJImaeT'h'

IlCnOJIHIlIOT'h CBOH tjJYHKl\in, nepenapnaaerca, nama,

CORpaIIl,aJIC1, Bhl,'1;t;]lIl1

H nomomaa yme

TaTeJIhHlle H1!ii: nanars, TRaHn. aiaxa, MtCTO To

TOJIhRO 'ITO nOCTYUHBIIlall HtCROJIhRO pause, C'h IIpOUCXO;'l,IlT'h II

B'h nHIII,eBapUTeJl.h1I3MtHeHM'BeT'h M11

C'ht,'l,eHHall

oopamaeroa YMcTBeHHMMu npOTeRaIOT'h

lJle caaoe,

B'h HtROTOPOM'h CMhIC.1t,

XOTII

COCTOIlHill C03HaHill,

113'1 ROTOP1IX'h C03i\aeTCIl BMBOi\'h, 3i\tCh

RaR'h pll;!,'h,

O)l,HaIW, TaR'h RaK'h Ram;'l,Oe U3'h HIlX'h JIBJIlleTCH CJlO)!;HbIM'h, TO upu MHOlKeCTBO Oi\HOBpeMeHHMX'h H3MtHeHiii. 'ITO (lTO oraasie HHRaRaJI 6en sacca )l,OJIlKH1! npaanars, neuia TeMnepaTyphl BJIan!. He orrpaamnnaen, MepTBaro U3!ItHeHill RaTerOpH'IeCRn 06'he)Ia,

YCTaHOBJIeHiu ero

BO BCIIKOM'h cJ1Y'lat,

RaR'h n paase, nperepirsn,

Oi\YllleBJIeHHhle npe)l,MeThI n3MtB'h co-

OT'h HeOi\YIIleBJIeHH1IX'h. ;I,eplKaHill

BeIIl,eCTBa He !IOmeT'h roro,

Oi\HOBpeMeHHaro i\aB;]eHie

a HHOr;'l,a U H3MtHeHiJI

He.TIh311oxaaars ero tjJOpMy,

na HeOpraHH'IeCROe T'B.10 6en U nO:1;BIIlKHOM'h arrperars, lKllllOll npe,il,Men

qT06M He Jl3MtHIITh II 3JIeKTpH'IeCUOe H nOCJIti\OBaB'h T1iJIt ueprsaro B'h HeM'h MM MHOM.lJeCYIIl,eCTBa 'Inc.rrOM'h OT'h

B'h TO lKe npesa HarrplllKeHie. lKHBOTHaro. MtCTO. 60JIte BllClIIell meCl'BO opranom,

pacnoaoaeaie
rosopa

B'h HeM'h MO.l!eKYJI'h, TeMnepaTYPY

B'h TaROM'h rpOMai\HOM'h He MeHte, npa

RaK'h Mope, OTJIHqaeTCIl MOMeHn seprearo,

TeJIhHhlH H 0,I\HOBpeMeHH1111 u3MtHeHill TtM'h roro, MHOlJleCl'BeHHOCThIO TtX'h RpOMt lIJIII MeHte nepeMtH'h,

npenocxomt-s
Bo06II1,e,

'1IlCJleHHOCThIOnOi\06Hll11 n3MtHeHill IIMtIOT'h HO II

IWTOPhl1l B'h RalK;.!,1lll i\aHHMll CBOllCTBa, RaR'h H npa He TOJIhKO iKlIBoe mH3HeHHO<::l'II. MJIeKonnTaIOIII,aro, npOTeRaIOIII,ill i\tllCTBill,

nOMOIIl,lI aroro

llCHO OTrpaHlI'IHBaeM'h

lKH3HeHHOCTII opranons, noaana,

on

on

nOMOIIl,U npei\M,I\yIIl,arO, conOCTaBUTh

cyIll,eCTB'h HH3meii: B'h Tt.~t BfI;!,tTh,

,IJ,ocTaTO'lHO cs

xoonepapynnuus '1To6M

He3Ha'iIITeJIhHhlM,]) npOHCXOi\IIII1,iJI

qTO ;l,tllCTBill,

Oi\HOBpeMeHHO B'h TtJlt

RonllTaIOIII,arO,

HaCTO.lJhRO m('

npeBOCXO;.!,IIT'l> B'h '1HCJIt

B'h nonnrs,

IIPllBJIJI3IlTE.1bHOE HaCROJIbRO ,ll,1lficTBiJI }ITaI,'h, MbI reneps IIOCJI1l~oBaTeJIbHbIX'h ,Il;aJJbH1lfiIllee BapHTeJIbHbIlI,. TaR'h aroro IIOCJI1l;J;Hilro

IIOHilTiE

0 mH3HH. ,ll,1lfiCTBiJI, IIPOHCXO,ll,lIIIl,iJI un B'h

55
Ra~!H1l. U

IIpeBOCXO~JIT'h

IIPHIIlJIH nJM1lHeHiu. cpanneaie

R'b 3 aIGIIO 'IeHiIO , 'ITO IIORa3bIBaen HaM'h,

atH3Hb 'ITO

COCTOHn

O~UOBpeMeHHbIX'h RaR'h

atU3 HeHHbIlI H3'h

u3M1lHeuiJI, cEoefi CJIaraeTCJI CIIOCOOY IIO

IIHIIl,e-

H YMCTHeHHbIJI,

OTJIU'IaIOTCJI OT'h HemIl3HeHHbIX'h aRTbI, no ROTOPbIX'h HIT IIO coaaaaia, HU ,ll,ame cJIaraIOIIl,iJIcJI COCTaBY, HHX'h,

pa3HOpO,ll,HOCTbIO. nameaapepa3cym,ll,eHilI, 3aBHCHMOCTIT. IIpO~eCCaM'h,

Hn

O,ll,HOHpeMeHHbIe,

HH JIOCJI1l,ll,OBaTeJIbHbIe COCTOllHiJI !(pyr'h ,ll,pyra IIpO~eCCbI:

Hie, He ,J,pyroe

CXO,ll,HbI Mem,ll,Y cooofi. IIOBTOpeHieM'h ,ll,1lJIO

BO BClIROM'h

He lIBJIlIIOTClI BpeMeHHbIX'h

aeopraameosie
nUX'h

T1l H3'h

soropue

MHOlReCTBY O,ll,HO-

U JIOCJI1l,ll,OBaTe.l!bHbIX'h u3M1lHeHifI

IIpUOJJllmaIOTCJI

R'h OpraHU'IeCRUM'h 'ITO,

p1l3RO OTJIU'laIOTCJI on OTHOClITeJIbHO MOPll, Ue3'1HCJIeHHOe uears, II H'h II na B'h I;am,ll,bIII OO.'lbIlllIHCTBO 3TOM'h oraomeain ,ll,aHHblfi

IIOCJI1l,ll,HIIX'h OTHOCHTeJIbHOiI O,ll,HOPO,ll,HOCTbIO u3M1lHeHifi. Ha,ll,O 3aM1lTHTb, M1lCTO B'h O'leHb UM1lIOIIl,IIX'h B'h HeM'h Ram~bIfi

Hanpmrsps,
HeCMOTpJI Ha ,ll,aRHbIfi MO-

0 ROTOPOM'h MbI TOJIbIW 'ITO rosopaan, lIn HHX'h B'h CYTb MeXaHU'leCRiJI p1l3IW noropaa aa ra

MHOmeCTBO ,ll,1lfiCTBiu,

,ll,1lfiCTBiJI,

CXO,ll,HbIil Mem,ll,Y COOOfI, IIpOTeRaIOIIl,UX'h U3'h B'h IIpOUCXO,ll,HIIl,UM'h JIY'llIIIIX'h u3M1lHeHifi see I\aK'h cymeH3M1lB'h H

OHU spanne MaIllHH1l,

OTJIH'IaIOTCJI on BOOOIIl,e

,ll,1lfiCTBifi,

MOMeHn IIapOBOII II IIX'h

opraaaaws.

To lKe OTHOCIITCil U R'h JIBJIeRillM'h, lIBJIJIeTCJI O,ll,HHM'h

paOOTaIOIIl,efi lKll3HU, IIOPll,ll,K1l ObICTPOTY

no;'\palKaHiu l' OM'h me 1I3M1lHeHill, He'll CTBYIO'l'h

3,IJ,'l;Cb, uecaorpa CJI1l,ll,OBaHiJI, me

MHOrO'IIICJleHHOCTb C'h KaRofi !IX'h O,ll,HaRO !I ooa ,ll,1lJIaeT'h

O,ll,HOBpeMeHHbIX'h OHlI 3Ta IIpOTeRaIOn na ocooenaecrs,

npaBIlJIbHOCTb, cYIIl,eCTBaX'h.

H C'h 1'010 eme He

CII.lIOIO,

uenoroanxu
K.l!aCca

pasnooopaanaa

lIPOIICXO,ll,lIIIl,iJI H€O,ll,YIIleB.ll€HHble ooaasa.

B'h lKllBbIX'h pa3rpaHII'IHBaen npe,ll,M€TbI,

npe,ll,bl,ll,YIIl,ill,

C'h TO'lHOCTbIO

H3M1lHeHifi:

uenia;

HanpIlM1lp'h,

Bapianin
II II

npejcraarmontie
B'h COCTOllHiu II B'h MHOrO'IIIC.l!eHHbI noaoseaia, CT€n€HII C'b

3Ha'lHTe.%HYIO· OOJIaHa, II KOTOPblJl II B'h

pa3HOpO!(HOCTb OHO IIpIl B'h II

nperepnssaers
3TOM'h paaaspaas, 3TH PO!(bl nIJIpORO B'h B'h ll3M1lpa3HOmIl3Hl!, 1I HCCJIanpeaa

I10C.1'B;,\OBaTeJIbHO II O'j'JHI'laIOTCJI D.10THOCTll, HeHifi O,'\HaKO, OOJIaH1l MoryT'h nOCTOllHHO BlI!(JI,

O,ll,HOBpeMeHHO,

ObICTPbI, B'h II B'h

MelK,II,Y cooofi

Ha'leCTBeHHO I13M1lHeHill B'h

RO.l!II'IeCTBeHHO.

O,ll.HO II

TO:Ke

npcacxomn,
npOTeKaIOT'h 'ITO osens

qIOPM1l,

B'h ~B1lT'B, B'h T€MnepaTYP'B, H€MHOrie 'ITO,

B'h 3JI€HTPII'l€CROM'h neopraaaseoaie

aanpaaenia,

pasxasnoa CpaBH€lli€

pa3JIH'IHblX'h H3M1lHeHifI MbI

ROMOHHa~illX'h.

npe,ll.MeTbI

oOHapymllBaIOT'h <popMaM'h !(O.l:KHbI mllBblMll lKlJ3Hb

PO,ll.HOCTb II3M1lHeHifi, npt'!(M€TOB'h, }lbI 'lTO ncrpssaea» B'b 3T{)M'b

;,\onYCRaIOIIl,YIO

paaaopomocruo
1I3M1lH€Hifi, oransie

opraamecmm,
IIpIl3HaTb,

H YO'B,II,I1BIIlllCb, B03pacTaroIIl,e€ CB{)ilCTB1l

IIO,ll,HHM311Cb OT'h HH3I1l11X'h R'h BbICIIlllM'h PO!(OB'h !-\3JIbH1li1mce pyIWB{)!(llIIl,C€ lI!em,ll.y

pa3HOOOpa3i€

.ut'mHT'b

lKHBblMH raercn uponecca, TOPbIII

,ll,1lUCTBillMIl.

IITaK'h, Tenepb

COrJIaCHO 3TOMY BII,II,OH3M1lHeHiIO I{aK'h HOCJI1l!-\OBaTe!lbHbIl'h, HailTH Obl TaKYIO OOIIl,YIO 'lepTY llX'h OOOllX'b OT'h IIBJIeHiJIM'h

IIpt'!-\CTaBJIeHiJI, rass H IIfITalliJI CBOIIA'h H

113'h pa3HOpO,ll.HbD..'h IIOCTapaeMCJI liOTOpaJI IIpnOJlllmaIOTCJI

H3M1lHeHifi,

O,ll,HOBpeM€HHbIX'h.

Y nponecca T1lX'h

Y aormecaaro
lIB!l€niJl, KOII OKaCR.'Ia-

OTJIll'la.la H3M1lHeHifi.

H€OpraHlI'leCRHX'h at1l3HeHHbIX'h 113M1lHeHifi. AHTbI,

K'h lKllBblM'h

pa3H6pO,ll,HOCTbIO

O,ll,HOBpeMeHHbIX'h IIpO~eCCOB'h

1l0CJl1l,ll,OBaTeJIbHblX'h 3blBaeTCJI c.l!araIOIIl,i€ ,JblBaeTCJI

TaKOIO OTJIH'lHTeJIbHOIO 'lepTofi

C01Wm06a1-l1-lOcmb namesapeaie,

M€m!l.Y COOOIO COCTaBJIJIIOIIl,lIX'h !IX'h HaXO,ll,llTCH BO B3allMHofi HaXO,ll,JITCJI B'h 'ITO I;am,ll,Oe caMofi 3aBHCHMOCTH. T1lCHOfi ,ll,1lJla€TClI Be'IlMll C€01l

OT,II,1lJlbHble aRTbI,

1I3'h ROTOPbIX'b

dIlb

pa3cym!l.eHiJI, CKa3aTb,

CBlI3H.

II

BOOOII~e, 0 atll3HeHHbIX'h TOJIbRO OJIaroHlIX'h. )J;bIxaHie, H3M1lBJIillen ~HOn3'h

1I3M1lH€HiJIX'h ~llpliy.l!lIIl,ill, ueaia aa 'laeM'h

MOlKHIl

113'h HllX'h co

B03lIOmHbIM'h, Imm!(arO

!-\apJI He'Il~['h OCTa.1JbHblM'b, II Be'Il OHn HaXO!(lITCJI normmeaie, MejK,II.Y COi'lOIO. MYCliYJIbHO€ reaneparypu IIO,ll,OOHarO OTnpaBJI€Hie me.l!y,IJ,lta, coapameaie

IIO,ll,'h BJIlJIHi€M'h B'h

,ll,1lJIT€JlIoHOCTb lKeJIen, 3aHJIIO'laeT'h nO'lt'K'b. B'h Bbl,ll,'ilJJeHillX'h.

IIX'h

IIO,ll,pa3,11,1lJIeHillMH CBll3aHbI 1I3M1lHeHill, paoora YMCTB€HHaJI

AHMII'leCKiJI

H H3M1lHeHill

,Il;1lJITeJIbHaJI nCiRllBOil

eepma II emaenia. BYJlKan'h,

Cpe,ll,II

,ll,1l11Te.l!bHOCTH MI.I He BCTP'B-

KOTOPblll,

o.'larO,ll.apJI

MHomeCTBY

paaaopomurs

56
xaeroa OT,))ncasaro lEllBorO npersera npn

,n; ~HHbUl BIOJlOfllI. MOr'h Obi Ra3aTbCJI lEHBbIM'h, pt3IW OTJlII-

BpeMeHHblX'I>II noC.lIt,1;OBaTe.1bHblX'h H3~[tHeHili, XOTJI npmrcxoramia caaaaie

OTCYTCTBieM'h ,n;OCTaTO':lHarOO':leTaHiJI 'h 113MtHeHiJIx'b. C B XlIMH':IeCRiJI, MeXaHHqe~RiJI, •TepMaJIbHbIJIII arenrpa1I.1mreHU,

nanepaenin

':IeCIdJI JIBJleHiJIuaxo,n;JITCJI 'b HtIWTOPOlt BHyrpeHHefI CBH3U, ,n;pyriH JIBJIeHiH, RaR'b B KaMHeR, rpH31I, JIaBbI, nenaa,

,n;bIMy

suopa-

U napa,

rrpOIfCXO,lHT'hCOBepmeHHO

HerrpaBIVIbHO: MelE,n;y ,Il,OBaHiH. -

Hlum

He 3aMtqaeTCH CRH31fHif

B'b ROJIlfqeCTBt, HII B'b xapaRTel'1E HeO,ll,yJIe,ll,IIpH

CO':leTaHiH,HH B'b BeJIH':IHHt IIpOMelKyrROB'b !IelR,'\y HBJIeHiJIMU,HH BO B3aIfMHmI'b IIX'b CJltHo MbI ,Il,OJIlKHl>I OrJIaCHTbCH, C 'ITO II B'b aTOM'b OTHomeHiH HtRoTopbIe npenrersr

memenaue
creaie

OOHapYlEIIBaIOT'b napaJIJleJIH3Y'b cs O,ll,ymeBJleHHbIMII. Hanpmrsps, OH'b nOCTOJIHHO aapacraers II IIOCTOJIHHO onrapaers,

HUK'b OOHapYlEHBaeT'bO':lTII CTOJIb lEe rrOJIHOecoseraaie n Y C'b HlI3melt opraaaaaniett. aTOM'b CROPOCTb ro 00pa30BaHiJI II paapymeaia e OH'b ,Il,BHraeTCJI, ero ,n;BUlEeHiJI renocpeaoraeaao II r IIJ'b ceOJI ITOTOKIIBO,ll,bI,soropae TO aaaepaaers, ureaie, B'b 3aBIICH!rOCTH 0T'b BpeMeHII roza,

B'b CBOIIX'b1I3MtHeHiJIx'b, RaR'b II panOCTOJIHHOe ornomeaie.

COXpaHJIeT'bnosra

3aBIICJIT'b OT'b CTaIIBltHiJI. OH'b

surryosaers

TaR'h lEe RaR'b II ,n;BIIlEeHie oaaoro ':ITO HaOJIIO,Il,aeTCJI II

JleAHHRa 1I3MtHHIOTCJI rrOBepXHOCTb JIeAHIIRa pOCT'b U pa3py-

pacreain:

TO OTTalIBaeT'b, or-rero

rrpOHCXO,'\JIT'b II3M1>HeHiJI B'b OhlCTPOTt ABHlEeHiJI

II B'b ROmI':IeCTBt BO)J;bI.TaRIIM'b 00pa30M'b MbI HaOJlIO,Il,aeM'b JIe)l.HlIRt B'b u3MtueHiJI B'b TeMrrepaTypt, II3MtHeHiJI B'b

oooran'h,

1I3'tdmeHiH B'b OblCTPOTt ero

)l.BH)!WHiHII II3MtHeHiJI B'b BbI,n;tJIeHiJIx'b, II BCt aTII II3M1>HeHiJIrrpOHCXO)l.JIT'b B3aIIMHoii: BO CBH3U. ,lI,tltcTBHTeJlbHO, 0 JIe,n;HuRt TaRlEe, RaR'b II cM'imy caoero nemecrna, .0 lEIIBOTHOM'b, OlKHOCRa3aTb, 'ITO OH'b M rroJlHyIO IIYTeM'b oe30CTaHOBO':lHOii: IIHTerpaIl,iII H )J,e3IIHTerpaIl,iII IIOCTerreHHO npereprrssaen, aTOT'b HCR.lIIO':IHTe.1bHblit IIPHMtp'b opraamecsnrs nponeooom., 3aTeMHIITb TO IIIIIpORoe paamsie OP!aHHqeCRiIl nponeccs,

He TepHH cBoeii: IIH,n;IIBH,n;yaJIbHOCTII. O;(HaRO, BpH,'\'b Jill MOlEen OpraHII':IeCRIIX'b U Hepa3J1IIxoropoe ecra JIelEIIT'b B'b COqeTOBaUHOCTU elE,'\y OT;I:BJIbHbiMIII3M I PeaJIbHOCTh aroro Mbi Y3Haellf'b, ':ITO OHO, RaR'b U paa'se YRa3aHHhlJI lEHByru;ie CJIaOO, lIJIII B'b B'b pacrenia

M'EHeHiHMH, U3'b ROTOPhlX'b caaraerca 'fiJI BblCTymlT'b ente peJlbcqiHte,

OT'b

pa3J1II':IiH,He TOJIbROOTrpaHII':IHBaeT'b lEHBOeOTl, HelKUBoro, ao II opraaaasu, opraHH3MOB'b, lEIIByru;UX'h CHJlbHO. 1I3M'ImeHiH, upoaoxonnnia na xaom. ROpaJIJlaX'h, HaCTOJIbROHerrOJIHO COqeTaIOTCH,':ITO MoryT'b RaR'b opraHU3M'b 0Y!l.eT'b pa3pt3aH'b Il3M'imeHiHMH Tal,'b TtCHO, ':ITO HHI{uKali ':IaCTh ero,

rrpO;J;OJllEaTbCll rrOCJIt roro, U MelKl\Y

Rb neROIIlITaIOru;eMb lEe ooxeranie

Oy,n;yqII OT,n;tJleHaOT'b TtJla, He MOlKeT'b O!l.HOltlI3'b BalKHbIX'b qiYHRIl,ilt opralEII3nb, RaR'b OHa HaM'b reneps RaR'b rroc.lt)l;OBaTeJlbHbIX'b,rass C'b Il,tJlbIO orsrMbI BII,n;IIM'b, ':ITO

lEUTh caMOCTOHTeJlbHO ':ITO 3Ha':lIITe.lJbHOeaapyureaie II npeacraaraerca, ecrs coseraaie

HH3Ma BJIe':leT'b aa coooit OCTaHOBRY OCTaJlhHbIX'b.IITaR'b, pa3HOpO;(HbIX'b rmrtHeHill: II O)l;HOBpeMeHHblX'b.

Oopamaacs
coserasia

cHOBa R'b HarnUM'b rrplmtpaM'b ':IepTY, soropaa

lKII3HeHHbIX'b upouecenm,

CRaTb Ty 06ru;yIO lUI'b

OT)l.tJlHJla ObI IIX'b OT'b

HeMHOrIIX'b Hl)lEH3HeHHhlX'b

IIpon.eCCOB'b, TOlEe rrpOJIB.'IJnoru;HX'b coseraaie

pa3HopO)J,HbIX'b II3MtHeHiit,

1I(TI3HeHHhlX'b lIBJleHilt OTJllI':IaIOTCR cBoeit o npear6.fle1{/J-lOcmblO

Coe)J,UHeHHbIJI I3MtHeHiH, nporexanmia 1 B'b Jle,'\HHRt, )J,orrYCRaIOT'b HeOllpe,n;tJIeHHYIO 1I3M'EHqIIBOCTb. 1I0)l;'b BJIiJIHieM'bBIIOJIHt B03MOlEHhlX'bRJIIIMaTII'leCRIIX'b nepeMtH'b CTaHBaHbe II nocrynareasnoe )J,BHlKeHieJle)l;HIIRa MoryT'b npiOCTaHOB}ITbCH MUJIJIiOHbIJltT'b, na IIpaqeM'b OH'b He TepHeT'b B03MOlEHOCTHBOJOOHOBIITb aTH HBJIeniH IIplI npeapameaia cranaaasa, 6JIaronpillTHhIX'b YCJIOBiHX'b.

1I0,n;'b B}IiHHieM,)) reOJIOrUqeCRHX'b npUqHH'b ero ,n;BHlKeHie MOlKeT'bObITb OCTaHOBJleHO 6e3'b IIJIlI npn II3MtHeHiH HaRJIOHarrOBepXHOCTII,no ROTOPOitOH'b CROJlbXO)l.a ero CTalIBaHbll. BOJIte MOlKeT'b, He H,mtHlm OCTaJlbHbIX'b YCJlOBifI, CHJIhHO YBeJIllqIITb MOlEeT'bBOBce npeRpaTIITbCH, a BCt He YHHqTOlKIITClI.3,1l,tCb, CJltAOROTopaH xapaRTepH3yeT'b B3aIlMHYJ() 3UT'b, ero ABUlKeHie MOlKeT'b OblTh YCKopeHO, Oe3'b H3MtlIeHilI oblcTpoe BbIIla,n;eHie cHtra 06'heM'b .1Ie)J,HHRa 06paTHO, ecreorseaaaa H, BaTeJIbHO, CO':leTaHiH He npapoon,

OCTa.1JbHbIH )J,titcTBill OP'yT'b npO,'\OJllKaTbCH, noaa nca xacca II:!rtlUT'b TOt'! onpeafueaaoern,

rrPHE1[Jl3IITEJIhHOE rrOHliTIE :3aBHCUMOCTh B'h paCTeHlTI eTBa B'1 3TOM'h HIlX'1 1I3'h OT'1 II orrpe;(tJIeHHOCTh O;l,Ha un Mellt;J:Y ;J:blxaHIe'II'h, MelK;(Y

0 mH3HII. II n;llphYllJIn;leil: EII\e MeHte B'1 II pt3KO, -

57
CXO).lHII opraHII3MO'II'1, OCTalIhHhlX'h KOT()PO!I'b BbJITOJIHeHle

aCCUMlIlllll(lefl

OTHOlIIeHIH BO B3alIMHo1l

'le,n;HllhOM'1 II 6e3'h oramaers rpjua

lItIlBOTHhIM'h BCtX'1

3aBIICUMOCTU rJIaBHti1IIIIIX'1 II3MtHeHlll ll3MtHeHllI, TO'lhhO B'1 TOM'1 CllY'laB,

IjJYHhn;lfI caaasraaerca

He MOlKeT'1 II3MtHIIThca B03MOlKHO

i.a h;(o1l
BTa bah'h ;he H1l3~IB, pO;l,HhllI

HIIX'h

eC11I BhIlIOJIHllJOTCJI BCB OCTaJIbHhIli. lIPOIlCXO;(lIII\lll rpyua /10 II3BtCTHOiI B'1 JltIlBOM'1 opra113'1 ce61I pa3HOCTerreHII npercraaraers

orrpe).ltJIeHHOCTh B'h CO'leTaHlII IIOCMepTHhIX'1 ll3MtueHlil: Talt'1 II CMhlCJIt

Paatoseme
113MilHeHlJI, Ho 3TlI

O/lHOBpeMeHHhIlI,

IIOCJItil,OBaTe.lhHhIJI CO'leTOBaHHbllI IIX'D BaphIlpyeT'1 aa rrpIl soropoa MacCbI,

B'1 H3BtCTHOM'h IIpOTeMJOT'h

113MtueHili

;l,B1eUHbIM'1 06pa30M'1. TO-CCTh, OUIl 3aBlICIIT'h OT'1 TOil:

Xapaarepi,

B'1 3aBIIGIIMOCTII

on

He CO'leTaJOTCli onpeOKpymaJOII\eil: IIpIIpO).la YC.'IOBIli

cpena,

reaneparypa,

paannao
'IaCTlIX'1

B03).1YXB, B'1 BO;l,t II B'h 3eM.lt OHII rrpOlIcxo.n;llT'h. TO II ECJIII

II3MtueHlil:

pU3T£II'IHhI B'h OT~tJIhHblX'h BClIIfoil: radOB'h, B3allMHoil: IIJIII

3aBIICIIMOCTII. 9TII

nocaeprsua
IIJIlI,

paaroxeme

paaroaema
6e3'1

nporesaers 3ahOH'!lIThCJI

pa3JIII'IHO, rsepxaro n;t'Ibili

lIBJIeHIJI Moryn aaaoneirs,

06pa30BaHleM'h BeII\eCTBa, mcaqeJItTill rsepme ffiliBbIlI IlJIII Mh'1

lhlI,lt;RIIX'h rrpo.n;yhTOB'h nnema

oopaaoaameas

UO;l,06HarO MYMIllM'h TUUIM'h It10 HbIn ,'l,omfl IIJ'ltHelllll 06pa30M'h -

OHII MoryT'h 3aHlITh ncero HII B'h cmoapeveaaars, HO B1. HthOTOPhU'h 1I3BtCTHYJO

HtCItOJIhRO .n;HefIIIJlII TliHythClI HII B'h rrOCJIt,l,OBaTellhHbIX'h COqeTaHlll, Hll3mlI~'h xoropaa }IOryn C) II\eCTBaX'h

II3MtHeHIllX'h xapasrepaayert, IIlIh Th

He 06HapYlItIIBaen IIpaB;I,a, opraHIl3Ma nepepuaa lItllBhIX'1 II paase 1l3MtHeHlfl rreplO).I'1 II

TOil: Orrpe).l!,ileHHOCTII

IlOCJlt).lOBaTeJIh-

).IOIIYCMeT'1 daTB}I'1 IIpII

aeonperlueanccrs

BCJIB,l,CTBIe 6blTh

saxepaaaia
6, ;l,TO 6bl IIIle HIll,

aucsnama

IlPOIICXO).lllII\lll

B'1 HeM'b II3\ItHeHlll

rrplOCTaHOBJIeHbI aa

6'larOrrplJITHhIX'1

yCJIOBlIlX'1 MoryT'1

CHOBa B0306HOBIIThClI,

BOBce He CYII\eCTBOBaJI<l. O).lUaRO, ca~rhIil: TOn C) II\eCTB'1 paaoopaaaaa, Moryn 'ITO II sra IlepeHOCIITh sepra, Ilo)l,06HOe

ljJaKT"h, 'ITO TOJIhRO HH3B'1 XO,lt;t U3M1me-

IlOplI).IRII RaR'1

napymerne

3aCTaBJIlIeT'1

npemoaarars,

ro-ecrs,

orrpe,l,tJIeHIIOCTh

coseraaia
eCTh

1l3M'll-

HcmII,

pa3rpaHII'!IIBaeT'1 IlpIIMeT'1 name

BbICllIy JO lItII3HeHHOCTh TahofI BII.n;'1 lhll3Hh

OT'1 HlI3mei1 rrpOn;eCCOB'1.

lhll3HeHHOCTII TaR'1

lite TO'!HO, Mh'1

HII3myJO lItrr3HeHHOCTh OT'b aeopraansecsnxs O;(HOBpeMeHHbIX'1, Tah'1

Hama 1jJ0pMYJIa, no BHeceHlII 3TOfI nonpassn, Hoe cmeraaie pa3HOp0;I:HbIX'1 1I3MtHeHlII KaR'1 Haaoaens, MbI eme 1} mne BbIpa31I\I'1
onpersreaaaro onperfueme MII3HII) 601te '1JIeHa IlMteT'h "a" ).Ina

onperlueaB\ItCTO He-

II rrOCJIt;I:OBaTe%HhIX'1. Tah'1 Kah'1 6e3'1 aroro

nonane, ectn
"the" II 1I3MtHeHlll

B'1 1jJ0pMpt

) IlOTpe6H'II'1 qlleH'1 orrpe;(tlJeHHblll

nexocranra

1), 2)

1)
qtM'1

OHO ).IOrrYCRaen

C) lIIeCTBOBaHle

OPYZUXb

(hpOMt BHHMaHle

orrpe,ll;tJIeHHhlX'h RaR'1

ROM6rrHaIl,lfI

paanopomurs

HarrpaB.1JIeT'1

na pa3HOpO).lHOCTh 1I3MtHeHlII, opraHII3M'1

na Onpe;I:BJIeHHOCTh IIX'1 CO'leTaHlil: He CT01hhO XIIMII'IeChIIMII B'1

MelK,lt;) TtM'h, BXO,lt;lIII\lnlH

IIo;l,06HO TO!IY, lie Rb

cosaaeroa

3'Ie~IeHTaMII, II IhaHlI,

Eb ero COCTaB'h, CKOilhRO HX'1 paCrrO'IOlKeHleM'1 CTOJIhROOIIpe).ltJIlIeTClI 'ITO H\IeHHO opraHII3Mt MepTBOM'1

cnematsaue

opranu

TaRh II lItll3Hb ROOp;(llHaIIlei1 ero iK1l3HIl? IlOCJIt).lOBa113MtHeHlII. c03;t:aJOT'h

pa3HOpO,lt;HOCThJOll3MtHeHlil:, npeapamaerca 1JTO lite B'h IIpO).lOJIlKaJOTclI' paaaopomua IIC'Ie3110? lIc'Ie3JIo nperaeru,

ChO'lhRO HX'b B3auMuo1I IIpH npespameam ll3,rtHeHllI, onpersrenaoe

IIOC~IOTPllM'1,
TC1hHhIli 3a'ItTHM'1

opranaaaf
aoropae,

BMtCT B

H O).lHOBpeMeHHbIlI. Taltllte, 'ITO

coseraaie
xeasme

aeopraamecue

rrO,lt;06HO B) JIMH) , 06HapYlItHBaJOT'h

PU3HOP0.lJ;HOCTh O).lHOBpeMeHHbIX'1 II IlOCJIt).lOBaTeJlhHbIX'1 H3MtHeHlIr,

ropaaio

1) 3TO '\i'BCTO He MOMeT'h 6bITb BrrO':IH'B nepenaao PYCCKIIM'h nepenoztox't. B'h BII;(Y orC~TCTBllI B'h HaIIIeM'h JI3bIKll 'l..'IeHOB'h B'h WOPMY,'!'B LIfe Ib a defmite combmation of heterogeneous changes, both simulteneous and successiv e, aarop s C'lIITaeT'h HYlKHbIM'h aa if'BHIITb 'lJIeH'h "a' 'l'IeHOM'h "the" 1fTo6bI H1lCKOJIbIW c;J:111aTb rrOHJITHbIM'h co,Z(ep)Kame eroro naparpaea PYCCI(OMY'lIITaTemo lIWMHO CKa3aTb, 'ITO 'lJIeH'h "a" lIWlKeT'h 6bITb, XOTJI II He TO'lHO, 3aM'BHeH'h Pi CCKIi'lf'h Bhlpa)KemeM'h "O;r:HO II3'h" JfiII3Hb,8TO oimo U3" oupe(1, 'IeHHbIX'h CO'leTamil: II T )J;, ror.aa Heo6xo 1lHWCTh J .raneara C'IOB'h ,O!'(HO II3'h" ,n;1l xaerca SIcHOro IIpu wrs-uinte nepeeoowunu.

58
B'h HaC'h lIJIJII03iIO lKllBoro, 'I'EM'h Tt

)!,AHHhlH BIO.~orrH.

nperaersr, xoropae,

nO,il,06HO naponoa

ManuIH'Il, XOTHn

lIMilIOT'h 1l3MilHeHiH RpaMHe 0)!,Ho06pa3HbIll, HO 3aTO 06HapYlKlIBaIOT'h onpe)!,'IlJIeHHOCTbB'h IlX'h CO'IeTaHilI. 9Ta onpersreanocn, CO'IeTaIOTCIIonpersseaao, coxeraaia llBJIlleTCH HaCTOJIbRO;J,OMIIHHpyIOlII,HM'h llJIeMeHTOM'h Ror.n;anpe.n;MeT'h HeIIo.n;BHlIWH'h,HO 'IaCTIl ero CO'IeCJIOlKHBIlleiicH B'h aacs ll.n;ell lKH3HH, 'ITO .n;ameroraa, JIaH'h lKUBhlM'h cYlII,ecTBOM'h. IlTaR'h, raaie

Mhl 3aRJIIO'IaeM'1, 'ITO IIJIll OH'h CaM'h 6bIJI'h lKliBbIM'h, HJll\ 6blJI'h c.n;ilMhl 3aKJIIO'IaeM'h, 'ITO lKlI3Hb eCTb onperfueaaoe soropoe RaR'h o.n;HOBpeMeHHhlX'h, aR'h II rrOCJIt)l,OBaTeJIbHhlX'h. T 0 jKll3HII, Mhl nOJIy'IllJ11f, He 1I3MimHH cBoeli OCHOBB'h 3Ha'III-

paanopomurs

§ 26.

H3MtHeHiii

TaRoBO TO nonarie

HOil: TO'IRU apsaia. TeJIbHOii crenean .n;tiiCTBiii" ,"H3.MtHeHiH lKeHill $opMpa ora pocra

O.n;HaKOH 3TO nOUHTie He nOJIHO. 9Ta ROHe'lIIaH $opMYJIa o.n;H03Ha'iHa C'h panfe II "Koop.n;IfHal\iH"

.I\aHHhlM'h onpe.n;tJleHieM'h: "lKH3Hb ecrs soopmaania HBJIlIIOTCHCHHOHilMaMH, CJIOBa lKe

"onpe.n;tJIeHHOe CO'IeTaHie"

ltaK'h IIOCJIt.n;OBaTellhHhlll, TaR'h II o.n;HonpeMeHHblll" IlO.I\pa3YMtBaIOTCII B'h nupaTaR'h 'ITO OT.1IR'Iill 06tHX'h 'ITO ll3MtHeHill $OPMYJI'h' 3aRJIIO'IaIOTCII TOJIbRO B'h ROHCTa. roro $aRra, HBJIHIOTCII"pa3Hopo.n;HbIMH".

".n;til:cTBiH",

raponaaln nasnaan
ne'IHoii

HBJIlleTCII TOJlhRO .n;aJIeRlIM'hnp1I6JIHlKeHieM'h. paaaopomsrsa. raxs IIpaB.I\a,

Ilpama,

Ho

nOBTopHIO, If 3Ta He MoryT'h 6hlTh

'ITO no.n;'h nee UeJIb311nO)J,BeHe 1l0.n;XO.n;HT'h rro.n;'h3TO

KpUCTaJIJIOB'h, TaR'h RaR'h npOllCXO)l,IIlI1,iHnpll

3TOM'h ll3MtlIeHill

.n;tiiCTBill rU.UhBllHll'IeCKOii riarapea

orrpe.n;tJcHic, P0.I\UOCTll. )I;tfiCTBill,

KUK'h Ii 3.n;tCb nOC!lt.n;OBaTCJlbHblll II3MtHeHiH paBHO KaR'h )I;BlIlKeHiJl 'Iacon'h B'h 06JIaKt, B'h B)'JIRant, II naponon

He 06HupYlKIIBaIOT'h pa3HOBtpHO ranae, 'ITO HI'!>

Ilpaaaa,

na TOM'h lKe OCHOBaHiu I13'h 3TOrO I10HIITill llCKJIO'IaIOTCII .n;BlIlKeHiJl COJIMaIllIlHhl. B'h llc.n;mud;, 10TH C'h TO'IKH 3ptrrill )l,aJlte BtpHO

cacreau,

nponclo.n;JllII,ill

paaaopomocra HOCTb coxeraaia ero lKU3HII, .n;tiicTBie

II Y.I\OBlJeTBOPllIOT'h $OPMYJIt,

ITO He no.n;xo.n;llT'hno.n;'h nee, 6JIaro.n;apH He.n;oH TO, 'ITO 3Ta orrpe.n;tJIeHBOJIte roro, Ram.n;hlfi coIIMilIOlII,iJl MtCTO B'h opraHII3M1; BO BpeMH

CTaTKY onpe.n;tJJeUHOCTlI B'h CO'IeTaHiII II3MtueHiit OT'h Ttx'h II3M1meIIiil:, naaia

BrrOJIut pa3rpUHII'IIIBaeT'h H3MtHeuill,

Ha'ilIHaIOTCJl nOCJIt cseprn.

'I.ueII'h 3TOil: $OPMYJIbl, .n;aBall B03MOlKHOCTboOJIile lIJlll MeHte HCHO pa3JIII'IHTb OpraHH'IeCROe OT'h uecpraamecaaro, CJIylKlIT'h omonpeaeaac OT'h .n;til:CTBifi, 1I )l;JIll paarpaameaia name ;r,tiiCTBiii, CTaBJIlIIOlII,lIX'h BhlCOKYIOlK1I3HeHHoclh, Mhl BII)J,HM'h, 'ITO yposem, COCTaBJIlIIOlII,HX'h HH3RyIO lKH3ueHHOCTb: B'h 3aBIlCliMOCTH OT'1. H3Mt-

lKII3HH ORa3hlBaeTClI

nponopnioaanao

'IllCJIa rroc.lltAoBUTeJIbHblX'h 1l3MtHeHifi, npOTeRaIOlII,IlX'hMelK,ll,Y pOlK,ll,eHieM'h JI CMepThIO, B'h 3aBllCliMOCTli OT'h 'InCJIa o.n;HOBpeMeHHbll'hII3M'IlHeHiiI, B'h 3aBHCHMOCTlI T'h pasaopomocra O HeHiiI, B'h 3aBliClIMOCTH OT'b crenena aTIIX'h CO'IeTuIIiil:. II nee lKe, Y,ll,OBJIeTBOplIlI TOJIbRIIM'h C Tpe6oBaHillM'h, asraaerca cYlII,eCTBeHHOHerrOJIUhlM'h. 1P0pMYJIa "Ollpe.n;tJIeuuoe nOCJIt.n;OBaTeJlhHhlX'hJI3MtHeHill" OTBtTcTBYIOlII,arO npercraaaeaia. CO'IeTaHie paanopomurs aeaocraro-ma HX'h CO'IeTaHiJl II B'h 3aBHCHMOCTH OT'h orrpe.n;t;'leHHOCTII Hallie onpe,!!,tJIeHie ORa',J

RaR'h omospeaeaanrs,

TaR'h

II

nOTOMY, 'ITO OHa He Bhl3blBaeT'h B'h HaC'h CO-

II

He,ll,OCTaTOR'h 3aRJlIO'IaeTCJl B'h rrp(1nYCKt HaIl60JIte 3aell co BCIIROii .n;pyroII, CB1I3aHO B'h naes rrpe.n;cTaJmerrie

Mt'IaTe.lIbHofi: ocooeHuOCTII lK1I3HeHlIhlX'h lIB.lIeHiiI, oco6eHHOCTII, C'h ROTOpoii Mbl RpaiiHe OJIII3RO 3HaIWMU II C'h ROTOpoiI OO.JI1Ille, 'ItM'h o JRII3UII. HaM'h OCTaeTCIIreneps nOnOJIHIITb name onpe.n;t.'IeHie BBe.n;eHieM'h 3TOfi:ocooeHHOCTll.

r..llABA V.
COOTB'BTCTBie Mem;Jl.Y 1KH3HblO H

ea

oRpy.malOIIl,HM"b.

§ 27. JEe.ll3» OT.IlWUlTh jj!llBOH npe,ll,Men on MepTBaro, Mbl oomiHoBeHuo IUtO.JIIO,ll,aeM!h, B03HHRaIOT'h .~Il B'b HeM'h 3aMtTHbIII H3MtHeHill BCJIt.I\'h aa JI3MtHeHiJll\lll, JIPOH3BO)l.HMhlMlI caMHMlI HaMIl llJIli npIlpO,l\ofi B'h ORpYlKaIOlllJIX'h YC.l0BiIlI'h. PeOeHOR'h, 3aMtTHB'h,

COOTB1lTCTBIE ME:R,1\Y :RH3HbIO H Ell ORPY:R~IOIl\lIM'b. 'ITO H'ilRo1'Ophle npe;J;MeThl ClKlIMaIOTCiI npn npn6JIII1KeHilI, IIJIII Yil,a.1(l!IOTCl!npn rnYMt, npIlROCHOBeHiII, lI,tJIaen nJIIl YJIeTaIOT'b npo-n pa3JIII'Iie HtT'b

59
npa

unepnue

rpyooe

MelK)I,Y lKHlKHBOTHoe, ROlI,lIll opocaen, 6JIaTO)l,apa 3a-

BbHI'b II HelKHBbIM'b; IT B3POCJIbIH'IeJIOBtR'b, wlfHtBailCb, haMeHb. JI{HBOTHali n pacrnren.aan JllnI'b OTBtTHbnf'b nponeccaxs. UOBhIrneHie TeMnepaTyphl, r,aT B CD.lIHn;a, pacreaie,

YMepJIO WIll

TOpoe OH'b BHil,HT'b, Thl'IeT'h ero naJIROH, a eCJIII OlIO )l,aJIeKO, TO KPWfHT'b lKR3Hb O)l;lIHaKOBOn03HaIOTCli npeaae

ncero

,Il;epeno, pa3BepTbIBaIOIl\ee .JIIICThl!, lWr)l,a BeCHa nprrHOCllT'h BOCXO)l,t H nO'IBa cyxa, II CHOBa BbmpIlMJlllIOll\eeCl!, ROr,ll;a OTBtTHhlM'b HarlBhlJIt3aIOIl\iii IIa-

n;BtTOK'b, OTRPhlBUIOIl\iHCl! II 3aItphlBaIOIl\iHCl! npn nOBl!)I,aIOII\ee, soraa

OHa ,'(t.1aeTClI B.1(a'RHOII, rrpH3HaIOTClI lKHBblMH HMeHHO 6JIarO)l,aplI 3THM'b II\aeTCl!, Bepn IwrAa aa Hero BHe3anHO ynaAeT'b TtHb, II )!,OlKAeBOii 'IepBl!R'b, • CJIY'lalIX'b, ROr)l,a MhI saaeas, He TOJlhKO y6tmAeHbI, MepTBhle nperaera, H3M'lmeHiii 'ITO BHtrnHiii

HeIllJIhl'b; aa TOM'b lKe OCHOBaHiII npII3HaIOTCl! lKllBblMII II MOJIIOCR'b-6.J!'ro)l,e'IKO, KOTOPhlHCORpanpl! npO)l,o.lImIITeJIhHblX'b COTpJlCeHilIl'h nO'fBbl, H elK'h, ROTOPbIH CBepTbIBaeTCJl, Ror,ll,a CTIIMYJI'h )l,tiicTByen H~

Ha Hero H::waAaIOT'b. O)l;HaRO, B'b TtX'h )ImHofI

opraaasar,

M/,I

'ITO oTBtn

rrOCJl'B,1I,yeT'b, HO Mhl lKAeM'b, 'fTO rrpIIMtpaMU MoryT'h clIymIITh KOeCJIII

OHh 6y)!,eT'h I\tJleC006pa3HhlM'h.

KaR'b II lKIIBhle, 06HapymIIBaIOT'b Il3MtyCJIOBiii; B'h ctPHYIO KHMOTY; sepesaa,

HeHlll rrO)l,'j) BJIilIHieM'h orrpe,l(lmeHHhlX'b ropaa

Hbl\IH

I'l elm CO,I(bI, ROTopbIe BCRlIIIaJOT'h, eCJIH IIX'b opocars conpamaerca, Iwr,I(a CIO ;1,O.1ro,1I,eplKaT'hnepeA'h '1106bl 1I36trHYTh anaaro oraonrenia npOII30HI\YT'b. sarsneao, uaysa,

ee CMa'IIIBaIOT'h; lIJIH JIOMOTh xJlt6a,

ROTOPbIii 6ypten, CBH3H

oraeai;

Ho 31\tC1 Mbl ne BIII\HM'h

Mem)!,y

06HapymeHHe HMtIOTh BtPOllTH() 6Y)l,Y'l1l He

1I3MtHcHia~m II CTpeM.1IelIieM'h I<'hcoxpaHeHiIO 06HapymIlBaIOIl\HX'h HX'hlIpe,1l,MeTOB'h, JIHH TCOJlOrH'feCKHX'b ,lI,e6peii CKalKeM'h.1(Y'frne,'ITO 3,I(tChlI3MtHeHili ROTOPbIlI lIJIH R'b ',I(aJI1HtfnIHIM'h C06hlTiHM'1,

aaaspao,

IIJIH soropoe,

Bs

lKII3HeRHhl1.'h lKe 1I3MimeHilIX'h nO,ll06HOe ornomenie B'b CTOPOHYcssra,

MbI BfI;J;IIM'h npnclIoc06uTeJIbHOe

npOJlBJIaeTClI. CBtTh )I,'McTBie, soropoe

Hco61.0;J;IIM'b)l,JIH paCTUTelIbHoii lK1I3HH, 1I0ilTOMY B'h ,lI,tfICTBillX'b pacreaia, pacrers 06HapYlKIlJlOC1 Ohl, eClIlI 6hl pacrenie

POCJIOB'h lIHbIX'b yc'![oBilIX'b. O'feBlI,I(HO, 'ITO noneaeaie soraa ero naYTlIHRa eorpacaerca CJIeTRa, II I<'h 3aXBaTY A06hl'lK no-

KOTOPhlH BhlCKaRIIBaeT'h 1I3'b Y6tmIllIla,

{)CTaeTClI BHYTpll. eCJUr OHa ClIJlhRO COTpHcaeTClI, JIy'frne npaonoeoriaeao II I,'b 1I30tlKaHiIO 11I6cJJJI naers, IlJ\I1HeHifr

onaonocia,

'l.tM'b

eClIU 6hl OH'b nocTyuUJI'h HaOOOpOT'h. CaMhIii <paKT'b HIlnoneaeaie lKlIBOTuaro Be)l,eT'b R'h ero YlKe ,1I,OCTaTO'fHO IIORa3hl-

utero JI3YifJleHiJJ nepe)l,'b TtMII nanpmrap»,

CJlY'fallMJI, xoraa

liOril,a IITUI\hl O'lapOBhIBaIOTClI 3MtllMlI YCJlOBiJlX'h.

HaCKOJIbROOOIl\e Harne lIaOJIIOl\eHie

OTHOCHTeJlhOOnplICIIOCOOJIeHHOCTfIlKH3HeHHhlX'h

R'b 1I3MtHeHiJlM'b B'b olipymaIOII\l!X'b

MOlKHO YKa3aTh na APyryIO aHaJIOrlI'fHYIO HeTIIHY, KOTOPaJI 6JlarO,I(aplI 6ea'fIICJIeHHOMY nOHTopeHiIO CTaJIa HaM'h HaCTOJIbliO 3HaKOMa, 'ITO M1J.. He 3aMt'laeM'h ea aaaaaro 3Ha'IeHiH. C)lIIeCTByeT'h HeH3MimHoe H He06xo,I(Inwe upraanaaa II TtMII ero II\IIMH BHYTPII uopcxaa eoraacie M"elK;l,y lKII3HeHHhlMII tPYHKn;ilIMH RIlJK,I(aT() MelK)I,y IIpOI\eCCaMII, npOTeRaIOero. Mhl 3HaCM'h, 'ITO phl6a He 11 YCJIOBillMII, B'h KOTOPhlX'b OR'hmIlBeT'h, --

T'im,

1I nponeccaan,

npOIICxO)l,IlIl\IlMU BHt

MO;J\en ,I(OJIro lKllTb sa B03,I(yxt, BOAOPOCJIh- na sepmaas HICM'b Hil,eH. Mhl aaaeas, MaTOM'b; Kam)l,Oe pacreaie

a 'le.~oBtK'h IIO,I('b BO,I(ofI. )J,y6'h, pacTYII\iii: B'h oseaas,

XOJIMa, JlBJIlIIOTCH BrIO.1(Ht HenpaB)I,OrrOA06HhlM'h coseraonpe,I(tJIeHHhIM'h KJIllmnpora BH!I;'h CYll\eCTBa. 'ITO RalK,I(hlli B'b npe!l;tJlax'h <PaYHbI Mhl HtlioTophIe OIIpe,I(1J.1eHHhlX'h30H'h 3HaeM'h, HtKOTOPhlll CJla6WI

'ITO RalK)I,hll! BH)I,'b lKIlBOTHaro orpanaseas pacnpccipaaserca

11m! BhlCOTh!. OTHOClITeJIhHOMOPCROii tPJIOphl II npCRpaCHO cYIl\eCTByroT'h B'b TeMHhIX'b nemepars,

lImBeT'b TOJIhliO MelKAY OlIpel\tJIeHHhIMU rrpe)!,tJIaMH rJly6uHhl.

MOJIIOCKU MoryT'h lKUTh TOJIbRO

B'b TtX'b 06JIaCTIlX'b, rAt OHll TO rrORpbIBaJOTCH rrplIJIHBOM'b, TO CHOBa 06HalKaIOTCH; RpaCHaJI BO,I(OPOCJl1 cHtrOB'b pt)l,KO f)l,t-Jlu60 noamaerca, IIpOMt liaR'b B'b apKTll'IeCRllX'b crpaaars 1l,UII cpeaa CH1lmHblX'h sepmaas.

Conocraamrs

BMtCTt

nepnue

CJlY'IalI, B'h KOTOPhIX'bo:r)l,tJlhHhlH H3MtHeHis

B'L 06CTIt-

60
HOBKt IlHyTpil opraanaxa opraHlI3Ma, oC'1 BTOPbIMHrrplIMtpaMII, lIn

,Il,AHHbUiEIOJlOrm. COrrpOBOm;J;aIOTClI Orrpe,ll,tJleHHbIMH 1I3M1lHeHiHMII BHyrPII rrO,ll,pa3YMtBaIOT'1 rrOCTOl!HHbIR,Il,tiiCTBil!, IIpOTeRaIOlII,il! caaoro BHt opraa 1I3~a, opraanaaa, OORapYlIm-

IWTOPbIX'1 MbI BH,Il,t.UlI, 'fTO nOCTOHHHbIR;rBiiCTBiH, npOTeIia~~iJI

MbI MOmeT'1CKa3aTb, 'ITO II B'1 TtX'1 II B'1 i\pyrIIX'1 CJIY'faHX'1II3MtHeHil!, IIJIH npouecoa, u:eCCaM'1,B'1 ero oRpymaIOlII,eM'1. R'1 BbICKa3aHHOMY aaaa paRTepHyIO 'fepTy mIl3RII,

Bae!IbIl! mUBbIM'1 TtJlOM'1, HaXO,ll,l!TClIB'1 cneu;ia.lIbHOM'1 OTHOlIIeHiu R'1 u3MtHeHil!M'1, IIJlII npo-

II B'1

3TOM'1-TO u

3al{JIIO'faeTCH HeOOXO!l;HMOei\ono.meHie

nOHHTiIO mII3HH. TO Halla

ECJI1I'MbI npnCOe,ll,IIHHM'1 3Ty caMYIO BamHYIO XU-

1jl0pMyJla nplIMeT'1 TaROR BIIJI,'1. :iK1I3Hb, 3TORaH'1 OJl,HOBpeMeHHbIX'1, TaR'1 cocy~ecTBoBaHiHMlI ero CT6poH'1 II

onpezf-

.'leHHOe CO'IeTaHie pa3HOjlO!l;HbIX'1 1I3MtReHiii 'TeJIbHOCTHMlI.qTOObI JIy'flIIe noaars

nOCJIt,'l;OBa-

1'eJIbHbIX'1>,HaXO,ll,JI~lIXCHB'1 COOTBtTCTBiu C'1 BHtlIIHHMII

II nOCJIt!l;OBa-

BCIO BaiItHOCTb C,Il,tJIaHHarO ,Il,OrrOJIHeHil!, eOOXO,ll,lIMO3r.1l!H B

HyTb na YRa3UHHoe COOTBtTcTBie C'1 HtCRO.lIbKIIX'1 fJIaBHtiillllIX'1

§ 28.

IIMtH

B'1 BU.n;y caaue

1).
.n;tfIII

rJIaBHble npouecou

pacTfmiil:,.

MbI 3Hae~f'b, 'fTO

-CTBil!, npoaorommia Mtpt 'TenJIOTbl.

B'1 HIIX'h, npemoxaraton,

oKpymaIO~yIO Cpeil.Y, CO,ll,epma~yIO no KpafIHefr a RlICJlOpO!l;'h OCBOOOm,ll,aeTCl!;BHt ObI HII ObI.'IU npnpoaa aroro

BO,lI;YII .n;BYOKIICb yrJIepo.n;a, a TaRlRe HaJIII'fHOCTb Jl,OCTaTO'IHarOROJIII'feCTBa csirra

Bnyrpa

.TlIICTbeB'h yrJIepOJl;'h noraomaerca,

)]I!CTbeB'h HUXOAliTCl! ran, nponeoca,

cJIymalIl,ifI .n;JIl! IIOJY'IeHiH yrJlepO,ll,a, II HeBtCO!l1bIe .n;'llllTeJlII, onoRIIC.'10po;r,a. RaROBa 3J1eMeHTbl, cnocorimae

COOCTByIOlII,ieOTil.tJleHiIO yrJIepO;r;a on

HeHO, 'ITO cy~ecTByIOT'h BHtlllHie

npereptrsaars

Crrell,HtPII-

') IIMT,lI Bb BH,'lY 06II(YIO H).(eIO J/CU3nu, KOHTb rosopar-s: "Cette idee suppose, en -effet, non-seulement celIe d'un etre organise de maniere it comporter l'etat vital mais aussi celle, non moins indispensable, d'un certain ensemble d'influences exterieures propre it son accomplissement. Une telle harmonie entre l'etre vivant et le milien correspon-dant, caracterise evidemment la condition fondamentale de la vie". (,,8Ta H,'lelI, Bb ).('IH'1CTBIITeJIhHOCTH, npenncnaraerr, He TOJIhIW npsncraeneale 0 CYII(eCTBT, opraHII30BaHHOMb TaRIIMb 06pa30Mb, 'ITO eMY ).(ocTynHo COCTOlIHie lKH3HeHHOCTH, HO II rrpe.tcraa.renie, CTOJIh JKe HeOTbeMJIeMOe, 0 HT,ROTOPOii:cOBoRynHocTII BHT,IIIHHXb snlamn, CIIoc06HhlX'h R'h ero BhIIIOJIHeHiIO. Ilonoriaaa rapaoaia MelK.iJ;YlKHBhIM'h cYII(eCTBOM'h II COOTBllTcTBYIOII(eIOcpe,n;OIOlIBHhl:l!'h 06pa30M'h xaparcrepnayert, OCHOBHoe YCJIoBie lKII3HH"). Pa3cYlK,'lalI no noBOJ;Y orrpezrtcreala lKH3HI!, c).(T,JIaHHarO de Bleinvllle'esn., xoropoe !\ORf'b IIpuHHlvraeTb,OH'h roaopar-s: "Cette lumineuse definition ne me parait laisser rien d'important It desirer, si ce n'est une indication plus direct et plus explirite de ces deux conditions fondamentales co-relative necessairement inseparables de l'etat vivant, un orqamsme determine et un milieu. convenable". (8To 6JIeCTlIII(ee oupejrtcreale MHT, rrpe).(CTaBJIlIeTCJI He OCTaBJIlIIOII(IlM'h lKeJIaTh HUKaKIIX'L CYII(eCTBeHHbIX1,' H3M1meHiii:, RPOMT, RaRb 60JIile npaxoro II Bblp,3Il-re.n.naro yrcaaartin na 8TII ).(Ba OCHOBRbIlI ROppeJIlITUBHbIlI, HeU36T,lKlIO Hepa3,n;T,JIbHhlH YCc10BilI lKH3HeHHaro COCTOlIHilI- IIMeRHO na orrperrsneaao ycrpoeaasrn OjJzanU3.Mib II na IIO,'lXOil:HII(YIOcpeiJy"), CTpaHHO, 'ITO I{OHT'h, rrpasuanaa TaKIIMb 06pa30\!'h He06xo,n;IlMOCTh r-apxoaia MelK,n;y opraHII3MOM'h II ero oKpYlKaIOII(UM'h aa cYII(eCTBeHHoe YC.f!oeie )j(Il3HH, He rrOHlI;['L, 'ITO nOCTOlIRRoe nO,'l).(eplKIlBaHie BRYTpeHHUX'L ,n;'Bii:CTBiii:,ROTOPbIlI ypaBHOBT,lIIllBaIOT'h BHilillHilI ,'lilii:CTBilI, cocmae.isema lKII3Hb. Kor).(a rrepnoe II3,TJ;aHie "OCHOBaHiii: Blonorin" 6WIO naneaaraao, n-p s S. H. Bridges nannca-n, MHT, II co06II(UJI'L, 'ITO B'h "Politique Positive" KOHT'h pa3BUJI'L ,n;a.:rT,e csoe IIoRlITie. Ha 413 CTp, OHb orpnnaer-s "Ie pretendu antagonisme des corps vivants envers leurs milieux inorganiques" (,.rrpe,'lB3lITbIii: aHTarORII3M'h MelK).(y lKIIBhIMII T'BJIaMII H IlX'h HeOpraHIl'leCRoii: cpe).(oii:") II rOBOpUT'h: "au lieu de ce conflit, on a reconnue bientot, que cette relation necessaire constitue une condition fondamentale de la vie reelle, dont la notion systematique consiste dans nne intime conciliation permanente entre la spontaneite interieure et la fatalite exterieure". (Jlertco MO;KHOBIl).(ilTh, 'ITO BMilcTO npennonaraeaaro RORWJIURTa 8TO Re06xo;:(HMoe oraonreai« npe).(CTaBJIHeT'h c060ii: OCHOBHoe YCJIoBie peansaon JltII3Hll, YCJIoBie, cacreaarasecsoe noarranie icoroparo 3aRJIIO'IaeTCH B'h nenpepsrnaoerr, COhpOBeHHOM'h rrpUMIIpeHiII MelK).(Y BHYTpeHReii: caMorrpOII3BOJIhHOCThIO H BRilIIIHeii: waTaJIbHOCThIO"). ,L(alKe 8TO "concilation permanenie", xascerca, lIBJIlIeTCH: nee JKe "condition" JItIIa.RH, II He 03Ha'laeT'h roro BapbIIpyIOII(aro npUHOpaBJIIIBaHilI II3MT,HeHiii:, H3b nO,ll;il:eplKU:EaRllI xoroparo CJIaraeTClI lKV3Hh. B's BII,n;y rrpIlCYTCTBiH ,'lBYCMbIOJIeHHOCTH 8Ta BbI).(eplKRa ;J,O.'DKHa npe;(rrO'lIITaThCH npeJ;bI,n;YII(eii:, C'h ROTOpOii: OHa B'h 06II(e:l!'h coraacyerca.

COOTB1iTCTBIE MEm;J:Y lKII3HhlO qecRiJI upn nepepaonparsreaia IIplI HaJIlI'IHOCTII

U EJI ORPY1ltAIOIIl,IIM'h. YCJIOBiil:. JIcHo, Y().1jOBiH II O'IeBH~HO, 'ITO IIOTOMY 'ITO Tt

61
pacreaie IIPOH3II3Mt-

cIIe~HqJlI'IeCRIIX'h aTII cIIe~lIq}JI'IeCKiH TaKHM'h

COJIHe'IHOM'h oeafnneain KOTOPhIH IIpelI{~e soern

IIpe~CTaBJIHeT'h nepepacnpersaenia.

BO!1;IIT'h aTH CIIe~lIIt)fI'IeCKiH HeHiH,

06pa30M'h mll3Hh,

COCTaMJIIOT'b paCTlITeJlhHYIO lKIIBeT'h aaamee

HaXO~JITCJI B'h COOTB'BTCTBilf TO yBH;J;IIM'h, 'ITO B'h lKIIBOTHoe O~I!H~ U3'b HeM'h, MorJIO HIIX']>. MorYT']>. aToM']>. a .n;e-

C'h cOCYIIl,eCTBOBaH!HMII B'h HX'h 01{pymaIOIIl,eM'h. ECJIH Mh1 nOCMOTpUM'h, KaK'h nor.10IIl,aIOTCH npO~OJIlKaTh HOBhIH KOJIH'IeCTBa cYIIl,eCTBOBaTh, 06a ~pyroil:. Protozoon,

C1 O~HOil: CTOPOHhI, IIpOIICXO~IIT'h nOCTOHHHaH ~e3IIHTerpa~iH IIIITaTeJIhHaro nponecca EMil ~aJlte

BeIIl,eCTBa, a, C'h ~pyroil:, IIJlI!

IIOCTOHHH(}

BeIIl,eCTBa; II '1T06'h IIo~06Hoe RaKoil: cpeza,

~O.~lKHhl H;J;Tll paaaosrspao )1hI II(ICMOTPUM'h, IIpII TO yBII~I!M'h, KIICJIOpO~'hWII 'IT06hI BhI3BaTh 'ITO IIIIIIl,Y -

;l,O.'lmeH'h IIpeBocxO;J;IITh npOIICXO~IITh maerca Harne Protozoon,

06cTaHoBKt IIplI

aTII B3alIMHO CBH3aHHhIe IIpo~eCChI, ~OJIlKHa

B'h KOTOPOil: IIOMt~e3I!HTerpa~iIO, ny

corepaan,
'IT06hI ~aTh

KIICJIOpO~'h

,:(O.'ImeH'h 6hITh JIlIIIl,a -

B'h ~OCTaTO'lHOM'h ROJIII'IeCTBt,

1I3BtCTHYIO

B'h TaKOM'h Ro.~II'IeCTBt, )J,pyruMII IIPIICYTCTBiH HII3rnIIX'h

B03MomHOCT1

lKlIBOTHOMY BOCIIOJIHI!Th COBeprnaIOIIl,ieCH MOlKeT'h

JIIHTerpa~iIO. Tpe6yIOT'h

CJIOBaMII, ~Ba CHapYlKli

IIPOTI!BOIIOJIOmHhIe

nponecca,

BHyTpII, nil HilMI!

BIlIIl,eCTB'h, KOTOP1IiI

CPO.IJ:CTBO ROTOPhIX'h 3arJIaThIBaIOT'h

BbI3BaTh cs

nponecou.
OCTaB.lilH lKHBOTHhIX'h, COIIpIlKaCaIOIIl,iilCH JlJlTaTeJIhHh1H BeIIl,eCTBa Bf'PXHOCTh, ;J:aIOT'h, XOTH lId}, II R CO~eplKaIIl,yIO RIICJIOpO~'h BO~Y HenOCpe,21,CTBeHHO'lepe3'h HtCKOJIhKO name, B'h aroro HIIX'h nopama MhI II nOJIOCTll TKaHeil:. CYIIl,eCTBO KpyrOM'h aero HaXO~IIM'h CBoil:cTBaMII MOr.110 6hI CBOIO no06JIacooraonreaie IItKOTOPhIX']>. npO.IJ;O.lllKaTb6hITf>. nepeil:;J;~M'h K'h <popMaM'h opraHlI30BaHHh1M'h HenO.TlHOIO, cneniaraaaniea .IJ:til:CTBiilMII IIX'h TtJI'h. QT06h1 B'h nlIIIl,eBapUTeJIhHoil: KOTOPhIH yme

31e;R;J;y HtKoTopmnr ORpY;RaIOIIl,IlX'h

a013Hh, yme

He.IJ:OCTaTO'IHOnplICYTCTBiH c06CTBeHHbIa TKaHH, B'h

BeIIl,eCTB'h, 'IT06hI nOJIOCTII

1I3'h ROTOPb1X'h MorYT'h nOCTYII.lIeHie BH.IJ:'h. ea paCTBOpHIOIIl,HX'h CBoil:cTBaMII npoueccy CII.lIt IIl,yIIa.IIb~a

1I0CTpOeHhI ero ClTOC06HhIX'h CBOllCTBa BHt TO II

He06xo.IJ:IIMO TaRme, nlIIIl,eBapIlTe.IIhHoil: BeII\eCTBa B'h

aTHX'h BeIIl,eCTB']>. lKH.IJ;KOcTeil:, BHyTplI IIOJIlIna CIIe~II<pII'IeCKill

COlIpOBOlK.IJ:a.IIOCh BhI)J,tJ1eHielI'h nepeaomrs opraHlmra

~aHHhIH

y;J;060YCBOlleMhIil: IIepeil:;J:eM'h R'h

.IJ:O.TIlKHh1 BCTpt'IaTbCH nepeaapasaaia npercraaen, .IJ:06b1'Ieil:. ra 611 IIIIIIl,II lKe

co ClIe~II<pII'IeCKmIlI IICTIiHa. CIIoc06HOCTh

ero,
aano-

EC.llI1 OT'b IIpo~ecca 3.IJ:tCb npe.IJ:'h aaaa c.nymaT'h e)!y HOCIITb YKO.IIb1 II ROI0Pbffl

CXBaThIBaHill, lKIIBOTHhIX'h, 1I3MtHeHillMH,

CORpaIIl,aThCH COOTBtTCTByeT'h

'1YBCTBIITe.TIbHOCTH II II3MtHeHiH,

T'BX'h

Bern
II

mrsmala

IIPIIBO.IJ:lIIIl,iH O~HO 1I3'h BHyTpeHHHMII yMep'h lKII3Hb KOri\a II 6hI 0T'h

;l,06H11X'h lKlIBOTHhIX'h, ROTOPhIH BhI3hIBaIOT'h ntenia, -OCIIOBHhIe BHt COOTBtTCTBiH To lKe npeKpaTIITbciI. caaoe

He conpoaoanamos cnepruaaaie mrrerpauia

HeMe~.lIeHHO TtMII; IIl,yIIa.JIh~a, BHt 'ft;ra, II .IJ:e3IIHTerpa~iII,

BTHrJIBalIie nponeccaan

nomm, II

IICTO6hl

nponeeca

npOIICXO.IJ:HIIl,ieBlIyTpII,

ORa3a.IIIICh 6r.r

C'h .IJ:tHTe.TIHMII II Ha6JIIO.IJ:aeTCH II 'ITO RX'h TKaHII 'Iepe3'h

.IJ:OJIlKlIa 6hI.TIa

y Bb1CrnIIX'h lKIIBOTHblX'h; He Mor.nn ~tilTe.IIbHO

opraHII3Mb1

C~tJI8.lIIICf>. neme-

HaCTO.~bKO KpyIIHhIMH, CTBa.l!1I IIYTeM'h

cHa6lKaTbCiI

nIITaTe.llbHhIMII

noraomeaia

n lBepXHOCTHYIO 060.TI0'IKY conpIIROCIIOBeHiH

He 1I0.IIY'Ia.TIII ~OCTaTOqHaroOMhIBaIOIIl,IIMII IIX']>. nplI Macct nOMOIIl,1I npra.IJ;til:II BhIBceil: ClICTeMt, no II

RO.lIJ'IeCTBa RIICJIOpO)J;a nyreM'b ROTOpoil: nHTaTe.IIhHhIiI 1l1I3Ma. <PyHK~iil IIhlM'h <PYHK~illM'h, CTBiil:. 3TO aToil: BeIIl,eCTBa CIICTeMhI,

npocroro II

cs mII)[KOCTlIMlI, pa3HOCIITbCiI BHtIIIHIIX'h

nOBepXHOCTb, TOr!1;a HBII.TIaCh He06xo~IIMOCTh

B'h pacnpe.IJ:t.TIIITe.IIbHoil:

KIIC.lIOpO~'h MOr.IIII 6hI

HBJIilHCh BCIIOMOraTeJIbHoil: II K'h ~pyrlIM'h OKIICJIeHiIO II eme 60.TIte

no OTHorneHiIO

K'h .IJ:ByM'h nepBII'IBHyTpeHHIIX'h cespenia

06pa3yeT'h

HOBoe 3BeHO B'h COOTBtTCTBiII aCCIIMII.TIH~ilI.

OTHOCII'l'()JI TaRme OT'h pa60ThI mmtcTHhIX'h

nO.IJ:'IIIHeHHhIM'h tPyHK~illM'h: R'h ~tHTeJIbHOCTII HarJIH~HO.

.:('B.1eHiIO, KOTOPhIH cnoc06CTBYIOT'h

Ilepexoxa
XO~llM'h oyeT'h pacxoza

BHYTpeHHOCTeil BHYTpeHHIIX'h

HepBOB'h II MYCKYJIOB'h, }fhI nanepemaaeaia II rpeITO nano R03II'IeCTBY

COOTBtTCTBie,

aapaaeaace

Kam.IJ:hIil: aKT'h

C1IJI'h, npncnOC06JIeHHhIX'h

62

,l\AHHrJH BIO.IOl'IIl.

npaB.1IeHiIO ,l\JIIl ypaaaoafanaaaaia IIJIII ,l\JIH npeomrsma II1lKOTOPhlX'h HapymHhlX'b CIIJI'b. Ilosnaaanie RaROrO-.1Il160 npe,l\MeTa HeB03MOmHO npn OTCYTCTBiIIrapMOHiII Mem,l\y II3MimeHiHMII, COCTaB.JlHIOIII,IIMII nocnpiarie, BtrcTBO meIIie HhlX'b.
OT'b npara

II OT,l\tJlbHbIMII CBoitcTBa~[lJ, cocyIIl,eCTByIOIII,IIMIIB'b oKpymaIOIII,CM'h. B'b opranaaas, IIaXO,l\HIII,IIXCH B'b cooraoureain no

Tpe6yeT'h ,l\BIImcHiit

CBoeMY xapanrepy 'IIO CllJlt

II no 6blCTPOTt C'b .n;BIImeHiHMII, npoJICXO.n;JIIII,IIMII IIt opraHII3Ml1. B

Y IIII'ITO-

.n;06hl'III Tpe6yeT'b onenian.naro

CO'IeTaHiJI cy6'beKTIIBHhlX'b .n;titCTBiit, npIIHOpOBJIeHHhlX'b 06'beKTIIBTtX'b 6e3'IIICJleHHhlX'h aBTOMaTII'IeCKIIX'h nponeceom., HBJIeHiit paBHbIM'b 06pa30M'b 06HapyCBOIO.n;tHTeJIbHOCTbC'b II3BtCTIIocJI'B)!,OBaTeJIbHbIH)!,eil.YKlI,iII,

II no rrOCJlt,l\OBl1TeJIbHOCTH R'b TOMY, 'IT06bl npeO)!,OJItTb pH)!,'b )!,titCTBiit

II

::lTO CnpaBC,l\J1IIBO.n;JIJIBctX'h

1I3'b KOTOPb1X'bCJIaraIOTCHIIHCTIIHKTbl. Bs CaMhlX'b BhlCOKllX'J, nopH.n;KaX'b mII3HeHHblX'b mIIBaeTCH

Ton

me caMblit tjJaKT'b. 9MrrIIpII'IeCKiH noaoraiorr,

0606II1,eHiH, KOTOPblH PYROBO)!,HT'h 3eM.1CII B'b

,],tJIbll,eM'b B'b ero ctaooooporars, npa

eMY eeraacoaars

HhlMII .n;titCTBiIlMII, rrpoIIcxo)!,HIII,IIMII B'b paoreain pa3YIOT'b lI,tJlbIit pe6CHKOM'b, TaR'b

pH)!,'b YMCTBeHHblX'b anrom,

nosnt,

nOMOIIl,II KOTOPhlX'b 06pa30Bl1HHblit MOPHK'b Bbl'IIICJIHeT'h cnoe llOJIOmeHie cpe)!,H I!IOpH, 02nocpercrsom, KOTOPhlX'b ero rrOCTYIIKII oooopaBblBo)!,aX'b, )!,tJIaeMblX'b

3yIOTCH C'b oKpymaIOIII,eit ero 06CTaHoBRoit. RaK'b B'b CaMhlX'bnpocrsrrs MCat;l,y O;J,HOBpeMCHHbunrI rrOCJlt,1l;OBareJIbHblMIIn3MtHeHilllJII, I JJ CDCYIIl,eCTBOBaHiHMII C.1It,llOBaHiHMIIB'b oKpymaIOlIleM'b. 1I

II B'b CaMbIX'b CJIOlKIIblX'b BbIBo)!,aX'b Y'ICHarO Mhl HaXO)!,lIM'b COOTBtTcTBie npOIIcxo.n;llIIl,lIMlI B'b opraH1I3Mt,

§ 29.

9Ta 06II1,all tjJopMyJIa, KOTopaH TaRIIM'b o6pa30M'b BKJIIO'IaeTll, HapaBH'B cs BbICIIIITeJlJIeKTyaJIbHIJit i\'BHTeJIbIIOCTlI, caMhle anamie npoueccu MOiKeT'b6hlTb Bbl30BeT'b HtKOTOPbIH B03palKeHiH, lWTOPhlH mC.1IaTe.lbIIO3)!,1>Cb ROTO-

maaa

rrpOHBJICHiliMII 'IeJIOBt'IeCKoit

B'b pacreniaxs, npe)!,ynpe)J,lITb.

MomHO .n;pIaTb, 'ITO nee me CYIIl,eCTByeT'bHtCKOJIbKO HCOpraHII'IeCKIIX'b HMeHifi, phlH ORalItYTCH BKJIIO'fCHHblMIIB'b Harne onpejrsrenie; TaR'b lIa3bIBl1eMOM'hnpell;CKa3aTCJIt ropaa npII lIalIpIIMtp'b,

llBJIeHiH, npOlICXO;VlIIl,iH B'b

normsr:

B'b 3aRJIIO'IeHlIoit B'b 3TOM'b

npnricpf
oopaaya

mH)J,KocTH npII ROHOBbIe Y30pbl. II rroc.lJ'BII;OBaB'b

H3BtCTHbIX'b YCJIOBiHX'bTeMnepl1Typbl noaaraiorca M:OlKHO, IIOlKaJIyit, yTBeplKII;l1Tb, 'ITO rrpn60p'b reasaua orrpe;J,tJIeHHblX'b CO'IeTaHiHX'b n, CBepX'b ncero, BHtrnHllMU II3MtHeHiHMu.

nepacrsra l{pHCTa.1JIII'IeCKiH 06pa30BaIIill,

II3MtHeHHblX'b YCJIOBiHX'bpaonycsaercn n BIIOBb oraaraorea,

06Hl1pYlKllBaeT'h omospesennaa paanopoma,

II3M1>HeHiH, ROTOPblll, 6Y!J,y'IH )!,O II3BtCTHOit creneaa

nporesamrs

npOTeKaIOT'b B'b H3BtCTHOM'b COOTBtTCTBill C'b MbI !l:titCTBUTeJlbHO HaXOII;IIn 6.IIII3IWe norpanporeB'b BOBce He eCTb

Bt,

non

rrpIIMtpt

maHie pacraren.non COOTl'ltTcTBie TeMrrepaTypt;

)!,IIT'b MOB'b.

mU3HII, HO rnO.fWIW

noxpaaaaie.

Oraoureaia

~relItll;y llBJIeHimm,

KaIOIII,IlMH B'b 3TOM'I. rrp1I60pt,

II TepMaJlbHblMH 113MimeHillMH B'b aTMoc4Iept B'b pacnoxoaeaia

B'b c06CTBeHHOM'bCMblC;;I'Baroro B!lYTpII npOIICXOII;IIT'b II3MtIIenic B'b TeMrrepaTypt; 6hl HU 6wra

C.10Ba. CHapya(U rrpOIICXO!l:lIT'h n3Mtncnili HOBoe II3~ftIIeHie

aTOMOB'b. CnapymII IIPOHCXOB'b paCnOJIOlKeIIin aTOH3M1meHili OT'b KalK!l.arO He OT.lJ.II'IaeTClion KOTopbIfr 11;1>,10 ROHpaBHO CTpeMJIe-

HOBoe rmrtHeHie RaI\'b

BHyTpII -

TO'IHa 3aBIICHMOCTbKaJK!l.aro nayrpemraro

C'b OTBJIe'IeHHoit TO'IRII apsaia,

BIItrnIIlIfO,

CBH3b MelK)!,y HII!m,

IIII'ItM'b

TOit CB1l3II, xaaaa xaeroa.

CYIIl,eCTByeT'bMelKII;y !l:BIImeHiliMII COJIOMbl II .n;BIIlKeHilIMH BtTpa, Bbl3bIBaeT'b II3MtHeIIill, oRpymaIOIII,eit He aoropoe II na nOM'h B'b HeM'b BbI3BaHHOe )!,1>llTeJIeM'b II3'b cpe)!,bl B'b

ee TpeIIJIeT'b. B'b 060IIX'b CJIY'IaHX'b II3MimeHili 1I3MimeHie,

3TOM'b,

Rl1K'b"II BO BCllROM'b )!,pyrOM'b, Heo)!,yrneBJIeHHOM'bTt.'l'B, HiH K'b npOII3BO!l:CTBYBTOplI'IHarO BHyTpeHHHro II3MtlIeHill, Hoe II3MtJIeHie B'b oKpymaIOIII,eit

nopoxaaen,

Hpe;wapll.rro

6hl BTOPII'I3aKJIIO'IaeTCH MOlKHOauRor,'l;a

cperh,

B'b KamIl;OM'b me lKHBOM'b TtJlt

B03HIIltaeT'b CTpeM-

JIeIIie K'b nO,il,06HblM'b BTOPII'IHbIM'b II3MtHeHillM'b, COOTBtTcTBie. 9TO paaamie Heit pa3IITb CJIt!l.YIOIII,IIM'b OTBJIe'IeIIHblM'b rrpIIMtpOM'I..

II B'b IIX'b TO HpOHB.lIeIIiII II HaaOBeM'b 'Iepe3'b

Mem.llY o)!,yrneBJIeHHhlMII 1I Heoll;yrneBJIeHHblMII Tt.'laMII

.A.

cpe.n;t,

sepeas

npOII3BO!l.IIT'b

B,

H3MtHeHie BO BIItrn ~ aa

OTBtTHoe II3M'ilHeHie, BbI3hlBl;leMoe B'b HeOpraHII'IeCROM'b TtJIt. upespamaerca, XOTli 13'1 oKpYlKaIOIlI,eit cpe)!,t

,l\titcTB:e

cJlt!l:yeT'b

COOTBllTCTBIEMElK)I;¥ lKII3Hbro II Ell OKP¥lKArom,IIM'b. JI3MimeHie nieM'1

63
CJIt;J;OBaHill, soropoe C'1 113MtHeB'1 HeM'1 B'b TtJIt coraacie
U3b

a,

B'1 HeOpraHllqeCIwit

Macc1J He

rrpoacromrs

naparaersaaro

UOpO!l;llJIO 6b! H3MtHeHie

a.

b,

croamee

B'1 KaKOM'1 6bI TO Hll 6bIJIO OTHOlIIeHili TO lIte 113Mimellie

B03bMeM'1 reneps

lItlIBOe TtJIO, II nycn,

n3~111IeHie fl3MtHeHie BO npexean,

200

C:
C

B'1 OKpYlKaronreM'1 sa BbI30Ben MtCTt II3MimeHie

A rroc.lJ.t)l;yeT'b II.3MtHeHie a, B'b c, rrpII aTOM'1 a II C 06Hapyman

nponaneaers aTO lIte speaa II3BtcTHoe

II

II HHTeHCIIBHOCTIi. JKll3Hb TaKllM'1 06pa30M'b

cnaeaemcn

nenpe-

pbIBHaro B03HllKHoBeHili rrO,!l;06HbIX'b corJIa.cill:, IIJIIi COOTBtTCTBiil:, II noOOepJICU6aemCft

r5,J~a-

ap5f

nenpepbIBHoMY IlX'b B03HUKHoBemro.

).I,aJIte MOlEno OlItII)I;aTb .mpoBKII IllCHHO BtpHO, 'ITO MOBO

aoapaaenia

OTHOClITeJIbHO neooaepmencraa soropoe BpJI,!I;'1JIll ("correspondens") KaK'b Moryn He

CJlOBeCHOH <poPMYCOBepce61l,

onpe,!l;t,leIlill,-HecoBeplIIeHcTBa, "COOTBtTcTBie"

B03MOlKHO H36ElKaTb. 3aKJIro'IaeT'b B'1

6e3'1 H3BtCTHOil: HaTlllItKH" BCtX'1 TtX'b oTHolIIeHiH, KOTOPbIll OHO,!I;OJIlKHO 0603HaqaTb B'b aa1ll8M'b onpe,!l;tJIeHiII. MOiRHO 3a,!l;aTb aonpoca: IIPO,!l;OJIlKIITeJIbHbIe npoueces: B'b OKpYlKarom,eH cpe)l,t nUnrll MOaC~llMIIJIllll,iII II )l,bIXaHilI COOTBtTcTBOBaTb cocYUfecrn606aui1O !I KIIC.10pO,!l;a?llJIII KaK'b MOlKen BaTb BHtIIIHHM'b onacaocraas, ryT'1 ou,ua.Mu'fecnie nponeccsr, KOTOPbIlI Moryr'1 raopraro

BbI,!I;tJIeRie lItH,!I;ROCTH, Jlymam,eH ,!I;Jlll3am,IITbI, COOTBtTCTBOC HIIROr!I..a II He npe,!l;CTaBIITbCll? KaR'b nocnpiarie, caoaa, T'EJIa? TOJlbI{O O,!l;IlH'b OTBtT'b uoropce cpe,!l;oil: II noropoe 6bI lI3'b ROTOPbIX'bcaaraerca COOTBtTcTBOBaTbcmaMOlKHO BMtpaaao 06HU-

1nU'leCKU.M1>
MallO 6bI CTt

J1BJleHilIM'b lI3CJIt,!l;yeMaro

,1.aTb na BCt aTII BonpOCbI: y HaC'b H'ET'1 ,1.0CTaTO'l1l0o6m,aro BCt aTH <pOPMbIoraomeaia aaaaeren, MelKIJ;YopraHII3'\!0M'1 II cs TtM'b BbI3bIBa.JIO )l,OCTaTO'IHOonpemreaaoe Ton paKT'b,

npezoraareuie

0 COOTHOlIIeHiH; II CJIOBO oprsaasaa

"COmn6r6mCm6ieii
(HenpepbIBHbIlI 1I1III lIA'b

B'b KOHll,t-ROHIl,OB'b, HalI6o;Ite

nO,!l;XO,!l;llm,IIM'b. BCtX'1 aTIIX'b Bo 'ITO B'b CBO-

c.lJ.Y'IaJIX'b MbI ,Il,Ol1lItHbIBbIpa3IITb

qTO H3BtCTHbIll II3MJmeHill BHyrPII

napiauims,

npepusamniaca)

CBl!3aHbI TaKIIM'b 06pa30M'b MelR,II,y corio», HllH B'b nepio,!l;ax'b npoaaneaia, C'b BlltlIIHIIMII

IIJIH B'b pa3MtpaX'b,

IIJlII B'b nOplI,!I;Rt CJIt(uepiO,!l;HqeCRHMII TaROBO, 'ITO onpeonpe,!l;tJIeH-

,1.0BaHill CTOllT'b B'b HtR@TOpml'b '1;tlleHHoe ornmnenie

eooraonrenin

,Il,til:CTBillMU

II.JIll nOCTOllHHhIMH,,!I;tl!:cTBHTeJIbHEBIiiH.lIll B03MOlKHbIMII)-ll

aTO oooraomenie

MelK,!I;YHtROTOPbIMII qJIeHaMIi O,!l;HOil: pyumr r aaaenia

npe,Il,nOJIaraen

Hoe OTHOllIeIIie :MeiR)I,y1I3BtCTHblMH 'IJIeHaMll )l,pyroH rpynnu.

§ 30.

H306palKeIIie

B'b TaRoH 06nreil: <pOPMt HaBO,!l;HT'bna MbIC!lb, 'ITO Hallie OTBJIeqeHHOMYonpezsrenuo, ~HOlIIeHill. eCJlII MbI arexearsr TOJIbKO rtaI,'1 EC.JIII6bICTPOTa

nouarie

0 iRll3HH MOmeT'b DbITb CBe,Il,eHO K'b Hau60JIte BCJIt,Il,CTBie uoanaeaia

6Y,!l;eM'b pa3CMaTpHBaTb BXO,!l;llm,ie B'b nero aCCIIM:lIllJll~iH lKHBOTHaro ycaopaerca BO;J;CT{lOM'b TeIIJIa TaR'b B3alIUO 'ITO Moryn ypaBRoBtlIIllBaTb TO aTO 03Haqae1"1, 'ITO BHyTplI opraansaa II3MtHeHRbIll

TeMn~epaTYPbIB'h ORpYlKaronreH cpers, MeiR,II,YnOTpe6JIeHieM'b nlIm,1I II npoasB'b OKpYlKaronreH cpe,!l;t MelK,!I;y norro-

oracnreaia
oraoureaia

yperYJIlIpOBaRbI, ny reM'b COBMtCTHarO YCHJIeHill 060IIX'b 'Il1eHOB'b, ('ITO H BbI3Ba110 nareaie ,Il,0 crena,

m,aeMoil: H JIyqeIIcnYCKaeMofi renroroio rrax'b IIJIII lllyM'b, ,Il,oJIeTarom;il!: pa BtTpt n

aacraemers

reanepatypu).
eMY rp03UT'b,

Kor,!l;a 3a-

ero YCTpeMIITbCJI 'b CTOPO'Hy 1"1 B 0 B'b OJIeHt lRe

O.lcOTHIIRa,TO MbI ,'l;OJIlKHbI3aK.JIro'IIITb, 'ITO BHt cym;ecTByeT'b

OJIeHa cym,eCTByeT'b OTROlIIeHie MelK,!I;yH'hoaoropaa ROTOPWI npOII3BO,Il,lIT'b nOMom,II KOTOPbIX'bOH'1 R'b 3aROHY, KOTOPbIfi: KaKIIM'b KOJIlI-

TOPbIMII CBoHcTBaMII rrpe,!l;MeTOB'1 II Toil onaeaocn,n,

npacnocodraanoe

ornoureaie

MelK,II,yTtMII BneqaTJItHilIMH, II TtMH ,Il,til:CTBilIMll, rrpll

aa Hero CBOHCTBaII3BtCTHbIX'b npezxerom., }[OlReT'b II36trHYTb .iaers 'IeCTBOM'b ,ll.pyroro e'lly B03MOlKHOCTbY3HaTb, xaaoe

orraCROCTII. EC.JIII H3Cl1t,Il,OBaIIie rrplIBO,Il,IIT'b XllMIIKa

ROJIH'IeCTBOO,Il,HorO aJIeMeRTa C'1

MOlKeT'b coe,n;IIHIITbClI, 3TO 3Ha'IIIT'1, 'ITO B'b HeM'1 YCTaHOBIIJIOCb cneniaascoraacyeroa BHtlIIHiJI CO Cnell,II~llqeCRIIMII XlIMH'IeCI(ll'I!II OTHOlIIeaarenia npOCTO KaR'1 OTllOlIIeIIie, a

Hoe YMCTBellHoe OTHOlIIeHie, noropoe C.llyq!tl!X'b

MbI

HiaMII, cym,eCTByrom,IIMII B'1 OKpYlKarom,IIX'b IIpe,Il,MeTaX'b. HTaR'b, MbI BII,!I;IIM'b, 'ITO BO BctX'b MOlIteM'b paacaerpasars amesia TaRlKe II snyrpeaaia npOCTO RaR'1 oraomeaie; rrO::lTOMY name 1I0RllTie 0 lKll3HH es

64 .nueaicie
6Hympert1iUX'b

i(AHHbIli BIO.10rIlI.
uenpepblfi1We npuuopae-

caMofi OTB.lJe'IeHHolITO'IKR 3p1miH 6y:\eT'h TaKOBO: mR3Hh, ::lTO -

omaunueniic

'K'b 61i1'bUl1iUJ,t'b

1).

Bp;Y'In 60.1'Ee npocroa, am WoPMyJIaRMten eme IT TO npemrYHIeCTBO, 'ITO OHa 06JIa,RaeT'b 60J1hrneJt eMKOCThIO,'ItM'b npe)J,hI:lYHIali. O)J,HaKo, 6hIJIO 6hI ornR60'Ino YTBepm)J,aTh. 'ITO OHa BK.1IO'IaeT'hHe TOJIhKO Tt orrpe)J,t.1IeHHbIH coseraaia O)J,HOBpeMeHHhIX'b nOCJlt)J,OBaR Te.11HhIX'bR3MtHeHiJt, ROTOphIHHaXO)J,llTCH COOTBtTCTBiRC'b cOCYHIeCTBOBaHiH~IH rrOCJItB'b n )J,OBaTC.lJhHOCTHMR oRpymaIOHIeM'b Mipt, B'b HO TaRme R Tt CTpyKTypHhIli rpOpMhI, KOTOPhIll oasom» 603.lftOJICUOCmb opraHII3MY rrplICIIoc06.1J1lThero )J,tii.CTBili R'b )J,tii.CTBillM'bORpymaIOHIm! cpe:\hI; nO)J,06HoeYTBepllt)J,eHie6hIJIO 6hI C.lIIrnROM'bumpoxo; )J,t.lJO B'b TOM'b, 'ITO XOTH CTPYRTYPHhIH rpOPMhI n npei\CTaBJIllIOT'h R3'b ce611 BHyTpeHHiH OTHorneHill, rrpIIHOpOBJI~HHhIll K'b BHtrnHUM'b oraoureaiam; HeJIh3H CRa3aTh, 'ITO oe3npep'b161ioe npU1iOpa6.1lU6a1iZe aomeaia 3aK.lJIO'IaeT'bB'b ce6t uen006UJlCHOe, yme paHte C)J,tJI1\lIHOe npUHOpa6.1lU6aHZe_ JRU3Hh, ROTopaH CJJaraeTClI 1I3'b Ouua.MU"lec'KUX'b llBJIelIin, He ¥J)meT'b 6hITh BhIpameHa B'b. TepMIIHaX'b, ROTophIe B'b TO me caaoe npeaa 06HUMaJlII 6hI cJIymaHIiii. )J,JIli npoanreaia mU3HR annapars, ROTOPhIHnpe)J,CTaBJIllIOT'h II3'b ce6H omamnocecxisc aareaia. 3TO npOTIIBOrrOJIOmeHie, C'b O)J,HOii. CTOPOHhI,IIanOMUHaeT'b HaM'b, 'ITO paannie Memi\Y caMIIM'b opraHII3MOM'b Hi ero :\tllTeJIhHOCTbIO CTOJIhme BeJIIIRO, RaRl> pa3JIII'Iie Mem,!!,yM:lTepieIO II )J,BlImeHieM'h, C'b. :lpyroJl: CTOPOHbI, OHO YI{a3hIBaeT'b HaMl> 'ITO eCJIn CTpyKTypHlIH rpOpMhI B3pOCJIaro op~a, HII3Ma He MoryT'h 6hITh nOi\Be)J,eHhIIIO)J,'bHarne orrpe)J,'EJIeHie, TO TOT'b nponeccs pa3BHTIH. IIYTeM'b soroparo aTII rpOpMhI YCTaHaBJIIIBaIOTCll,BX(})J,IIT'b B'b IIOHliTie 0 mII3HII. .n;tii.CTBIITe.1hHO, nponecm, aBOJIIO~iII, B'b reseaie soroparo opraH hI 3apO)J,hlrnai\tJIaIOTCH rO)J,HblMlI\JIa i IIcnO.lJHeHiH6Y)J,YHIIIX'brpYHR~iJt, HBJIlleTCll nOCTeIIeHHhIM'b II HenpephIBHblM'b rrpIIHOpaBJIIIBaHieM'b BHYTpeHHUX'boraomeaia R'b HapymHhIM'b. KpOMt roro, Tt II3MtHeHili B'b erpoenia, ROTOphIH nponcrozars IIO)J,l> BJIillHieM'b rrepeMtH'b RJIIIMaTa (II3MtIIeHili B'b aaaariars, 1I3MtHeHill B'b YCJIOBillX'b nnraaia) II BJIeRYT'b aa c060fl nepeasmeaie OpraHII'IeCKarO 6aJIaHCaMoryT'b TaRme 6hITh pa3cMaTplIBaeMhI, RaR'b nporpeccaaaua llJIII HerrpephlBHhIli npaaopaa.maaala BHy'fpeHHIIX'b oraomeain R'b BHtrnHllM'b. IhaR'b, Harne orrpei\tJIeHie B'b ero rrOCJlti\HeM'b Blli\t 06HllMaeT'h C060IO.He TOJlhROBet Tt rsaecaue II i\YXOBHhle Bll)J,hI)J,tlITeJIhHOCTll, xoropua COC'faB.lJlIIOT'b arne 06hI'IHOe noaarie mII3Hll, HO II 06a nponecca pa3BIITilI, T. e. H II Ton, rrocpe)J,CTBOM'boroparo opraaaaas i\tJIaerCH B'b 06HIeM'h cIIoco6HhIM'b 06HapymllBaTh s mlI3HeHHYIO )J,tllTeJIhHOC'fh, II i\pyroii: n03)J,Htii:min no npeaenn npoueccs, IIOCpei\CTBOM'b ROroparo opraaasas nOJIY'lPeT'b crre~ia.1!hHyIOIIPlICIIOC06JIeHHOCTh i\JIli 06HapymIIBallill cneniarsHon i\tH'fe.1!hHOcTII. O:\HaRo, HaCTOJIhRO a6CTpaRTHaH rpopMYJIa osaaanaerca HeHpIIro)J,HOii i\M HamllX'h 6JIlImanmllX'b ~tJIeii. Coxpaaaa ee )J,JIll TtX'b CJIY'IaeB'b, B'b ROTOPhIX'bOHa onaaerca ocoeeaao Y:l06HOIO, 3)J,tCh 6Y)J,eM'b YIIOTpe6JIHTh, 06hIRHOBeHHO, 60JI1le ROHRpeTHOea1fBllBa~ JIeHTHOenapaaeaie - noaaaaa nOi\'b BHyTpeHHllMII ornomeaimra "OlIpe)J,tJIeHHhIli cl)'IeraHiH Oi\HOBpeMeHHblX'bII nOCJIt)J,OBaTeJIhHhIX'b H3MtHeHin" n-no,ll,'b BHtrnHII)1ll OTHorneHiHMII "cocyHIeCTBOBaHiHII CJIt,Il,OBaHill", a IIOll,'b CBH3hIO,COei\llHHIOHIeIO llX'b, "COOTBtTcTBie".

07-

r .JIABA.
YpOBeHb

VI.

:H;{B3HH B3M'BHHeTCH COI"JIaCHO CD H3M'BHeHieM'b CTeneHH COOTB'BTCTBiH.

§ 31. PaHte 6I,{JIO nORa3aHO, 'ITO BhICOTa yposna mll3Hll HaXOi\llTCH B'b IIPllMOH aaBllCHMOCTll orroro, HaCROJIhKO pt3RO npoanaaerca B'b Hen Rami\hIH ll3'b aJIeMeHTOB'bHarnen
') ,:::J;a.'IbH:ttIlIlilI aa-sacaeaia p aroro Y'leHilI CM. OCHOBHhllIHaxaaa, § 25.

HOBEHh ;"II3HII

1I311'llHllETCll COr.HCHO C'h II3MllHEHIEM'h CTEllEHH COOTBllTCTBIli. MhI .D:0JiKllbI noaaaars,

65

!ICpBOlla'Ia.lhHOfI <poP~!Y.1bI:reneps (;.1 1; ,(HJlrO ;).l!.eM~HTaonpersreaia Hilll!ll.

'ITO ;)TO CIIpaBe;J;!IIIBO II AJIlI rroOTHOlIIe<pU31IQeCKarO COCTOllB'h oKpymaIOm~fi rrpHcIlorr3~rtHeell 6Y,:l,eT'h ,!l;oIIycKall

COOTBtTCTBili MeiK.D:YBHYTpeHHIIMU II BHfilIIHIDIII B'h RO.'1II'IeCTBt rrpmo,:l,HOfI nmna

pnon

bIOiKllO BIqtTh,

'ITO :lTO ,:I,OJiKHO 6bITh TaR'h: ImrtHeHili

Hill, :.rciaHIIQeCKill

,:I,tfICTBill, Ko.~e6aHiJl jKH3HeHHhlfI B'h

cpe,J,B MorYT'h npiocraaoanrs ('oO][Te.lhHbIiI ImrtHeHiJl

oprannaef

nponeccs, 6pen
roro,

npOTeRaIOmifI BHyTplI opraansua; ,J;.1IlHHa IlJIH HopoTKa, yposeas

npmro

IWIT soonenao ypaBHoBtrrHIBaIOT'h arn HaCKOJlbHOImItHeHiJl B'h

HeHlll, C.'lt;J;OBaTe.lhHO,mlI3Hb oprannaxa llhlCOlib II.11l H1I30R'h H'h 3aBIICIlMOCTIIon

B'h oKpymaIOmeM'h 6y-

A)Tb

BCTpt'IaTh

OTBtT'h

H'h BII,J,t COOTBtTcTBYIOmlIX'h IW!tHeHifI

cpraaaaub.
mIl3Hh see

llo3,rO)hHOCTb paacrponoraa llopIl,iolla.lhlla

COOTBtTcTBia, B'h II3BtCTHhIX'h IIpe;J;tJlax'h

me

6Y,J;er'h

npo,J,o.la;aThca TO.lhRO ,:1,0TtX'h

nopt,

nona

npo iozsaercn aa

COOTBtTCTBie;IIOJIHOTa;!(I13HII npoTOJIbKOnpn coaepuren1I3C.'l'B,J;yeM'h3Ty II0.10iIieHiJlx'h,

lIO.TROTt COOTBtTcTBia II COBepl!leHHOIO;KII3Hh aaraerca 06mnx'h

Ho,l h COOTBtTCTBiIl. He OCTaHaBJIHBaaCh60.1tc HCfl!I1Y C'h ROHI(peTHOII TO'IKII aptaia •

.§ 32. Paacuarpnaaa

mU3Hh HII31!1arO uoparaa,

~1hl HaXO,J,IBI'h, 'ITO TOJlhKO canm Bhl3blBaIOT'h B'h

I;P) lIHhIJl 1I3'h cocymecTBoBaHiiI OfnlHHblll ero l;opHell

IT c;rt,J;OBaHifI B'!, ORpYlKaIOlIl,en

opranaaaf

O,J;HOBpe~reHHbIHn nOC.'It.D:OBaTe.1hHbIH II3MtHeHia. II .mcrsem.,

JhII3HeHHble IIpOI~eCCbI B'h pacOCYlIl,eCTBOBaHiIO KpyroM'h Jl3MtHeHiJl TOJIbRO pa-

neHllI OI,adblBaIOTCJl IIPllHOpOBJIeHHbIMII TO.1hROI,'h aenpepaaaoxy

orrpe;rtJIeHHblX'h 3.lJe~IeHTOB'h CII.!['h n acnuruaamrs II

Bb CBa3II C'h JI3MtHcHiaMII, Bhl3bIBaeMbnm COJIHIl,eM'h B'h 3TIIX'h 3JIeMeHTaX'h II crrJIax'h CTIlTCJhHble nponecou sur (!Bill, ImrtHeHiJl Bet II IIPIIEOCHOBeHiII, soropna

He rr3MtHlIIOTca nO;J;'h B.'liaHieM'h MHomeCTBa ~reXaHH'ICClmA'h .D:BHateHifI npOlICXO,J,lIT'h RpyrOM'h UX'b, aa IICKJIIO'IeHieM'h roro c.lJY'Iaa, KOr.D:ll JhU3Hh ,J,OiK;J;eBOrO 'IepBHIm craraerca 1I3'h ,J,'BlI3ptHieM'h II cBOiIcTBa!IH

IIX'h BOBce npeRpalIl,aIOT'h.

CBa3aHHbIX'b TO.'IhROC'h TtMII

oapysanmaro,
uoaaasaeaaa ero

noropsra

AocTyrrHhl ocasaOCTaIOTca IUI'h B'h .D:OiKiJ;eBOM'h

aiio:

jJ(e IIpOTeRaIOlIl,ia 6JIII3'h Hero 1I3MtHeHia, C'h .D:pyrnMII II3~ItHeHiaMIT,

C!lyXOM'h II 1I3MtHeHifI;

CBIT3aHHbla 'IaCTO 'IepBllRt u3BtcTeH'h

MorylIl,InIlI

YHII'ITOiKIITh,

He3a~l']';qeHHbIMU-He

nOpOiK.D:aIOT'h 'h HeM'h npncnocoouren.asm, B

TO.lhIW O;UIH'h c.1Y'IaiI nO,J,06Haro npaaopaamnaaia rrpU6JI1m;CHilI RpOTa.

BHyTpeHHIIX'h !l3M'll-

HeHitl R'1 BHtlIIHIIM'h-3TO

BbIIlO.lJ3aHie aa pOBepXHOCTh rro.D:'hB.lJiaHieM'h olIl,ylIl,eHia corpace-

uia 3e'l.111 IIPOIICiO.'\lIlIl,aro npII

Ilonenenie
ropaaro

IITIIIl,hl nprrcnOC06JIeHO YlKe 60.'IhlIIarO 'IIICJIa onacaoeren

lib rOpa31\0 60.mIICM) 'IlIC.ill' cOCYlIl,eCTBOBaHifI C.'It.D:OBaHifI 'h ORpYiKaIOlIl,eM'h,II, 6.lJaro.'\apa 3TO!I II B

llblCOI;OII CTerreHII COOTBtTcTBia, OHaYlI;e MOiIieT'h 1I36trHyTh

Tl BblIlO.1HIIThropaaao 60.TIbl!lee 'IIIC.1JO CBorrX'hIIOTpe6HOCTeIl, 'ItM'h .'\oiI\.D:eBofI 'IepBaIt'h, II, O.D:HaRO, fiTlJIl,bl ;J;a.'leI;O He o6HapY;KIIBaIOT'h TofI C.'lOiKHOI!.D:taTe.lIbHOCTII, ocpe,J,CTBOM'hKOTOPOll 'Ie.10n Hlmh ypaBHOB'BlIIIIBaeT'h Ro.'lc6aHirr KlImaTa C~I'BHbInpeMeH'h II IWJe6aHia B'h cHa6iKeHiu nnmen, saanoamia nTIlIl,Y

on

llolllolIIefI

on ro.ioaa,

rona,

Bll,J,a pacreaie roraa,

C'h'B;J;eHHhl~I'h,IepBHIia '

pa3;J;aBJIeHHhl!I'h II

~Ibl rrOHIDIae,I'h, 'ITO cueprs,

3TO-OCTaHOBI{a

CYlIl,eCTBOBaBlIIaro paafe a c.lIt,J;onaTe.lJhHO, He-

COOTBtTcTBia II 'ITO OHa aacrynaers I;QrOpbI:l!h opraansws IIepeio;J;'1 Opt aHlmra )i,bIll man,

Ror,J,a B'h oRpyiKaIOlIl,e~r'h nOaBJIaIOTClIJI3MtHeHia, nponopnioaau.na HeIIOJIHoTt COOTBtTcTBia.

He rrpOTIIBorrOCTaBlI.1'h OTBtTHblX'h 1I3MtHCHifI; 60.1te

nO.1HOTa;!(II3111l, T. e. ea RpaTROCTh II npocrora, R'h 60.1tO npO;rOJIiI\IITe.TIbHOil II clIoc06HOCTlI oTBt'IaTh

BbICOROll a(lI3 HII, O'ieBlI,J,HO, Tpe6yeT'h OT'h R'h

na 60.lJte ,J,eTaJlhHbIacOCYlIl,eCTBOBaHiarr CJI'B.D:OBaHilI. RalK-

Brrepe.D:'1;J;OJI;!(eH'13aK.1IO'IaThCa B'h npueoemueaia

OTlIomCHiHM'h nJIII CTpoeHiIO, KOTOPbIM'h opraauasrs 30,l'1 BblCIIIaa ererreas coorBtTcTBia .D:O.'liKHa rrplI

yme

panfe

rrpUHOpOBJIeHHblM'h oopa-

06.lJa.D:aeT'h, ;ra.1JhHtfImaro OTHOl1IeHia,

nnpa.1.1e.'IhHarO.D:aJIhHtIII!ImIY OTHOlIIeHiIOB'h oRpy;!(aIO~M'h. npO'IIIX'h

II YCTaUOBJIeHHaHTaRmI'h
paaaurs

YCJIoBiax'h csaaarsca

():\ltOBpeMeHHO II B'h 60.lIhl!len CJIOjKHOCTU 1I3HII, II B'h 60.1hlIIen ea rrp0,J,OJIiKlITeJIhHOCTII: m crrpaBC,J;.l11nOCTh aroro yrBepm)I;eHia .D:tJIaeTCa BIIO.1JHt O'ICBII)I;HOfI, eCJIIT MbI BcrrOMHIIM'h rpoaarII) [0 CMepTHOCTh,rOClI0.D:CTBYIOIIl,YIO cpO;J;1I opraH1I3MOB'h C'b HII3lIIefI opranaaaniea, II nocrenCHHOO H03paCTaHie .D:OJlrOBt'IHOCTII,II YMCHhmeHle IIJIO.D:OBIITOCTII, C'b ROTOPbIM'hMbl BCTptCIIEHCEP'b. DeHOBAH. EIOJIOrIII.

66
'Ia€MCJI, 3aIl,i€I1. ~IM lJIlIHCTBt HMX'b MeHHMX'h connaaeaie CH'IY .lJ.tn; 1I3MimeHia lJepenaxu '1HMO ,n;O.1mHM 3aMtTIITh, C.1Y'IaeB'b ImrtHeHillX'b connaaaen., 'ITO IIO,llHIIMaJICh norreuenno

,n;AHHW! RIO.norm. R'b oprannaxam, C'b 6OJl'Be H H 60.nte pa3BHToi1 opraanB'b 60,1h-

XOTlI npO;J.o.lImHTeJhHOCTh Hall60Jlte

CJlOmHOCTh mII3HI! COOTBtTcTBie TIpH lRI!3HI!

T. e.

Y)!,JlI!HeHHOe COOTBtTcTBie YBe.llH'IeHHOe 6hlBaeT'b lRH3HH TaR'b.

B'b 1!0C.ut;J.OBaT('.lhII B'b O,ll.HOBPf'MelR;J.Y copacrenin

1!3MimeHillX'b

OOblRHOBeHHO nO,ll.pa3YMtBaeT'b O,ll.HaRO,3TO He ncerxa 1!0)l,pa3)l,t.J1eHii1 lIm3HIl

cpaaneain

6010 )l.BYX'h 60.iIhmHX'h

lRIIBOTHOi1 II nponcxozamia II

aio
TbIem HO'Ill.

HH B'b ROeM'b C.1Y'Iat HeCMOTpiI na OTBil'IaIOT'b XIIMH'IeCRInI'h

He MOlReT'b 6hITh

YCTaHOBJleHO. )J,epeBO MOlRCT'h lRIITh B'h nO'fBt, BpeMeH'b a uepionneesia roza, H il.HiI, H HeH3MtpflMO '1'lm'h sa

TO, O,ll.HOBpeM€HHbIJI H3M'lmeHill, CpO,ll.CTBaM'h B'h B03,n;yxil

B'b HeM'h, OTBt'faIOT'I.

TOJlhRO HeMHOrHM'b

TO.1hRO 1!3MtHeHillM'h

notora,

C}!tHt

B'h Ram;J.bIi1 ,!l.aHHhli1 IIPOM€lRYTOR'h BpeMeHH )J,tfICTBifJ, IIPIIHopOBJleHHhIX'h TBep,ll.OMY rrrHTY, H36aB.~eHbI aa ROTOPW! npaxomrca )l.epCBO II xepenaaa oTHorneHiHMII, oTHorneHill~I'h 3Ha'fllTe!lhHO ,:J,ti1CTBifl, TO'lHte

06HapYlRllBaen 6.1laro)l.apa

MeHbrnCE" C06aIla, n, a liar,.

BHYTpeHHIIX'h

R'b BHilrnlIIIM'h

,n;ili1CTBillM'h, oTBt'laTh

O)l.HaRO, limB en 'I€p€IIaxa,6.'larOi\apH MeXaHH'IeCRIlX'h HOII aaumru: IIPOCTblMII HH'IeHie, ,{T06M 6e3'1HCJIellHblM'h soropoe npnanars II 6hl

;J.O.iIhme IJOc.ll'B)l.Heli. )J,epeBo,

cBoei1 MaccHBHocru, MHoriH .iIHrneHHmry '1T06hl noroo-

OT'b He06xoi\HMOCTH OTB'B'IaTh

opraHH3MY, R'b Tm!y,

paCIIOJIaraIOT'1 rrpHcnoc06.1eHHblMII BHt 3TII C!lY'faH,

B'h CBOeM'h crpoeaia O)J,HaRo, necxorpa

HtRoTopbnm IIPOTIIBOCTORlhna orpaMHRPOCIWIIH-

CTaTH'feCRIIMII

)J,IlHaMII'IeCRIIM'h

opraHII3MOB'b.

,:J,11J1aIOT'b eo6xo,ll.HMbIM'h H C'b i\y60}I'h, tfJaRT'h, II na npomesnyn 'ITO Ton

)l.OCTaTO'fHO cpasanrs C'b aRYJlOH, ~rellt)l.y na II ell rapasrepaayers II MhlllIh

'1ecRYIO BOi\OPOC.1h opraaaaxa EC!lII 6hI BilTCTBill, 'ITO saaie cnoea HeHiIl, myIO -

JIH!pY30piIO noropoe

C'h 'Ie.10BtIW"\J'b~ BHYTplV lItH31i1l,. uporpeccs

B03paCTaHie

COOTBtTCTBiH

I13MtHeHillMII CJlOlRHOCTII.

I13,rtIleHillMII CRa3hIBaeTClI i\ame

B'b ORpYlRaIOI~CM'h,

06hIRHOBeHHO

rrpO,I\O.lIlRIITCJlhHOCTll lRll3Hll

CB1l3h ~lelR)J,y rrpO)l.OJlmHTeJlhHOCThIO lRH3Hl! CTO.J1h lRe B'BPHbIM'h. 06llapymlIBaIOrrreeCll: TaR'h, ecnr

ell: CJlOlRHOCThlO He 6hI.iIa. RO!lH'IeCTBY COOT-

CTO.llh 3a~!tTHa,

IIOJlOlReHie,

'ITO ROJlH'IeCTBO lR1I3HH IIPOIlOPIl,iOHU!IhHO 3Ha'IHTe.lhHOMY ROJlII'leCTBY HeC)[OTpa

OCTaeTCll:

,'I;OJlroe CYrrreCTBOBaHie Mhl 6Y;J;c'Il'b. lR1I3HH, TO MbI ;J.OJllRHhl)J,OIIYCTllTh,. 3Ha'lHTeJlhHOMY noporsoe xepenara, ROaa 60.l!ile BhIlJIe cyntecruoB'h CHJlf panaoanasym«

pa3CMaTpIIBilTh Jlll'feCTBY

paBH03Ha'IYrrrIlM'h

rrpO)J,O.llItIlTe.lhHO co6aRH, 60.lhrneil: T. e.

COOTBBTCTBie 'ITO, no

COOTB1;TCTBill. ECJlII MbI IIpH3HaeM'h, OHa ,ll.OJImHa 6b1Th nocraarena, )J,tHTe.lhHOCTn, C2JOmHhIX'b II cJY'Iat, TO MbI TtM'h

ypOBHIO jRII3HII,

CIlMbl'\l'h npnsnaeas,

'ITO ypoBeHb MbI C'IIlTae1I'h II

ea lRH3HIl sumo, yposem lR1I31H! 60,1&He-

B'h CIIJlY 60.1te BblCORIIM'h

60JI1;e 6b1CTPhlX'h IIocJIil;J.oBaTo.'lbHhIX'h COOTBBTCTBill. RaR'b 60JlhmyIO

II o;J.HoBpeMeHHhIX'h 1I3vrB06HllpYlRllBaeT'h

B'b ClI.'lY 60Jlhmaro

ram,

RaI{'h

B'h TOM'b

ROri\a,

B'h HaC'h CIlJ!lIX'b, GMCTPOTY B'b IIX'b mU3HII ornnaro n CIlMO

lRII3Hb Ii

CJIOmHOCTh B'h COOTBtTCTBiII,

C.llt;r:OBaHiH creneasro II,

)l.!IJlHHblli: pR;r:'I.

COOTBtTCTBii1,

TO 3RBUBa.TIeHTHOCTh MelR;r;y ypOBHem, )J,JllI )J,aJIhHtil:maro nonameaia II OCBtrrreHill ypOBHll: sroro mU3HH

COOTB'BTCTBill maBHhIM'h ell

no,n;.'lelRIIT'h BOIIpOCy.

§ 33.
)l.JlI

IIOJIOlReHill oRpymlllOrrree

oopaTOT'b.

30M'h, !fIaRn, XOTlt, MOM'h

06'hHCHeHill

TO.1JbRO 'ITO

I13JlOlReHHhIX'h OTRJIOHeHii1 OT'h Hero, MM )J,OJIlKHhl IIOHHMaTb noe '1aCTh rrpocrpaHcTBu. ORpYlKaIOlHee TaR'!,;

Ha;I.O YRa3aTh MipoBoe

'ITO UO wllpt

yc,1olKHlIeTca. npocrpaucaTOf() MOlRH(}

6YRBaJIhHO, rro)l.'h CJlOBOM'h "ORpYlKaIOrrree" CYrrreCTBOBaHiJIMlI

CTBO CO BCtMII

HOC!lt)l.OBaTeJlhHOCTHMII, napaanra

3aR.lJlO'IeHHbIMII npocrapaerca TepMlIH'h B'h

B'b HeM'b, aa BPH,I\'h .m aa IIpe,:J,t.llhI

me

,I\tJI'1l OHO 0603Ha'faeT'b 'ITO )l.JlH BHyTpeHHlIro r,n;'B lRIiBeT'b 'ITO

He6oJIhrnyIO

YTBeplR,ll.aTh, 3timOTHaro, HH'IeHO ClIhICJlt, TamfM'h

B'b ROTOPOM'h OH'h lRIIBeT'b. ORPYlRaIOrrree IIptCHOBO,n;HOIr noxopoom BO)l.OPOC!lh. 1I0Hlmall opraaaaau 3TOT'b nucmie 06I1TaIOT'h B'h 60Jl'];e IIX1> 60)1te

BCeIl,t.JIO orpaTUROM'h Y3ROM'b.

uanaaoa,

Mbl yBlI)l.I1M'h,

CJlO;RHOM'hoRpymalOrrreM'b. ypOBeHh lRUSHH MOPCRHX'b. IIpOCTO. MOpCRiH cyrrre-

06PU30M'b, opaaanreasno 60Jl'Be

C'b lRU3HhlO, npOHCXOI\~rrr€i1 Ha cyrnt, Hll3RIIM'b 11 OKpYlRalOrrree

XtHBOTHblX1> oxaausaerca

YPOBEHh CTBa TO'IY

lKlI31lII

H3M1lHHbTCJI ropaszo

COf.1ACHO C'h I13M1lHilHIEM'h MeHhIIIaro BBCY MeH1>e 'IIIC.lJa

CTeIIEHII

COoTBtTcrnUI. II IIOC.l'B;J,OBaHilf, cpezsr J\1>~CTBIlI. reremexs,

67
'IilY'1 II' no-

IICIIhIThIBaIOTh no

B.1illHie CBoe~IY

cOCYIIl,eCTBOBaHifi 6mI3KII MeXaHlI'IeCKIlI B;lrBCr1> cs npn IIO .1IICTY,

cyx:orrYTHbIJI. 3I;rJIHill, npe rrpn ;:Ipie Bcrpl;qaeT'b B'b hOTOpbl~'b IIoJ'foMY IIo;l,06HbI'('b nepe'IBHbl 01(u3blllUIOTCl!

YiI'B.lhHmry I('b B'b I1mlHIO,

OHH OlleHb

K'b B1>Cy o~pYlKaI?IIl,e~

IIM'1 IIpnXOJ\HTCll npnspsmeana» BBaTb 1I3)I1>HeHIlI ~IOpB ne rro;l,BeplKelI'1 06lITaIOIIl,ifI T BM'h, TmIiIepaTypbl.-60.lJ1>e

HCIIhIThIBaTh

pa3Ho06pa3HhIlI HOClIIIl,allClI 1"B}l'b, H IIOJI3all He

MopCRal! He J\O.iIlKHhI YJIIITRa CHlISy. TO

II Me;(Y3a, TJllKeCTII,

BHYTP~HHHX'b

1I3M~HeHifi, YC.'TOBIJlX'1

rrO;l,06HbIX'b

IIOMOIIl,l! ROTOPhIX'b 10 csepry, 3aM1>THarO ariaaie RO.1e6aHill: II

rrpOlICXO;(HT'b B03il,) X'b. B'b IIpH

T1>X'b 6hICTPhlX'b C~I1>HU J\Hl! )!ip'h craoo

BHeSaIIHhIX'b ce61>

TeMIIepaTyphI, 113M1>HeHiH TOJ\a. BpeMeR'1

II HO'III He

rrp01I3BO;(IIT'b

B1, ~lOpB; TaJ()I(e

cpaBHHTe.1hHO 1I0¥OIIIII IIPOCTbIMH.

uonurunaers
cymecraa,

OHO ua

~IOp1> illlIBOTHhIII KOTOPh1X'h

06HapymlIBaeT'b )l,h1IIlaIIIiJl cHa6meHill

aaM1>THh1X'h B03J\YXOM'b,

COOTBilTcrnilf, TOlKe BO,ll;Y,

1paBROB1>nIlmaIOT'1 HaCeJIHIOIllIIX'1

,11;a.l'Ee, 'ITO RaCaeTCJf

IIIIIllefi,

YC.lIOBiH B'1 MOpt

11:'1

HII3IIlHM'1

oT;J,1>.iIaM'h lKHBOTHhIX'h, mnua caaa rrpHo.l!HmaeTclI. II ,!l,JIlI

IIo;J,06HO TOMY RaR'h noeamia HII3'lbl, )Kau\iu v6CIOIIT'h ;J,a.lehO psrars, lIm,J;IWlI CIiIn.'h CIIBHO: xaerca meT'h. IlllIM'b, IIO'IHIITh, caua 1I0 HII3MOB'h. --IWTOPhIMII i\.IiI

R'h CYXOIIYTHhlM'h pacreaiaes, KHC.10PO,!l,'h, YCTpHIl,a rrpIIHOClIT'h B'h nnraerca: cocYIIl,eCTByeT'h mIIBOTHhIX'h. ee HaJ\O ooJI1;e 1I0MOIIl,H BOi\a HJIH MeHte ROTOPOIl a B'h

CTPYlI BO,llhI, npaopraII CJIy)l,1>JIO

I{'h YCTPUII:B uarerpauin, HaclmlHbIA'J, Be3;J,

BM1>CT"B C'h T'EM'h c.l!ymalI\ill: pa3C'BiIU'h YC.10Bill, ,Bcil npu Ca)!O~I'h

~!IIRpOCROIIH'IeCRle iJ;e3HHTerpulIiH IIHa'Ie IIHIlla ee HO oraomenia.

~!aTephllJI'h, Kllc.T(opoJ\'h II

IIPOCTOM'h

l
He

nOBoIO;J,Y, To lKe cauoe lKU3HeHHble Il3'h HlIX'h HJIll

HaXO,!l,lITCH npioriII R'b Tofi ,11;JIH MOpnac-

1;:

paaucsars,

ROTOPhIX'h

HaJ\O

OKa3hIBaIOTCH }laccil, IIpIl lKIIBOTHf.lX'h ;J,.111

CJIOlKHh1MIL --cOBeplIIaIOTclI T1>.lIO lKe HH3IIlIlX'h sa

OTHOCliTClI nponeccsr. OHa B'1

Be3;J,1>,

nocTynaeT'h

OO.iIhIIlIIHCTBa TO.lhKO nocnpiarie,

cYIlleCTB'h, 'lpe3'h H TtX'1

lKIIBYIllHX'1

CYlII1> HepBHbIX'h IIplI

B03)1,YX1>, BO)l,a )1,1>1I3'b ROTOPh1X'h lKHBOTHoe Mbl rrpOCJI1>J\HM'h ORpYlKaIOmapa YlKe ROTOPblX'h

,J,ocTynHoll

110cpeacrso MYCI(Y,1hHbIA'1

T1>X'h rrOJIOlKeHill Taro,

II3M1>HeHill:, IImIOIllII eCJIlI IIpH p.lJOPbI

CRJa;J,bIBaeTciI

H3MtH(,Hill:,

Crrpane;J,.1HBOCTh soapacrauie 1I0CTOllHHO J\OJIlI:na C'h Amphybia

paannsaexaro n II ROH'Iall

rrOJ\TBepJ\HTclI, 'ITO MhI HaSBaJIlI II caaaa

IIOCTCIIeHHoe 'ITO

c<f!ephI

YCJIOalHeHie

peaJIhHh1M'h 3eMHoro ;J,aHHaro

Ha'iIIHUH ce01> B'h

BhIcmIIMlI

1I03BOHO'IHhBHI. paYHbI ra me

3TOM'h Mh1 ,!l,OJIlKHhI BH)I,a opraIi'1

noapacrammaa 1I0CTerreHHO pona, oOcl'Be II

paJHOpO)l,HOCTh 'ITO B'h

YC.lIOlKHHTI) OKpYlKaIOIllee KOTOPblfl, eme nee OTB'B'IaTh oO.11>e CBOeM'h

J\.1I1IRUlKJ\aro IIporpeCCIIBHOM'h OI(py~uIOIllee, ronopa pOpMhI, B'h

KOHIl,1> ROHIl,OB'h, 'IelIoBt'IeCKarO POCTa KaR'h na qTOObI nee

MOlIHIO IIORa3aTh,

IICTHHa

OOHapYlKHBaeTCH )l,BlImeHin,

II B'1 TICTOpilI 31I'IeCKO~IY M1>p1> onoero 1I0 Mtp1> roro, ORpY:KaIOII\eM'h, 'IlICJleHHOCTlI HJleTClI

oRpYlKaIOIlleMY lKII3Hb

IIpncoe,J,HHHJI'h IIp"HIIMaeT'h ;J,O.l!lKHbI

conian.noe
60.1'Ee OTHOlIIeHiJi

qmno B'h B'h

)l,1>JIaIOIlleeCH nooome, II HCHO, 1'1> OTRomeHiH B03paCTaIOT'h

C.1!OlKHbIM'h. IITaK'h, C.10lKHbIl!

'ITO,

ROTOPhIJi

opraHH3M1>,

§ 34.

1I ClIOlKHOCTII. C,J,'B.;IaTh eine lItIIBhIMII n 6OJI1>r O'IeBH)I,HhIM'h TOT'h paKT'h, COOTB'ETCTnill, H3~I'EHeHiJiMlI, II H 1I03BOJIIO ROTOPhIJI T. e. 'ITO ypOBeHh ce01> YRa3aTb: lKH3HH II3M1>113~I1>HeHieM'h CTeIIeHII II HemHBhIMII B'b

COrJraCHO cs MelItJ\)

TB

1)

'ITO' Bet

OTlIH'J.iJl

MhI nOCJI1>,II;OBaTeJIbHO ycraY)I,oB!Iernopenie 1I0BhIlIIeHie II Bc1lX'h ypOBHH Mh1 BH'ITO, 00 lIB.T(HIOTClI H 'I1>~I'1 H3M1>HeHill: II

HOBII.m,

1I0J;pa3YM1>BaIOTCiI pasJIH'IifI, lKHBOfi KaR'h

1I0C.iI1>J\HeM'h pa3JIII'IiH

B'h COOTB1>TCTBiH C'h BH1>lIIHHMlI

cocYIllccmonaHill!{l! OCTaJIhHhlX'h lKII3HII, )l,tJIH, WEP'B oOJl1;e B'h 'ITO 'ITO roro, 3aRJIIO'IaeTCJI

nOClI1>;r.OBaTelIhHOCTlIMH, I10TopOe, B'h RaIn B03paCTaIOIlle~I'h J\1>.lJum CJI Ho

2)

'ITO aoapacrasnnee aroro

MbI BH)I,1>.iI1I paanne, YiI,OBJle'fBOpeHiu

COlIpOBOlK,!l,aeT'h

rrOCJI1>)I,HlIrO 3JIeMeHTa. U3M1>HeHillMII JI3M'liHeHiH nepeM1>Ha.MH,

opraHII3M'h mIl3Hh

xapaKTeplI.3YCTClI oKpYlKaIOIllee 'ITO lKH3Hh ell

1I0CFB)I,OBaTeJIhHblMH

OOJl1>e BbICOIWH,

IIOC.iI1>J\OBaTe.1hHhIlI

MHOrO'IlIClIeUHh1MH. COOTB1>TCTBie,

1I01IHO nOClI1>)I,OBaTelIhHhIMIl

COBCpIIleHH1>e oprUHH3M1>. HaUOOJIte

T1>M'h 60JlhlIIe tjJOpMhI

J\OJIlKHO OhITh 'IUCJIO 1I0ClI1>)I,OBaTeJIhHh1X'1 npeaoraamers COOOIO OJ\HOBpeMeHHh1l1 Hun60JIbIIIee ROJIH'IeCTBO

MhI BH,IJ,ilJlII, pa3BIIThIJI

n3M1>HeHill

OOHapYlKHBaIOT'h

O,[HOBpe.MeH-

5*

68
HbIX'b Il3MtHeuiil. BpeMeHUO malOIIl,InI'b HeHi!£. To lITUln:., m, 'lTOObr B'b CBomn To ate

;IAUUW! BIO.l0rn!. oKpyiKaIOIIl,e~IJ" KpmI'B. Oe3'lllc.1eHUbIX'b cOCYIIl,eCTBOBauifI,O;J;UOII n03TmlY

nporenaers rpeoyer», ate casoe

MUOiKe0TBO 1I3!ltueuill:

BO.3pOCTauie COOTB'BTCTBillC'1

oprannaaf sospacrato
II 1l0TO)IY c'} II

ObI npoamenia

oxpy-

O;I,UOBpmrCUUbIX'b1l3Mt-

C'1 pa3HOpO;I,UOCThlO 1l3'.It,ueuifI. cBoilcTBa~f'b, B'b

B'b oKpYiKaIOIIl,e:l!'b

pa3.'IIPlecTBYIOT'b no ;I;1lT'b nee 00.1te oOJIte

II oO.1[te

paarmuaxn.

coorasroraie cnpaae.uaso
lUll

OTUOCIlTe.1hUO onpermeaaocm

anxn,

opraamecsia

oraomeaia

KpaflHe

II3Mim8UiJf,

ROTOPbIl! BXO-

i\O.l;nUbr xB.1aThCll TaKiKe

RaK'1 CaMbIMII r.laBUbnm ;J;IITCJf InltTh lliIIllOTHbIMII, ero

H3:1ltHeHilDm

1l'1 OIipy;naIOIIl,eM'1, C'1

xoropaxu

nee 60.1te II coxeraain. TaR'b

lpyrmm I;OTOPbIlI orrpe,J;t.lcuuocrb

,IWBOTHO:lIY rrpIIxo-

.Rt.10, llB.llllOTCJf orrpe;J,1neuHO-CO'leTaHUhlll Bpara1III ,'l;06br'Wll, IIraK'1, qepTY Tt1'1

n:nrimeuill,

oOHapy,£lInamIbUI qr06M Jl3~[,BHeuitl, 'laCTHbllI

rrOJTo}IY He06xo;J,IUIO, BUFpeHHlIx'b a Bd;

ooserania

COCraB.111.'Ia 06I1l,YIO xapasrepnno

;I;O.ljl\Ubr COOTB'BTCTBOBaTh BUtlllUlBI'1. HilMI! llB.111eTClI CTBia. aenie Tt CBolICTBa BHFpeHUl1X'b

COOIBtTcTBie BU) l'peUUIIX'1 OTUOllIeuifI C'h BH1mI-

e;IIIHCTneUUO-CYIll,eCTBeUuofI

sepron :ny

iKII3Hll,

xapaxrepnua
onpe.rs-

OTH01l1eHilI llB.~llIOTCll TO.1hEO IlP01I3BO,l,HbDm CIlYTUlIEa}I1l COOTntr'lb'b 3;J;tCb, 3arWH'IlITh naBY 6y;IeT'b noaeauo CpaBHI!Tb

§§ 35, 36.
lli1l3U!I,

TIpeilqe TaR'b

paamrsaexoe

C'h Tt~1'b OIIpe;It.1eHie~l'b

3RO.1IO~ill, EOTDpoe C;IB.1aUO B'h npe;J,CTaB.1llIOT'h C06011 EaR'" lli1l3Hb COTO 1I Tal;'h

OCHOBHhlX'L Hauataxs.

r;aIi'b llinBbll! Tt.la ll3'h r;OTophIX'b

B'b BblCllICfI crenenn JBO.llO~ill,

CTpyIiTYPHbIll JwrlmeHilI,

craraercs

CTOIIT'b JI3'h rpYHI;~ioHa.lhHbI.\'b MbI B'h

II3M'ImeHill, COlIpOBOlli;IaIOIIl,IlX'b3TH CTpyr,TypHbIH JmrlmeHil!,

npanf OlliII;IaTb !I3BtCTHOfI raU}IOuin ThIe;n;IYOnpe;It:IelIieM'b jl\1IdHII II Orrpe;J;'E.leRicn 3BO.1IO~ill. II rro;I06Han rapxoaia ;I;'BtICTBIlTC.1hUO OEa3bIBaeTCll. Ilepsoe or.rmie, YI<a3aRuoe aasn. ~Ieal;J,y lliIIBbDlII II3)[,BueHiJDIlI II uelliIIBbDIlI, 3a1\.lIOqaJIOCb B'b !IX'b pH,J;oBO~r'b xapaxreps. ~IbI BII,J;t.11I, 'ITO BCIlKOC ,lm3RellHoe 113~rimeHie OT.1l1'ITO OlIO craraerca 1I3'b llOC"'llba06amC.'lbHbl:;rJo IwrtReHiI1. Tam:, I;aE'b opraTy Henarepin 'ITO B'h

'IaeTClI Tt~I'1,

amecsia

TtJa

oORapYllilIBalOT'b B'h

ropaaio

60.l!bllIell CTeIIeHII, qt,f'b !I3'b IiOTOPO!I caaraerca BpeMll, ;r,OJiEHbI

neopraamecxia,

rrpepblBHylO ;J;lItPtPepeH~ia~ilO npnacroxamee, Eaaqoe ;J;O.1ilmO conpoaoaoarsoa !I3MtHeuill,

II IIHTerpa~iIO,

3B0.110~ill, 11 TaKh I;aK b OqeBlI;IHO,

B'I, OTHOCIlTe.1bHO xoporsoe Tina

3UaqUTe.1bUOe nepepacnpermenie

lIepcpacIIpe,J;t.leHie~r'b

,'(BIIiKeHill, TO ,\.llI Hac}'

;J,aHHoe Bpe;)Ill opramrsecsia a priori no.iria

npereprrssan,

HaCTO.1bIW MHOrOqlIC.1CHHbIlI

'ITO rrOC.1t;J,OBaTe.lbHOCTb !IX'b ;J,OJlliHa C,J;t.1nT1Cll II),_'[,

xapasrepuojt

-repron. creuean,

II

CJIt,J;OBaTe:IhUO, norysaeroa InIeHHO, 'ITO Hiil, a nnorxa

TOT'b CallbI!I BbIBO,'l.'b,EOTOPbIl1 ~IbI c;J,t.1(a.11I a posteriori: :lBo.1(!()Il,iOHlILIIInponecct, 3aT'im}' Tt~I'b, ropasro B'b BblcIIIefl !I.m Hall60.TEe ObICTPbIll rroc.1(t;J,onaTe.1bHOCTJI 1I33rtHe6bl.1(0 nORa3aHO, 'ITO craraerca UO.'lbllllDIb 'ITO BClIRne II3'1 MHOrnX'h lli1I3HII,

opraanaxu,
II

06HapYlliIIBaIDIIl,ie

06HapYlli1IBa1OT'b lUll lRII3HCUHoe I13~ltHeHie

Han60.'Ite oramaercn

TO II ;r,PFoe

o,J;HoBpe!IeHHO. -OT1, ueiKIl3HeUHaro ell ypoBHeM'b

oonoepesienn.ua:»
OT.1[H'IaIOTCll on

J13MtHeHiJ"I, II 'ITO cyntecraa, 06.1a;J,aIOIIl,llX'h HII3I;IDI'b

06.~a,J;aIOIl1iJ! BbICOI;mI'b yp0BHeM'b no.~HOC cor.iacie. eC.TIIl arrperars

BpeMeHHbIX'1 1I3MtHeHiri.

(§ 156)
paarsaaerca 'IacTPiI, raxt,

qlIC.10ll'b O;IHO-

3:\tCb CII.l'b:

MbI

HaxO;IInI'b

B'h OCHOBHbIX'b H,l'la:wn

}fhI

rrpIIllI.1II aa

I,'b 3aE.1IOqeHiIO,

'ITO CII.1a, Yi\apJfIOIIl,allCl! 0 KaEofI - JIlIOO

arrperars,
cll.m;

utcr;OJIbRO

B'b C.1yqat,

COCTOllT'h II3'h HeCXO,J;HhIX'1 };IapnBllleilcJf on noropne, ~IHOlKeCTBeHnOCTII Eal,'b xtaccr,

0

Ralli;r,all qaCTh i\t.'1aeTcJ[

nCHTpOM'b HecxO,J;Hoil i\lltPtPepeH~ianin CII.1'b ;IO.'llliHa sasucsrs arrperaru,

r;

'ITO MHOllieCTBeHnOCTb ;I,IIq)tPepeH~ianili HeOpraUIIqeCIiIIX'b arrperarom, BbICDEO opraanaonaaaae

HeC);'O;I,HbIX'1aCTeil: arrperara. q
• (}T.lIIqaIOTClI on

C.1(t;IoBaTe.1bUO, opraamecsie

uO.1bllIlB!'b qlIMmr'h HeCXO;IUb1X'b • sacren, OpraHIIqeCRie arrperarsr, 60.~blliee nponcxo.mmia ocaosaniu

;I;O.1lliHbl JId'I,

TaIijKC OT.1II'laTbCll 60.1blllm!'b BalOT'1; II ,n:a.lte: 60.1te HbIX'1 H3MiHeHiil. --.1[ax'b, MoryT'1 6bITh OO.1hIIIarO qHC.TIa ueC.10lliHbn'b

qIlC.1mI'b O;J;HOBpelleHHbIX'b ImI'BHeHifI, IiOTOPbIl! OHII 06HapYlKllT. e. cocroamie B'b lKIIBbIX'b cBoefr qaCTCIr, ;r,O.llliUbI nperepn'snars qHC.l0 O;IHOBpeMCH-

,rI:a.1te MbI Ham.1(!I, 'ITO 1I3'ItU(luil!, IlPOTIIBOCTaB.1eHbI ;r,pynBf'b

1"1-

1I3M1meHillM'b na

OO.1h-

YPOBhHh .hII3HII H3\11lHllETCli COlJIACHOC'h H3M1lHEHIEM'hCTEIIhHH COOTB1lTCTBIll. DIOIl pa3HopOi\HOCTIl, II 'iTO 1I3WtHCHlJI, IIPOJlCXOi\JlIIl,llI B'h BhlCIIIIIX'h lhllBhlX'h Tinan),
WTCH

69

OTJIII'ia-

Tt'd'h .he IIp1I3HahO'f'h OT'h 113'1tHeHlI!, pa3HOpOi\HOCTh <p)Hhll,lIl JlBllIeTClI cn)THHhO'I'h r-rasnoe 61arO;(apll arrperaru,

npOIlCXOi\lIIIl,lIX'h B'h HIl3I1IHX'h U3'h HlIX'h.pa3HopO)J,HOCTII B'h crpoeunr, pa3HopO,J,HOCTh me U HeOpraHIl'iCChIIMII

crpoeHIH,-3TO rars ClI1a,

orume
ero

MeJ\;I,)

opraamecansu
i\OlJhHa

rssaan

H Melh)J,Y

]lbICOIO II RUBhO opraRlIBOBUHHhnIH OpraHH'IeChmm B03;(tlICTBlIO, arrperara, MOCTIl OT'h 'IHOrOpa3'1II'IIlI pad nnaue CTppm pt, ;(O~;f\HhI TahJhC

Ttlal\I1I

KaJhi\aH .n,l;iICTBYlOlIIaHua arrpeMHorOpa31II'IHOfl B'h 3aBlICII-

C)I,tmTbca ceot

aa hOTOPblll )l,inlcTByeT'h, II IIO:lTO'IYTt HaUOOlJBe MHoroB'h BblCilieli CTcrreHII 3B011Oll,11O B'h B'1 BbICiliCU CTelICHII uaoropaa ;I,1L]hHtlillIe'db

hOTOPbIe

IIpOllBJllIOT'h na

OUHap) llirrBaTb

nrne

i\tliCTBlli, C1Jtcoxpa-

h010POC COCTaBll1eTb

<P}HhIl,lOHalbH]IO ::!B01IOIl,lIO--IIpH opranuaaa, B'h

ll3Cl1>;J,onaRlll Mhl

] GTaHOB1l1n, 'ITO PU3HOPO;J,HblliIl3llimeHlll, ,I(OBaHlll BH)TplI JhIlPoro nO\O,llll'h sa 1I1In, HaeTen napa 11e1113'lb ldpahTcpHOH Ttll'h,

rrpOIlCXIlil,JlIIl,Ill O!(HOnpe'IeHHO n BO B3aII~1l0"'h

OTm'IalOTClI OT'h HthOTOPbIX'h

HeAl1I3HeHHblX'h lIBleHlII,

'ITO 00pa3YIOT'h fir; ItOUHal{ZU

lIY

naBt soropaa

OCHOBHhlX'h Haxa ~b Ob110 1l0Ka3aHo, 'faeTen, xoropaa nupaa.aerca 'It~I'b arrperarsr O,Il,HOBpe~eHHO bah'h

Bs

::!TO~f'hC'lY'Iat

ros,e

'ITO OCIlOBHoli

'IepTO!! ::!BOJIOIl,IIIHB1JleTCH IlHTerpa~JH

corrpOBOJ1,'.1aeT'h JU'b B'h 1l0p}fIIpOBaHlII IIO:lTmIY, O;(] IIIeBJIeHHbIJI )l,OlJ{HbI IIMtTh II 06HalJX'b 1I3'ltHeHIlI HO II BbICllIle' 'iTO 1I3?l!tHeHllI, CBOllH 1'O'd-

;(nrjlqJlpeHIl,laIl,IIO --IIHTerpaIl,lll,

I a 1;(011 '!aCTlI, Tah'b II B'h oone;J,IIHeHllI Bc1;xn 'IaCTe!I B'h O;I,HOrrs

1'1ta,

ioe

ll\Ita II

601bllIYIO hOOp;(IIHaIl,IIO 'laCTen,

lleO,J,YIlIeBleIlHhlJl, 601Jhlllall

}l hI L,llb opraHIl3\1bI onuanm,

00 lhIlI,

10 J OOP;(IIH~!J,JlO II,DrtHCHliI, II ara

noopmnama )I,a3aHO,

;\01/1 H<1 He TOIhhO omnars on

oprasmecue

OT']) HeOprUHII'IeChIIl'b, Bh110 3aTt,!'h

onpeOrb'leH1-lOCmblO

H1I3IlIlIX'h, hahb

'dbI :lTO II B1qtlU om ;J;pFIln

COC1aBlllIOIIl,IJI.h1l3Hh, OTm'IaIOTCli II 'ITO :lTO pa311I'IIe, llpIl cpaanemn

ImItHeHlU

hah'b II rrpe,J,bI;J,)lIIlll, HO B'h \IeHhIlIelI CTerreHII, OCTaeTCH B'b ClI1B 9TO npornaono

H1I3I1IJIX'b BbICIlIIIX'h opraH1I3'dOB'1 II :lB011OIl,IJInponcxomrs 1II, 'ITO IIHTeI pall, a, B03paCTaHlC pocrs

ioaeme

TOJ(c cor rae; eTCIl Cb Mhl BII;(7nn, aeotixopi3hO OTII POCT'h paaao-

rhn,

'ITO 'dhI B1utllI

IIplI aH<11II3t <lB01IOIl,I1I Ta'l'h

(OCH HU'Iala'§

lIO B'b (, pauIlI

reseuie

129-137)
Ihe, hah'h

Onpe)l,tlcHHOCTTI Tal'h npn "nmIOIIl,H 06pa30'd'h

Mbl B1ut

conpouoananmaa pas lII'IllI,

il.lI<p<pepeH~laIl,IIO, InIECn hOTOPhIX'h 'IaCTlI lI3'h HeCB1I3Haro Il,blOe, CmraKJII(eeCll

;(1l11hIW1 nOC1t;J;CTBle'I'b rpmunnsanrca If'llH11rO lPF'h B03Hllhaen

on .rpvra,
csnsnoe

II 'ITO TahInI'b 06pa30~'b 'It1I'h

II HeOIlpC;J,tU3'1 orrpeoOlte hOTOPbIlI II IIO:lTmlY, 'IepTOH Ji1I3HeH-

II orrpe.J,t JCHHOe (Bll3Hoe

;(hCHHLIX'h uacreu, 0upexL leHHO

(a'ilI

Orrpe;(t1eHHhl\l'h Jl

CO'f(,TaHHbIX'b,;J,O ,JhIlO OOHap)JdIBaTh

CO'fCrUHHbIlI Jl31l1meHlll, HeOnpe;(tleHHbl T lna

Il,i'loe,

C1araIOIIl,eeCJl Il3'h 'IaCTel), COUOIO aeonperlneano ,J,01J\Ha UbITh

« III
1'1I,

1I0 ceot ,hllBWl

coe;J,IlHlIlOTClI ~elh;J;) ooxerama

rrpe;l,CT8B1J1IOT'h rr3'h ce6Jl

601hIIl} 10, '113'11 He "hJIBhlll, orrpC,'I,twHHOCTh B'1

CTpoeHIII, r

TO B'b C1I1} :lTOrO

onpe.rstennccn,
on "hI

xapanrepnort
arn

II3'ItHCH,II,

I,OTOPLlJl COCT8B1llIOT ,hIl3Hh, b BhICIlIllX'b opraH1I3,IOB'h padC} if ;(eHlIl Cb BHtilllllI\lII BhICIIIaro ;(tl1cTBlfi'm, m!LTb n'uame lIPIlIlIlJll

11 )l:OlJhHa h'h BhIBO;!),

Tab,he

paarpaarmrn,

HLllI nsataema

,h1I3H8HHbIX'b 1I3'ItHeHlII

HII3I1IllX'b opraHII3MOB'h OT1lI'Illl JhJl3Hll HUXOII 'IT(}

IIun

hOHell,'h H11I1IlIU

'iTO BCt

1111710TClI rrO;I,'I1IReHHbl\lU O;I,HmIy OCHOBH01I) ell CBOJlCIB), 'ITO JhlI3HeHHhIlI II;:mtllcHlH ,IllI ell B'b CooTIlOllIeHlII
Ihii ollh

COC)IIl,eCTBOBUHIll"ll II nocrluonareunocravn )pOBHH B'h TmI'h ClI}'Iat, sorra ncm.ne cnOCOOHblll ncrpsrnn, H8 opraamus

;(OCTHraCT'h

cnoeiu
'le,h;(Y 'IO,hcn paHte

C]lIIeCTB, IOT'h BIl}BH'BIIlHee OTHOIlI€m€ 0 BbICIlIe,!'h :lBOTtIO~llI, h'b npoan-

IjlCHH]}! oruourema ;I,illCTBIH, soropoe I OJOPovy Ii( rca lI(('CTB)eT'h \lfHeHlllMII rahOBhl,

II
17-!),

:lTO npexcrameme 0 rpanrmaxi,

\ POBHt Jhll3HII HalO;(JlTCli Yb rapxoum 'fbI npmmn

C'h r'bI'h

npeacraarearem, II

B'b OpraI1lI3'It

cycrpeuteme h'b }CT8nOB1CHIIO paBHoBtW! IfeJhil.Y BHFpeHHIT1m II HapY,KHbUfII 1I3BhI10 uoi.aaano, 'fTO ouoasareu.nua CTP)hT] pnua paCrr010Jh€HlJl ;J;Ol;f,Hhl ObITh
(OCHOBH

Eorua

'11,1 pasc, JhJ,a Ttl! 0 TO'I'b PUIlHOB'BCIH, noropoe

Hasata

§~ 17.3

Ha'dIl 6h110 BhlCK33aHO, 'ITO

'IT06bI OHII 'IIOf1lI scrp tTIITb npOTIIBOII010,hHOII CIIlbl

Bet

.J,LUCTByIOIIl,lll na "rro;J;;I,epJhUHle

arrperars ranoro

cmsr,

upn

IlO'IOIIl,1I

JhElIBaleHTHOII

II 'iIO

IIO,J,BlI/KHoro

panaosb-

70
cia", HIIX'b MhlM'1 KaKOe npe,3;CTaBJU!IlT'b Il3'h Ce611

i\AHHbIlI

BIO.lJOl'm. Tpe6yeT'b IIOCTOllHHaro ei\IIHU'IHhIX'1

cars,

opraaasws,
aanpanteain

reaesaea

BHYTpeHnpmarae-

COOTBtTCTBYIO 1Il,1lX'b B'1 'fllMt, 6hlTb CKOJlhKO e,3;IIHll'IHhIX'b llJIII

II IWJIII'feCTBt tPYHK~iI1 Meili,3;Y BHtillHUX'b

HapYlKHhlM'1 i\'BlICTBifi

CIlJ1aM'b,-i\O;rlKHO

CTOJlhKO BHYTPCHHIIX'1 'fTO

H.lHI KOM6,IHUPO)J,OJIiItHO 6hlTh IIOCTOJlHHO lhawh, I\OTOpOC lItU3HH, KaR'h 60JIte nee

BaHHhIX'b, BCTpt'ICHO.

ROM611HIlpOBaHHhIX'b OTHOIIICHie

Buro

TaKlKe

IIORU3aHO,

npe;J;CTaB.iIeHiJlMU IIOBe!\eHie.

nporpeccupye1'1, II )J,tfiCTBillMII :"lT0

npH6.llIlRaJlCh COOTBtTcTBie

R'1 .lJY'IUre.MY npUHOpaB.lJIIB:1HiIO C'b ROTOphrlm ~IelR!\Y uoroparo opraamecearo aBO.1IO~iH ,'l,OJIlKHO 6hITh 3HalfeHye1'1 BHYTpeHHlnlll

MelK;J;Y YMCTBeHHhIMII .n;tfiCTBiJlMII

B'1 OKpYlKaIOlIl,e~!'1, )KH3Hh

aenpepsranoe
oTB'i;qaeT'b

eorxacosaao
c060!! paBHoBtdll,

II Hapy;nHhI)m IIO!\BlIlKHOro

OTHOIIIeHillMII, COBcpilleHCTBO

COCTaB.lJ1eT'1 Bce~t.T{O IIO.lHhIM'1. MhI BII,l\t.1II,

H COBepIIIeHCTBO TOMY COCTOllHiIO B'1 xo;rs

soropoe,

B03HHRae1'1

II llMteT'1

TeH,l,eH~iIO

CTaHOBIITbClI

r ~1JABA
,II;HHaMIPlemdi1

VI. A.
JB'M3HH.
QlOp1l1Jl1R ncero C'h Qli1ltTall!ll ,ll,ORa'3allO lR1I306CO-

8JIeMeHT"b
BhlllleUpllIle)J,ellHOll

§
nennua paaoaanie ruie B'1

36a.

RpllTU'leCROe B'h He pacreain IT Moryn

COllOCT:1BlHlRie 6hlTh rro!\'1 aee

ClI HC,'l,OCTaTO'IHOCTb amenia na

HtCRO.1hRIIX'1

OTHOIIIeHillX'1. Jlfi~eI{lla)l,OM'1 napoora, B'1 mrBIOIIl,IIMII

Ilpesae

rrOCMOTpIIM'1,

RaKill

nO!\Be;J;eHhI. H1mOTOphIX'h HactlimlhlX'b, Bhl3hlBaeT'h npoaoxozaHO 06HapyBHtIIIHIIMll

Paazpaxeaie,
:lTml'1
C) lIl,eCTBOBaHiJDIlI iKIIBaIOT'1 TtM'h MhI He

IIP01I3BO,L\InWe 60JIt3HeHHaro He C.1t~oBaHiJl~!II, OTHOIIIeHifI, OTpII~aTh, He mltIOT'h

aaaunasaaro
COOTBtTCTBiu oraomeaie

raars.
Hll

Ilponeccsr, pacrenis oTHOIIIeHiJl}!'h. lIte

06pa30BaHiJ~

HaXOi\llTCJI

C'h ImRIHlII

K'h :K1I3HlI K'1 BWEIIIHIUI'1 To

BHYTpeHHIIX'b )IOlKeM'h lIUX'h,

nplIHOp0B.1eHHhlX'1 ra.1.1'1-lRIIBOe KOCBelIHhI:t'1, aro, }!hl

MC~)J,y
H0 npoRaR'b

'ITO Hil

06pa30BaHie. Il.1U BHYTPlI Hil npmfhIX'h C'-IlITaTh

Ha,L\O CRa3aTh ,!l;tfICTBill, K'1 TaR'b

paROllhlX'1 I!cxo;J;!IJ~iJl B'h

06pa3011aHiJlX'1, B'1

I1011B.'lJlIOlIl,fIXCll cHapYllm HeCMOTpll

amsoraaeo.
OTHoIIIeHifr lIX'b Bpe)IeHII,

,Il,tfrCTllillM'1

or;PP'aIOlIl,e,!'1.

II.
a ;ne 1\'1

sa

A0.1iKHbI

iKlIBhlM II , yMlIpaen OT'h

orr) :to.'lh

aaraerca.
CRII:t'h Ran

paorers,

3aT'l;~f'1,

'fepen

HtKOTOPhIfi rrplmtphl npeueaa Mhl

rrpmrelKytOR'1 Hafqe)I'h,

JI paa-

IIo;J;06Hhle (paRTOB'1 ~t.'laro. paoora MOrj T'h B'1 ;J;tJlTC.1hHO 3aBJIClmaJl uaro,

rrOY'IUTe:rhHble tPaRTa~I'h ll3BtCTHaro

06PUTIIBIIIlICb H'lllwrophIX'h lIe3UBUCInIO OT'1

rraTOJIOfII'Ie-

tPl!3io.'lom'leCRlnf'1.

!{>j HK~ill
UpOIICXOi\HTh npn

BalltHhlX'1

opranoss
rsra, II

rrpO;J;0.1iKeHie cHa6ame}Iali

tPYHR~ifI TmmepaTYP'S

Baptaaaaaa
cepana, clllryIIIRH, II TpeCKaJOTCJI. TtX'1 I!

neaens,
Tan,

HaXO,Il,lllIl:allCJI

COOTBtTcTBYIOlIl,efr 60.ike 1I3'1

KPOBhIO,

BhI,'J;t.1J1eT'1 cepme,

iKe.1'-1h. EI~e

aupsaaanoe
6HThCli

nopasaren.non llB]lleTCa HeT B.'la xtaaaospcaaarc lRIIBOTRor;.r,a 6ieHre mc

HaIJPIIMtp'h, TBep;J;hIMII 'IaCTh

rrpo;J;o.~jjmeT'1

;J;alKe roraa, YC.l0BiJlA'1 KOTOPhIX'1 B'h YC.10BiJlx'1

)iKC

Ilpn

nospona

ero

i\t]aIOTCJI CY-

HopMa.1hHhlX'1 IJOCpei\CTBOM'h )l,tilcTBiJurn; Il TtM'1 ue ;J;tJlTe.1hlIOcTh. HaC'1

cepma OIJhITa ero

COCTaB.~lle1'1

IlJ,eCTBeIIHYIO JlB.1ll8TCJI mOHie Mhl MbIlI

npouecoom., HapymHhBnr lKII3HeHHYIO JlB.'leHiJl ;J;t:reHilI He B'I, R'1

1I0;r,;r,eplRIlBaeTCJI

COOTB'BfcTBie

]IeiK;J;Y BHYTpeHHIHm '1aCThIO IJO)\pa3Y~I'BBaeT'h 9M6pio.10fll'lecKiJl CKa3aTh IIMH 06pa3yeTcJI CTBOBalIiJl}I1I .fIB.111IOTCJI 6.iIaCTpJl,

oienle
'ITO qTO lIU aa

YlKe He aTO )J,BlIMOlRe~['1 TIIIJOB'1

:"lTlIX'1 IIpO~OCCOB'h,

MeHte

MbI ,Il,OJIlRlIbI )l,O;rYCTllTh, npmrapaan.

cHa6maIOT'h RJItTOR'1,

,l\a.1hHBlIIIIIlMn

0 IJOBTOPHOM'1 a

nocpe;J;cTBOM'1

KOToparo

Y ;J;PYfllX'h tPOPMhI

6JIaCTOi\OpM'h'? 06HapYiKllBaIOT'1 OIiP) iliaIOIIl,C~I'h; i\OCTlImeHlIO

Hn

C:1}[J! arn

nponeccsr,
COOTBtTCTBiil Y1\a3aTh ROTOpaJl

HtROTOPhIX'1

nopcsaaeC'h cooyme'ITO OHn

CTPYI(TypHhIJl [WI!

RaliIIX'1-JIlI60 MOlKHO TO.1hRO

C.1t;J;OBaHill~Ul crynenmm

TO,

nepnsnm

TOil: opraanaauia,

6Yl\e1'1

)J,tHCTBII-

)J,IIHAMII'IEcmll::mEMEHT'blR1I3HII.

71

1C.1I>HO npOJlBJIJlTbIIo)J,06HhlJlCOOTBtTCTBiJi. t PYJJ;l!MeHTapHhlX'1 B lRe opraaars OTCYTCTByeT'1 ,'J,aa;r ::lTO orrareaaoe coraacie c}, HalII!Uf}' onpe)J,·kleHien. Oc06eHHO B}' Ttn II3'1 HHX'1, Iwrophle 06pa3YIOTCJIB'J. 'I'e'leHie ::lM6pioJIOrll'leCKarO pa3BIITiJl, a 3aTtM'1 rroracmaaroa. U03'lOlKHOnpemorarars .l1Bl!1l0IIIHMIIClIB'1 paasarin TOIl} Ha3a)J,'1. A MelK;J;YTtn ;iOll:lRie II rror.loIlleHie CYIllecTByen PYP;![',feHTapHaroopraaa, sra oprana, HeHIIKaKoro rrpIIHOpaBJIlIBaHiJi MelK)J,YHYTpeHHIIMIIOTHOlIIeHillMII, npoB 11BHtIIIHII'>!H OTHOlIIeHillMIf. T]; nasm-

niH OTHOlIIeHia, KOTOPhlM'J. oTBt'la;lII

nepecratn

cYIIIecTBOBaThMIIJI.lioHhl JItT'1

He nO)J,JIelKIIT'1 COMHtHiIO, 'ITO 1I3MtHeHia, BhI3hlBaIOIIIill oripa$aKTOB'J., He IIO)J,XO,'l;lIIIIIIX1> IIO,'l;'J.name onparnreaie.

3TIIX'1 6e3IIJIo)J,lIhlX'1 CTPYKTYPlIhlX'b OPM'b, Cyrh lKII3HeHHWI II3MtHeHilI. $

em;e rpymra

]!Oa;elI'J. ~IhI CKa3aTh 0 C'I!hxt?

Bs

'Iro

HeM}, He.'lh31I B11J,trh COOTHOlIIeHiJl, I!J1U '1aCTII conraomeB03hMeM'1 He MOlKeM'1

nra, rrocpe;J.crBOM'bxoroparo BHYTpeHHiJi )J,tfiCTBiJi ypasHostuIlIBaIOTb BHtmHia. ;(P! I oll c.1Y'lafI: eMU pe~leCJIeHHIlK'hBO BpeMJI pa60Thl HaCBHCThIBaen, TO Mhl
{)JHapYiKHBaIOT'h npnaopaaraaanie o rHOllIeHiJl'du BeIllell:. MelK;J;YuaBtcTHbD!H

e;a3arb, 'ITO npOIl3BO;J;crBOCaMhlX'1 3BYKOB'h IWOp;J;IIHauill H,Wli:, IWHTPOJIlIPYIOIIIIlX'1 II 3ByKII,

mero onparsreaia,
Ehl\jJ, )IyCKphHhl\I'h
J1J

Iloxoriaaro

oraonreuiaun

~!hICJIeli: n u3BtCTRhlMII

PO)J,ltlKH3HeHHltJl )J,tllre.1bHOCrb .'leiKIIr'h BceU'B'lO BHt nanpOCrbHI'h u lICHhIl!b cBlI:r;tre1hCrllO}Ib

B03MOiKHO, 'ITO Hau60JIte ,n;tfrcrBieMb. nopasnn, M8iK1Y

npnnrns nanrero
TM;b IIp ICITOCO-

on:1u1t.1t'HilI ;J;0.1iKHO 6bITn rrpII3HltHO COlIocTlIB1eHie MeiIqy rrpofI3BO,lbHhH!1 II nenpnmaursCh O.J;HOllcroponsr MhI BHJ;HjIh acrperia, CBOIO;J;06hI'Iy-IIPlIHOpllBJIIIBaHie () IHlOIuarp MtHJlIOm;illClI JI;sfIiKeHilI csoero IIO.ij8T3 Kb M];afIIOIIIil'l!Cll ;I.SlIlR8HiJllfb r01voll, '1T06hl BCflliOU CJlyqat BHyrpeHHHX'h )J,t:lCfBili: K'1 Bb 3IIHllf! hllIHlIl1b He rrO;J;1eiKlITbC01lHtHiIO.

Cb

)l,pyroll: CTOPOHhI 3r:IfIHe'>!1 HlI '1e10)lt[;[I s

.i!'ITTWleCliOM'h npnnanrs.
of [!l\m

ero ,ll,BUiKeHiJl\IHU COCYIIIecrBOBaHiJimIII rrOC.1t,:r;osare.1hHOCOoTBtTcrBiJi. II O;J;Hil.KO ero )J,BlIiKeHill ,lHalIeHYIOTb O;)a

BH]; ero rrplIHl(IIII'1

H I;r b

Hll Mlt1tli:llIarO

;1;a3HeHHOCTh HaCrO.1bI;O lIte, HlICKO.1bKO ,ll,BlIiKeHill II Tun

O/?Jftm8JlbIWCmu,

acrpena.

anteaia

OOHapYiI\'IBaIOr'h

I\OTOPbIU

COJraBJl1I8T1cym;ecTB8HHWf 3lJe:U:8lIrb IIlIllI3rO MbI n03Hal!I TO.1bKO rpop},(,y 1I306paMhI

ll,)IlHl!l1 0 iKfI3HTI. i!;1I3HII II ocramei,

§ 35b. Oseanrao,

'ITO B'h

npe;J;hl;J;YIIIIIX'hr.ijltsan

S'h HCBt:r;tHilf orHOCIITeJIhHO ell cO;J.eplRaHiJi.By;J;y'llI OT'IaCTII ;J;ocTaTO'l-

HUll'J., 'fTOObI 1I306pa3IIrh jIlTL COrlcpiI,aHie. iRu3Hb no OHa npoamaers

:ny gjOp"fty,

uauie onpe;J;t1eHie BOBce He B'h cocroaain -rro no naerca

IIpOJlB!1lIen ce6J1 Bh TaKOM'hBlqt,

onpe,:r;tI8Hiro,

ceoa 1I B}'

)J,PYrIIX'hBII:r;aX'1, Hecor.mCHhl:i'h Cb

onparsreaiews.

.'I,O'IIKHhlIIp;13Harh, 'ITO TO.'[hKO Ton

3.T8MeHTblRU3Hfl, KOTOPbIli:ouoncraens

Bct.lf'h ea npoaalKl!3-

1rHimIb, JlB.1J1eTCJI cYIllecTseHHbHI},3.1[elIeHTon. TaKIIMb 06pa30Mb, cYIIIecrseHHbIM'h3.18)leHTOM'b lIB.'IllCTClI TOTh OC06hlli BII;J;'h aaeprin, paaao 3a'llt'lammli: lIeUHbIXb ;J;lIIcmiJt I 'IrO npauaieau. ~lbI 06NTIl.11I II B'h T];Xb nenopxa lhHbIX'h B'h HOP}IaJIbHhl.\b nopmsars npHMtpbI

uopataaxt,

xoropan,

6hl.1lI TO.1hKO

BU;J;OIl31I'];HlIJi Hallie } II} crn.1II !l3'h B1qy

YTBeplKJI,eHie,MhI MOi!(e~I'1csasars,

'ITO, COCraB.1l1l1 onparsaenie, 3TO

;J;ocrarO'IHOe ssnxaaie

sa CBJl3b MeiK;J;YjKrI3HeHHbIIIU npOJlS.'IeH;JlMll1I nonce

TO, 'ITO !lMelIHO npOHBJIlIeTCJI. or)l,a Mhl rOSOpJIM'h,'ITO mlI3Hh R

.,0upe.J;'E.'leHHOe coseranle

pa3HopO,J,HbIX'1 H3MtHeHill:, KaR'h OJJ,HospeMeHHbIXb, raas II nOMt-

\lIBaTe.lbHbIX'1, HltXO,lHIIIIIXCa Bb uiaMU", 10 HeBO.1bHO B03HHKaen HeHillX'h Iqen aroro )l,i).1o; casaa

coorabrerain
nonpocs: -

Cb BHtuIHHlm COCYIIIeCTBOBaHiJlMH C.'lt;J;OBaII II3MtH8Hill '1ero?'

Bayrpa

Tt,1a npOIICXOJ;ITb

UUOrO'lIlCJleHHhIJI 113~ItHeHiiJ,MeXaHUqeCKia, XH'>!Il'leCI(ill, TepMa.1bHhlll, HO He ,06'1 <JTlIX'1 U3M'RCJIOiKHltJlun )J,OCTynHbIX'b allIeMY Bo06palEeHiIO KOM6uHauiii: H caon lIeXaHlI'fecRijr, XHMIlpoaa 1I31!tHeHifI, ec.1HTOJIhKO' l;aiKJ;oe U3'h HUX'1corpaaaen,

<f('CI;itr mIH repxa 1bHhII' xapaureps,

He ,ll,aeT'h Ha'll'h U)I,ell lRII3HII.· Ellie JlCHte yBH,J,II'd'1!!bI

HC;I,OCTaTO'lHOCrb qlOP)!Phl, ecm npOaHaJIIl3IlpYC11b 60.~l;e a6crpaKTHYIO ea $OPMY"HerrpePblBHoe npnnopamauaaie BHyrpeHHIIX1> OTHOm8Hili: BHtllIHHMb". Oraonrenln MelEJ;y'1tu?K'h

nor s HP1I36tiKIlbllI BOUPOC},.Ornoureaie, lJ.UeHhlIWToparo He 0603Ha'leHbI, He 03HalJ.aerb HII-

72
RaROll ll;\eH II, 06p a1HO, 611 Mhl CRa33mI,

,lI,AHHhlllmoaoriu. CBll,ll,tTCJIhCTByen 0(5'1 ell OTCYTCTBin;.mu'leHie na He Moryn TaROrO crnouieais

MOiKen 611T1 cpaBHII BueMO C'h IItHHOCThIO xexa,

ROTOpOM'hHe DpOCTUB.1eHa ero CTOIIMOCTb. 611T1 1jl0PMY.1Jl!pOBaHhlB'h CIl.lr OTB1>-

Ec.m

'ITO '1JIeHhl ornomeaia

60:J1mOH iKeHiml'h,

paanopom
cspuaaer

OCTH llX'h BI1,ll,OB'h,nO;J,JIeiK3l1l,lI1.'hBRJIIO'IeHiIO, TO H3M'h cnpaseanrso ca nOJIHUli HeB03MOiKHOCT1 DOHR'lb Mh] )!,OCTllr.1n pairse, llCROMhIe ero '1.1eHb!.

TllJIIl 6hI, 'ITO DO)!,'h H€CDOCOOROCThIO ~OP!lpllpOBaT1 TaRHM'h 06pa30M'h, 33li.1IO'leHiIO, aoropnru noaaris iJ.llHaMlI'IecniH

OTHOm€Hili O,ll,HIIM'h ai\eRBaTHhIM'h BbJpaCHOBa npHBO)l.IIT'h nacs h'h

Jl .BpI1Tll'1eCROe IICDhlTaHie onpe;J,'BJIeHill

'ITO TO, 'lTO COCTaBJIlleT'h caMYIO CYlIl,HOCT1 namero H€OIlpe;J,1;.1I1MblM'h Ha'1a.'IOM'h ;J,'BllTC.JIbHOCTII. 3TOT'h-TO>

0 lR1I3HIl, llBJIReTCli RaRllM'h'TO

::l.1Jel!€BT'h lR1I31In II RB!llleTCll ell CYlll,eCTBeHHhIM'h3.1e}leHTOM'h. RUKlIM'h lRe 06pa3ml'h ;1,OJlKB11MhI npe;J,cT3B.lJlIT1 ceo'B arors cpraaaseosoa ;J,IIH3Mn'leCRilI xarepin, II.m 3TO Ha'lUJIO ;1,'BlITeJI1BOCTIInpucYIIIlIM'h )!,pyrOM'h MtCTt, 0

36c.

:1.1JeMeHn? HB.1ReTCll an ::lTD Ht'lTO npnmorsmee liaR'h ReRHml'h B03HIIK3en caa, II

U3BR1l~ Pa3CMOTp'BHie 3THX'h npe;l,llOJIOiKeHill Ha'lHeM'h C'h nOC.1t;l,HlIro. ,Il.OCTOllRCTB'B lialR;I,OH ;l,aRRoIl ell nepeaecers a", nacs naaars

33M'B'l3J1'h B'h

rnnoresu
It'h 33POJli-

!IOll(flO CY;l,IITh DO ell reaeaaoria: Ra'I3J1'B He MOlRen Btpa )I,€HiIO reopin

II C'h 3TOM TO'lKII 3p'BHili rlIIIOTe3a 0 He3aBIICmIOM'h llilIdCHOBIl)l,tHitr, iI nORlI)I,aen

B'h wm1eHT'f,.

1l0XIHICTaTI,CJI. liCTOpill Btp3

;J,YXOB"h ;1,I1R3poII. nO;1,KptlI.1JII€M3ll IIOCTOllHHhI~!HBne'IaT.'l'Buimm Y B"h ;J,BoHCTBeHUOCTh npmr.'lIO'Ienill, BO "BTopoe npn soropoe H B03Bp3IllaeTciI np06YiK;J,8uin; 60:lte ::lTDnropoe ;l,O.'lroe npeva ero 'I!Omen

6.~liK;1,aeT'h BO Bpe'IJl

Tar1;ll caon

Tt.1O lID Bpe~leH3M'b, np01l3BO;1,1I o6MopCh'h, Hoe B03BpameHie. 3TOMY IlHFpeHHe~IY

II y;I,3J1l1eTCliaa

YMIIP3UiJl 'IeJJOB'BR3, XOTiI 113'h 3TOH DpO)l.o:])!mTe.lbHOII OT.'lY'lEJI oamaercn BTOPOMY

oaoauare.uno J!'"

"JI",

xoropoe

OCT3B.1J1Th rt.10

]l,06pOfl BO.l'B, M3JIO·IIO-}!a.1Y npnIIlIC1lB3IOT'h

Momen 6blT1

CIIoc06HOCTb BCe.1I1T1Cll B'h Tt.1O ;1,pyrnx'h .~IO;1,erl DpIIUmmIOT'h, 'ITO ~ltCTO "BToporo
'J

H iKIIBOTHhlX'h,II ;J,3.'l'Ee II) TeM'h ,1JOrlI'IeCKaro nocrpoeuia BpeJreRHO 1I01.IlIll3eJ!O noce.1J!IOIlllIMIlCJI rasoro "BTopoe poxa BTOFlReHiJ! npmnuanrs cBo,1 II;1,CHrepacrs liaE'h II.1II xepraaro: cnoero pU3BmiJ!
TCP1H.1bHOe,

BTOp1BIlI J!" .:rPlroro Eah'h

'Ie.10B1;li3, JRIIBOW no M'1p!;. Ha'HlHaen,. EHHra).'J,. J!, H'B'ITO BIIO.'1Ht xa-

npI1II3;J,KII mn )lblc.1IIMOe pairse crapmnnm,

;1,pyrill 60.1t3HII.

xapaxreps,
;(ixa"

1I" JIOCTeIleHHO )I,€M3Tepn.1Il3I1PleTCJI II B'h I10C.TE,1,}IOIIl,ee Bpemr

paacaarpnnan.ca, )I,yxonHuro

;1,YX'h Jlml ;1,)HOBeHie: sa

1I.1.1IOCTP3IIiR1.'h B'h I;aI,'h ronopars

CO;1,epJli3Hill "IlCIlicRUHie IIt.10ll

1J306p3iKa.10ch BbI.1eTaHie~1'h 1130 pra 60.'1'1e II 60.11;e IIOHlnrae'fO€ B'h cpe;1,Hie BtEll npIIHI1,Hn'B.

j vnpanntaro pearssoe

M3,1€HlIWll <pIlr~phil. eme OO.lte repaers

3TO BH1TpeHHec J!, nee CBOIr onpe;1,t:t€HHbII!

IIO.l1J) IOIIIeeCll ;J,.1H CBonn HOM'h ,1,p. t ", a B'h canoe B'b HamIl1.'h ITpIlHll\IaIOT'h, npexcrannvo. y6t,1,llThClI, )!1IC.lllX'l, 'ITO He crours

T'B.1mI'h, npn ;1,a.lbH'Mme~l'h xapanreps: 0 iliJl3HeRHmn

IIHTe.1.1eKTya.lbHoM'h nporpeccs 0 "lKIlBOT-

noc.1'B;J,Hee Bpe'fJ!

By;1,)'IU a6 CO.1IOTHO.'IlliliellHbDI'h OJlpe;J,'BJleHHbl1.'h CBOHCTE'!>,3TO Ut'ITO liaK'h I1;J,eH, a li3R'h

6blT1

npncyrcmyert, raasa

IIC€B;I.O-I1;1,eJ! (OCHOBUbIII Koqa OTBtTOB'h aa

Hasara,

II).

OHO 11liKen

npercraanuo,

B'h ,1,tllcTBHTe.11HOCTIIOHO HePll;1,T, BOIlPOCOB'b, 'lT06hf cano He 6RI!) 01ITiJ!, xoropoe

Ham

TO.lhRO norperionars TO.1LIiO H33B3Hie

'ITO 3TO eeTh

;1,OnYCliae'laro Ha'Ia.13

nOHIlTO II He MOil,en

61lT1 nOHliTO. ;l,JIJ! BetH COPTOB'hoprannaaom., 'fTO TO iI(e 3[0 CaMUf'mlteTcll ocoooe iEJldHeHHOe Ha'I3.1o'? STO 6Ha'IHT'h jTBepili;(UTb, II B"h snrt, II ;l,3a;e 60.'lhme: B'h CO.1IITept II B'h 'IeJIOBtK'B,

1)
llJIII ;1,.1$1

liM'BeTCR .11I O;1,HH'h COpT'h lRII3HeHHaro liUl!(,1,3rO opr3HH3Ma nepnoa a.u.repnarnnu, B'!> 6aKTepiII B'h i\y6t

IIpll;I.epiRIIB3ThCll mU3ueHHoe

nasa.io
roro, h'h

;I.tflcTByen

m.
'Ibl

KOTOPOM'b CO,IHTep'h Jlilmen, renin. RpmI'B

II B'h npOTORoKEt:

3UaQIlT'h YT-

BepiK)I,aTh.06l1l,HoCT1 lKII3HeHHuro narara CBO)l.IlM'1 ero

B'h MhlC.1J!lUeM'hq('.lJOBtht 06.I3;l,aromell

II B'h 6e3Q)BcTBeHHoMl, pacHe I1H;1,IIBlll.yn.m30BaHHhIM'h-

np1I3H3B311 e;I,lIllCTBO lKII3HeHH3ro HUQU.'la ;1,.lJl BC'EX'h opraHH31IOB'h, O;J,HOH YHIIBepC3.1hHOJI ClI.TB,

xapaarepom., liUh'h II BCIIRUlI <PBJH'If'CE311 CII.la. Ec.m C'h ;1,PFOll CTOPOUb! 'Ilbl npemo.roJltnM'h, 'ITO pa3JIIlQHblf' Bll)l.bl opraHII3)IOB'h I1Mi,IOT'hP33.1I1QHble copra iKllilH€HUUrO Ha'I3.1a, TO }Ibl

73
!!(n:hHhf npnsnars, or.~Il'laIOTca? O'lCBII)J,HO ;(a, 'ITO arn copra RaR'b naaxe
B'b

RaRIn!'b-!m60 TO aasaao

IlJTeM'b OT.11I'IaIOTCaMelR,l\y corion. )RII3Hll, soropoe

ItaR'b llie OHU He MOrJlO II ;'(JIH IIO)l:liaR'b II ;J,mI

O'leBll;J,HO CBOIlMII cBoiicTBaMII. OTml'IaIOTCIl JIll OEII Melli)J,y c060fI ROJlI'IeCTBeHHO?

raxs

o)J,ymeBJlaeT'b Sequoia, aasaaa,

thI

6blTb 60.1bme, ;nIl3HlI

'11m'b TO, noropoe

O;J,ymeBJlaeT'b RalK,lblii ,l\pOllillieBoii rpIl60E'b, 6bl CTOJIbRO me mIl3HeHHaro RaR'b - JIl160 lipOMt

,J,cpEaHia

CJlOHt Tpe60BaJlOCb

~!IlEpOCROIIIIqeCliOii MOHU;J,tJ. OT.lIIqaIOTCli JIll onn la1'1> IiUK'b nnase Hoe aasaao n C.l0;I\HblX'h. T.-e. Iimi'b TeIl.JOTa JJ.11J MbI Bepnymlcb O;J,HII II 6bI R'h nepnon corpanaers

Ro.~lI'IeCTBa? uoropen omooopaauaa

an.repaanurs,
naaaro --TaRaH

Honexao,
m1l3HeHIIPOCTI,IX'b

coraacao me

rt

me caoncrna

BO BCtX'b BlI!(aX'h opraHII3MOB'b, HaM'b

IIpH3HaJlII 6b1, 'ITO m1l3HCHHoe

crua,

<l.l!CRTPll'lCCTBO. C.'It,:J;OBaTc.lbHO, reneps npncnocorisenc

OCTaCTCH npemcaoaum., CBoIICTBCHHOC TO.lbRO CTPYRTypHblMlI tPopCYII~eCTBYIOm,iH paIWTOPhlll .I\oJl»1eH'b III,IJlI,I~a OTB'b lI)J,ep'b lKIIBOTHI,IX'1 B.1e'IeT'b 311 HOEOllY )!(JIBOTCJIt,'l,yeT'b

'ITO IiU;n,'LblJI BII)J,'h lKIlBOTHblX'1 II pucreain e~ly O,J,HQ}!Y,HaTlaJIO, xoropoe

lIMtCT'h lli1I3HCHHoe nasaro, rrO.1b30BUTbCHcnenian.amm omlt.lIlITClI.JIlI paase 06H1BIaIOmllX'h He TO.'lbRO BCt

]unm,
crcHill

B'b liOTOPbIX'b OHO CO.:\CPiIUITC.ff.Ho II lliIlBOTHbI.ff, HO II BCt cymecraoaaamia

KTO-HIl6Y,l\b HaCTalIBaTb aa Talwii

MHOF.eCTBeHHOCTIl ;nIl311eHHblX'b nasars,

II nC'IlIC.1I1eMI,IlI MIVI.1ioHaMH? nasara, amsa,

2)
W"lnen
ili{\

EUK'b 'Iepe3'b

,lO.l»lHbl MbI lIOHlBIaTb C'b pa3}!Homenie}1'b IT HHlIa, rrCCTlIK'b cnoe

reHe3lIC'b oprannaaa?

»III3HeHHaro

JlpOIICXO;J,lITbBMtCTt H,1,pa cnepuarosoma B'h pacnarenie opraHn3Jfll.

Bs

pacreain JqpO'\l'1 ,1,aIOn coemaeaie

mrsroxnaa

H,1,pO ,'l,.11ICOC;I,I1HeHilIC'b C.1IlBm1lCb MC»I,lI,Y c060ii, a

aaaaro

IIml)": coGOl! paanmie IItT~,

OUOIIX'h c.1yqanX'1 OTIiYJ,a

HeY,1,aBUIeeClI 1l0'leMY - .l!lI60 6epeTCH )!(lJ3HeHHOe sasaso,

6t.1KOBI,IX'h nemecrm.,

3:} rrpOllCIIIe,'LIIIlIM'h coe)J,HHenieM'h

IWTopoe

onpe,1l,t.'IHen

HIm IO~ifI nponeccs? dTOIl IIpo6.leMbI.

C03,J,aeTCII-.111 OHO saHOBO ,:J;.Jl1l KUlK,'LarOlKJIBOTHaro II paCTCHilI'? B03MfCM'h Ha1I60.1te ,'],0 cnoero

II

onraCC.lII

TO rXF, Il KaKIIM'b 06pa30M'b OHO cy~eCTByeT'b paHte'? Protophita H.m Protozoa, naK'b

npocryn

tPOPJly 06-

;J,OCTlIrnlII 1I3BtC1'HOll BC.UIqHHbl, rrpe1'epntBaIOTb ,l\'E.'IeHiH opraaaaas oripaaoaasmiaca 113'b HlfX'D Ha'HIIl TaR'b .n;a.1te: )l(lIdpOCT'b O,:J;ymeB-

PH],'1 CJO»lHbIX'1 IlSMtHcHil1, OliaHqllBaIOm,iJlca ;rt.'IeBie~l'b. .1IlJa.l'b lh1l3B(,HnDnn Haem B'h paCTII, xoporsoe Haqa.10m,. B'1 '1IlCTll OT,1,11.lllIOTCH;rpyr'b a 3aT1;M'1 01''1 ,1,pyra, Be'll paBHO MHJI.lioHbI

llie 06CTOIIT'1 ll:'E.l[O rrOCJIt Jl.i;olcHin'? Bet i!(1I3HeHHbI, 1I TaK'b KaIi'b Rllllqaa: ,'l,a.lte, ;(tJIIITCH,

CBOID O'lepC;(b Il,t.me

BpCMH oupailYIOTCH ,1,O.JlKHO TaK'b Protozoa. sero 6hlTb

opranuanom.

C.1t,J,OBaTe.lbHO, pa3AIHO»laIOTca: II ,:J;t.1IITCli.

Ht'HHOC HaQa.10 .111e1IbI1l mI'1 '111.10-: ~Io;neT'1 ~ra1epLlI.lbJ,

;ne 61ICTPO pa3MHOlliarnca:, llill3HeHIIoe ulno? qTO

3Ha'lI1T'h, 6b1 TO HI! .lpyroc

Ha'la.JlO 1I pacrers,

Ho

Tp(6) CT'!, YCBoeHiJI

lKe MOlliPT'b YCBaHBaT1 lli1I3HeHHoe sarrpUBXO,'l,HIIl,Ce U3BH'll. H.llI B'1 ,:J;pyrml'h c.1)"'rat mmie - HH6y;J,I, aasaaa? IIPOJlBHOBoe RO:IJ[qeCTBO ;n1l3HeHuaro II B'b pa3MHOllieHiII

lKJJ3HeHHOe Ha'I8.10, ce6t II

B'b 10M'h

1l3'b K010PI,IX'b ~IOmeT'1 61ITI, oripaaoaaao II «oropoe

II

B031IO;IiHO :m npexcrannn, ce6JI conepurenno

;IW3HeHHoe naaaro

IlHIl'/(" .1llen

'l'EJr'1 HT,'lTO MaTepbH.I1Hoe, Tal;'b ;nc,

II B'b CBOeJI'b poer'll Tt nonpocu, xoropue

RaK'I, IIpOHB.1JIeT'1 CCUll BIl;I:ILIlali uarepia. ¥03HIIJiaIDT'b no 1l0BO,:J;y Hml,J,CHHhDlIl B'h MYMillX'h, na ,'L06I,lTbIJI OllI,ITHbDl'h II Tt'Il];) , B'1 YC.l0BiRX'1 He6.mroof Plantes, OHa 6bI.1a HtKOTOPOC BpCMlI B'b CI,PI,ITOM'1 COCTOHHiu. C'1 aepnaan )II,l

3)
npollB.leHili

TaE;I\8 'p;e

HCB03)1OiEHO OTBtTIITb ua Rali'b OU'1 113BtCTH031'b c.1Y'lat !(taKTa reneps

;I(JldHlI 1l0C.TE roro,

H(l

ronopa

(SHU'lCHie aroro

orpnnaerca],

mneuntnr,
.~1;T'1

)WJI(eM'b IRU3aTb

lI)TCM'b ;(aHHbllI 0 BCXOil\eCTlI aepens, IIpillTHhlX'b ;I:.1Hnpopocraaia: Ilo,J,'b Eal\I!}f'h jEe 3TIl aepna,

rrpo.le1l\3Bmlll'b no.rysnauru Bee

1(), :20
Nat.

,J,ocTaTO'lHOe I;O.lIl'leCTBO 'marn

IIpopaCTaIOT'1 II 1>asBIlBaIOT'h ~IOolO/l:Oepacreaie BIf!(OM'b cymecTBona.l0

(G. Kerner's

Hist.

51-52).
Haq3.'IO'? 9TO

3TO 1(0,1rOe BpCMH lliIl3HeHHoe

aasaao ecrs aasaao !(tare.1bHOCTIl, II RaKl!}I'b lKe 06pa30M'b HU'Ja.l0 .n;taTc.lhHOCTll OCTaBaJIOCh HC,'J,tllTe.1bHblM'1·?KaK'b MOiKe)['b Mhl Ilpe;I,CTaBllT1 ce6t He/l:tllTeolbHjIO ;l,tllTeJ1HOCTb'? EC!ll[ me
MbI

;OIIYCTIIM'b, 'ITO iKH3HE'HHI,lll IIIJIlHIl,IIII'b Ilpe,J,CTaMHeT'h II3'h ce61I H1;'ITO ranee, 'ITO 6y,'l,y'lll H(>il.tllTC.lbHWn, C'faHOBIl'fClI )J,tllTe.lbHI,1M'b TO.1bRO Kor,J,1l yc.l0Bia Tm!)' 6.mrOllpiaTCTBYIOT'h, TO

74

,lI;AHHblHBIOJIOrHI. nOlY'IaeTCIl II)I,eH 0 .K1I3HeHHOM'1Ha'IaTE, qTO )l,O'lIRHbl Mbl )l,YMaTb 0 aacouuen nsmr,
BII)I,'b 'IaCnmdI

1 HaC'1

llm3HeHHOCTb soroparo

MOmeTI. cRpblBaTbcH -

:lTO a6cyp)I,'b JI'liThlnr1ml sopors, Tar,'1, BpaTd Kah'b

1I.OJIOBpaTRb, ItOTOpalI B'1 rexeme nOlIOm;1I hOTOPb1X'b ORa 06pa3yeT'b me 6bI1O, BC'li 3TH rO)l;bI nOJIHaro

IIEmX'1 RpyrorrOhOJI,

HO npa npnRocHoBeHIH CJ) BOJI,OH nOf1Iom;aen r;('li

ee, paa)l;YBaeTCH H

B0306HOBJIlIeT'b )l.BflJReHlli CBOflX'b IRrYTIIROB'b, npa BTHrIlBarom;lH IITITaTeIbHbIll nentecraa TO llO'le\fy speaa, OHO BepHFoCb na hah'b pan lltn3HeHROe Ha'ialIO

hOJIOBpaTRH? HaXO)l,IIIOCb-lITI OHO r)l,'li-JIII60 BJ) )J,PyrOlIJ) ~dlCT'li) BO-BpeIfH?

IIHf

II

WIll

ORO 6bIJIO see

BpeifH

EJ) bOl0-

II TOlb1l.O aacayro

Bpmm?

Kc1Ktnn ,Ke 06pa30M'b

C1Y'lII'IOCb, 'ITO OHO npOCRpOCb aarepsan.aoe Be-

ll'b TO cavoe

hor)J,a cHa6JReHHb1lI BO,'l;OroTMHII C~rof1I1I CROEa IICIIO.llHlITbCBOII tFYHrtU;lII? HO fl ua H'E'ITO, 'ITO He ecrs varepsanaoe
Bem;eCTBO,

C'IY'III'IOCb, 'ITO tFII3II'leCKI1i ,n;11l1TC'IbB03;J,bIICTBOB1tl'b He TOlbhO sa IICTO'lHllhO'tl'b 06pa30M'b Imh'b ;J,'liIlTelhHOCTlI? O'IelllI;J;HO, O,'l;HO 1I3'b npemo taraevoe lMI3HeHHoe ;)Tun

IUeCTBO hOJOBpaTKII, phlllbHbIM'1 MbIC.III1dO. TaRII'tI'b anne, HIll", TaR'b )l,'lll ero

a HBIIJIeTCJI seaarenpe;\IIOlIOJReHllr HeTBx'b, noHe06mUdHE'ITO, mlIBbIX'h

natato

cym;ecTByeT'b B'b )'!aX'b BbIpatR8Hle", a He haKb

liTO ,n;orrychaeT'b ero xO;J;lIMbIe )l;lIll roro, HCHHoe

cym;ecTBoBaHle

TOlIbM MIn,

"CI0BeCHoe

HeB03MOAtHO BocrrpOlBBeCTH B'b C03HaHlII 0;\HOBpeM8HHO iHe'I8HTbI 'IT06b1 C03;J;alOCh ;J;aHH08 rrOHIlTJe H'li'lTO, 'ITO ~ro,hHO no06pa3HTh, T -e npamo raraa, a npemoraraexoe 'ITO Jhll3Hb ecn,

9TO ;J;aiThe He "BbIMblCeJlJ) Bo06paAte-

C03;I,aHlJI rperiyerca

aata to HeB03.1fOmHO !(aMe Bo06pa3HTb § 36d Ilepexoxa hb ;I,pyroli a~bTepHaTlIB'li,

caMOM~ nemeorny OpraHI!3'Ia, XOTll M'leCrBeHHO He 1doryT'b 6bITh rrOHlIMae'tlbI Mh'b

npncym;ee Tb raxs,

MbI CHona BCTplmn!ClI OTJIH'IHbI'fII pe3pbTaT'b npocrsm, opraaa

Cb 3aTpY,l;HeHllI\lll

l!aCT01hRO

llte Herrpe060pUMbI'd1l,

Ilponeccu,
ihlIdHeHHbIU

rrpolICXO)l,lIIu;le Bb

h3hHX'b 6bI TO HU 6bI'l0 U3'1 II3BtCTnponeccom., MBTha

B'b

HhIX'1 Ha'd'1 tF1I31I'leChlIX'b !('liI!CTBIII

Paacsorpnvs
Ton, npcspamema 06010%a TOh'1 vaororpaauysi Jim B010hHa, f\lOpa~flI, peopaun, qJOp'tf'b (Kernel 00paaOBaHlJ! hal\'b ORt I,
B'b

O)l,IIH'b un

Han60lJ'lie c060JI

HarrpfIM'lip'b MOMeHT'b eJI RIB6op-

hOTOPblfI rrpe,l;CTaB11IeT'1 h1BUq

06bIhHOBeHHalI pacrnren.aaa rreDBOHa'lMhHO npeoripaayerca eb Tt\I'b

lITCTa II 1I! ;1,pyroro

IwlBTIHI, nOll} snnuraa tFOP'IY, ncoreneano mItcT'li hpro'lRaMII, IIJIH InaCTlIHbH,

rro;I,'b !(aBlleHle\l'b OHa

Ohp)Jharom;lIX'b ROI0HhalI!I,

npnanuacn,
C!jJham;llI

Jill! {IIOp)!y IIIl'lllH!(pa, BlI;(OB'b II HOBO-

CTtHhII

eJI YI!ptII1JnOrCJI ilIff

lleHTa1m Il II1IaCTIIHha~ll! Ca'dbIX'b pa3H006pa3lIhlX'b 3Ton hpOlIIe'IHbIH oraepcna,

43)

rrpn

C006m;eIIllI Melh)l,Y BC'li 311I CTPYRHo C[JpaUIlIBaeTCH,

coc'li;J,HlHm K'l'liTha!I1I,

IIJIII BOBce He aapooraiors

Il,e'I1lOlJ03011, lIlll rrOlIB'IHroTCJI hald 6C3J30TIICraro 6JmrO;(apH semecrsa, npOTOIIlaCTO'd'b

Bj)l,) 'III COCTaBleHbI U3'b IIHepTHarO B03HflharoT'b?

Tj PHb1JI {POP'fbI C03;J;aIOTCJI3ah llro'IeHHbl'tl'b B'b 0601I0'Iht

Busunaercs-m

npoueccs

p;'lillTeJIbHOCTfI Jl;(pal h'b raaon

Ecm

6bI

lI;a,he 'fbI Monll TO Ha!f'b nee Kah'b 'OT'b roro,

ce6'li rrpep;CTaBlITb,

'ITO caoaoraa

JI;J;pa npaonocorireau MtTO'IHYro

qJYHI,U;lII,
h I'liTIHI

Me OCTaHCTCJI HerrOlIJITlIoit Heorrpe;J,'E1eHHOCTh rrOl!OffieHlJl H)l;pa TO Jhe caxoe ,n;tl'ICTBle ua

snyrpn

~!olIteT'b JI)J,pO OM3bIBaTh pacno roaeno-m TahO)f'b CJIY'Iat 06010'IRU? Ho

CTIlHhY, He3aBlICIIMO

OHO rro cpe;I,uH'li hJ1'liThlI, Bh O;J;HOM'beH hOHU;t, IIUI C60hY~ He lIB'IlleTClI- 'Ill cava 060lJO'lhU lIpOTOrrJIa3Ma ;J;tllCTB}rom;UM'b areHTOM'b B'b HHTOh'b n OTPOCTROB'b, rrpaBlIlhHOCfl! H, BCllhOli npOTOII'Ic13Ma pacumaraerca Bb B1q'li dTn 6e3'b

B'b
nocrpoemn soropue

paClIpe;I,'B.lll1lOTCl! BUFpH 'ITO npororuaaaa

ptllIlITelbHO

!tPOM!; roro,

rrO'CTOlIHHO MBHlIIOTb caoe pacnoaozeme

II B3aIl}IHbIl1 CO'IeTaHIJI II'li lJeC006pa3Hyro,

Ilosrovy

uen.aa

ce6t npeacramrrs, ,n;1l11TClJhHOCTh

MOJheTh npoaarars

HarrpaBJIllrom;yro

.I!.pyrofi npHMtp'b Pa3CM01 pU~I'h nponeccu pa3'!HOAteHIH y SPFoglra TOHRfH HIITH 3TOli BO)l,OPOClllI COCTOJlT'b 1I3'b O)l.HOrO pma Y;J,IIHeHHbIX'b CpOCllIIL\.ClI hOHIIa\Hl hJltTOR'b. l Ilponeccs pa3~fHOmeHIJI 3aRJlIO'lae1'Cll B'b C1Jt;J;YIOIu;eM'b II3'b )l;BP..'b RJI'liTO'lehb, OT,n;1l'I8HHblX'b ,ll,PVf'b OT'b ,ll,pyra He6oJlhllIUM'b npOCTpaIICrBO'!'b II rrpIIHa;J,T18ffiaIu;UX'b pa3J1II'lHbI'tIb HHTH'II'b, sa-

!l;IIHAMIl'IECr,ril:3.~EMEHTJ, 1l3HII. m paCTaroT'1

75
06pa3YroTJ, xaaan., 6JIarO!l;apll

noannureaia,

ROTOPhliI, BCTpt'laiICb MelK!l;Y c060ii, na MtCTt IIX'1 oonpnaocaoseaia;

B'b

paCTBopeHiro 060JIo'lRlI

'lcpe3'1 aTOTJ, RaHaJI'1 aH!l;OXpOM'h anrora II.1If R.l'i;TR8 aTOT'1 nponeccs? Hn

();J,HOIIK.'ItTr,rf rrCpeJIHBaCTCH BHYTpb !l;pyrok, BO B'b O;J,HOR 113'1 3TIIX'1 )1,BYX'1 KTi;roIt'b Ilpe~ll

cruJ' '.181'0 06pasyeTcH

pa3~!HOmeHiiI. 1I0!l,'1 BJIiJlHieM'1 xero B03HIIRaCT'1 II '11m'1 ynpanaaeroa MOr.1Jl 6b1 BbI3BaTb B03HUKHOBeHieBb1POCTOB'1a orrpe;l,tJIeHHOM'1MtCTt n II rapaHTIIpOBaTb IIX'1 B3aUMHYIOBCTpt'lY. npespameni», cccncsooopaaaon

MbI He HaXO;l,IIM'1HarrpaB.'liIIOI~I1X'1;J,tlfT8.J'leR,ROTopble II B'b orrpe)l.tJIeHHOe

Ibu

rrorrp06yeM'1 06'1lfCHIITb Tt eme 60.IIte

uopamaro~iH

ROTOPhllf mrBroT'1 ~rBCTOy H)

drodiction

urticulatum.

BHYTPII xpOMaTO-

ham;J,oi'!, BIIO.'lHt paaanroa

EJItTO'lKH HaXO;!,IITClf XpO~IaTOtPOp'1, OCTOlInVfi C ,J,t.1IITCll na ~IHOlI;eCTBO 300CIIOP'1, 60.'1blllHHCTBO I1eTeJIb

1IJ'b If;J,epHOIIrr.1Ja3MhI '1 rrorpYlKeHHblMIl B'1 aee XJIOpOqllJ.lIJlOBbIMH C 3epHUMII. 9TOT'b (j)O]1'bB'1 TO Bpe~fJf, IWr,1l;l1IwtTRa EOTOpbIe opocrarotca ;rlmaeTcH napocron, ram, CBOllMHROH'lllI;a}I1I, 'ITO 06pa3yroT'b clm;)',

IWTOPOIIllMtroT'b IIleCTllrpaHHYIO tPOpMy. 91a dTKa O'lCHh uara, nO}.O)J,IIT'1 na TY diTKY, R'b IWTOPOHI1pIlHa;J,.'lelItaJiaKTlm;a, rr03;(HO IIORIl;'1,aH MaTeplIHCRYIO R.lI1m;y, ctTO'lRa IIpenpamaeTCR B'b pa3BlITYro <jJOpMyHydrodiction'a. nasnuaen,

HO rro tPOpMt CBoeH BilOJIHt pacm II B'b IWHn;1l-IWHn;OB'b CO'feTaHiIOCHJI'1 pae-

pa3BIIBIIlUlf SOOCIIOPbI. aHO HJIH P

B.1arO;lapf! IiaKoM)"

JIO.1araroTcHSOOCIIOPhl 'b TaKYro cBoe06pasHYro crpYRTypH)'IO tPOPMY? B 1I0;J,06HhIlI me HPpasptmInlh1lf aan;a'fll I1pC;I,CTaB.1lfIOT'b ,KIIBOTHbIlf sa BCtX'1 cryneII Rlfn OpraHlI'leCROR .'ltCTHlI~br. llpmrtpOM'b

Coccospheres

Cpem

MIIKpOCROrrlI'IeCRJIX'hoprannaaom,

MoryT'h CJlYlKllTb

H Rhabdospheres,

HaXO;l,lIMhliI B'b nepXHIlX'1 CJ10lfX'1MOPCKoilBOA~I.

I-ia;n;'1,bIll n3'1 arllX'1 opraHII3MOB'1 npe;'1,CTaB.1ReT'bI3'b ceria ),qaCTOK'1 npOTOnJIa3MbI MeHte 1 (J,IHOiI TblClf'lHOlr !l,roRMa B'1 )J,iaMeTpt, cHa6lKeHHbIir OC06hUI'b 3a~IITHhIM'1

oopaaoaaaiees,

KORam-

ropoe BbIpa6aTblBaeTCH CaMIIM'b lKIIBOTHbI'II'b.3JI.1UllTU'l.eCIde RORKO.1IIThI Coccospheres'a,

;J,wI

HS'1 ROTOPh!X'hcHa6lKeH'1 ~HTKOM'1 orrpe;J,t.1CHHOn: <jJop~rh!,coe;lIIHllroTCR mrtcTt

TaRIlM'1

(J6pa30M'b, 'ITO HaXO)1,iI~ie )J,pyr'b na ;'1,pyra ~urRII 06pa3yroT'b PO)J,'1 sepennrraron IIORphlIlIRa me CO BetA'b CTOPOl!'b. Cnpannraaerca, lloopymeHic aa srors

uospsnnaa;

Hhabdospheres'

a COCTOlIr'b JI3'b MHOmCCTBa TPOCTROB'b, O TOp'la~IIX'b .lIY'le06pa3HO RaKlHI'b 06pa30M'h KpOIIle'lHhIe Y'laCTltU HpOTOIlJIa3Mbl 6e3'1 crpoenia, aareaia C03;'1,aroT'1 ranoe C.10lKHOe 1I3BeCTKOBoe B'1 mlI3HH HII3IIlIIX'b Metazoa. TaIn, 'IaMbIC.l!Dmro ornsra. TOil: BHYTpeli-

(JpraHOB'1, T.-e. 6e3'1 OIlpe)1,tJIeHHhlX'1<POpM'b CTOJlh me lH'Il CB1I3H, IlplI HeIlOIllfTHhI HaM'b unoria

BOnpOC'bMhI He mrte}I'b

TRJO ry601\'b caaraerca cion h 1'i;rKll,

1I3'b pa3Ho06pa3Hbn'h ~rOHa;J,'h,~Iem;l,) ROTOPbIMU ntn a,ryrIlKoBhIH

IIOMO~1l ROTOPOn: B'b BhrCIIlUX'b Timan

J CTaHaB.11IBaeTCiI oonepania x
6en

MbI HaXO)1,II~!'bB'1 ry6KaX'b !leiKa~ill

R.1tTKU, ROTOPhIiI IIPOIl3BO;(1IT'b ;'1,BlllKeHie 3a.M:tTHaro

BO;J,hI,BHYTPUoprannaaa -

naanaooraomeala
BOTRaro, no BUHHh!lf ariania, 06pa~alICb

CBOOOAHbIllllI B'b cTY;!,He06pa3HofI ~!e30;J,epM'B. 21m li!ltTRlI

IIJIOCRill R.1tTRJI, 06pa3yIO~ilf 3a~IITHyIO 060.l0'lKY, II aMe601I)J,HhlR COCTaBJIlfIO~yIO f.1aBHYIO MUCCYlKllRaKOBbI Til ROMOIlHUPO-

C03)1,aroT'1He TO!IbEO porOBYro CtTb,

II C.'lOlKHblH, I10padIITe.1bHO CIIMJfeTpIl'lHbIlf IIrO.lW'l['II. srcro He!Ib311ce6t B006puSTlTb.

6JIarO;'1,aplf liOTOpm!'1 BbI3bIBaroTCJ!BCt aTII He06xo;J,lIMhle ,IlJIlf lK1I3Hll lKllR'b 60JIte BbICORlIM'1TIIIIaM'1 Metazoa, MbI Ha6JIIO,J;aen

BOTHaro rrpon;eCChl~ -

rrpncyrcrsle

nepn-

'HOll CIiCTeMhl, ;'1,'ElfTeJIbHOCTb KOTOPO!I ,IlaeT'1 Ha~I'1 XOTli (JO) C.ljOBJllBaro~efl xoonepamnrtyro :!Ilbl naraxsunaexca sa cJ!'l.all TaRIIX'b )1,tfICTBifl, npmaau

II 1I0BepXHOCTHOeaaaie s

npasaau,

paooTy paS.1U'lUb!X'1 '1acTeiI opraaaaxa.

O;J;HaRoII 3)1,tCb

KOTOPb1X'1 He MoryT'1 ObITb HaMH

npe)1,CTaBJIeHbI. Rypun;a, He mrBiI !.LpyrllA'1 1I3BeCTI,OBbIX'b Be~eCTB'1 B'b I111~'B, nO!l,6llpaeT'1 II Jlp0rJIaTblBaeTJ, RyCO'lKII HU'lHOit CROPJIyIIb!;0.'lYQaeTClf, 'ITO CTe.1bHaH1\OpOBaHa'lHHaeT'1 aars Hall!l,eHHYIOKOCTb, cocaariuma» npn aTmn .,J,06HoenOBe)1,eHie1ItlIBOTHarO orafnaers 1iacyul,Hiblvllo norperinocram, opranuaaa,

me-

C'1 eH 1I0Bep}'HOCTUIWCTHoe Be~eCTBO. 110Ho K3K'b

()HO B03HlII,aeT'1'? qTO B036ym)1,aeT'1B'b ROPOB'ElKeJlaHie paCRYCllTb BemeCTBO, TaR'1 Herroxomee 1I0 CBOIlM'bCBOIICTBaM'b H3 elf 06bI'lHyro mnny? EC.'lH npemonoamrs, 'ITO KPOBb JIlllnaCTCiI H'BKOTOPhlX'1 U3BeCTlWBhlX'bcOJIeiI II IIOTOMY Y lItHBOTHaro I101IB.1iIeTCH annerars

76

,n;AHHEJlImoaorra,

R']", BeII\eCTBaM']"" CO,J,epiKaII\HM']", 3neCT1, TO CHOna B03HURaen n BOnpOCl>, RaR'b MOlKen He.J;()CTaTOK'b II3BeCTII B'1 RpOBlI n03)l,titcTBonaT1 TaKIIM'1 06pa30M'1 na HepBHYIO CHCTeMY> 'IT061I nopO,J,HT1 onpartaeanoe lRe.1anie II B113BaT1 Tt ,n;BJIlReHilI, ROTOPbIlI He06xo,n;UMlI )I.lll ero Y.IJ;OB:reTBOpeHill?HURaKHMU YCHJIiaMH y~ra He MOlReM'1 MbI npexcraann, ce6t npU'IlluHyIO CB1l31 3THX'b npo~eCCOB'b. Ilosrouy, rOBoplI KpaTKo, meT'1 6hJ1'1 nOHJlTa aasaao pin. a ceJ1'Iac'1 Ec.m, 06'bllCHllell'b aamm,
MbI

.IJ;OJIiKHhI p1I3HaTI" n

'l.TO m1I3H1 B'1 ell CYII\HOCTIIHe MO.M1I paate Bll;J,t.lII, 'ITO HCROMOCmHBoll MaTe-

B'b 41U3HKO-XIIMII'IeCRHX'1 repxnaars.

;J,tllTe.lhHOCTlI He MOlKeT'h 6blTI, npe.IJ;CrUnJeHO, RaK'h He3aBIICIUlOe lK1I3HeHHoe aasaao, 'ITO OHO He MO;KeT'b 6b11'1 nOHllTO, KUl,'1 Ha'Ia.10, npucYII\ee aasaxa MUTepiu, ~m JIOlKHbnIU H;J,eJ!MII. ;l,t.10, CTOJ!Jl3C.'-I'E;l,OBaHieB'1 ROH~t-ROHpean.aocn., CTOJlII\aa noaara BCJlKarO iiPY'IT061I YBH.I\aTb, IIpIIHlIB'1 IIpHHu,J,JelKHOCTb sroro 0Y,J,eM'b ,J,YMaTb, 'ITO MbI

41aRTbI, TO ~!1I TO.1bKO o6MUHeM'1 CaMnX'b ceoa qTO a;e Tor;J,a ,lI,O.'IlKRbI MlI CI;a3aTb, HUIIpaBJleHin, KaK'1 II BO BCtX'b APYrux'1,

36e.

'l.TO ,ll,O.'llKHbIMbl ;!,YMaTb? JIcHoe aame

'ITO B'b 3TOM'1

~OB'b CTU.1KIIBaen HaC'!, JIlI~Oi\I'1 R'1 .1lI~Y C'1 He06'1l1CHlIMhl}I'b. KOHe'IHall II\UlI rr03U;l,II 31'0ro foro cauua

npoaaieaia,
npocrna

npoaarenia,

KUR'1 n KOHe'IHaJl peannocrs, namero uounuania. lRU3Hb -

JlemIlT'1 BHt

,:J,OCTaTO'IHOrrO;l,YMaTb 0 TOll']"" 'ITO .I\aiKe

qJOPMbl 6hI'fiJl HeIlOCTniKIDlbI, B'1 IWHe'IHOii cBoell C.10iKHaJl rpop~ra 6blTia TtX'1 ;l,tllCTBiIl, He )wryT'h

npnpors,

'ITO HallOO.1te 601i !iapJl

;l,O:liKHa 6blTb B;I,BOllHt HeIIOCTIliKlIMa. rrpIlIIIICbIBaIOTb rpyTO.1hRO 6J1aroCBOIIH I10HlITO aamr.

IJpolIcxoa;;I,eHie

ROTOPbIlI HeB'llrti,J,bl npeapnrauno TaKT'1 nareaia

xarepln,

ObITb Bl, Ca~[bIX'1 TallHJIl;ax'1 npllBbl'IIwfr,

TOMY, 'ITO MbI ocrsmenu

RaMHJl He lIB.ll1eTCJl ;l,.ljJl Hac'J,. He ~IOf'1 nOHiITb, KaKlnI'J,. He ro.nuo npureaacnoe

rrpei\MeTOM'1 Y;J,IIB.leHill. HhIOTOR']"" panno 06pa30M'h mell sacrn paBHaJI 3eMHoro mapa, )lII.1b, HO II BetX'b Ttn

l;aK'1 HIII,TO 1l0C.1'J;Hero,

MO.leRy_111 Ra~IHJl MoryT'1 no.mepran.ca

;l,tfICTBiIO M0.1eKy.1'1

)IO.'IeRY.1'1, 1I3'1 ROTOPbIX'1 C.1Ura€TCJl nca ero uacca, Ka,K;l,aJl II3'h 3TIIX'1 !IO.~eKY.1J, ORa3bIBaeT'1 cnOCOOOB'h, npn He dHae~I'1, nOMOII\II IiOTOPbIX'1 ~[eHte B03-

arisnie

8,000

II I\aKHM'1 oopa30in npenarcrsin yJ,a.1eHHafO

603'1 scaxaro

co CTOPOHbl ll]lo)IefKYTO'IHhIX'1 !IO.1eKy.1'b; eme ua

MOlRHO CI;0.lbIio-Hn6Y;l,h ;l,aJl MO.leKyJIa coanua, ];OHTpO.1IIpoBaHin CTpaHC'fBt, B.1inHi€iI'1 T. OOpa3mIl> cran.aaa

1l0HJlTHOe OO'1JICHeHie T'EH

xaxm,

9S

}I1I.l.liOHOB'1 MH.lb, llM'llen ~IbI I;YCI;a npnrarnnaexaro )Ibl lBI'1 caua

CBOIO ,l,O.1IOyqacTiJ! iK€.1t3a, ,J,t.laeTCJl ImI

,J,BHiKeHil1 sevnoro nro.ixa,

pa3;l,t.111IOme11'b xaraim, rrepeCTaHOBKII }IO.1CI(Y.l'b

on

mapa.

'ITO n]lOIICXO,l,lIT'h B'1 llpOKaKmI'b. IlO,l,'b. ]ladl> MarHllTOM'1,

llOC.ll'll nponereaia (Rar;'b pacnoaaraen,

no HCI1 HicKO.lbRO

e.

npemo.raraem.},

}rarHllTml'b, aanpaaienpn npOBO.'lOId;~

6YAY'IH CB060,J,HO nOBtlllPlla,

CBOII l{OH~bI Bb onpe;r,t.l€HHo)l'1 qJlI3Il'IeCIiarO

HlII. EII\€ MeHte nOMOII\U soroparo

Moa;C;lf'b )[bI npOHllKHYTh B'1 CyII\HOC'fh rom

nponecca,

pH;!,'b 3!leIiT]l1I'IeCRHX'h TOJ.'IROB'1, nOC.1aHHbIX'1 no Te!lerparlmolr (PURTOBl>. haK'b TOq, OO'baCHIDl'h )IhI,

MOlKeT'hup01I3BeC'flI B030Yil;;I,eHie COOTB'ETCTBYIOII\UrO pJl;l,a TO.1'IROB'bB'1 nponoaosf sa )IHOro MII.1b. 06paTlIMCH K'1 .lpyroI"I rpyunt ropue 'ITO CTel'.1l1HHaa no.1Y'faM'b, KOO\'l'bB'b. BepXIIOCTh, 1I0;l,BepiK€llHaJI IiaTO,l,lI'len;mIY npOXO;l,iIT1>HaCliB03h TBC]l;l,bll! 'dua, KOTopble lIpOXO;r,lI 'Iepe3'b Ha}l'1 RameTell JlCHIITb ell.1Y, IIPIlCYll\J'IO ypaHY II ;l,pyrml'1 BII;I,i; entTa, cpers, ;l,tllcTBle nncuyra xacca paers soropaa nO,J,'b B.lillHieM'b ero ;l,aeT'1 nasaao ;l,Jlll cBina.

HenpOHlIIIae}ml!

Ibn

nonpo6ye1!'1 plIcYHIm,

uerartam.,

OTCbl.1aTb .1Y'III, HeOIl\YII\ae~!ble Hu)I1I B'b. eTO.lI, iKe nopaanrersnn B3aH:lIHOE)"

liaMepy,

np0113BO;l,l!T'b $O'fOrpaTlI'IecIiie xacea upn 30.10Ta noc.1t ell paase nputiameain

U6C0.1IOTII0 Te~IHol1. 'IaCThIO npllHai\.1eiKaBmeii

pa3.1U'IHbIX'1 BeII\eCTB'b: HalIpUllltp'1,

ooxaiaer»
6POH3bl,

TO.lbliO

'/28

npnoaaieain
1/10000

llsoo xaem
n.1Il rexe-

CIl.1bI pacraaenia; 'IaCT!! aaiaxa BtC'b

001JlmOBeHHO KOBliaJ! II xsrsaa, EII\8 3a~rt'IaTe.1bH'Ee

CBOll CIlOIlcTBa.

;l,ttICTBie HtKOTOPhIX'b .1tRapCTB'1.

O;(Ha COTaa
1/1!5000000>

.1l0Btlm Bl> 'IUCTl! ero

npynun1iZ~ nnrpor.mnepnna JlB.1J1eTCHyme ;l,OCTaTO'IHOII ;1,03011: npnnsm, cpe;l,HifI 150 41., )fhl BII,J,mn, 'ITO a30THCToe coe,J,IIHCHie, B3HToe B'1 RO.lIl'IeCTBt
Btca, oxasunaers yrtiC .3awJ;THoe ;l,tlicTBie. emu, oOHapya;IIBae)IhW HaUOO.1te

Bnts,

HaCIiO.1hKO HenOHHTHhi ;l,.1J! nacr.

npOCThIMII

qlopMa)Hl

xarepin,

MbI nOHIIMaell['h BCIO HeB0311[Q)KllOCTh Bo06pa3UTh iKU3Hh, T.-e.

ce6il npouecca,

CJIaraIOnpuneooom,

lUi!' OpraHU'lecr;yIO }!CHT'h IlnI3HlI.

npOn;CCCbI, B'h ROTOPbIX'h UpOllBJIlieTCli ;J,IlHaMlI'lecrdlI aaeCO;l,ep)KaT'h MOCOCTOJlHillX'h, ItOrrpoTerIHa aUKJI~

HI! O,J,HH'h BlI,'!,'!,npOTeUHOB'h, B311TbIlrOT,'!,il.1hHO, He 06Hapy;rnmaen MhI ,'!,O:l)KHhI,'!,onycTIITh, 'ITO 'laCTIIIIhI nporonaaasu 1I30MepHhIXb II TilM'h CaMml'h UbI BII,J,1mI B'h xllMieir,

JJ;1I3HeHHocTlI, II nOTm!y TO]lhTlI BCt o6paayeuaro 'mcn 60.1'£e .ierso mrrr

.'ICIiy.lhI pa3JIll'lHhI:>''h npOTeIlHOB'h, BilpOllTHO Bb pa3:lIl':lHhIX'h IJ3)!ilHllIOTCli arrperara. arouoin,

RaH'b

06YC.l0B.'IlIBUIOT'h RpaHHIOlO HCYCTOlI':llIBQ(I'l$

§ 4,

KaiR,'(aH MOJCRpa

220

pa3.11I'lIIhlX'b 3.1e~IeHTOB'b. naiK;J,hIlI lI3'b

COCTOllT'b ':lTO

arexearnm,

RUR'h rrO'fTII

HawBpHO YCTaIIOB.1eHO conpeaenaon CTaHHhTX'b 'faCTeir. TcmIbI .raa UCPBIl'J:HhlX'h eiUIHIIII'h, HeBo06pU3IUIO 3~HPHhili paannaue

H'b CHOIO O'fepe;J,h I13'h pa3.1II'lHhIX'b coMO.leKpa lHrtIOT'b lIpOTeITHa CO,'l;eplImT'b ThlCH'ln CHOII c06CTBeHHhIe OT.1II'lHbIe 1I0.'1Y'lali n OTChl~fO.'reKphI II COct~HIIX'h MO,'I,tI1CTBi~.

OTCIO;l,U lIIOiKHO3aKJIlO'fIITh, 6hlCTPbIX'h Ro.1!e6aHiI1, crpoenie,

R.1aCChI KOTOPhIX'b rrplI'lmI'h na f(pyrilI

Raili,'!,alI e;l,IIHIIIIa, HeII3bltpmIOI

BO.IHhI, B03;J,lnlcTByen

e;J,IIHIlIIhI osoen

.1el;Y.l'h. HeII3~!tpmro-c.l0iKHoe MO.l8lipt CTt, 'no lIte nporonraaau

npoaasammee

c.l0amhIlI

Bs

MhI ;J,0.1iKHhI npII3HaTb

TY iKe C.'IOiKHOCTh;l,lIHaMU'leCI;YIO II MaTeBX£Ch, RaR'b II B'h ,1,pyrOM'b MtMI.!

PblUT,HYIO, HO liaR'b 6hI B03Be;J,eHHyro B'h BhICOKYro crenem, B03HlIKaIOT'h Slm3Uh m.o;r,un !l;Bt paBHO Re~lhIC.'llIMhIlI aasrepaarnau. lUlEHt Rali'h MOmeT'h OHa H03HlIKHJTh 'ITO jIUl3Hh, r;ali'h

HO MOiRellI'h rrpe;J,IIO.:IOlRIITb, u ueat;!,,, Tty'h llhI He ~10COCTaBHbIX'h 'laCTeR HCII3BilcTHa II He

B'h npOT0Il.1a3MaTH'lecKYlO e,J,lmnn,y,

a:e:l11, rrOHilTh npOTOIIJaSMhI.

II roro,

lI3'h soonepanin

36f. Pan

MbI IIpU3HaJH, ':lTO xora .1e;r;uT'h

,J,ilnTeJhHOe

aataro,
rorra

~1O;liel'h OhITh n03HaHU, .'IJ!IOlll,allCll B"h Hun lim 3Hll, (ro, ea ~eHmIeH1',
B'b B'b

ell npOJ!B.18Hili n ;J,ocTymlhI HalileMY IIOHHMaHiIO, HO I1POlIBB'b Dpe~il.laX'h BHt Harne namero nonnxania, snaaie KaI;'b ell HpleH'b n;1mHhIM'b B'h aa H8~I'h onpelImTO, HeCMOTplI lia

CYlll,HOCThHe MO)!;eT'h OhITh nOCTlJrHyTa MhlCJhIO, 'iTO T0.11KO npoamenie nOHTD!aHilI, Mhi lIIOlli8M'1 C,'I,il.laTh nror-s noaepnrocraoe ocraerea TOIl IICTHHhI, 'iTO BhIEO;J,aM'h, f(0-

':lTO npOllB.111eTClI) Mamn uecxorps

TOM'b,

CTIlrHFhDI'h CnOe}I'h po,'!,t,

;:1);.10

rrpe;J,huylll,IIX'b raanars. sa npnaaanie

31'0 TO.1hKO IIOHepXHOCTHoe anaaie. npOlIB.1lIe~IW[JI

'ITO f(OCTIIrHYThII1paHte J'11O]J5fOXY" roro,

':lTO

Ha~IlI BhIEO,'!,'b II nocrpoenaoe M811i.:\Y ,'I,trICTBillMII, m8 cmIbnn, nopoaaaers,

3TT!

,'I,i;.1rnie 3HaC,l'b

OTHOClITClI TO.1bIiO R'h a MhI II.1II ntT'b rrpnpo,'l,y

IlLI111I npe;J,MeTaMII;

IIOpll;J;OIi'b 3TOT'b

OCTaCTClI TtM'h

;l,lHICTBilI.

l\IDI npnananr, B'h ihIIBOY'h

'ITO OT.1II':lIlT8.'lhHofI seprnn sro

lRII3HH lIB.1lIeTClf COOTBtTcTBie MeiK;J,Y II3)rimcHiliMII

T'£.Tt II cOCYIIlecTBOBaHilI~IlI II IIOC.1t,'!,OBare.~bHOCTinllI B'h oEpyiRaIOII(8J\I'1;

II OOCTOlITe.1hCTBO Ii'h BHtrnHHU'h HIl'lYTh He

uporoasaers

OC1aBaTbClI OT.m'lnTe.1hHOfl 'lepTO!I, ':lTO nenpepusaoe npnaapaamaanie

XOTa TO, 'ITO Il3MtHlICTClI, IlencrroBtBHyrpeHHHX'1 omoureain naxn IlOHlITa,

;J;Inro. IIo.10iReHie,

OTHOrneHim!'b COCTaB.'I1I8T'h iKIl3Hh,

HaCKO:'lhKO OHa MOiRe1"1 6hlTh

Tepllen ceoero 3Ha'leHin rrplI i\orrYlll,eHiII, 'ITO pean.aaa ::JTII OTHOilieHill, He lI!OmeT'1 6hITh IIOHlITI1. . BUOJIH'B IIpU3HaeM'h, ':lTO )KlISHh, )lame paaeaarpusaexaa Hle), He MOllieT'h 6hlTh Bcen;il.10 OXHU'feHa Halilmn. Hhlll ell npoamenia, Bee ilie ~lOlI;eM'h e~I'B.10 !!pe;J,Men aaoromnaro

CYll[HOCTh, ROTOpO(I rrplIHI1,'!,.'leiKI1T'h tjleHOMeHaJlhHO (ImK'h npoaaxeCYlll,eCTBYIOT'h eHOpMI1.1hH no Mhl HOPllIaJIhHhili

onpe;J,t.1eHieM'1:

YKa3aHHhllI B'h Ha':l3!1t r.111IlhI, KOTOPhIli He BXO;J;HT'h 'h onparsreaie; B

npnnnnan,

Hallie

onpersaenie,

RaK'b OOHmraIOIIIee Bet

npOiIB.1eHilI :RIl3UIl, T.-e. lIMeHHO Tt

ell npomuenia, 1I0 nct\!'1

IWTOPhlil II COCTaBJIlfIOT'bIICIiJIIO'l!!Te.'lhHO Tt~I'1 06.1aCTlDI'b 3HaHilI, B'b KOTOPbIlI

CU'lITueHilI. II03TmlY lIIhI MmjWM'],rr0.1h30BaTbCiI CBOIlM'h OIIpe;l,tJleHimI'h,

EUI;'b IIPOBO;l,HIIIiOM'blIP!! CTpaHCTBOBaHin lI!bI Teneph BCTrIIae~I'h.

78

,n;mHbIll BlO.'10rm.

r.ll.ADA VII.
OOJIaCT.b

n r o ao r-t a.

§ 37. HayRa Bioaoria, HaW1 ee OOhIRHOBeHHonOHHMalOT'h, paonaraerca na il.Ba RpyrrH1IX'h OT,'1,tJa: 0,J,HH'1 H3'h HUH IlMteT'h il.tJIO C'h JKHBOTHOfiRH3H11OII Ha31lBaerCJI 300.'1oriel1, l a )J,pyroll lIMten il.t.'10 C'h pacrnrersnoa lRII3H11O II Ha31IBaeTClf BOTaHllROH, XOTlf TOqUBe iJ,o.~lI(eH'h011 H113hmaThClf1>HTo.'1oriefi. IIo;l,ooHoe ;I,tJ1eHie HecO!mtHHo HMteT'h CBOHYi\OOCTBU: Oil.HaRO, WIll )IhI oY,J,e~I'h CJltil.OBUTh HUyqHOMY npieay, T.-e. cOeil.HHIIM'h B'h Oi\HY rpyIIIIy BCt lfBJIeHil!, B'1 ocaonanin CBOe}!'h npnaaareaanna R'h Oi\HOMYnOplfi\Ry, H OT;l,t.lIIM'h B'h il.pyrylO rpyurry Bet aarenis, B'h OCHOBaHiH npHHU)lJlemaIIl,ilf R'h i\pyrOMY nOpJI,lJ;Ry, TO MhI nOJlyqlI)J'h IIHoe paarsrenie BiOJIOflII. ffilIBOTHhIlf II pacrenia CXO)J,HhI em,J,y COOoiI RaR'h OOJIail.aTe.lJ.1I M orrpe,n;t:reHH1IX'h crpyRTypHhIX'h qIOP'!'h, lRlIBOTHhIil H paereaia CXOi\HhI Mem;l,y coooa, I{uK'h npOlfBJITe.1II IjJYURI\ifI, BhIllO.lHHeMhl~'h :JTIIMII crpyRTypHhum pOPMU~IH; paanrrie me MelK,!!,Y CTPYRTYPHhLlflI POP}IaMlI cs O;J,HOHCTOPOlIhI,IT p),rrRlJ,ilfMH C'h .2(pyrofi, ropaaao r.~yome, qtlI1> MelK)(Y O)(HOH CTPYI,TypHOfr POP'IOH II ,I(pyroH CTPYKTypHOH <pop~!Ofr, fI.[H ~relK,n;yO)(HOHPYHKllieH rr ;l,pyrofi <P~HKlliefI - pU3.1IIqie MelK;l,Y CTPYRTypofI II (PYHI(lliefI-:JTO paarmie ,n;tiiCTBIITe.'I1HOe, aOCOJIIOTHOe,rrO,:(OOHoepaannho MelKAY xarepien II ,n;BHmeHieM'h. Ilpnaaaaaa ;10rH'IHOCn TaRInI'[, 06pa30M'h BhIBe;J,eHHaro pa3,J,t.lJeHili HayRII, MhI JfOlKeM'h CJlt,I(YIOIIl,IlM'hoopa30M'h crpynnnpoaars qaCTII Biororin: 1. YqeHie 0 cTpyKTypHhn'h JlB.1H'HilfX'h, rrpe;l,CTaB.1lIeMhIX'hopraHII3MaMII. OHO nonpaa,I(t.1lIeTCH na: a) Y CTaHOBIIBIIIiHClf crpyxrypaua amenia, 06HapYlKlIBaeMhllf B'h IIH,n;llBH,n;YaJIhHmI'h opraHH3Mt. b) ~ItHlIlOIIl,ilIClf CTPYKTypHhIli amenia, 00HapymilBaeM1IlI rrOC.Il'B)(OBaTeJILHhIM'h PlI,J,O\I'h opraanauom. 2. Y qeHie 0 tiJYHI{lJ,ioHa.llhHhIX'h lIB.1eHilIX'h, rrpe!l;CTaB.IllIeMhlX'hopraHH3MOM'h. 9Ta qacT'h TOlKe pacnazaerea na AB'I;: a) Y craaonumulacn tflYHKllioHaJIhHhIli amenia I1HAIIBll)(ya.lJhH1l.X'hopraanasom, b) .MtHlIIOIIl,iHClf PYHRlJ,ioHaJl1HhIHsnrenia nOC.Il'B,;r;oBaTe.l1HarO plI,'l;a opraHH3MOB'h. 3. YqeHie 0 miaaia crpyKTyphl na <PYHRllin II 00'1 oopaTHOM'h BJIilIHiII <PYHKllifr HU cTPyRTypr. RaK'h II rrpe,'l;hIAYIIl,ilf xaorn, :JTa qaCTL Tome pacnataerca na AB'B: 11) ,ll,tficTBie II B03,'l;tflcTBie, IIPOHBJIlllOII\ilICli Bl, IIHAlIBHAyaJlhHOM'h opraHH3M'B. b) ,J;'llilcTuie a BO~)(tncTBie, lJOCKO.1hI{y OHH oOHapY:KlIBaIOTClI lJOCJI'B,1l;OBaTe.llhHhIM'h Plf!(OM'h opraHH3MOB'T.. . 4. Y qeHie 0 lIB.'1eHilIX'h, cOrrpOBOlRAalOIIl,IIX'h 00pa30BaHie TIOCJIt;l,OBaTe.lJ1H1IX'h PlI.n.OB'h opraanaanm: ,n;pyflIMII C.10BaMII- 0 lIBJ1eHilfX'h rCHe3I!Ca. ROHe'IHO, ,I(J1HlJ,'B.len TI3CJ1'B;l,OBaHiH Il3yqeHiH ,ll,t.lleHie Biororin na BOTaHllKY II aa n 30OJIOriIO,-;l,t.1eHie, B'h ROTOPOM'hcoxepaarca YRa3aHie na MHOrOqIICJIeHH1Ie II RpafIHe 3HaMeHaTe.llhHhIe ROHTpacTbI,-)J,O.lllKHO 01ITh nasceraa Y;l,epmuHo. Ho 3AtC1, npnaaanaa :JTO ,n;taeaie TOJIhROrrOCTO.llhRY,rrOCROJIlI,y no ORa)lWTCli HeOOXO;l,lIMOpam Jil.06cTBa, Mhl CqHTaeM'h HYlKHhIM'h aauarsca oo.~te ,J,eTa.'l1HhIM'bpa3CMoTptHieM'h Ton KJIaCCnpIIKaIJ,iH 6ioJIOrll'IeCKHX'h JIB.lIeHiu, ROTopali cel1qac'h Ha~IH 6hIJla ylta311Ha B'h r.llaBHhIX'h '{epTan. § 38. 1>aKThI, RaCalOIIl,ieCHcrpoenia OT)J,'BJI1HarO opraaaasa, pacnaaanrca na ,n;B'B rJIaBnsra sareropia. Ha rrepBOM'h MtCTt, pa,n;II HUrJIlI,J,HocTH, AOJImHO 01IT1 HOCTaBJIeHOY'IeHie 0 paCHOJIOmeHiu qaCTel1, xapaRTeprr3yIOIll,elI'h B3poc.1JhIfr opraHII3M'1, Y'IeRie, norepoe npelK)I,e Ha3hIBaJIOCh AHaToMiel1, a reneps HOCllT'h aaanaaie MOp<p0.10rill. BTOPYIO sareropito COCTaB-

OB1ACTh B1010flll. lIlllOT'h rrocllt!\OBaTClJhHbIll 113'111;HeHlll, 'IPf'3'h hOTOPhIll rrpOXO/l,IIT'hOpraH1l3'11'h BO Bpe,m 0 HIlX'h Ha3hIBaCTCll ,h6pI01011ell

79
CBOerO

nepexota on anna h'h paannros 1jJ0pME, )'ICHle Ih cTpynrypHmrh Jl3MllHeHlllM'L, soropua

Te~hHhlWh PJ!;I,OM'h oprannauom, udml'h IOTCll ) Tt paanma B3P0C1bIX'h 'ueHOB'h npIl~OJhmm ra BO BH)Tpt'HHelI

06Hap) mJlBaIOTCl! haRJlM'h-1IIOO nocr E;l,OBame h lJaCCl!(pIlhaI~IJ! C'h O;l,HOIl CTOPOHhI 1\1bI ROTOPblll Ha61IO;l,aopramldMOB'h, Melfi,J,} coet!\HInm C'b /l,pyroil B'L ClIly

II BHtllIHCil. TOP'lt

nOCJIt,l(OBaTe~hHbIX'L IIOROltHIIf,

IIPOIfCXO!\ll~HX'h OT'h

ocmaro
/l,t-

CTBO'Ia -pa31H'IIll

3TH, OOblhHOBeHHOIIO'ITll He3aMtTHblll

nOhOlItHlmm,

laIOTCIl rpO'Ia,l(HbIMll no WEpR H3POCTaHlll ~H;l,01I3'IEHeHUi B'h XOi\t HIlh3IOT'b pa31H'llH IIplI
B'b

snora

nOMl'BHlH,

CTOPOHbl MbI fIMtCM'l; hOTOPhl1'b II B03HPOlJCXOJh)l,eHle

pasnana

3apO)l,blrneH -

BIl;I,OH3'dlmeHlll,

CTPOCHlH B3POClbIl'b OT)I,tlJhHbIX'L

TOPM'b,

IIMRIOIIVU'b oomee

IlSY'IeHllJ

cipooma (rosnfe
Bet a

opraaaavcns

II 1I0ClJt,l(OBaTelJhHbIX'h Pll,ll,OB'h opOTpaCJJelI BI010rm-CpaBHIIlJ CpaBHIlTe1JhHOJI 9~16plOl0neil. xaera B1D'lOrm, Tah'h haH a T01hhO OHn Tanrhl, BBO,ll,llTCll pam B'h

r3HJl3MOB'h }1bI IIOJJh3ye}ICll TImIO~hIO il,ByX'h nropoorenennsm, re IhHOl! \HaTOMlefI Ha 3TH uaynn aen.sa BAO,J,llU~le B'h HIlX'b, rrasnaro aaanua CpaBHIlTe IhIlOH MOPTO'loneJl) na C'IOTptTh hah'h

caxocrosreasaaa

He llB1]llIOTCll r.llaBHhlM'h IIX'h cO;J,epmaHle}l'h, rpahTII'IeCRIIl ,ll,MHhlll, uacaanmaca

co.iepaama
no)!'pa3,ll,tJIeHlll, AOTll

erpoema,
«

BXOil,llT'hB'h i'\Ba yRarrpe)!,CTaBlIcnbI

cpanaeaie
MOpljJ010flll lIayl\a~H TanrOB'b,

3THX'h ;J,aHHhIX'h, rrocRolhRY no T01hI.0

padlIl'IHbIX'h H1mIllll1'b

R'IaCCaX'h oprannavom.,

.uemoit
cBoefI

1I3~'lelllll He OTI,phlBaIOT'h ,ll,a.llh}CTaHOBIITh HthoTophle OCHOBHhlll C10,ll,CTBa II II TIInaX'b oprauna'IepTaX'h cosuaraers MopljJOJIOrltT II Il,t.llhlO

Cpaaanre-n.aaa
9np.m

II CpaBHIITe1hHall

9M6plOJIOrIll

hOHRpeTHhlX'h

HO OHn mltIOT'h

OTB'Ie'l€HHhIe TahTbl OT,J,t~hHLlX'h

"OB'b

6hPO ,J:ORasaHO, 'ITO IIO,ll,'hrrOBepXHOCTHbIM'hpa3lJII'IICM'h opraHH3MOB'h

rpynns,

L.IlaCCOB'b II rnnom, paasnna

espusaarca
L raccaas

'ITO Ily fh 3M6plOlIa;]hHarO XOTll BO MHOrUX'h

B'h paa.llII'lHblX'h rpyrrrrax'b, paarmaun 0606~eHIll lerlJII

Pacnpunra
HlIMeT'.b i.ameu

ornontenum,
umpomn

B'h cy~ecTBeHUhlX'b

TahIIM'h 06pasmn

B'h oeHOBY 06~efI

06II~eIl 9,!6pIO'lOrIH

npreus,

Baaroaapa

COIIOCTaB'leHlIO ~!elK,ll,y C060IO pa3lJIl'lllbIX'h opraHll3MhI rpyurIlIpyIOTCH npII3HUROB'h

opraHII3MOB'h B03-

rrOCpe,ll,CTBOM'LhOTOpJrO

BMtCT1l Ha OCHOBUHlII BO-BTOPhlX'h, nVTe~I'h ljJa3'h pa3BHTlH naue, 6y,ll,y'llI Bo06~e O'IeBII,ll,IlO neporpaCIIOJIOmeme opraansva, IIoi\06HOe CBll31l II

CXO,J,CTBU pa3)!,lnlllOTCll sa OCHOBaHUI HeCXO)J,CTBa IIpleM'h Il

aTOT'h II Ha3hIBaeTCH h.llaCClITuIlYTe'll'b cpanaema

Bo-nepanx»,
lIahle

UYTe1I'h J13C.Jlt;J,OB3HlJI BHtrnHUA'h Ilp1I3HahOB'b II, B'h-TpenHX'h, CXO)l,HbIBO BctX'h 'IepTaX'h, opr3Hll3Mbl

1l3CWE,J,OB3HlllBHFpeHHIlX'h YCT3HaBlIIBaeTCll, HCCXO;l,Hmm, IlMtIOT'h opraHI13'1011'h, npn

omnmemars, Il Mhle,

CXOi\CTBOB'h rlIaBIlhl1'h UepBIl'IHhIll npexcaaaars upnroronaaen,

6p,Y'lII

CTLeHHhPJIl, lIMtlOT'h oriuna MhI ~IOjheWI, 8vllnUpU'(eChL{ pacno 10lh€HIe opraHH3~IOB'h JlX'h reneanca,

CBOHCTBU OTCIO,ll,aB03HIlhatT'h CTpyhT) pnua ,ll,lll orn.aenema

Ilb'HOU

raxoe

hOTOPOIlI'b, aaaa

HthOTOPWI II)Th

sepra
IlX'h

)!,aHHaro cBoficTBa,

cro ocran.aua

cTpynrypuhlH

B3aIIMHoil

'ITO COCTaBlll€1'J, BUlhH)1O 'laCTh BTOPOlI rlIaBHblII llBlICHlll B'h opr3HIl3MaX'1" 06t JTII

pauuma

BIO.llOrlH MhI Yha3aJJII, 06IIIl~!aeT'h

39

OT,ll,tlI'h BIOJIOfln, IlayRII

ROTOPhlII, MR'h pacnaaarorca

rp}HhIl,I(jHaJlhRhlJI

craraerca

OT'IaCTII H3'h <P1l310.ll0rllI H OT'l<lCTlJ IIU nO,ll,pa3,1l,tJIeHlll, ROTOPhlH n3MtHeHlHMll, npo-

IlS'L 06'1 €hTllBHOH IICIlXOJIOfm y,ll,OGHO pa3cMoTptTh OT,J:ElhHO Ta Clloco60B 1" 'laCTh <PHslOlIofm, IICXO)lJl~IlMU B'b opraHH3M3X'h, Chll1'h H3Mill(HIH, \OIOrIll, hOTOP3ll npenpamam r1I3BHml'h

hOTOP3ll mrReT'b IldBtcTHa

dJlo

C'h Mo.leRpllpHW!II

ITO)!,'h HMelleM'h <PIl310.ll0fIl'leChOH XIIMlH 1I3JIOlKeHle me nYTeM'b XIIMIl'!f'<PU3IIRH IIcHlKu3HeHHb1X'h II 3aCTaB.IllllOT'h pa31IH'IHhle opranu

nOCpe,ll,CTBO!I'bhOTOPhl1'h CH%I, 33pOJh)!,alO~lHcH B'b opr3HH3M1J ca B'h ,ll,pyne BIlAbI aneprm 06pa30M'h uMten

lICllOJlHllTh lhIJ3HI'HRhlll TYHhIl,lH -

H3BtCTHO no,ll,'h Ha3B3HleM'h OpraHIl'leCIWil Jl,t1]O C'h npauopanmaameas

,ll,EIl('JBlH I,'h )l,tfic1Bllnl'h B'h OLP) lI,aIOmeM'b (B'h npOTIIBOIIO.llOlJlHOCTh cs <PU31o.lloneiI, soropaa H3CJlE,ll,)€'f'h npeaaymeeraeano jhlI311eHHhlll ,ll,tilCTBlll He3UBIICHMO OT'h ,ll,1ilCTBlfi B'h ORpylI\3IO~e}1'h), COCTOIIT'b 1I3'h ,ll,ByX'b BnOJIHt pa3nII'IHhIX'h 'IacTeil 06'heKTIIBHall IICIIXOJJOflll IIMtel'h

80
,Il,t10 C'h Tt,m ql~HhIl,lllYII uepnao ,Il,alOIll,\e !nl'h opraanaxu mriuoT'h mema, ORt npn 3TmI'h m, nee

,J;AHHbIll EIOJIOl'IH - MICh, tsaaro annapata, upn UO'IOIll,!l noropsm, oriraB03'IO.hHOCTb npnCIIOCOOUTb BH~rpeRH1ll II BHimIHlll oraoB'h nOBe;1,eHlU C'lO'hehTllBHaR Me nreaxn, Bll],lnmJ..'h auouuruu pa311mmX'h on II J..oTimun[Il, npllC[!oc061eHllI npervera

BXO;l,IIT'hrah,I.e 113yqeHle HepPHO-!IyCh\ IbHbIX'h uoonprannxn,

npOllBJl11IOTCllBH !mmmu, 06pa30ll'b 1I111 hOCBeHHbl\Ill CllHHllhaml ornnaeroa

(P~HhIl,IIl:, lIOCh01bhY
Ilcasoxonn
In! ten

,ll,t10 C'h qYBcTBoBaHlll!Ill, nplnILl'IlI K'h BHl,IllHInl'1 MeT I, lIB) qeHlll,

hOTOPWI llB1R[()TCll hah'h nperBOOOIll,e, OThpbITIIl C'h 1t:eTO-

BRl TpeRRlIX'h OTHOmeHlII H3) qeHIH B,O 10rm HnqerO ocmaro

OTHOmeHHI'J:h CO'3HaHle £1. ero 1,OTOPblH lIBllIeTCli OCTa1bHoii Mh'h B10'lOrm

Bll,'l,a\'h II <jlop~ax",

hopeHHblM'h 06pa30lI'h

II MeTO;1,'h Ca'l10Ha\l11OJ,eHlll,
,J"lIIJ] , rrpm[tHlIPMbl'llU

e;l,IlHCTBeHHO rrpII10lhll\1bI:II'h npn IIo3TOM) 1[bl npllH)lh;J;eHbI MI.'h,

3ahOHOB'h S3BlIClIMOCTll MelhJ,) 1I3,ll'meHlllMll B'h ClO'1eKTIIBHYIO IIClI\OlOnlO ObI t.panne )J,OllhHbI na npaxrm.j

C03HaHIH, He lU[teT'h

OCOO)1OHa)h) lIX'h OOBlIn

Ho

paaexarpnnan,

Tah'h

C'h )l,PFOII CTOPOHbl, 01,110 10 IICUJ..Ol0nlO, TO 'l[b1

He} ,J,OOHO COBepIlleHHO pa3x:lnnTb llbJ;J;t'lIlTh

06'hehTllBH'1O II hah'h

C) onehTlIBIl)

COCTaBllHIOIIl,I1X'b ca'IOCTOllTeJIbH)1O HU)hY. rrOC1'E!I,OBaTeJIbHbIYII Jl;J;U'Il1l p 1I rrClIXOJIOfllqeChlH B03rrll1a[()T'b B'h PH;J;t MOrITi> 6hlTI, 1I1TJ ua 1m3lO'IOrnqeChill 113M1meHlJl 3TII

Oqenll,J,HO, qTO II iJ!)Hh~IOHalbHblll opraHII3MOB'h, nO;(06HbI'I1'h J,e 00pa30\1'h h31\'1 InIl cmrnnsn roraa npnaaa eTpFm

llB1eHIH, npexcramaeuua paonamsrrca

Ih
nan

qlJI31010flIl OTOllm T'h BCt I13wl,HeHlll Ti leCHOlI !l,1UlTelbHOCTII,soropua pHblX'1 MGr'll'b J13\ItHeHlH npOllB'IllfbCl! M)11Pl€CTP~HHhll,

1I0] 011>Hlll,

hU'lCCruCHHhlR

II111 B'h UO'leh\ lapHbIX'h

caonctTOf;(a

BemeCTBa--ll

IeJhaTlJ h'1 XlIbIlII, n rn B'h opraameosnxs

,\'llJ1CTBIlIX'1, -

OHII OTHOCJlTClIh'h qJll311qeChIlM'h, 1I~1I, H3hOHe~'1, ~IOr) f'b O;(HOBpe'l[eHHO OblTb 1I XIIMII'feChIIUlI, H <jl1l3HqeCIilI'lf1I n'h qUCTB'h,

ncmotona

OTHOCilTCJInareoraeanua lIaBtcTHmf'h

II srnmecrnennsra B'h II

II3\IiHeHIJ!

I1HCTIIHhTOB'J., B'h C) mehor,J;U 06'h€h-

nOHHTlIJ 1I nooome

) lIICTBeHHblJ..'h np0Il,eCCOB'h, 001aCTb ncmo ronn,

hOTOPbIJ! npOTeMIOT'b hah'h

CTBaJ..'h, 061ai\alOmIlJ..h

)YCTBeHHbl\I'h pa3BHTlelI1>,

T'RX1> C1yq~J..'h,

) Cl0BIR lIX'h lhII3HII M'RHllIOTCJI 9Ta OTB1eqeHllI MOlheT'h pascsarpnnan.ca TIIBHOfi II C,O'1ehTIIBHOII T -e InrtlOIll,aJI npIlBblqehh O;(HahO, ;(1'10 C'h Ti'llI

rrpe;(lIIeCTBOB1lBIlIaJ!, B1>

COCTOllmelI II3h .liB}X'h pa31l1qHbIX1> CTOPOH1> lIepe~I'RHaUlI, hOTOPhlJ! nposs Bh C03HaHlIl,

B'h ,J,'RnCTBIITelbHOCTH T01bI,O O.'(Ha OO'1ehTIIBHaJI CTopOHa, IlIIOTCllB'h II3\lImeHlH h'h C~OMKT Bx'h, hTO ;lTy'racTh

)'IcTBeHHwm

II cnoeooaocren,

B'h nOC1'R;I,OBUTClbHbIX'h IIOh01BHlilX'h CimeCTB'h MOJWT'h 1I0;I,leJ13Th

Ud, qeHIIO, TOr;I,3 haK'b COOTB ETC1B)IOmlll I13,rtHeHlll TlIBHOII I1ClIXOJIOUII,He MOr)T'h OblTb aenoopexoraeaan CaM'h nvs

npnaarseaanna ccexanatn

ncnuraaaen,

o 'feBII!l:hO,

1I03HUBaCMbI HlIh'R~['h Kpmrt 'ITOObl'l[bI

'ITO i;J;OOCTBOTpeO)Cn,

lICIlJ..Ol0rm m[BcTt

C'h J,PFInm Pd31I1qHm.'b

ell qaCTllMII, hah'h COCTaBHble 3JImreHTbI OT,Il,'RlhHOII I10,'l-Ha)hIl. opraHIIS'IOB'h MeJt,ll,Y C06010 OCBiTIlJIO He TOJIbRO IIPllC) IIl,IH

Inn saro

CTP)hTYPHhlH <jlOpYbl, HO II <Pi HhIl,IOHa'IhH) 10 I1J..'h !l:tllTe1bHocTb ,lJ,oOblTbIe uY'feM'h lIoJ,06II3CJI'R,'IOBaHlH <jlahTbl )MCTBeHHO][ II TtlCCHol! !l:l,llTe'lbHOCTH opraHU3MOB'h, oOHapYlhllII aaa 101 110, co6paHbI llO;J;'h 11MeIlC'Il'hCpaBHIITelbHofl rflu31010nH II CpaBHIl-

Cpasaeaie

BalOlIl,18 rosororuo re1bHOII I1cIIXO'lOrlll OO'hllCHlITb 9YHh~lH Hhll! I1X'h oraomeaia

8Tl1

CliCTeMaTUqeChlH 113yqeHlll C1.0)l,CTBa1I paanma

iJ!)HhWII 1I0MOraIOT'h <jlU3iO-

B'h CaMblX1>C)Ill,eCTBellHbIl'h eropoaari, 1I03TOMY TepMIIHbl cxopse

I11.'h lIPllpO)l,blll )CTaHOBIITb BaaUMnomoaona II cpasunreasaaa HaCTOnIll,IIX'hOT,J,tsa C060IJ, IIO'l[II~O TtlecHoil rrporeaa-

cpaaanrcuuaa

1I0rJll ;J;OIlhHbl csnran.ca 1!eHllI BI010IlII 3;1,1;Cb, llah'b 001CrqeHlll II

Ha3BaHle'll'b opasaeme

MeTO;l,OB'h,qBM'h Ha3BaHle'll'h qaCTHblJ..'h nC1I1H'h BleqeT'h

11 pam.me,

I1J..'h 001>llCHeHIH, )CTaHOB'IeHle

pll,J,a 06Ill,1l1.'h I1CTIIH'h

ConOCTaBJIeHle

cavi

1'l[CTBeHHOlI <jlyHh~IOHarsaou
<jlOp~bl TahfIY'h II 06m)1O

)l,1lllTe'IbHOCTH, hah'b oripa ~mn snramrca

OHa Bblpa saorea .liB'R rpYIIIIbl

B'h paaJIflqHbl1.'h h.JJac-

opraHII3MOB1>, Bbl,J,BlIlaeT'h Bb 60.'1blllell I11H MeHbllIelI CTeneHI! OOIll,HOCTbea IICIIXOlIOrl1O

HIll II ell

BbIBO,:I;OB'h, COCTaBUlllOIll,lJ!

OOm11O rflu3IOlonlO

40

Bo BCIrn

IIO,J, -OT;J;t rax's

iI,llj 1.'h nepnsrx '1 OT,J,'R 10B1> BIO 1Ionn iJ!.thTbl CTP) hTyphl

OS.HeTb mo.ionn. )a3CMarpJIBa.1JlCb OT,J,t.1bHO on l'~31IO;RHO m.'h ::J(tlnlH) 10 esass. OHa rpasryen,

81

(fJaI\TOB'h OTIIpaR.1eHiiI, HaCTOJIbROOT,J,B.1bHO,HaCKO.1bROBOOOlIl,e

OT,J,t.1bHOe 1I3.10iKeHie.

I'pen,s

OOJbUIal! 'IaCTb

Bioaorin

paacvarpasaen,

un

0 TOM'b, RaI,'h qJ) HI\ll,in orrpeJ,'E.111lOTClICTpOeHie)!'b II CTpOCHie qJyHI\l~ilI, IIOCIWJhKY OHO BIJpaalaeTCll B'b OTJ,tJIhHOM'h opraxapaareps ero muaRR II 'IJIeHaMH pa3.'llIqie opraHII3all,in

onpe;r:B.lllCTCiI rjlYHIm,ilDIll. ,],MCTBie CTPOCHiiI sa HlJ3}l'B, cr\a3LIBaeTCiI: ,J,ilHlIaro opraHII3'!a

1)

B'b TOM'b OOlIl,eI13BtCTHOM'b (paInt, ,reHRe opocalOlI~eMclI B'b r.1:13a B'b crpoeain cipoeaie

'ITO oorll,irt (paIut,

Heooxo;!,mro

OOYCJIOB.11IBacTclIOCHOBRbIilIH'IepTa~IH paamf'Iie

2)

B'b 00.1te

cneuiarsaov», BlIi\a ueasmee

'ITO ~[eaqy (PYHKll,iit

TOfO ;he caxaro

B.1eqeT'h 3U COOO!f ueasmee

B'h CIIOCOOHOCTII I B'b CTpeMJeHilI I\'f, BbIlIO.1HeHiro orrpe;!,t.'IeHHIJX'h I OopaTHO B03;!,tfIC'fBic rjlJHKll,ii1 na

B'b OTXIl.1hHO'{'b opraHH3Mt ,

CKa3hIRaeTClI: nor-

1)
CTPl

Bb 10M'b rjlaRTt, IlpeXl;,10Il'b

'ITO rjlYHI\I~ill, ecru

OR'B BbIIIO.1HlIIOTCiIB'h HOpMa.1hlIO'f'b paJ~Itpt,

,H'pil;JIBalOT'b ll,t.10CTb Il'b CTBbli'h hf) pHbum

crpoealn

COOTIltTCTIlYIOIIl,IIX'b opraaoar

2)

B'h TmI'b, 'ITO ,J,O II3BtCOIlpOBOal;!,aCTClI TaKUMH

B03paCTaHie .1Y'Ime

rjlYHKll,ioHaJIbHOll ;(tJITe.1bHOCTII

H3M'lmeHillmr clIoc06HbIMH

Bb COOTIltTCTByroIll,UX'b opraaaxs,

KOTOPhIlI IlOCTeIleHHO ;!,il.1falOT'h pll,lan opra-

.JIll Opr:1Hbl

ncnozaan,
aa Bet

rrpnoaIlO,£HYro ~YHln~ioHU,1hHYlO ,J,illlTC.1bHOCTb. (IJYHKn;iH B'h nOC.1t;J;onaTe.1bHbln aaiaraen, xorm3aTe.1bCTBa C,1txyroII~ell ;J,apIlHH'b Il'b "IIpOrfCXOlKi\eHiH OOIll,ei1 IICTIIHhI: CTPYKTYPHbnI'b OCOocooea-

1I3cJtJ,oIlanio Hlmron [, npnne.to Bll,J,OIl'1".

;!,tfrCTIlill crpoeaia K'b TinI'b oToflXyr'b

BbIBO;J;a)l'b, KOTopbIe opraH!l3M'b, .rpyrie ocoon,

lh

aToll rareropin

CC.1lI K<1KOll-HI!OYX& OTJ,t.1bHWI 6€HHOCIJnr'b, ~[o{KCT'b .1yqme, IlOJe3Hoe .:\'McTIlie Hocn II

O.1Uro.:\aprr oIlpe;J;il.18HHIJM'b rrpei\CTaBlITe.11I ero omrte 'ItlI'b arn lreHile

'It)['b

IlIl,W, IlbIUO.IHllTh I.;arW8-.1H60

ecm

OH'b nepeaaers xoropsnrn

in y

CTPYI,TypHyro IlblpameHHolr

1l010m.;a~['b, )wmxy .1lqllie

rro.1yqIIBlIlill ee B'b PB3'IC

~OpWR,
3alItTHo OTPIIB'b Il'b

vorvrs Ih

padIlIIIlUThCU II paaunoaarsca, THII'b crpoeaia,

m:I,

6paTbJI,

TO IlOdHlIIiaeT'b a xpj'fie IlCt Tt aoace

1!31l1mrHHwl nann., cipoenin,

HM'liIOlIl,iII OO.1'Ee II.1!I Iian B03.:\tfwTBie

,WH'Ee

OIJII'IHblH crpoeaie,

(IJl'HKI~iH. --BIJpamaC1roe nepe'IEHIJ

COcil,J,HlOIOxarcrophc n IlOTOpylO 'IbI

~ar'TOB'b (KOTOPYlO HtlwTophIe 00031Ia'lIl.1JI

nplI3HaIOT'b, (pyHIi1~illaa

noc IEJ,oIlale.1bHOlI'b

plI;J;'E

oprannauoss)

,J,O.1lImbI ObITh 1I0\IEIll,eHbI IIim RHeHiil rjll'HI(ll,ifI II Iwr,J,a

IWTOPbIll B03HIIKalOT'b Il'1 paea \:'1, rwqa B'b paunontcin n;'liJbIll rjJYHKll,ill B.1e'IeT b sa ,J;1.rwTIlie 'IepC3'b OTJ,t.1'1

Il'b oKpYa\aIOln;lIX'b n

l c.1oBilIXJ,
BHRUIHeJr

llPOIl3IlOl,1IT'1 H3\IlmeHie Heoow:\lnrocfH,

II3'I'BHlIBUIanCll, B'b cmy

c0601r rmltHelIie pllJ,'b

B'b crpoeaiu

IIpo.!I;o.'IiRaCT'b OKa3hIilOiRen
ObITb

nan, noroonoo

§ -l I. 'Iorneprurt

IIOIW.1Emll.

Bio.iorin,

OOBlI1ralOlIl,in JWJeHifl

rcneauca,

) WliHO pa3,J,'k1eH'b na

TpH nO,J,'b-oT,J,ilJla. Tt, 'IaCTHhIe CIlOCOObI, I10Cpe,J,clBO~f'b I\OTOPIJX'1 ClIOCOObI pacnaraiorca H:1;!,Bt rpyum«: pa31lI'lHbIC YC10Biu'I.'b, nO.lOIlOC nponeccsr, lIeooxO;J;IIOIlI0,J;OTBOlIe3aBlIClDIbIJ opraH1I3~IOB'1: arn pa3'IlIoa;elIie. 3UR.110'laCT'b B'b ce6 II iIte

B'b JIepIlO~n ,'I,O.lJKHbI ObITb n3Y'Jae~ILI Bd lljlOl!CI0l,lITb paaunoaenie pa31lHo;hCHic n oeano.JOe Y'IeHie 3UPOl,bllIJa 1[b1U

0 I10.10IlO)I'b paauaoaeain aemecrsanr, B'b yqeHie

R
ero

II T E B'b

lIpn ITO,IOIIl,HI\OTOPbIXb IIpOUCXO,J;IIT'bon truoraopeaie nnrare.naaun ;I,.1H 81'0 paanaria. 0

lIH'IRa H clIaolwuie 6e3Il010,l'b P:13'lHOalCHiu

npnnpbnrenie

paaannaomaroca
B3_O;J;IITb n3JO-

.ROBie pa3.11I'IlIhIX'b

nponecooat

llpII nO;UO~i

ROrOpbIX'b H3'b O;I,HorO II TOI'O ate BlIo.:nrfl n.m OT'IaCm

pel!HUlO llllJ~a npOHnO;I,HT'b ~IHOrOqrrC1eHHbIe opraauavsr, J.PJ r b OT'], ;I,pyra. BTOPolI 113'b 3T1I1'b rrO,J,'b-OT;!,tJOB'b Tpm;Tyen Hbn~b rrpe;I,:deTO\n '!CIHe COe,];IlHeBill iIflI~eBofI
l[

0 lIB.1eHillX'b reaeanca Bb

Bb OTB.le'l8Hiu.

I'ras-

113C.lll,J,OBaHiil nIl.1neTCn IlOlIpOC1), KarWBO a\e Cl!ep~!uT0301I,J;HOII R.T.I;TOI{'h·? IIo'Ie1fY KaRoHbI

KOHll,'S KOHll,OB'h 3HaBCiIKoe pa3IlepC;!,:1'IfI'?

He ~roa\eTh

1[,HO,ReBie IIPOHCXOXlITb Oe31I0.lhIM'b lIyre\!'J,'? hUhOBbI npmnau 1I3~I'.I;H'IlIBOCT!I·? Tperir! r!OX'b-OT,J,t~l'j;, IIoCBlllI~eHb enre
OGl!OB\H EIO'IOrIH CIIEllGEP'b.

3UROHb[ Hac 1lqcTBeHHOll Bonpocy.

oo.TEe a6CTpaKTH01IY

P,13ClIarpUBaa 6

82
oomie 'HIH'b, <PaI{TbI

,n;AHHhUl EIO.lIOrllI.

paaaaoaenia,

He3aBIICIIMO IIMte1;'b

OT'b IIX'b CIIOCOOOB'b IIJIIl Henocpe,n;CTBeHHhIX'b 0 ObICTPOTt II roro lR1I3HlI. ocooeil oxncro

IIpII-

:.lTOT'b IIO,n;'b-OT,n;tJI'b KOHTpaCThl

,lI,tJIO TO.'lbKO C'b BOIIpOCOM'b

pa3MHomeHill BII,n;a. OOOOID,all OTHO-

pa3JIII'fHhlX'b meaie

BII,n;OB'b opraaasxom,

II y pa3JIII'fHbIX'b

me

MHOrO'fIICJI8HHhle

II napianin

llJIO,n;OBllTOCTll, Mhl ,n;OJIlRHhl nanrn lIBJIeHiHM'b OpraHIl'feCKOII

acrnnnoe

§ 42. Tasoso,

:.lTIlX'b HBJIeIlifi

K'b OeTaJIbIlhlM'b KameTcll,

,n;OJIlRHO ObITh eCTeCTBeHHoe

OT,n;tJIOB'b, noropos 'llIeToil

cocrasmers

oorepaaaie Biurorin.
HtKOTOPhlli

pacnaroaeaie

OT,lI,t.TIOB'b II nomKJIaecH<pIIKaIl,ill KaIn ara eme Haym), BOBce

O,IJ;HaKO, :.lTO eeTh cKopte

HayKH B'b ell If,I\eaJIhHOM'b B'b aacroamee BpeMlI.

3aKOH'feIfHOM'b BH,lI,t, a He B'b TOM'b lI3'h IlaMt'feHHblX'b II TO B'b eaMbIX'h

cymeorayers
B03MomHO

BIli\'B,

llO,'l.pa3)J,tJIeHiil OOID,IIX'h seprax».

He CYID,eCTBYIOT'b, ,I\pyriil XO,I\'b aamero oTcrynaIOID,elllY :.lMllIIplI'feCKII If ncaruroraaa, nyreM'h, OIIIIpailCh

HaXO,IJ;ilTCiIB'b 3a'faTO'fHOlll'b

COCTOllHill. 1I3'h YI\a3aHHaro

3,I\tCh nraaa eOBpe-

BhlllO.1HHTh TOJIhKO HeOOJlblllYIO 'faCTh, 1I3CJIt,I\OBaHill,

B'h BlI,I\Y :.lTOrO, 0Y,I\eT'h IIeOOXOJl;H~!o onpe,I\tJlilThCiI

MeIIHbIM'b COCTOllHieM'b saaaia, YCTaHOBJIeHHllX'h U OOOCHonaTh aa

II ~IbI 0Y,I\elll'b npIIHYlRil.eHhI C.'It,n;OBaTb IIJIaHy TI3JIOmeHiil, elIJIhHO

OT'h II,I\ea.lIhiiarO

mana, Ilpesne
ooooID,eHiil,

scero

HeOOXO,I\lIl1l0 ,J;aT1
B'b

113JlOmeHie TtX'}" 6iOJIoraMII

KOTOPhIil c,n;tJIaHbI

HaCTOllID,ee npexa

T'B un lIlIa, Jl;JlJI IWTOPbU'b

oeROBHbIX'h IIeTURn

31'0 B03MOlRHO, Jl;e;(YRTUBHbIM'b C,n;tJIaBIllII :.lTO, Mhl .ijY'fllle eB1I3I1 C'b } '{eHieM'b o6'j) B'h

YCTaHOBJIeHHOe B'1 "OCHOBHhIX'h Ha'faJlaX'h".

llO,I\rOTOBlIlIl'b ce611 I\'b lIJY'feHiIO 3BOJIIOIl,iu.

Bioxnrin,

o CHOB

A H I H E I 0 ] 0 r I H.
-,

lfACTb

II.

II H .n; Y E ]];1 H B I 0 JI 0 r I II.

r .lARA
POCT'b.

1.
Biruoria
YC.10BiilX'b ilCHO,

§ 43. II OlRa.1JYJI cmroit ,

JUrI,

1Jl1Ipm;oII II

Han60JIte

JI3~tCTHOif IIH;.(YKII,ieit B'b

'llB:JlICTCJI1I0.lJD/ReHie,'ITO OpraH1I3M'b nOCTOiIHHO06HapYllilIBaeTCJI pacreaiaxn

pacrers,
,l.t.1t

CnOC06HOCTb paorn

HaCTOJIbKO 3aM'BTHO 1I

n lKnBOTnbBIlI, '1ro MOmeT'bRa3aTbClI IICK.1JO'IIITeJIbHO aTO He Ta!;'b.

npncymea;

O;J,HaEO,ua ca~@I'b arrperaraxt,

Ilpn

6,.raronpiilTHhlX'b cxop'se,

B'h IIcOpraHII'IeCKII.\'b rhra.

YBeJIlI'IeHie pasaspom,

nponcxanm, ropaarc

HaCTOJIbKOme

Ral,'b 1I B'h OpraHII'IeCKIIX'b.

KPIICTa.llJIbI

pacryrs

11

-racto

'1t'l!'b mlIBhlll

EC.1l! He06xo;J;IHme Marepbl!.%I B'b lllI,ll,t

;J;OCTaBJIl!JOTCl! Tpe6ym.!OJI $OPl!t, B'b MitCCaX'b: aarapa, npm!tpo}!'b RorophlfI

TO POCT'hMomeTJ, MOateT'b CJIymllTb aa CBt'lKt, MbI Ha6JIIOnpn B03BpaB03HIIKJIlI pOCT'b arrpepoora

6bITb EOHCTaTHpOBaH'b1I B'b HCItpnCTamlll'leCK1U'b HaIWIl.lCHic yr.ll!

eC,lII

HanOMIIHaIOlII,arO rpn6'b

noaarasrca

cs aea ;J;O.lro He CHIDIaTb. B'b Ito.'IOCCaJIbHOM'bMaClllTaQ'B asxeaia B'b reO.10rnQeCKIIX'b npouecears: C.1lOl!HlI'It)f'b }fe;J;JIeHHOe naaoureale

:laem,

OT.mraIOlII,arOCil ocaraa 'ITO OHII

oopaaouaatn
llIallCl, B'll

He OT.'II!'1aeTCl! OT']) POCTa, B'b ero nIlIpOKOM'll noauxaaiu. reaesaca He6eCHhIX'b TtJI'b II npJIHII}Ial!, 'ITO II He6eCHhlil Tt.1Ja nepemm ilBJIilllCh

oraatenaua

anom

IIYTClr'b 3BO.1I0Il,iu, ~m ,ll,OJIlI(HhI npnanars, eCTL nepamnaa sepra

K'll CBoeMY KOHKpeTMaTepin, BH,n:B yaasep-

Hmry BIl.W '1ped'b IlpOIl,eCC'b pOCTa. Jl,tfIcTBlIreJlbHO, ca.1bHa, TO U pOCT'b YHlIBepCaJIeH'b-T.-e.

narerpaniero

aBOJIIOII,in. II eCJIII aBOJIIOII,ilI B'h TOM'b HJIIl )J,pyron

TOM'b

YHlIBepCaJIeH'b B'b TOM'b CMhlCJI'B,'ITO BCt H.1J1IJl,pyrOM'b snorynaen, nponoromrs

raru oOHapymIIBaIOT'b ero B'b TOM'b IIJIlI ;J;pyrolll'b BIIJI,t, B'b CBoero paasnria.

nepio.rf
oc06eHHO Ttlf'1 lKe

061lIHOCTb npnpom
~ICHO,Koqa canllJ'b nyre~I'b.

neopraauaeoxarn

II

npranateoxarn

pocra

MhI BH;J;HM'b,fTO 06a nponecca B'll cYlII,eCTBeHHhU'bsepraxs '

Cerperania

pa3JIII'IHhIX'b MlIHepa.1bHhIX'b 06JIOMKOB'b, ll,pyr'1 OT'll ,ll,pyra, II 0T'b , IIX'b B'll onpe;J,t.ijeHHhllI c.~ofI, aanaeroa TOJIbKOO,ll,HHM'll II3'L

Hecyn~efI IIX'b BOAbl, II arrperania ;I,t.reHlJO HecXO,l.HhlX'b (OCHOBHhliI

'lac ru~L\:h IIpOlIBJleHifI YHIIBepCaJIbHarO CTpeMJIeHilI K'b COe,ll,IIHeHiIOCXO,ll,HhlX'b eJl,IIHIIIl,'b II paa-

Hasara,

§ 163). Orxoaeaie

KpIICTaJIJIa II3'b

pacrsopa

ecn

Talooe )J,H$$epeHII,ian;iil nepBOHa'1aJIhHO cMtmaHHhIX'b MOJIeKYJI'bII aurerpania o;J;Horo Klacca IIX'h B'b rsepjoe TtJIO, a ,ll,pyrorO-B'b pacTBOpilIOlII,YIO lKIIJI,KO,PTb.He anraerca JIII pocn opraHIl3Ma no cYlIl,eCTBY nO)l06HhlM'b me npOIl,CCCOM'b?. KpyrOM'll paereaia HaXO;J;ilTCiI

e-

84
pa3.1II'fHhle pa3MtpOB'h il.1e~IellThI, 1I3'h

1I1I:\YI,Il,Ilf llI0.10rIlI. ROTOPhIX'h H11IWTOPhIe 06pa3YJOT'h ero BelIl,eCTBO, II YBe.'lIPleHie

pacreaia 06YC;IOBlIIIBaeTClI nenpepuanoa narerpauiea 3'fIIX"h 3.'le~IeHTOB'h BHyTph ero rsra, Bl) 3TOM'h OTHOIIIeHiII If iKIfBOTHoe B'h OCHOBllhIX'h'IepTaX'1 CXO:\HOCT, paCTeHie\I'h' If C'h l;pIICTalI.'IOM'h. Ilmna lItlIBOTHaro 3TO-'IaCTh ORpYlI,aJOlIl,elI ero sarepin, xoropaa 1I co.replImn HtlwTopoe RO.'lll'IeCTBO coei\HHeHHhIX'h aTO~IOB1), Ho;r;o6HhIX'h T°l;,n COCTaB.'lllJOTT.TRaHIf mlIBOTHaro; mllBOTHOe H.1JI nYTmn )l,tJ!Te.1hHO narerpnpyeri, B'h ceot ceria COCTOIIT'h,II OCTaBJIJ!eTT, BHt e:\IIHIIIlhI, coe;r:UHeHHhIM'h aTOITpOCTOro ITor.'lOm;eHi:r, CXO:\lIhIJ! C'h TtmI, !ra~f'h, xoropsre lIJII IIFe~I'h nepeaapasaaia

IT3'h KOTOPhIX'h OHO cauo lJTOOhI IwotmaTh rexsnaro sa TmI'h, KaR'h ~IhI ero

HeCXO;r;HhIJ! e;r:IIHIlIlhI. --YCTtlnOBllTh pa3HlIIl:Y MelltAY poe-

OIUn60'IHarO nOHmraHiJl, Heo6xo;(IDIO crporo

3i\tCh onpe,'l,t!IJIeM'h, n HtROTOPhIMU C.lIY'IallMIIRamym;arocJ!' TO.1hRO C'h BU,J,YnOXOjIUI H:1 nponeccs n06tru, B'h Te1IHOT'l; nOllB.1JlJOTCH,J,.11IHHbIe 6t.me a TO.1bRO 0 nepedHt cTa;J;iJlxT, ell COCTaBa 1I pasanria,

tun

II ,'l,tfICTBIITaR'h, paaHtRO-

YBe.1II'IeHiJ! OO'he)13, soropue

pocra, xoropsre

RapTotPe.1bHOM'h RJly6Ht OpraHlI'IeCROH

BfIBaJOTCJ! aa C'IeT'h Bem;eCTBT" CO;r;epjKam;UXClIB'h RJIy6Ht, aenin B'h

n CBU)I,tTeJlbCTBYJOT'h He 0 aanon-

varepln,

paonoaoaesia.

TOPbIe 3apOiwulII

mliBOTHbIX'h, aa paHIIlIu BOBce He nyTeM'h accmmrauin noraomenia

3Ha'IIITe.1fhHO B03paCTaJOT'h 1I3'.h ORpYlItaJOlIl,erI cpe.nr,

paairhpars,

TBepi\hIX'h nemecrss
BT,

a nCK1JO'IHTe.1hHOnyresn, ;r:tTeJl, 3a~Jt'Ia€TCJI npsmaerca 1I3~[tHeHiH, c!!tnnTBaeMhl rOBOpIIM'h. npII6aBHBlIIlJ)IClI C'h Tim'h

BO;r:b1. ,IJ,aiKe B'h BhICIIIJIX'h opraauaaaxv, paaxspars,

nanpmrhpi,

no Bpe1I€HaM'h OhICTphlll npnpocrs

J;OTOpbIH He BnO.ll1t

no-

ROlI1l'IeCTBO!!'h OpraHII'ICCKOH uarepin, BToro aroro ncero

a 3aBllCIIT'h OT'IaCTU on He ;r:O.1iKHbI6bITh MhI 3,J,tCb C.10Ba, 0 soropoas

aHa_1IOrII'IHhIX'h TO.1bKO 'ITO ),Ra3aHHbIM'h.

po.ia nepe!!tHhI

POCTOM'h, B"b llCTIIHHO~I'h snaseain

OTHOCIITe.1hHO pOCTa OpraHII'ICCRIIX'h Tt.1'h )lbI !flaRT'h, 'ITO 3TOT'h pocrs Mem)l,Y OpraHII'IeCRll1l"b qat He Bhl3hlBaeMoe nOJIiJpHhnn Pa3.lJU'IHhle no CBOm!'h npOCTmn HMteT"h npeAt.'IhI. II HeOpraHn'IeCRIUI'h

B"h

npeaue

:\O.1mHhI) xaaars

aa

Ton 06m;iIi

3TO~'h ~aRTt arrpernponanie ~omeT'h

MomHO ) C)IaTpIIBaTh pa3JIII'Iif> BO BCJlROM'h C.1Yuarepin, Oe3Upei\t.llbHO; pocra. HeO:\YlIJeMeHHOII upo:\O;JmaTbClI

POCTO!!'h, HO 3TO pa3.1II'Iie

HBJIJ!eTClI onpe)l,t.1eHHbIM'h. 60.1ile

Ilpanra,

uplITlIiKeHieM'h

MO.leKy.l'h,

'ITO me RaCaeTCJI :\0 spyroro, areuenru passrspax»,

oupe:\tJIeHHarO o6pa3yJOT"b Ka:h:\OMY npn RaR"1 ,J,a.lte

BII,'l,a arrpernposaaia,

00YC.10B!IHBaeMaro nm ~IeHile paarasnue

np!ITHlI(()Hie~f'h MO.leRYJ1'h, TO UplI He~['h Ha6.'lJO),aCTCH 1I3BtCTHhlII npernrs II C.l01ltHblll Tt.1a n, KaJKeTCJl, TaR'h

spncrarur,

00.1te

;r:aHHOMY BelIl,eCTBY CBOIICTBeHHhI onpeYC.70BiiJ\T, RpnCTa.'WhI He npeCTpeM.1CHic OTRJa;r:bIBaTh IWTOPWIH onpeRaR"1 ca'ITO npn B03HIIRaeT'h

.zr1lJleHHMe rrpei\t.m BbIlIJaJOT'1 BaH sees .n.tJlIeTCH

Be.lJn'IIIHhI J(prrCTa.1.18:

06bI'I~hIX'h

3TIIX"h npe;r:t.10B'h, OpraHlI'IecItiIl

HOBbIe I{plICTa.TI.lIhI, YRe.1H'IeHie pa3MtpOB'h a OCTaHOBRa pOCTa,

O'IeHb

YiKe OT.10meHHhIX"hnpeRpam;aeTClI.---Pasc,raTpn-

Mip'h I(aR'h 0:\110 JI"ll.10e, ~IbI RU;J,mJ'h, 'ITO pa3'ItpbI, }IOHa;I,'h, ROTOPhIJI TaR"1

IIJIIPOKO OTJIl'IaIOTClI BT, OT,'I,t.lbHbIX'h c.lJY'IaJll'h. ~ra.lhI,

RpaiIHOCTh, C'h O,'l,Holi CTOPOHhT, Mhl mlteM'h rOH-,'l,epeBbH, crenean; pora ;r,ocTIIraJOm;ill 400-5004JYTOR'h

MhIX1>60,lJhlIJllX"h YBe.m'ICHillX'h MlIRPOCKOU8 BII;J;InlhI ),8.'IeKO He JICHO; KaR'h ItpanHOCTh Cob;r:pyBbllUIIHhI, n lRnBOTllhlX"hB'h 100 B03HlIRaJOT'h nyTeM'h tPYTOB"J.,:I;.1nllbI • Me.'lRJI!I"'h lI3'h MHOlI3'h • O;r;HaRo, MhI i\OJmHhI nOMHnTh, 'ITO nO;I,06HblrI ROHTpaCT'h ClIpaBe;r,JIIIB"h TOJlbRO B1> 1I3BtcTIIofr ,ll,t.'lO B'h TOM'h, 'ITO RpYUHbIe opr8HlI3'IhI no CYII~eCTBYIIMtf'Tb coreraaia e)l,UHUUT" nH,1,TIBlI,J,yaJlbHOnO:\OOHbIX'h lIIa.leHhI'InI"J> opraHII3Ma\I'h. Protococcus TO me canoe iKeCTRa RJltTOR'h. coe),JlHlIIOU\HXCJI MelR;(Y co6ofI IIIIIX'h BO)l,Opoc.1e1I II.111 ;r:.'lll 06pa30BaHiH lIBlIHeTClI M'"BCTO'I'hnpnapfmaeaia meCTBa COe)(IIHeHHhIX'h mrtCTt HiH lIBJlileTClI TaRJnn 06pa30MT, n061lrOR'h. arrperarom, )I,.lJlI oopaaonaaia ~IaJ]eHbRoe caoesnma RaiK;I,hIH pacreasnne

CTpOCHie, RaKT, H Ra1Ri\all

HtKOTOPbIX1>BhICOT;r:tJIbIlhIH nootr'h
MHO-

JlIICTa UBtTI;OBbI"'h.

MHOrIIX"h .1IICTheB'h.

;J;epeBo

lIB.~lIeTClI coripaaiesrs

I{am,J,bIII n3'h 3TIlX'h rpoMa,J:HhIX'h BblCIIIIIXT,pacre1I3'h arrperarom, arrperaroas e)l,HHHU'h, RUj!(i\aH

un KOTOPbIX'h, II no CBOCH BIl.lJllQUH7l II no CTPOCHilO, nosoaa na 0:\HOR.1tlOQHOC pacreaie: nO)(06HOe iKe crpoeaie o(mapYlKeHo II B"h RPYllHbIX"T> npeac raBIITe.111XOb lRIIBOTHaro n;apCTBa. O;!,HaR(,.

poe

T 'h. OpraHI!3MbI p,J,HOn I! Ton eraa

8.5
fKe CTenapsasaMtTHO 60.1bIIIaro

npUHIIB'h BO BHIUIaHie 3TO 06CTOJlTC.1bCTBOII cpaaunsan MHI! c.l0amOCTII, MbI nee pll,J,mI'h me HaXO,J,I!M'h,'ITO l\laJIeHbRoe

pasirspu,
rpasaancros

ol!pe,J,tJIllIOIIl,ie rrpe,J,t.1hl pocra, I1,BtTRoBoe pacrenie oaxaro ueasmaro O,J,HaRo, cpaaanaaa II caaaro

)1) IOT'h B'h IIII!pOlmX'h rpammars. )I.1eROI!IlTaIOIIl,Uro sa1It'IaeTCil 'I.leHOB'h oraoro JOf'h ropasro JlllH1Ie pa3MtphI I! rero MCHbIUe.

C'h .1tCHhDI'h ,Il,epeBOM'h; ~Iemi\Y PUS)ItpaMII

rpOMUiI,HaH pU3H1III,a. ~--II Protophyta cpam 00.1te

~m;K,Il,y c060n HIIX'h BapbIIpypaanana B'h MemAY

me BlI,J,U, ~lbI HaXO;J,mI'h, 'ITO rrpe,J,t.T[hl pOCTa cpem

Protozoa I! roro

RalK,Il,blfI BII,Il,'h ImteT'h c.10lRHhlX'h opraanauoas

I!O'ITII BIJO.IIH'B UOCTO-

B3pOC.l1IX'h oeooen: npaaxa,

npeiJ;CTaBlITE'.1JIMIIoraoro Cpe,I\I! C.10lIni.blX'h pacrenin,

ate BIIi\a, ,Il,OCTIIfIIIIIMII 3ptJIOCTII, 06bIRHoBeHHo aeaaararenaa. IIHor,J,a SaM'B'IaIOTCIl pt3Rill

paannia

pa3MtpaX'h

Ml'iK,Il,yXII.1bIMIl II XOPOIUO paaaannm 0603ptBail npmmnr TetHC1

3K3e~IIlJll!pa)I1I; HO C'1 I1,t.1bIO IIpnqUHhI

OT,J,t.1bHble IIH,J,HBII,J,yyMhl hlCIUllX'h B pOCTa, CBOIICTBeHHaro llX'h Bll,n;y. 3MIIlIpIIqeCKIIM'h IIYTeM'h cote'ITO, pa3Ho06pa3HO

;;;aBOTHbIX'h O'IeHb llC3HaqIITe.lIbHO oTcTYIIaIOT'h 0T'h cperaaro OTHOCHIIl,ieCIlCIOi\a ~aRThl C060IO, 3TH aa !lct IIo,J,06HhlX'h paaansia II CTa.1RIIBUHC1 ~rem;(y

Y CTUHOBIITb

B'h POCTt, MbI CIWPQ y6tm,'\aeMCII, BbI3bIBaIOT'1

IfpaflHIOIO HerrpUBH.1bHOCTb

PC3y_11TUTOB'h. Osaanaaerca, cemacs IOIIl,iH. 6y,Il,)'n u3.10meHbI,

'ITO HI! O,J,Ha U3'1 HIlX'h He ~IOa,eT'h 6hlTb I!pOC.1tmeHa ,n;o KOHII,a, ocran.aua.

603'1 o,J,HOBpeMeTIHarO yl\a3aHil!

Iloaroay
Ran

HtCl\0.11RO

noaoseain,

uoropua

,I\O.llRHbIpa3CJlaTplIBaT1Cl!, CB1l31 MeJIqy UpI! l\OTOPOlI

B3alIMHO ,J,pyr'h ,'!;pyra IwrlmlI-

8m
rason

Ilpeaae

ncero

pa3cMOTpmI'1 cpasaeaia,

CTerreH1IO pOCTa I! C.l0lRHOCT1IOCTpyJ'TYP11. ,!l,t.lJaeTCl! sa~rtTHoIO BhI3hlBaeUbll! TO.1bRO npn IIPII'fIloprapaanrria, ,J,pyrmm,

CBII3b, nepenaeranci, IIOCTJHOBldi

co ~IHornMU ,J,pyrmnt

rrpIPIIlHa~III,

HG)IlI, YHII'ITOa;aIOTCll. 'faR'h, H1I3~IOB'h,pt3KO

3Ta CBl!31 He ~IOa;eT'1 ObIT1 3a'IItqeHa orOBOpl\JI, mI

npn eonocranreaia npn cpasaeain YBlqmr'h,

pa3.1lI'faIOIIl,IIXCIl lIO YC.1oBimI'h a;1I3Hll, HaI!pnMtp'h ~racCbI.--B'h

illIIBOTHbIX'1 'ITO opranaaa-

C'1 paCTeHiHMI!. O,J,HaKO, npIIHJIB'1 BO RHIlMaHie arn Uill IlMteT'h onpe;J,t.ll!IOIIl,ee 3Ha'IeHi~ il,.111 aoapacrania COCTaB.lJIIOIIl,iJI .laCC'h N POll'h.

paCTCHiIlX'h HH3IIIil! ~OpM1J, I! rpn-

C.10eBII,OBbIA'h, OObll\llOBeHHO He ,J,OCTHraIOT'h 3Ha'IIITe.T[bHhlX'h pU3MtI!

Botopocm,
aaneo.rse

rpU6hI

Jlunran,
me

IWTOPbIe 06pa3YfOTCl! comIITe.l1CTBOM'1 no.tcpocaen BO,'\opoc.ln,

60B'h, HaC'IIIThlBaIOT'h cpsm ocooaxn; ruraarosis (Bryophytes) I;m.'h MOPIIX'h, He MorYT'h nee n pellOCXO,J,l!IIl,eIIno

CBOnX'h npexcrannreaea

TO.l1I'O H'llcRO.lbr,o BIl,J,OB'hC'h RPyUHhlMI! HUXO,'\ID!1IJI B'h uHTapRTII'IeCnpu ilTO~I'h ?Ha'IUTe.UbHO Cpe,I\II .lVIxOB'1 3Ha'IIITeJ1bHOll BRJIIO'Ia-

RPYI!HhIl! 1I3'h HIL\'h, HaupIDItp'h

C1l.11HO IIOBbICI!T1 cpe,I\Hifl pOCT'h BCefl rpyqll1I; fIICTOJIOfII'IeCIWII cTpymypOH, )re.1RlIX'h coponmeu. XOTl! Haxo,J,IITcll BII,'l,bI, ;J,ocmraIOIIl,ie oo:rlle

BO;J,OPOC.1H 06J1a;(aIOT'h 60.TEe c.1omHoii C.10)l\HOCTI! CTpyRTypy I! IIaI!OpOTHIIROB'h (Pteridophytes) R'1 HII3ROPOC.1bDI'1 II maximum nipa.

RhlCOTbI, RaR'h Hanpm!tp'h lllJllHa,J,.~emuT'h

blTb

APCBoBu,J,Hhle nanoporunsn,

O,J,HaRO 60.l1IUIIHCTBO npe,'\cTaBllTe.T[elJ I!a!lMlbI, HO no BCl!KOM'I, CJlyqat y IIarropOTHIIROB'h. cpe,J,H KOTOPhlX'b 'ITo OOJl1IUe, 'ItM'h pas. MCJIKill mIIBOTHhlJI, cauaa RpyUIIB(Mollusca),

pacrealam..
pa3ThItpOB'h ---

O,J,HO,J,O.11HhIII(Thlonocoty ledoneae)

O,J,HOBpe)IeHHO 1I spaaae rpymnr

Me.ll\iH rpanu

I! BbICOtiJI

II cpe,J,Hifl pocn, lIalo,J,JITCl! uapn ]lad~rtphl, .11;pbI HWI,

HIIX'h BbIIUe, R'h

'I1m'h

O,J,HO!l.O.'I1H1IJI me YCTYI!aIOn B'h CBOIO OqOpCiJ;1 ,I\Bp:0.l1HbIM'h (Dicotyledoneae), paCTlITe!I1HarO

Ilepexoxs 1I3'1..

"KIIBOTHhIM'1, Mhl BlliJ,InI'h, caxaa

.iocraraexue

n03BOHO'IHhBIII (Vertebrata),

06hlKHoBeHHo ropaaro It oauuun

6e3I!03BOHO'IH1IX'1 (Invertebrata). IIplIHa,J,.~ea;aIIl,ill 1;'1 'I.1eHHCT1nI'1

6e3noilBOHO'IHhIX'h II olil,'ba. R'h

nplIHaiJ;JIemaIIl.iIlK.1KlaccyProtozoa.IIB.1I1IOTCl! (Annulosa) cnoero .1HIOTca Ca~ILI~I1I C.1JOmH1IMIIB'1 rrpe)l;t;rax'1 rpo~ra!l.Hhlx'h pa3~d;pOB'h, HO nee r;PYIIHblfI J13'h HUX'h Dinosanrus,

rrpOCTbIMI!, a MJIrl\OTtJIbIM'h H3'h

rr03BOHOqHhIX'h mlIBOTHhIX'h 3UOXII illHJIlI peIITllJliu

C1DIbBIII KpYIIHbum l!B.ll!IOTCl! ~I.1eROllJITaIOll~ill I! XOTII B'1 oraarennua

me lIX'h 06'be~I'1 He ,'\OCTlIra.l'1 HIIl\or!l.a 06'heMa RUTU: caMbIIr XOTII U 61IJI'1 TaKofI me ,'\.lIIHhl, r;aR'h COBpe;\leHHbIll I;lIn,

lIO nee me YCTYlIa.1J'beMY rro Macct Tt.13. Mem,'!;y penrmiaxn II rrTIIII,UMII, a TaRme ThIem,.];y Ha3eMHbIMn II BO;rJIHblMU II03BOHO'IHhl~IlI aro ornonreaie He Ha6.1IO;(aeTCJI: ycaosia mlIdHH B'1

86

HH)I,YKIl,lll

monona.

aTllX'b CJI)''laliX'h UTJlli'laIOTCli CJllllllKOM'b CllJIhHO.

Ho

cpe.:\ll

PUO'b, RaIi'b nracoa,

a cpe;l.1I

pellTHJIiii, KaK'b RJIac<!a, 3a~I'B'laeTClI, 'ITO, B'h OO~eM'b, OOJIte Itp)'IIHue BH,!l.U npHHa,!l.JIemaT'b BhIClllHM'b qJOpMaM'b.--RpllTH1IeCRll uacrpoeaaun 'lHTaTeJIh, ROTOPhlil:,npO'lHThIBa1l3TH YKaaaHill, MhIMeHHO HX'b aHaJI1l3IIpOBaJI'b, 6e3'b COMH'ilHill yme 3a~r1lTIIJI'b, 'ITO Ha6.lIIO,J;aeMoe OTHOIIIeHie BhIpamaen He 3aBllCIIMOCTh opraaaaanin on pOCTa, a 3aBIIClIMOCTh pOCTa OT'b opraaaaanin. II ;J;ame cpe/III caMoil: HlI3111eil:rpynrru BOJIhIIIHIICTBO )J,BY)I,OJIhHhIX'b 1\J:eHhIIIe,'ltM'l> HtRoTopble rrpe)l,CTaBIITe.JJilO,ll;HO;J,OJIhHbIX'b; aaorie O,ll,HO,ll,OJIhHbIH YCTyrraIOT'b B'b pa3MtpaX'b CllOlKHhIX-Lpacreaia, palwoopa3HhIX'h rera

Ilanoporanaaas,
'ltM'b anraaia;

Cpe,!l.H CJIOeBl\OBhIX'bOKa3hIBaIOTCHBH,:!,hITaRHX'b pa311{,BpOB'b,KaRIlX'b He To lKe CaM()e H cpeAu atllBOTHblX'h. MH()jKeCTB() MHorill penrmia MellhIIIe H'BItOTOPhIX'h npeacraancaMhIe RpyrrHhIe

.lIOCTlIraIOT'b MlIOriJI U3'b BbICIIIlIX'b paeTelliH. MeHhIHe DO pa3Mtpa~I'h,

PhIO'b; 60JIhIIIllHCTBO MJIeROrrnTaIO~UX'h MeHhIHe POCTOM'b,'I'ilM'h

penrarla;

corrOCTaBJIIIH MhIIHh cs XOPOIIIO pa3pOCIHeIOClI Me)J;Y30n, MbI BII)I,IIM'b, 'ITO cyCTPYKTypHaro rnna YCTyrraen u.o Macc'il T'illla soropoe O;J,HOMY JI3'h CaMhIX'h 06bIRHOBeHHO HeJIh3JI YTBeplK,'I,aTh,'ITO BbICOKall opraanaauia

III.eCTBOBhICOROpaasaroro

HU31IIJIX'hOpraHJI3MOB'h. lloarOMY RaR'h paas rsanaaniea. 06paTHhIM'h,

OOIIpOBOjK,ll,aeTCHpynHhIMJI pa3MtpaMI1. K RpynHhle B'h raasa B'h

Iloxoaesie,

3TI1 <f\aRThIoCB'il~aIOT'h, lIBlllleTCIl BH,ll,hIRaW]) paCTJITeJIhHhIe,rass )WlK,I\arO noraraooa BhIC~Op3IhI, 06HapYlKHBaeT']) 3TY

pa3~I'ilphI

OOhIRHOBeHHO COnpOBO;I(AaIOTCli BbiCOKOI1 op-

Bpocaiomiacn

<f\aHT'h, 'ITO RPYllHtil:IIIie

II mIIBOTHhIe, rrpJIHa,I\.'lelRaT'h )('1 BhICIIIfUI'h R.'laccaM'h, n 'ITO BHyrpII mie BII)J;hI sceraa 3aR,1IO'IaIOn ceO'B HanOO.1)'ile RpyIIHhIlI arore CBJI3h HacTO.lJhROlICHO, HaCRO.lhKO MhI B'h npaBt omn,J,aTh,

MHOlReCTBO YCJIOBitt JI npn'IIIH'b, MoryII~IIX'h BH,I\01I3MtHHTh H3Y'IaeMOe OTHOIIIeHie MelR,ll,y POCTOM'h H CHaomeHieM'h opraaaaxa BeIII.eCTBaMlI lIBJJIeTCli HaCTO.JlhRO 00~eII3B'ilcTUmI'h O,I\HaRO, H'ilIWTOPbIH CTOPOHhI B'b ,non TptHhI, aoropsre npeaue XO,I\JITCH rrOCTOlIHHO B'h conpnaocncneaiu O,!l.IllIaKOBbIH KOJ.II'leCTBa cBtTa ,1l;lI~ell IIlIlIIeII 60JIhlIIifI POCIIIIIX'h II3'h RY'IRII cil)!HH'b, nonpoes C'h Tt~III 'I'ilM'h MOiRHO 0Y;J,en Bno.'lHt

npaanxaa oraonreaie.

BO BIIIDlaHie

IIO,:!,XO;J;lIlIl,lBIlIIIIITaTeJIblIhIMII paacaona-

~ahTOltI'b, 'ITO ero He3a'I'ilM']) ,'IORa3hIBaTh. )J;O.'llRlIhI 6hITh 60.1)'ile nozporiao -raaaua,

OIl,'BHIITh ero anaaenie.

Pacreaia

mII,IJ;ROCTJIMII TBep;1;hIMJITtllaMII, H

il.0.lljKHhI OhITh BR.!1IO'IeHhI JIX'h rsaan, B'h II POCTOM'hlIMten aropooreneaaoe

II B'h ll:aHHoil: M'ilCTHOCTlIno.'ly'IaIOT'h nosrn 3Ha'ieHie. XOTli Cpe;l,lI IIy'IKa rpass, Bhl-

II TenJ.OTbI; n03ToMY ;J,JIH HUX']) CB1I3h MelK,'l,ycHaolI,eHieM1>UO;l,XOBhI6pOIH8HHhIX'h O;l,HIIlll'b II n)!'h iKe B3pOCJhIM'h pacreniem., .1Y'IlIIHM'h nnraaieas,

POCT'h HtIWTOP])IX'h ;JIi3RVIJ.l1JJpOB'b OO'hJICHJIerCJI ec01m'ilHHo H

6JIarO,'lapli Ii~RIIM'h-.::mOO c.llY'Iail:HhDIT, YC.l0BiJIM'h; O)J;HaIW, nO,I\OOHOeTO.nROBaHie yate coaepIIIeHHO nenpmoamro ,:!,.'IJIOO'hlICHeHiH ROHTpacTa B'h pa3M'ilpaX'1 MejK;I,Y 3TlIMII TpaBaMH, c']) 3;r'ilch CRa3hIBaeTCli miaaie ,!l.pyrnx'h lIBlllleTClI orcyrorsie B'h O;l,HOM,]) -0,'l,1I0il: CTOPOlIhI, II COC'E;J;HIBI'h ;J;epeBOltI'h C'h ,J,pyrOll.

YCllO:&iil:: 11 O,'l,HlIM'h 1I3'h HauOO:l'Be BalKHhIX'b Cpe;l,H HlIX'h

CJIY'Iall, Ii rrplICYTCl'Bie B'h ;l,pyrOM'h, cnocOOHOCTlIBliI;J:'B.1llTh OOJhIHill MaCChI;J:peBeCllHHhlX'h BOJOROH,]),ROTOPhIlI, 06pa3yll TBep;J,hlil:CTBOJI'h,,J,'BJIaIOT'h 03}lOlKHhlM'h lipyrrUhIe paaaspn. B

Y CJIOBili m1I3HI1 amBOTHhIX'h

sa IICII.'IIO'IeHie)I'h HtIiOTOPhIX'h BUyTpeHHlIX'h rrapa3TITOB'h OT.lIlITt.\1']), 'ITO BeII~ecTBa, lIn IW't'OphIX'h COCTOJIn 1IX'h II ,J;O.'liRHbIOhITh IIOIIMaHhI CaMHM'h lKlIBorpOCrOM'h II flHa6j!{eHieM'b II11~efl 00lKlIBYlllili HaC'IeT'h MllKpOCKOnlI'le-

'IaIOTCli OT'h YCClOBiil:a;H3ulI pacraaur

T1;.10, He OM.hlBaIOT'hIX'h nOBepXHOCTJI,a pa3ctllHbI I HapYlKIIBaeTCH C'h 6011hlUeII npaBluhHOCThIO. CKlIX'h KpymmOR,]) opraamecsaro ryT'h, B'h reseaie llJI~U. napcraa, Palyzoa (MIIIaHRII), naraacs

HbIM'h; IIO:3TOMY-TOCpe;l,II anIBOTHhIX'h OTHOIIIeHie Meaqy Protozoa,

Be~eCTBa, CO,!l.epma~HXCJIB'h oRpylKalO~eil: BO;J,ll, He MOCIIOJhRO-HUOY;J,hHa'IHreJIhHOe KOJII'IeCTBO 3 co cBoeil: ;J:oOhI'Ieil:, noe me npnaaareHe 3a~rtI(pOIIIe'IHhIMII, e,J;BaBII,J;IIMhIMIInpe)J,cTaBllTe.1JIMU lIWBOTHaro no cpaBHeHiIO HeRHHMaTe.'lhHhUIHa6.1)IO;J,aTe.1]) npOXO,ll;UT'hMrnIO, B'b rpynna,

cBoeil: IiOPOl'ROII iR1I3HH, naaonnrs

RalKYTcH IipyrrRhIMII, roraa,

maT'h II'h Me.1KlDI'h lKlIBornwn: 'JaH IIX'h il.aJIW

Ror;J,a OHII coeznaenu

COCTOlI~ill 1I3'h MHOlKeCTBalIH,'I,IIBC'B IIOC.11l;J:OBaTellhHbIll Ta~j~I c

BllAYYMOB'b, lI3'h I(()TOPbIX'h KalK;I,bllI ,J,06bIBaeT'b II1I~y

na 06~ee IIOTpe6J1eHie. ECJUl, aaxnaaa

C'h ilTIIX'h lKIIBOTHbIX'h, Mbl oy;J:eM'b nOCTeneHHO 0003ptBaTh

poe T 'b.
lRIIBOTHaro uapcma, YCJIoBia cHaolRooia ro;(apa n ea nria TO MbI yBlI~m!'b, 'ITO no Mtpt. ana YBe.iIll'leHia pa3MtpOB'b opraaaaxa,

87
~OCT~raeTca 3TO HJIH OJIaOOJIb-

IIHIlleIi ORa3bIBa1OTClI OO.llte OJIarOnpiaTHhlMlI;

OOJIbIlleH RPYIIHOCTII OO'beRTOB'b ~OOhl'ln, OJIarOnpiaTHOH rpyunapoasn,

IIY1'eM'b YBeJIII'lelIla 'llICJIeHHOCTli,ll;OOhl'III caaoe RpYIIHoe M.leKoIIHTa1OIllee, apsr.1[OTaTb paaoss n;tJIWI CTaIl

il,a1OIllefI B03MOiRlIOCTb lRlIBOTHOMYnO.lJY'IaTb cpa3y

Ma~Chl IIIIIlleBbIX'b }raTepbJIolOB'b. TaR'b HarrpIlM'llp'b, Me,lJ,y3bI I! MOJIJI1OCRH,O;J,naRO ycnoeaaaa aapaas

TIl'leCRiIi RIIT'b, XOTa II nnraerca 'recRia

3TIIX'b

TaRIIMII cpaBHIlTeJIbHO MeJIKIIMH lRHBOTHhlMIl, RaR'b neraraIIM'b uaaepa

lRHBOTHlIX'b n OTqHIJIbTpOBbIBaTb COIIpOBOlRJ(a1OIIIY1O IIX'b BO,ll;Y ,Il;aeT'b KIlTy B03MOlRHOCTb OOJIbilliH MaCChl IIIl:TaT€JIbHt1rO B€Ill€CTBt1. Mhl MOiR€M'b CM:tJIO YTBepiR,II;aTb,

Il01Y'laTb

'ITO, npn paB€HCTBOE OCTaJIbHbIX'bYCJIoniIi, pOCT'b lRHBOTHaro SaBI!CIIT'b OT'b OOHJIiH II IIJITaTeJIbHhlX'b MaCC'b, OB.'la)!,'£rb IWTOplIMI! eMY II03BOJIH1OT'bero cam. Ha;J,o npnoaaan., nsnaaaie IDI'EeT'b aaaseaie; c'llnepHoII OT;(t:IbHhla )J,JUI paasacaeaia ---

paaespa
BO

MOmeT'b OUTb,

aroro noxoaenia,

'ITO IIplI 3TOM'b ,ll;O.'llRHO nplIHilMaTb

II '1l1MO COHCRaTe.lIen. llOHSTHO, 'ITO He aOCOJI1OTHOe, OTHOCHTeJIbHOe a l1300IlJIie HIIID;!I a 3TO OTHOCIITeJIbHOeH300HJIie CIIJIbHO3aBllCRT'b OT'b 'lIICJla HH,ll;lIBlI,lI;YYMOB'b, OOJIa;(aHiH ero. BCHRiH, .KOMY npHXO,ll;Il.llOCb JIOBHTbPbJOY B'b caepars 'ITO eCJIlI B'b aaaers,

COllepHU'la1OIllllX'b 1I3'b-3a

Illoraamia,

oaepf

xnoro

qlOpeJIII,

TO OHa Me!lRa,

a eelIR Ha-

PhlObI ,ll;OBOJIbHO RPyURhl, TO IIX'b cpaBHfITe.1bHO Ma.10. cYIllecTByeT'b orsomeaie 1IeiRAY :lTmm MelR!l:Y POCTOM'b opraHlI3Ma II pacxo;J;oM'b snepria? HBJleHiln!II He nO;(JlelKIIT'b comrsano, IWTOPblH noaoryn, ,J;aHHoe HO ~[HOiReCTBO,ll;PyrIlx'b Ha)('b OTKphlTb nplIpo~y CRJI'hcpe,ll;n

Hasoe
npnsnm.,

.JllqHOCTh eaasn

BJill1OIIIUX'b HU POCT'b, CIIJlhHO 3aTpY)!,HH1OT'b .KOHCTaTIIpOBaHie ;r\aHHon CBH311.Bce lRe, nacs OTHomeHiH. OCTaB;rHlI B'b CTOPOHt pacreaia, qTOOhl C;l,'EJI3Tb 3aMtTHbIM'b c.llY'IaeB'b, r;('B y .KOTOPhlX'bpacxors OTHOIIIeHie, nOIIIlleM'b

B031IO)RHO c;(,E.lIaTb HtROTOPbIlI COIIOCTaBJIeHis, unrepecyromaro C.llIIIIIWM'b HH'lTOlReH'b, ;hlIBOTHaro napcrna nomeaiars, J,pyrOJI-C'b IIOCTanHM'b,Il,JIlI. aroro 6.1lf3.KOMY1'1> TlIny

6bI,

CXO;J,HbIHllpu6:l11311TeJIbHO BO BCtX'b OCTaJIbHblX'1OTno CIIOCOOHOCTII K'b lIepe;l,BHlKeHi1O. 00C1>KJaCCml'b MJleROIIHT1t1OIIIHX'b, C'b a no TIIrry B'1 ntIWTOCTOPOHlI, lOTS

lKlIBOTHbIlI OT1II'It1.11IICh Me:K;r\Y cooofi KJUtCCm!'b peIITIIJIin. penrnain,

.KJIt1CC'bITHIl,'b, C'1 O;(HOH CTOPOHbI,I

COrJIaCHO IlpllHlI.TOMY }lHtHi1O, IITIln;bI opraansonana HO CTOST'b BhlIIIe HX'h; C'b ;(pyroH I1TIIIl,'b CTOIIT'b HlIlRe opranaaanin .KpOBn, ecm
MO)EHO

pLIX1> OTHOIIIeHillX'b opraanaania

MJIeROIlIITa1OIIIIIX'b, see lRe B'b BII;J,y JlY'lIIIarO pa3BII~ yTBepjJ(~aTb, oy;(yn 'ITO nrnnsr TOJIbRO on

B'], lllI;(Y 60JIbIIIeH pa3HOpO,ll;HOCTII II lIHTerpIIpORt1HHOCTlI cxeaera, Till .J;bIxaTe.1hHofi CIICTmIhl n BhlCmCJf rexneparjpsr CTOllT'b Boo6Ille opraansania, IJIIIPOI{!I, .KaIn 'rTIM'b TlIn'b Hill lllIIllefI. nauin )reHte sume }IJIe1'OnIlTa1OIllIIX'b. ll03TOMY,

ObI pOCT'b 3aBuctJI'b

Mbl MorJ1U 6bI OatlI;I,aTb, qTO npe)J,'ll.lbI pOCTa y nram, II y M.1eIWllIITa1OIIIIIX'b, II 'ITO

nO'lTII CTOJIb me

pennnin. llOAOOHmIY !l:Oll)meaho o;raronpillTCTIlY1OT'b II cooopaaenia 0 cHa6lRe~ MbI He Bll,'(llM'b B'b lliU3HIl IITIlIl,'b ocooeaao He6JIarOIlp:JITHbIX'h YCJlOBiH R'b ,Il;06bI06paTHO, IITIIll,aM'1 II xoropaa pOCTa nerocrynaa y nram, HlI ~];IeROnIlTa1OIllnM'b, HII peIITIIJIimI'b. HlIate, 'l1JM'b na.J;a1OT'1 ropaaao

rnm,

nrnm,

,ll;OJIa;eH'bAOllYCKaTb 60JlbIllil1 POCT'b,

IIlIIllII, OT'b HOTOPhIX'bObmI ObI CBOOO)J,HbI M;re.KOnHTa1OIlliHII penrarin; npe;('£.m

J,OCTYIIHa IIIIIlla,

pelITIlJIiii

II Y

TtM'1

He

MJIeROllII-

1a1OIllIIX'b. C'b KaRIlJ!Il

)Ke npOTHBOnOJIO~HbIMII C130HCTBaMH)Ie)l(,],y 3TIIMll RJIaCCaMlI Pa3B'll MbI He B'b npaBt (aa (sa

Momen

ObITh npHBei'J;eH'b B'b CBR3h <lTOT'b }WHTpaCT'b B'b POCTt? rtiUTb, 'ITO KORTpaCT'b B'b In

npe,ll;nOJlO-

pocrf
aa

CBH3aH'b (XOTlI ObI nepe,ll;BlllKenie

or-racnr,

11 He Ilcen;tJlO)

C'1 xoarpacrosr, IIC.KJ11OqeHieM'b Ilc.KJl1O'IeHieM'b nepe-

.KO.1II'leCTB'B pacxo,J;yeMoH

CII.1lI?

~iJIeRonllTa1OIlliH

.1eTY'lHX'b }IhlIIIeii, 1'OTOPhlS R'b TOMY ate MaJIhI) npu HC1'onaeMbIX'b nTepO;(aRTHJIell, ;I.lllImeHin; cpcrs, cn.n. qTO rasie B'b .KOTOpOn OH'E

BCtX'1 CROllX'], llepe)l,BlllReHill.x'1 nomepB'b cifJept

;JmBa1OTCS IIJlJI TBep,ll;OHnOBepXHOCTb1O,I!.lIH Il.'IOTHOIIlKll,lI}WCTb1O;permuin 60JIbllIlIHCTBO me nrmn, 66.TIte ll.lII )Iente

.KOTOPbIe 01I.m He B€.'III1'U) TO;I,e OrpaHfI'IeHbl 'laCTO ;J;BIIraeTca

B'b pa3ptlReHROH

He ~IOryT'b ,ll;epmaTbCH nTIIlJ,'b, I;aI,'b

oe3'b cpaBHIITe.lJbIIO OO!lbmOrO nanpaaeaia B'b CBH3b C1>T'EM'b 'laCTHbDI'b lfIaRTO~, R Epiornis, npnOJIlllRaIOIlliecs no pa3-

BTOT'b OOIlliii tjJaRT'b MOa;eT'b ObITb noeraarem .KpynHblC 'l.leHbI 1'.lacca

Dinornis

88
MtpaM'L

HH,:I,nm,lH EIOJIorm. I('L r;pYIIHblM'!, MJIer;OIIlITaIQlIl,IUI'L II

TpaTHT'1 II36blTKa CH.n na nepC;J,BIIiRCHic. BIIepe,'l,II, ll1, npullc;!,cHHOM'L upmrtpt nOToMY,

Ho

pennuiaxs,

He Moryn

aeran.,

II IIOTmry HC
YBlqIDIJ,

liaK'L Mbl rouopum

paHLIlle:

n MI('L

InIteT1> oJ,HollpeMcHHoe B.1iHHie II p;pyrOII (pal\TOp1>, II MC;R;J,Y YBe.'IlPle-

~IOiRen

61I'fb, Ca!fbUI'b .'lY'lrnHM'b .'lOIia3aTe.~1CTBOM'Lanraronnsua

HieM1> o(h,c~Ia II KO.'IHQeCTBOM'b a3BlIBaeMaro )l,BllJIteHirr MOtIteT1>C.'lyn\lITb oorn;cycTatIOB.1CHHbIfI p <paRT'b, 'ITO r;aIi'L 'le.10Ilt'leeIiiH eyrn;eCTIla, TaK1> H ,n;OMaUIHilIlIWllOTHbUl, IIepeYTm[.lJle~rbIII II~Itwrn;alI oraoureaie Ii'L npell'b BlIJ,t })a60TOIO B'L rrepio;!,'L pOCTa, He ;J,OCTnralOT'LcpeJ,HITX'L pa3~I'BpOB'L. )),aJIte ,II,O.'IlKHaObITb YIia3aHa .'lpyraJI Oorn;aJl IICTllHa, ,n;t.'ly pOCTa. Cyrn;ecTByeT'L oomee npanaro, 60:rte nra MeHte 'WHiR, 'ITO r;pYUHble opraHII3:1lLI Ha'lHHaWT1> OOLlRHOBeHHo3Ha'lI!TeJIbIIO nomapcraa ,J,onycRawrn;ee cpaBHlITeJILHO lIIaJIOBamHW! HCIl.1W-

osoe

caMOCTORTe,'IbHOe yrn;ecTlloBaHie c uarepia, II 'ITO BHYTpIl RaiR,J,aro

3Ha'lHTCJIhHblX'L MaCC'L OpraHll'leCRolI

06JIa;J,aWrn;HX'L nplITOJI'h

pasauron

rra6J1W;J,aeTCH HtRoTopoe

06rn;ee,

Ha'laJILHbIM'L 06'Le~!oM'bopraHll3Ma II ero pYlKHBaWT'L :lT0 ornomenie,

oprasmecuaro nenpasntsaoe, oraourenie UCiR,:(Y OIWH'laTeJIhHLIM1>6'LeMOM'b.--~ 0 Pacreaia TO;Ke ooaaopraansauien; XOTR Jl,a.'leIW Ha'lUHaWrn;HX'h

HO )IeH'Be 3aMtTHO 'ltMb ;KllBOTHblJI. Cpe;vr pacreain,

CBOrolKH3HhB'h BHi\t RpOlIle'lHOll CIIOPLI, ecrs,

npaaia,

HtCKOJILIWBlIJ,OB'L, ROTOPhICnpa noxonm 60JILIlllIHCTBOOCTaerCIl II cHa6;ReHLI sanacaxn )IOJIo,n;oe pacrensnne, nearpa pa3BUB'1

npOMemYTO'lnOII qJOPMbI,n;OCTnraWT'L l(pynHLIX'L pa3"dlpOB'b, lIO rpouamoe CTIITe.1LIIaro oprannsaa, naxaaasrmee TiR, BLIcmifr TtX'b mrtIOT'h pa3BlITbIO opraau MO.l0J,oro pacrem.nua

MeJIRHMlI. 06paTHO, KpynHblR OJ,HOJ,OJLHLIl! ;J,By;J,O.'lLHhlR, B'b 'IO:I!OHT'h II y)!(e BLI6paCblBaHil! U3'L paBLICOlwnlITUTeJbHarO Bern;CCTBa.)),pyrlIMH C.l0BaJIlI, B'L T'BX'L c:rY'lallX'L, ca~rocToRTeJIhHyw lKlI3HL, COCTOIIT1> llCK.1!W'lnTe:lLHO lIn npe;J,t.1'L, ,:(0 noroparo ;!,OCTlIraWT1>60.lLllIOrO pOCTa, H3Y'lae~IOe oraoraeaic

soraa

oxnoro

,n;OXO),HT'LPOCT'L, 06LlRHOBCIIHO HC3Ha'lIITe.1eH'b; B'L Hil'laJIbHbllI csasuaaerca YiRC pa3BIITOJl 3apO,:(LIllI1> II aanacs oprannaxom,

iKe C.1Y'laJI1.'h, Kor;!,a pacreaia

MOMCHT'h ;!,OBO.1bHO

HX'h caMOCTOHTe.lLHoHjEII3HII cyrn;CCTByen Bern;CCTBa. -~pe.1beqmo, HO ,1,a,1JeIiO He 0;J,lIo06pa3HO.

yoeoaeuaro jJm3Hb KOTO-

Cpe,II,1ImIIBOTHaro uapcraa

3a HCIi.1W'leHie~l'b TtX'h

paxs,
IlLIX'b

B'h CH.1Y OC06LlX'L YCJIOBifI oKpy)!(aWII\aro 3apOi\LIIIUI Il.lI!

CmJhHO OTJIlI'laeTCl! on

HO]DlaJlbHolI )!(IISHII

lKHBOTHbIX'b-ue.1Kie

HIIIl,a B'L 60iIbIlllIHCTBt

C.1Y'laeB'L He lIPOII3BOJ,RT'bKPYlI-

cynrecrs».

B'b T'BX'b C.1Y'lalU>.'L,xoraa

B3p00.10e iRHBOTHOe ,1,0CTnraen 60.1LIlloro 06'be~I1I, B'L R.lacct pLIO'L, II

MOJIOi\oil oprannaas B'I, p;pyrnx'b xoropaa

II.1H IIOlIB.'IlleTCH U3'L RpYUHaro Hrln,a, II.111 POJ,llTCli E'h B1lJ,t I\pYIIHaro, ;J,OII3BtCTHOH CTelICHH ;J,1iJITe.1LHarO cynreoma. MelR,:(y pa3)rBpa~IlI JIilIl,a II paaxspaxa

BlIO.1Ht opraaaaoaanaaro, nponopnionanaocn

RJIaCCaX'b, ,IWB) IIl,1IX'h Il'L CXO;J,HLIX'b YC:IOBillX'b, OOLlRHOBeHHO Ha6.1W;J,aeTClintBapoc.'IblX'h HH;J,IIBH,J;yno opasneBH~HHIl,a II

YYOB'b: BrrpO'leM'L, OCeTp'L II Tj HCll,1>IIpei\CTilB.~llWT1> B'h 3T01l'h OTHomCHin lICRJIro'leHie, MOawT'1 ObIT]), o.llaro,J,apa YC.1011irul'bMCTaHI>Hmqm Hiw C1>URpoll pLI6'h, l!l!Il,a pennuin TpII iRe nmenie II fRH3HII MO.10,J,bIX'L pbI60r,'b. He3Ba'llITe.'lLHLI no 'lnc.1Y, HO RpylIlIbI no ~Iacot;

x.iaooa

pelITII.iIiIl

Ha6.11O,'(aeTCliB'I> OOrn;C~r'b COOTB'BTCTBie ~[elR;J,y paaxspam

pa3MtpaMH

B3pOC.'Iaro amaornaro.

Ilrnnu,

RaJ('h rpynna,

06HapYjRIIBaWT1>;J,a.'IhHtflrnee orpa-

B1>'lIIC.~t CHOeIIMLI1.'b IIn,'L II i\a:ILHti'IlIIeC B03paCTaHie OTfIOCme:ILHOil Be.1.H'IIIHLlRaiR;J,aro R allI(a r;OJU6pH II IWH'la}I CaMbBl'b r;pylIlIblM'h J1}IIl,01l'b 'lt~I1> 60.'lLlIIC aHll,O, (KpOUt II B'L II

RllIl,a; Ha'll!Hal! pO,'('b lHIIl,'b C'h npouresaaro Tt~I'b 60JIhrne nrnna,

B'b

crpayoa, CO;J,ep,Karn;UM'h H1iCKO.1bRO .1HTPOB'b, lllIJ,li~rb, 'ITOII 3;!,tC1 npasuzo: Mbl 06rn;C1r'b OIlpaB,:(LIBaeTCR. HaROHeIl,'L, II BHFpn Ran

R1eIwnIITUWII(IIX'b

CYM'!aTbIX'b) ;J,'BTCHbllIIHpOiR,J;aWTCliHe TO.lIbROcpaBHUTe.1LHO60.lILllIoro OO'LeMa, lIO II C1>3Ha'IIITeJIbHO 1I0,II,BIIHyrOJI opraaasanien; ,II,pynIX'b, saaecar», pa3~rBpaMII napocraro eCTL O'lelllI;!,Hali RJIaCCa 1I03BOHO'lH1IX'b, TaIiiRe I;aK'L aa lflaKT'b aaarormnaro anasenia CB1I3L uelRi\Y paaM'BpaMH pOnt;J,ulOrn;aroC}! ;J,tTeHLIrna

amaornaro. --conepnreano

C'L npersr-

,II,yrn;UM'L,,II,O.'iiRHO YRasaTL, 'ITO i\tTeHbIlliH BbICIllIIX'b iRHBOTHLIX'b nOJlb3YWTCll eme O,J,HlDl'b npemfyrn;CCTBml'b ,'(.~JIPOCTa: OHlr He TOJlbRO Ha'!llHaWT'b CBOW ;r{II3Hb C'L Tt,~OU'b 3Ha'lUTe.'lbHbIX'L pU3MtpOB'L n nOlJ.TII saro opranaaonannasn lIO }:pmrB roro B'b TelJ.eHie nep60.~te R.llI ~ICHte ;l,.lIIHHarO lIepio;!'a ,RlI31!1l rrO.1Y'laIOThIIlIlIl,y OTT,pO;!,IlTe.1eU- y IITlIIl,'L

poe
1]\

I1,.

89
n}TC'!'b cocaain, II opraanaauin, a 3aT1n!'1

JCll'1 xopvaeaia, no.rysaen,

a y M.1ChOnIITalO~lIX'I. ncpnouararsno 3Ha'lIITeJ1I1bLl'L pa3\r1pOB'b no Hac.l'B,J,CTBY, iJ,a.11HttIlIIitr

sopare-

ff.em,. ruTHoe

TaR'L 'ITO nounxo

xoropue

~IO.'IO,J,oe1II1I-

llpUpOCT'L T'B.Ia mIy iJ,OCTaeTcll IIO'lTH )l,apo!l'b. 1I.'I1l

IloMHMo 3TIIX'1 OO~II1'1 nplI'IUH'1, POCT'1"RIlBOTHbIX'1 'laCTO Ollpe;J,t:Il!eTCl! npU'lIlHaMlI CJly'InImarO xapasrepa: I'pCnllJCTBylO~ill
j

Ha,J,O J nmIIlHyY1 HtR010Pbl1l '1aCTHbIIl 06CTOllTe.'lbCTBa, cnocoocTBylO.~ill pOCTy; TaR'1, paaunpu nan pt,J,I,O roro opraaa, BHFpeHIIIIn napa3IITOB'1 oupe;Jt.1l!IOTCl! mI'1 B'1 ROTOPO'l'L BblpOCTaeT'1 )l,aHHblfl uapa31IT'1; rrIl~cii, i\OCTalO~eiiclI I1pylIHmm pa3Mtpa,m:

pa3~ItpaMIl nOBepXHOCT-

010 alllBOTHaro napasnnr, 3Heprin, pam

h'le

lOTlI If paCUO.1aralOT'1 00n.1bHoII 06Ja,J,alOt'1 YI;PbIT1ClI OT'L amnOT'larO,

6e.3'1 YCllJleHHoIr CJIy-

'la.1bI}r POcT'L ;1,ae1''1 11'\1'1B03MOlKB1IrO,J,Hblll'L ,lI,JIlI COIwr,J,a ROCBeHHOH ;J:pyroe ,atIlIl,1nOMY naCBOHCTBu!n. ThIOryT'h OhITb 3aBnCIIMOCTb I! B'1 IIX'1 paBHblX'1 yC.lJO· Oo.lIbiliefI CJIOlIlHe-

HOCT1 .rerno '"urAl" lJrjlJIlcIIilI nplPIlIHOl1 WTHoe (('ut p;)rpa(tl) '10 'Ibl

IIa xoroparo paairtps

OHI! Harra,J,aIOT'1; B'1 wlmorop!.IX'1 lIB.ll1eTClI yc.l0Bie~I'1 rrpmrtpbl,

HalIplIMtp'1

XOPbROB'1, Ma.mH nx'1

aanaienia aa saaepaaaaaro
ncrepnars

,J,OObl'lY. HaROHeIl,'L, cy~ecTnyIOT'1 n:m

pOCTa HB.l!lIeTClI y,J,06CTBO rrOXO,J,IIT1 aa ;J:aHII1Iir BOnpOC'b, TO ;I,O.1ffiHbI OblmI O,J,HaRO,

I,aROe-HIIO)~b no

II TtM'1 na

CaMbHl'1 BBeC11I B'L OO~IaH'1 BparOB'1 TaRTopOB'1.

;J:0611'1).

EC.111 Obl ~!bI CTaBH.m B'1 BII;J:y TOJIbRO

3a,J,a'IeH

ObI ornecrn Mbl mdeM'L 06~ill

liaiR;J:bIJ[ II3'b YRa3aHHbIi'1 II noouorpnun ,J,eJ,)1;Il,iII. noraaars, 1eIl8jlb,

J OHC1a'1IIpOBUT1 orimia

OTHOJIleHill Meffi;I,j POCTO'I'L oprasnsxa IIaChO.lbltO lha3alIIIwr

J! iJ,pyrILIll! ero oraourenia

crlna.m

) C1UnOB.1CHbl TIrrPlI'1

§ 44.

mOffiIlO a priori

'ITO ,J,O.lffiHa cyrIl,eCTBOBa11 1I3BtcTHalI lIB.1eHiJI ffilI.3I1J1, II Ca)lII B'1 ce6t, 1lbI

vca,,J,~ POCTmI'1 II oprannsanion. OTHOIllCIIiln'1 h'I, OI;pyjKalO~InI'1

I' l[}_'L, uo.'1'1e RPl IIHbJe HC!CTbIOliT, CTpoeHiII.

Pa3C.IIaTpIIBall IlR.leHillll'b, I!c06xo,J,Inro

J OtJ,lIMClI,

'ITO, npa

nposrm,

arrperarsi

;J:O.lffiHbr conposoauarsca

paC1eIIUI,

;J:ailie na

BbICIIIIL\.'L C1')lIeHlIX'1 paSBIITilI, copnaaaun B'b OIIy~CII'1 BO,J,~; a n06tr'b,

naO.1IO,J,aeTClI cpaBHIITeJIbHO II Il,IlllT8n on oTpt3aHHblH Tari'1 Ran

llla'lIITe.1bHUl[ 'lIeI1, .iepena Horn 'IeIaHiJI

B3UlBIHall CB1I3b '1acreli:

OFOII'L pacrr) csaerca

HtCKOJI1RO

eC.11I CTeOe.leR'1 ero II BOTKH)ThIll Oqtl1HbI\'b sacren

pO;J:IITeJIbCRarO

B'1 3e~I.IIO, )IOiReT'b TIPO,J,0.1jRU1'bpaCTII. } pacieain oen roro OT.llI'IUeTClI He p'lwtO,

ffiII3HeHHalI )l,tllTeJI1I1eOOXO;1,lL\1Oa)l,u COp cy~ecTBOBaJIa B03MoamOCTb

TO ;J:11I HlIX'1 B03~rojl{HO ;1,OCTII-

;<:PHie 00.11JIlOrO OOM~ra 'IlI1e.J1Haro r,oopJ,IIHaIl,ill f'l'\ILIc.1Inlbr

hUInI'1,

) C.10ffiHeHilI B'1 CTpOCHin, soropoe oprannaanin, IIpII .ioeruraeaae soropaa upn ;laCTb

XiH1CIBill OT,J,'B.11HbIH uacren. 06'1eMa Tpe6yen (P) HI;Il,ifr IWPHlI II

O,:(HaKO II 3,J,tCb MbI BII,J,IIII'1, 'ITO )I,OCTlIlKeHie 3Haxoropon

TaKoir creIIeHII BtTBerl: npo,J,) RTa'III, eocymcrou

paavspn,
cncremr,

ObI
OT;J.a-

;J:epeBm!'L, ;J:pyrn'\lJl

ObIJIU 6bI

Oe3'1 C)~eC1DOBanilI IIO.%30BaT1Cll BII,J,a'I'1

It'HHbnI'L oplal!all'1

supaearaaaeuuvn

oprUHaMII.

1\111

'ITO CGC)U\eCTBOBaHie 60.1blIIIIU

pa3MtpOD'b

I1IIJROfI opraanaanin,

IWTop11e npn-

q IJ.\lI

Htl;oTOPbBI'L

MOPCRIIA'b BO,J,OPOC.1CI1, naO.1IO;1,aeTClI npn Btca paoreaia 'ITO Htn II ORppKaIO~eii Ha,J,oonOCTlI B'1

I1a.1II'lHOCTII IIMeHIIO 1I3JIlIIIIHHM'b

I Ln YC.10BifI, ROTOPblll IlCR.1IO'IalOTl> 00JldaTe.11H) IO B3alIMH) 10 3aBIICfDIOCTb OT;J:t.'lbHbIX'b '1acTeii

(')Jl annaua:

0.1II30C'fI> p:B.llhHarO

CPC!\b1 !\t.'laeT'1

\(JPOJIlO pa3BHTOil C1'BO.1'b, a Bet l,ajIqbnI'b noca 'lPpen 1lHormm C1Iprn.7, MaTepLlI.lOB'1 on

ilIUTep111.1bI, HeOOXO;1,Inme )I,.'Ilf pOCTa, ;I,OOblBaIOTClI1I3'1 BO,ll,h! IIpnCIIOCOOJIeHiIlX'1 ,'I;JIJIpaalRHBOTHbIlIsa Henll~y ;J:O.'llKIIbl npnnnuars OJ,HOIl '1aCTII paCTeHiJI It'll ;J:pyrolI.---Bct IIo3TmI~ lICHO, 'ITO

) '1aCTr;OM'b C.10(,BII~a, TaH IICIWIO'IeHill'llI,

B'b CIDY CaMbIA'll ~ c.'lOBifl CBOeI! ffiH3I1II,

O;J:Hy cIIeIl,ia.1II3npOBaHH) 10 '1aCT1 Tt.m;

Hun

,'I;O.1lKHOcyme-

CfBOBa'f1 UPIICIIOCOO.1CHic,uocpe,J,CTBOM'1 soroparo IIIITare.'l1I1bIlI Be~eCTBa ,J,OIlliHhl pa3HOCIIT1Cll J,'b OCTa.l!1I1bIM'!,'1UC1'JI'I'1 Tt.1a, ROpi\llI~HMClI na C'IeT'1 unnnr, IIor.10~ae1IOJI B'1 O;lHOM'1MtCTt. (hC.BIl;J:!IO, 'ITO, ;J:.1JI noraepzania panacvtpnaro mrraaia BC'llX'I, '1ucTefr, opraauansr, 06.'1a,'l;aIII~Ie Oo.l!1IUoJr i\!accofr, ;I,O.'I)I\HbI InrtT1 ;J,lllIiKeHie II pa3HOClI~if! nmnesue conn: 01,J,ll.11HbnI'1 '1aC1'lIM'1, Tt'I'1 OTlIOCIITe.l!1HO paannron II '1t'Ih 00.'I1I1lYIO rpary annapan., npnaormnia B'1 UPUXO;J:IITCJI upeTeputBaTb

BbIJIle ;lO.'IlliIla OblTb pa3BIITa

COCY,J,HCTallCIICTe)!a. COBepIlleHHO

90
':Jacm ,ll;UHHOflaaccu He 1lI0ryr'b

IIH,ll,YRIl,llIllIOJlOrm.

TO me MOlRHOCRa3aTb II 0 MeXUHII'IeCKIIX'h,ll;BIIlReHilIX'b, ROTOPbIlI jltIlBOTHbIli ,ll;OJllRHbIBbIllOJIHHTb: OhlTb nplIBO)l;lIMbi B'b ABllmeHie II ABlIlReHili IIX'b. He Mory'f'l> ~JlII nepeM1m~eHili C'h Mtcra Hl1 MtcrO, npn 6bITb HacTOJlbRO ROOP,:J;IIHIlpOBaHbI,RaK'b :lTO TpeoyeTcll IIJlII ,ll;JlHi\pyrIIX'b npO'IIIX'b TpeoyeT'h CBOlIxt i\tllCTBiii,

oe3'h, HUJlUqHOCTII II311tCTHbIX'b CTPYKTYPHbIX'b 1jJ0pM'b; H,

paaaurs

YC.l0BilJx'J), B'h RPYIIHOli.

OOJI'Be C.l0JKHarO CTPYRTypHaro nearparsasm,

pacnoroseaia,
oriracrars.

aaccf

KaJKi\Oe ROJJlIqeCTBO IIO;J,OOHolIil/SHTeJlbHOCTH 'Itm B'b MeHbIIlell

aacef.

HaIWHeIl,'h,

i\OJlmeH'h OhlTb II 1$00p;rHHIlPYIOIIIiii annapan., II rrepnljJepn'IeCKIIX'b

npe,:J;CTaB.llJIOIIl,iiI 3Ha'IIITe.1bHOe

HeCXO,ll;CTBO B'h

HeOOXOi\IIMOCTJ> 1I3BtCTHoll3aBIICHMOCTII pOCTa 06pa3Q}I'b, ee eCJIII MbI oYJI,eM'h pa3C~IaTplIBaTb K'b BHtIIIHIIM'b, :lTO MeHto TpeHHIIX'b oraomeain

on

opraaasania

OOHapYlRIIBaeTCIl paBHbIM'h BHy-

ee CJ, TO"IRH3P'BHill TtX'b lIpIIHOpaBJIUBauiii COCTaBJlIlIOT'bmU3Hb, 1I0CKO.1bKYMM

soropua

noeaaem,
COOOIO opraanaa-

ljJeHoMeHaJlbHO. B'b pacreniars

nopaaaers,

'ItM'b

B'b lRlIBOTHbIX'h, TaR'b RaR'h

Y ,rrepBblX'h .nplIHOpaBJlllBaHie nia

i\JlH

ERYTpeHHIIX'b OTHOilieHifI R'b BH'lllURlIllI'b He B.1e'IeT'b sa npOJlBJIlleTCH, HarrpIIMtp'b, E'b T03I'b ljJaRTt,

Bll,ll,TIMarO ,J,BlIlKeHiH. O,'\HaKO HeOOXO,J,IlMOCTb YCOBepIIIeHCTBOBUHiHB'b opranuaanin, d.'leii pOCTa, Il Y pacrenia CTBeHHbIM'b YCJoBieM'b, npn ~rtpOB'b, rpeaaee oraomenie cars,

'ITO e,:J;IlHcoooll BHYpac,ll;.'lil on

ROTOPOM'b B03MOlRHO ;J,.'lH ;J,epeBa ;(OCTmlteHie 3Ha'IlITeJbHbIX'h 'pU3MaCCIIBHaro CTBOJla, IWTOPbllI npercraaraers ;J,epeBO; 00pa30BaHie nomnneaie npIlHOpOB.'leHHOe K'b ypaBHoBtIIIIIBaHilD BHtIIIHHX'b ClI.H, rrOCTOHHH() me MaCChI upanrrruro -.Cpe;(11 JKII-

JlBJlJleTCJI 00pa30BaHie

TUlJI nepiO,:J;H'IeCKII CTpeMII'llJ1XClJ HII3Beprnyrb II0.10meHHbJX'h ;J,peBeCHbIX'b BO.10ROH'b03Ha'IaeT'b BOTHaro napcrsa rtX'b BparOB'b, ptlCTa, 'IT06hl I130tmaTb nonpeaueain, MoryT'b

B'b opraanaaain.

HeOOXO~IIMOCTb ::lToll CBH3II IIB.1eHiii O'IeBIl,:J;Ha. qTOObI ,J,OOhlTbxarepsanr IWTOPbIJI ~IOryT'b IImI'BIIIaTb POCTY, 1I 'ITOObl yotaiaTb rrOROH'IHTb C'b npoueccosn, TpeoyeT'b pOCTa-Bce 'ITOObI serpsmn, TaRIIX'h paaucoripaaao-

soropue

paaoirs

:lTO rperiyMHOaieCTBO npucnocori-

eT'b on

opraansaa

yMtHhH rrpIICnOCOOJlIITh CBOII ;,(BlllReHiH rans, ROTOPbIJI ~t.1aIOT'J, B03~IOlRHbIMIi anr MorYIlIPe

BHtIIIHIIX'b

cOCYIlIeCTBOBaHill H IIOC.1t;(OBaTe.1bHOcTel"i-

CTpyRTypHhIX'b

paono.ioaealn,
He

paaaooopasaan,

.lJeHHhIli ;(tfICTBili.

nO;,(JIelKUT'b COMHtHilO, 'ITO eCJU Bet C.I0lRHOe ;RIIBOTHoe,

CTOHHHhIMH, TO 60.1te II 1I30traTb

oeraasaua YC.10BiH OCTalOTClJ nonpaaopannmars cnoe noaaienie KJ.

Oo.1'Be
crrOCOOHO ~OOhlBaTb IIHIIIY OO.'lbiliarO OO'beMa. He'IbICJlIIM(} 3aBHCIIMOCTlIHeoprasnasa, RaR'b ObI 'ITO RpYIIHoe JKIIBOTHOe, ;RUBi!

OOJIbJIJeMY'IIIC.1Y OKpY:RaIOIIIIIX'b ero BCIIKIIX'b onacaocren,

c.'lY'IafmocTel"r,-OY,:J;eT'b

a B'b elIJJY aroro BCHKarO orpaamenia

}IOlReT'b ~ocTlIrnyTb CRa3aTb,

II,

O'IeBII~HO, MhI ~IOmeM'b oon

cpe;(I1 TaRIIX'b CJlOaiHhlX'b YC.l0Bill: CYIIIeCTBOBaHia, KaRia 6e3'b cpaBHHTeJIbHO c.'!OlRHOii opraaaaanin. BalOT'b 3aBIICUllIOCTh pocra
B'b 3aBIICHMOCTII

OHO BCIO;,(Yncrpfnaers, CYIlIeCTBOBaHie :lToii ailI3Hb

XOTlJ .:Ipyrill nee ;Re

OTHomeHiH 3aTmIHlJ1OT'b II nepecn.m-

0T'b opraanaanin,

CO~IHtHHO. MbI BII~IIllI'b ;l,e)J.YI{TIlBHO,'ITO pa3CMaTpIIBaeJIOe OTHOJIJeHie;J,O.'!iRHO BII)J.01l3M'BHJlTbClI'

on

TtX'b

YCJ]oBiII, B'b KOTOPhIX'b nporesaers

RUlIqaro

IIH;(YKTlIBHoe lRe II3C.lt;(OBaHie I1IIIX'b pe3y.'lbTaT'b.

IIOKa3aJlO, 'ITO OHO ;J,tJICTBlITe.lbHO II3MtHHeTClJ. Ho

TO HIl OWlO, ,'I,aHHOeOTHOJlleHie ncer.ia

IIPO,:J,OJ;RUeT'bOhlTb O,:J,HlIM'bI3'b ljJaKTOpOB'b, OlIpe,'l,t:IlIlOI paribus, 3aBIICIIT'b on cHao;ReHiH opraansxa YCTaHanOJlO-

§ 45. Iloxoaeaie,
ec:m

'ITO POCT'b, ceteris

YCBolieMofl aarepien,

TaR'b HelipephlBHo

,lI,ORa3hIBaeTClI aa

aureaaen,
BmlBaTb,

1I3'b HaIIIlIX'b 06I1IlIX'b

npercranreuin,
oprannauy

xacrauan
orpanmenia,

OJIbITa~m 'rI TaR'b O'leBlI;J,H(} CJ, RUKlUllI no

'ITO Obl.10 ObI BOBce 1I3.1HJIJHe ero

Obl MbI He ;J,0.1lliHbI ObI.1II YRa3aTb norperiaue RaflqmlY

1'B
)l;J]H

lReHie 1lI0lReT'b ObITb npIIHlITO. MaTepbH.lbJ, HhIMII sacramr, cyrCTBiu IIOCTpollKII Tt.1a, HapaBHt rrpUHa.'l;.1JemaT'b He R'b O;(HOMY BU,'I,yBOIlIeCTB'b, a K'b HtCIW.1bRIIM'b. Bet opraaasasr, C'b TBep,Il,blMIICOCTaBOT-

TpeoylOT'b BO,1;hI, Ra]('b pa3Hocme.1bHlIIl,bI

BeIlIeCTB'b 'Ipe3'b Bet 'IaCTII I1X'b Tt.1a; pOCT'b HeB03MOlReH'b npn ;J,O.llliHa CoO.llO,iI,aTbCH IWJlH'IeCTBeH-

H RaR'b ObI H300II.1JbHbI HII ObIJlII TBep;J,blH COCTaBHhIH xacrn, BO)l.bJ. }Iem)J.Y ;(OCTaB.IHeMhIlIlII TBOP,:J;bIMlI t.laMU T Hall nponopnioaan.noon,

3a]{.1IOQeHHaa B'b 1I3BtCTHJ,JX'b rpauauars.

Pacreaie,

RpyrOM'b RO-

PO

o r ».
Yf.1leRIIc.:raro rasa, BO)l,bl II a~iaRa,

9l
Homen B'h

Toparo

HaXO,I\IlTCiI )l,OCTaTO'IHblil RO.m'IeCTBa

OCT8HOBI!TbCRB'h POCTt,

O:Iaro,n:aplf He,n:OCTaTRYB'b RamIl. Kap.lllIKOlll'b Ha BCIOlKII3Hb.

Iloaaoe

OTcYTCTBJe Il3BeCTll

nnnrs

lI!OateT'1 OCTaHOBIlTh <pop~mpoBKY CReJIeTa neRonHTaIOIIIaro,

'ITO I!JIIl BOBce Y<lIlBl\en U3BeCTlI ORa-

il\!IBOTHOe, IIJU! ;J,t.:raeT'h ero 3bIBaeT'b caoe

Ilpn

aTOM'b, oreyrersie

asiaaie

COBeprneHHO He3aBl!CIIMO OT'b roro,

B'b KaIWM'b RO.llHqeCTBt ,n:OCTaBBaphIIpyeT'b COrJIaCHO RorAa.

.I11IOTCIllKIIBOTHhlM'1HeOOXO;l,llMhle ROJIJIOII,I\hln RpnCTaJIClOIl,I\bI. il,aJI'ile, nOJIOlKeHie, 'ITO npil npO'IIIX'b p~BHbIX'1 yc.'lOBiIIX'b poeTi C'h 1I3MtHeHie~1'h B'h CHaOiKeHiII rrIIIIIero, CHaomeHie lIIIIIIetI TeJIhHOM'h Il,apcTBt, aareaia ,I\OJIlKHOOhlTh

orpaaaseao

TtM'h rrpe,I\tJIOM'h,

lIpeBOCXO;I.IIT'h CIJOCOOHOCTbopraanaaa HOBhlX'1 sopaen, minnie npn n06trOB'b

YCBaHBaTh aTy nIIIIIY. B'b pacraCHapYlKll II MomeT'h OhlCT}}\)' aroro npa orpanonpe,n,tJIaMIl CJIymaCTpOlKe. II JIIICTheB'1, miaaie cBtTa I! remora, ropaaro

r,Il,'B ~ CBORIOma)! nOBepXHOCTh paCIJOJIaraeTClI O,n:HaRO II 3i\tCb

pa3pOCTaTbCR nyTeM'h oopaaonaaia He CTOJIb 3aMtTHO. CIJOCOOHOCTI! 'h ell YCBoeHiIO; ram, R maro ;(.'Il! pOCTa, Oe3n0.1e3Hhl. -~

11300IIJIill nIIrn:II orpaameao

OTCyrCTBiI! coaaeraaro

Momll ROTOPbIX'h npOIICXO;J;IIT'b r.1aBHhlll YCBOIITeJIhHbIll npOIl,eCC'b, II30bITKII aarepsaaa, B'h lKIIBOTHOM'1n,apcTBt aTO orpaameaie II

Ilorsoutanmaa
BHFpII xoropaa raiorca 06paTHO, Tt.1a,

nOBepXHOCTb iKlIBOTHaro B'! rpOMa,n:HOM'hOOJIhIIJlIHCTBt CJIyqaeB'b pacnoaoaeaa lIMteT'h cpaBHlITeJIhHO HeOOJIhIIJOe npOTHmeHie He MOlIteT'h OhlTb YBeJIlI'leHa.

OC3'b nepeCTpOIIRII noero liOB'h nunm; nee

opraanaua;

HaROHeIl,'h, OHa CTOIIT'h B'b CBR31l C'1 cocy,n:nCTOll CIIcTeMoll', npeaae 'ITO aa 'ItM'h B03bfOlKHO 0Yi\eJ'b YCBoeHi9 nammAOCTil' 1I3BtCTHlJMII npe,J,'BJIabIII, noropsre

TOiRe ;l,OJiKHa ObITb nepecrpoesa, aTO llCHO nonaanaaers, CpaBHIlTeJIbHO 6hlCTPO, ;I.a.lIbHtfrrnee ec.'lII npnamraerca paooTt

YBemlqeHie

nlIIIIII He Bhl30BeT'h YBeJIll'leHiR pocra, 3HaqIITeJIbHO rrpeBOCXOi\lIrn:ee nepesaTO, 1I30hlTOR'h, llBJIlfHCb IIpenllTCTBieM'L 3a;I.epataTh POCT'L, 'ltM'h YCIlJIIITh ero. sepOCTa llPOIICXO,I\IITh B'h OTCYTCTBilITtn RaR'h II TO, 'ITO nped.1bl

BHyTph RO.'lIIqeCTBO mnun, opraanaaa, ~IOmeT'h

pllB8Te.1bH) 10 II ycnoHTe.:IbHYIO cnOCOOHO~Th opraHH3Ma, R'b ,npaBIIJIhHOll nOHeqHO, lIIeCTB'b, Il3'h

caopse

lICHO a priori,

'ITO pOCT'1 He bfOiKen

ROTOPhlX'h COCTOlIT'1 opraanaas, He Bhl30neT'h exstra-pocra

TaR'1 jjW

;I.0.1JI\HbIynpaB.1lfTbClf llpelKAe ncero ntra-CHaOlKeHie CKOpO. ~e;J,YKIl,ill nosaasmaers pa3:Jn'IHblX'h OOlo;rmlbIX'1 'ITO 'I'bl'h n;I,JllUIX'h aa bIaTephll.IOB'h: crpoenie,

CHaOmeHimf'h 3TllMII Bern:eCTBa~HI; HO CTO.~hme O'ieBlI,I\HO, 'l'ro ;J;u;rrie II3B'BCTHarO llYHRTa, ROTOPhlll ,I\OCTllraeTClI rrOJIOlIwHiti, a cs ROTOPWIII naor, Hanoollte HeIl ;I.JR pOCTa 3aBIIClIT'h He OT'h ROJUI'IeCTBll. BCIO HeOOXO;I.II'JOCTb TtX'h oprannsaa crpoeaie CRop'Ee nemecras, oprasnaaa npe;l,t.1'h

3HaKmlHT'b IIH;I.YI,:u,in, lDleHHO: 'ITO Il,iHHOCTh nnura nocTpofIliY 'ITO npn paHte TiM'h pocn

on

ROJlI'IeCTBa

YC.10BilI HOp)Ia.1bHarO

OTHOIIJeHili MelIt;I.y nIITaTe.1JhHhlMII TIX'll npiearexocn;

neU\PCTBaMll, cymecrnysnnee

§ -lo.

surue

non

orpanmnnaers ;I.OCTnraeTClI.

Ho B'h CUJIYsero RO.'le6aIlill -

I\alK;I,arO opraansxa

B'h ROHIl,t ROHIl,OB'hnpeliparn:aeTClI'? HeOOXO,J,lIMO 3aKJIIO'IeH'}, B'IJ BpeMeHll, He ,n:0.1iRHbl CTaIlOBIITbClI opraH1I3MbI B'h rrpO)l.O.lllKeHie B03MO;KHoe ;I,.111.raanaro

IIOHliTHO, 'ITO XO,n:'h POCTa ~IOateT'h ObITh B'1 Ka;Ri\OM'h CJIY'Iat }3lde nee npn rrpe),tJbI nOHliTHO, 'II0 npnpamenie,

~IOllieT'h OblT1 Oo.'IhIlIe 1I3BtCTHOll HOP1Ibl: HO nO'Ie~IY aTH npnpamenia MC.1h'Ie II )le.1hqe CHUOlReHilI HX'1 ,n:OCTaTOqHbl~I1IMaTepblf.lIaMlI He paCTYT'h HallTIl raasaxt, TIn omEn na xarepin. 'IaCTH n K'h 1>YHKIl,illM'hopraamecsos rpers llepBblX'b

H HaKOHeIl,'h C;I,'B.1aTbCJlBOBce HeomYTIIMhlb!II? IIOqe'IY BCt

nenpepuaao,

BCCll CBOel! iKIl3HIl'? 1froohl npupO,l,t B'b

aTOT'b nonpocn, Ohl.10 YI;aaaHO,

bIbl ;J,O.lIlKHbIBepHYThCJI R'IJ 'ITO pacreaia n lKlIBOTHhlH

l-ll

COCTOllT'h r.'laBHbIM'b oopa3Q)I'h CII.1'b, HaSbIBaeMhlH

Ben~eCTB'1, naxo.iannnca

B'h HeYCTOI!'IIIBOM'1 paBHoBtciII-

BelI~CCTB'h, ROTOPbIlf, oy,:\yqlf npnaezeasr

B'b aTO HeYCTOlmIBoe

paanonscle

TIYTeM'hnoraomeala

COJIHeqHoi'! pai\ian,iefI, II cpe),bI

CHOBa Bhl,'l,t.1HIOT'h 3TH CHJIhl B'b ,Il,Pyroll <pOpMt,

nepeXO;I.Jl B'1 COCTOlIHieYCl'Oil.qIlBaro paanonscis. pa3HOCIITe.111 aarepsasom,

He

csnraa

BO;I.Y, KOTopaH TICnOJIHlleT'h pO.~h TICK.1IO'Iali TaR~e Tt }1HHepaJI'hHblH

;I..JIll TIX'b 1l3~I'BHeHiti,

Beu~ecTBa, KOTOPblll nrpaIOT'b II.11l naCCHBHYIO lUll C.1yme6HYIO PO:rb, Mhl }!OlKeM'L CRa38Tb, 'ITO opraansxu nocrpoeaa 1l3'h COC,:\IIHCHifl, ROTOPWI lIB.111IOTCli sanaeox b CIm],!. TaRH)!'IJ

92
o6pa30M'I. Cl0JhHble

IIH,:J)hU;IH BIOturin h01101l,J,1I II I,pnCTanOII),bI, B'I. TO ,he caxoe hOTOPbIC, HahOII1JlJlC1, C03),aIOTh 11 Tina,m __ IIpTlpOCT'I. llJ:a'!lI , -

opraanaonaunaro

Tina,

Bpe'IIJl llB1JlIOTCJl hOJI~OIqa~m

i.oropue, paaiaraacs,
ameci.aro lO,J,YIOTCJl sa ChO.II1hY OHlI

spncra no

llbI,'I.':ElJJllOT'b CJI1bl, pUCXO;J,) '!11l! opraHlI30BaHH1nm e II03T01I\, aaepnn,

:JTJl a30TIICT1Ill II 1nepO;J,JICT1IlT BCll\CCTBa JlB1JlIOTCJlO,'(HOBpe,reHHO II pOCTa n IICTOqHlII,O\I'I. cn nr opraanaxa, 06pa30BaHle aaeprm, IIOCTO%RY OHIT II31nIalOTCJI on reaeanca IIpe;I, l;JIbI TOrO

uarepsatawr
II,t1etl.

Ilrasa,
pac-

,:J;lil opra-

IIOCh01I1hY :JTIl VaTepbJIlbI

pOCTa, II IIOxa-

cneperamrca
npn

IIpII ) ,n)IlbIIIeHlII ;J,anH1IH II,'I)maa hOl0PWI sa

nOCTO.II1h) OHII B1Ira,J,bIBaIOTCJl

!.\ III pOCTa

'fep"l1.IIOB'b,

Pan xoropoe

C) ll\eCTB) IOT'b orrpe;J,tleHH1Ie

so rmecrsa
MO,hen
6bITb

IIIITaTelbHbIX'b norsomeao

CTP)RT) PHbIX'b $opMan pocn, oprannaua,

opraooraraa

lllI3AIOM'b, TO, hah'I. ) CBOeHHaro BtPHO TtX'1 ClI.1b1 IIpii Ho

HCOOXO;J,mIOCC1':E;J,CTllIe1I3'1 saaona

0 nOCTOilHGTBB aaeprra, He MOlten

B1IT€haCn

nO.IIO<Keme, ':ITO uarepia, MaTep"JI1a, II BctX'1 na hO.lIfI'leCTB'b BlIJ,UMaro

IIpeBOC10J,llT1 roro

Ol\a,heTCJl Hepa3l0;h1IBIIIlIMCJI eC1II 6bI Tt II na ,he cavua

nocrf
ThaHCll

pa3BIlTlJI Tpc6} e\Ibll'1 6bll0 1I na 6bI a6COJlOTHO II Bb TO'IHO npOlIJBl!;J,CTBO ,:J;OlihHO 6bITb saopraroHdC':ICn UOTCH-

HeBH,:J;TllIarO ;J,RnlhOHlil. ~~

::.lTO nOl0,Reme II1Ill\eBlIR nacroamee

,C10BlilX'1,

B8ll\eCTRa

JRO hO.IIU'leCTBaX'1 ) IlOTpe61}! !lIeb H11I,OTOPbIl! II3'1 nemecnn, 1I0':lc'r, B03'!Q,KeI!'1 'll;pt pOCTa 't O'1,HahO, ;)TO orpannseme no hpalmen

$op,mpOBame

CmIOM'I. )1,1>1t :JTO HO raxs,

II nOTO'!} ClI1M,

ncto.seme
He

orpaameno ina lbIfarO H1l3MbI (nur OT)lt;IbImo

paSBliBalOIII,UX'1 cmy, reH031IC'1 Bee ffie He 'lItHilen

He ilBJJlIOTCR cocraBH1DHI ,J,111a no C\ ru;eCTB) 06pa30\1'1 61arO;J,apn

CTR1fH ThaHeii,

npOlICXO;J,JIll\cil:

,hllBOTHbllI,

0 hOTOP"IX'1 MbI 3;l,BCh r taBHLBlb trsraa CHm paca, B iesers uo npncnocouramrs sa c060fr

BDpm!'1) II'IItlOn OTHOlIIeHIJI Ne,hJQ

1I3BtCTH) 10 cnOCOOHOCThllOflJOIIWHllI no Bh100P), COBepIIIeHHte B'I. rnrnrs n0f10ll\ae'IbHm semecnrs,

hOTOpOll onaCTII B3alI\IHblJI CTa)CIIaura-

HH;J,lIIllI':U }'f1I, II ropaaro

nentecrnaxn

I,b lIoTpe6HOCTiI'l'I. Bceil: C[ICTenr, HtI,oTOpOe) Clj,hall\Un ;J,1ll pa3BIITIR

1I0arOMY, eC1II HthoTOlmfI HOBnBIIIeOCl! noracmeme anepnu, .IIeHle'II'1 B'1 noraomeaur rORII3\I'I. OCTaeTCJIB'1 cInt, JhBHBaTIeHTCH'b OJ.IIaho, POCT'1 m!teT'h II11!r. '10\1'1, Mh'I. 4l0PM) , CTBa, ) IToTpe61eIIHaro npe;J,tl'1? na -

06bIhHOBeHRblll pacxo.n, HenpIIfO;I,HbI\'1

;I,1l! pocra,

II eCT[lI )NOH1IIIeRlC

IIoTpeOHOeTlI B'1 Hun ua C,'ItJaUHoe

eOlIpOBOih;I,aeTCll 3hBlIBU10HTHbnn

Bell\CCTB'h, npnrO;J,RbIX'1 )l1l! pOCTa, TO hOHcTaTupOBaHRbIlI parrse uee'WTpJI

nortonteanov;
~IbI Bee eme

orpamrreme
na nonpoc'1 -

II03TO'II) pocrs

B'1 06ru;e\I'b no mse-

I,OllIqeCTB, He n01) xrrm nO':le\I'

rrlITa1elbHbl\'1 onrsra

Bcru;eCTR'I. 3a BbIqeTo\!'1 nO'le\ry' arors

rrpoIl3IloJ.CTBO ,'IBIICTB1JI lIH;J,I!llIl;J,)a1bHbIII MeHhIIIe OTHOClInpupamema pa:nI'hpOB'h ;J,1, aIOTC!! nee l

T01bHO BCCH MaCChI, II HahOHeIl,'1 uosce CYll\eCTB)en nemecrsa, ,:J;01,ReH1>npn pa31\I!;pbI He oma, TelbHaro uo~yqaIOll\arOCJI sa

npexpamasrrca? BbIqeTO'I'1 paovna YC10B1JI\'1 _--

Bonpocs
aaepnn, TtmX'1, ;J,11aT1CJl see B'1

,'I.OBOlbHO

aanvrauopranuaroro, hah'b

a HtCh011hO panasm, II ntca,

nplI':IlIII'I., B'I. CII1) soropsn»

1I311IIneh'1 JIIITa-

norpaseaaarn InrtIOll\IIX'1 lInBpeHlII,

nposnvs

'1eHbIIIe no ~Itpt roraa

ffiIInOTHaro

;J,BJaIOTClI 60lbIIIe )J;aB1CHle,

O;J,IIHUhOB)IO

xacca,

a c1t;J,OBaTelbHO

rmltHlIlOTClI 'ITO xaaoe ero

hUh'1 h)UbI - 1!I60

CIloc06HOClb hBa;J,paTU'1'1 TO\ry aaaars

B1I,J,epltlIIlaTh II3MtpCIIllI mrlno

aaiaraevoe

Btco,n,

n3~IBHJIeTCll J,B}X'1 TiliKel1e,

uponopmoaarsao ItOTOpOe ro,'l'I. npHqekI'I. Cl0BaMIT, TlIroT1lHie nponoxomr» na COOTBtTHOU30BMHbIiI

IIpe,'l.rr010JhlBr'1,

CYll\CCIBO, hahOBbI

O;J,IlH'I. qJj T'I. B'1 B1IIIIllH}, ;r;OCTnraeT'1 roneps ihllBOTHO(, CTal0 pa3'1 'laCTeil:, nepexo.rs ero B'1 Boeem. 601bIIIe,r) paas

~J TORb,
J.PFmm

Ull B3aH'lfHbIl! COOTHOIIIeHlll ':IaCTctl., I1Il crpoeme IIOC1t,J,CTBlll :JTO!1 nepe'IIl,HbI? OHO \O.ITMHO Hah la;J,bIBaeT'1 na npOTIIBOCTOllTh B'1 BOCO'!1 HthOTOPbUI lI3'1 U.lIH BHe3allHbIII

He II3i1iHlWHC1, HalIpll£eIIlIO,

soropce

a B'1 TtX'1

C1y':l1111X'b,hoqa C) mecrsa,

BHC3UUHail ocraaoaaa

Bh ;J,BUffiCHle aroro

CTB}IOll\W MYChJ1bI ero 1I0illlITCiI uanpa.seme ~Ielh)ly Ti,f'1 M, Cb".lI1I II hOCTU ,BemqlIlII ~IOHU1I1HO yne1UqCIIllO paaa 601(blII)IO

B'1 BOCe.lfb paas 601bIIIe UpOTIIB'I. rrpeihHllro CBOIOcnocoouoon, BbIHOCUTb aanpaaeme nponopctqeHlil rr rrOTmf} ImtlOT'b B'I. 'leThlpe ::.lTO OTHOCIITe1hHoe }MeHbUIeHlO crrOCOOHOCTII epen

II10ll\a;J,1I 1[\.'1 nonepesaam 'It,r'1 paH1e

npoxaoon,

poe
1I0CllTh ;\aB;WHie BJIBUTh eaeprho B'b 'le'l'blpe paaa He

T 'b.

93
Y'IeHhllleHil! B'b CIIOCOOHOCTII asp B;J,Boe ;J,JIllHHte n H800XOAlDIa, 'ITOOb1

upemo.taraers
Tbo:

eme pa3ptat,

OTHOCIITe.1hHaro B'b TO'Ih,

II IIepe;\BlIfaTh

;\t.10

'ITO llIYCRPhI He TO.1bRO YB8JII'l1I.1TICh 1IX'b OO'beMY. OTCIO;'I.a O'IeBH,1;HO,

B'b rrOIlepe'lHO~I'b

HO B'b TO ;he BpellIH craan

rrOJTO'IY UP,YT'b rrp01I3Bo;J,lITb anepruo

QTO Ra,R,1;blfr MyCKY.'l'b Imten

lIponop~ioHaJbHYIO IWTOPbIIl )IeHte

TO.'[b1(o 1I0JOBIIHY TOIl rrpO'IHOCTII, II HalIp}[)ReHilnIb, :RIIBOTHOe oY;J,en

xasaa

rrpOll!BOCTOIlTb TtM'b TO.l'u,aMb C\ll(f'CTBa; H C.lt,1;OBaTeJIhHO urn

rrpoII3Bo;J;HT'h ,1;BHlKeHie aamero CIIOCOOHO BbIHOCIlTb TIX'b, n.m 1I0IIepe'lHI.IMH II3MtpeHiHMII. mnun rra otipaaoaaaie BHt Tll.1a RaR'b nepePOCTa. BTa rreOOXO;J,TIMOCTh Cpe;l,CTBamr OH'b pacnoaaraerr, RaK'b noraoECJII TaRllM'b B,J,Boe 0011llle

\OH\HO OOM,1;aTh ,rYCI,YJIa,m II I,OCTH'm

cs OTrrOCIITO.1bHOOO.lblllHMII
R'b orpanmeain U MI(l!'IllI

Pe3\

IbraTOM'b Han

nora eme

HB.11l0TCH rrelI30EmrrOe O'ieBlI;J,Hte,

YBO.III'leHie B'b pacxo;rE

lHPprin

II 1I0TO'IY COOTBErCTBYIOlIl,allremeania

1\len

esm

MI.I BOOOpaaIlM'b coot

,l;BllraTO.1bHI.III aanapars

If pa3C'lIlTaen, [,B,upan l,wraTh

W1Ril! CIIJ!I.I nOTpeOHbI ,\.1}[ Hero

1 III lIX'b pa3111ITill. '}lbI H3'ltpeHifi, Ill,UOmaR UOBepmOCTb O{ipu30M'b ro;!,'b Tm!y mll;neJ1HarO anna neraecrsa, ero ,!Ona

aaaexs,
-

'lTO B'b O;J,IIHaKOBI.IX'bTt.1JaX'b u.'lOlIl,a;l,b IWltHIlOtCIl, RaR'b TIX'b Ky6'b; a C.TE;J,OBaTe.1hHO B'b TO spean, pasa OO.1blllO, BtC'b, MOrJa semeorsa, c;J,t.1aeTclI OOJblllO B'b aoceus paas. ROTOPbll! npnxomrca npiOOp1lCTII

a aacca

C;J,t.meTCl! B'b 'IeTblpe Ha3a:\'b 'lt1!'b

aa C'lCT'1 noraomeaaaro

nor.'lOlIl,aIOlIl,al! nosepxaocrs

01IJO Heoo.'..o;!,ll'dO ;J;1l! paexoaoaaaia,

II CJlt;\OBaTCJI1HO I10.10-

lI,J,TIl na pOCT'1; reneps II He lII01!WT'b umero amBen

1l0fJlOTllTe.1bHali nOBopxHOCTb .MOllieT'b TOJlbKO ypaanpC;J.OCTaBlITh ;J..1J! pOCTa. I-talt'b OI.I HII ObIJ'b rpoIIaObrrOR'b accmnullIl,iu rpara Ha;J,'b rparoa, ~lhl

non bellTb paexo.r» ,JJ\PH'b ammrs, non B'b Ha'la'lE

1I30bITOI>'b

;J,1lIlTeJIbHo1l:lliH3Hll oprannaaa nO.1Y'IaThCl! nacrymeaie no

'ITO, eC.11IopraIlIr31l'b nepecraaers

;'I.OCTaTO,[HO ,1;0.11'0, ;J,0.1llieH'b HaCTYUUT1 )!OMeHTh, Roqa '£O~ICHT'b,boqa ypaBHoB'BCIIT'b nUTaHio RaI,'b Hen30ElliHO pH;l,'b snPJI,1;a. E;l,IIHa Tal;'b llie HeII30til\H0, 011 'IlIce.l'b scero

Cl<11in nb;J,BIIlliHoro paBHoBtciJI; 'llICeTb, Imr1lHHIOmlI,{Cl! naI,'b cieua; peopraanaania

ce rr., H3~rEHIlIOlIl,lIXCH liaR'b Kna,1;paTbI, ;l,O.llReH'b ObITb paso RYOI.I, C'b KaKUl'b upellqe

II.11IU03;(HO IIpeB30I1.J,eH'b PJIAO'I'b Mbl HII Ha'Ia.TfII 06a UlITaTO.1bHOfi enTpaTbl uarepsara, 06Cl'OllTCJIbCrBa cnoCO;l,ttlCTBJ en pacxo;!,'b CIUbl,

CTBClIlfblfi BbIlO,:J;'b II3'b 31'01'0 3aTpY;J,HeHiJI 3aR.1JO'laeTCIl B'b peopranaaanin lIIO PJI Tpeoyen pOCTa. ---

nenocpaieraeauoa
ooa

3,1[b,l'b )Be.IH'lIIBaen CillicTByIOT'b orpaamenho ,[P,l\lj pano;r,y,

TpaT~ liOCBOHHO,nosumaa

BEC'b opraansxa

CYlIl,eCTBYIOT'b,J,Ba ;l,pyrin Pa3C\WTplIM'b C'h nepl!(pepin vacca.

I13MEHIlIOlIl,iJICJ! oraomeaia

crenenuo
;J,pyroe

POCTa II IW.1II'IeCTBmI'b pac.'..o,1,ye~lOfi CII.1&!; O;J,HO II3'b Hun llie mry aa npOTlIBO;J,titcTByen. pacupcrsreaie KalK;r,mn npnpoclt numa CHa'[a.111 opranaaua -

Ton

h11lOPb111aarpaursaerca
J,I ~TOB'h pa3.10llieHil!.

no BceMY opraHII3,ry

II aa y;J,a.'leHie IIpOcn:ra, paCXO;J,YOMaa OO.1te B'b nporpeccin

Ilpu
TpnHO

Hit nepeaocs GblCTpofr, 'It)!'b [[PH

varepia, ra,

,1;O.1A{HaBOSpaCTaTb B'b ObICTPOll npcrpeccia YBe.llI'lIlBaeTCl! cpaannaars He Moryn mltTb C'b ;r,mlmIlI'leCIWIO a6C0.1IOTHarO

B'b xoropon

Ho Tali'b Ram, anaseaia.

,J,UHaMUqeCRin pacxo;J,'b 'I'eneps pa3CllIOTpl!.M'b

pacnperateain oruomeale,

Il,tHHOCTbIO paCIIpe,J,tJIl!eMI.IX'b

BClJ\eCfB'b, TO Bbl'lIlCaeHill BJOpoe TCU10ThI. B1

lIMeHHO n3'I'EHJIIOlIl,eeClI

oraomenle

)!eiR;'I.y npOIl3BO;J,CTBOM'bII paCIo;r,OM'b RO.1II'leCTBO Ten.10TbI, paanaaamnenca U ,1;Q.lliKHO II3MtHIlTbCIl TeUJIOTlI YBeJIlI'llIBaeTCIl B03paCTaeT'b XOTIl uorepa

nO;l,OOHbIX'b no CTpoeHiIO

opraanaaax's

on, rrO;\OOHbI.Xb iRe ;l,tiiCTBi1l:, UpOIIClO;l,IlIIl,IIX'bBO BCe'I'b 1lX'b BemecTBt, TQ],,[\O RaR'b II }IaCCI.I, T.-O. KaR'b 1Q011 I!3.1ltpeHi1l:. [[ He BIIO.Ill1l npOIlOpI(ioHaJIbHO eb MeHbllle1l: Ob!CTPOTOI1, 'It\!'b coGofi 60JIblllee TCfllOTa rah'b CrBal: y;(epmaHie TaK'b IJOCrOIl'fe.1bCTBa He JIB.'IllerCIf uacca.

YBe.'III'leHiIO IIOBepXHOCTlI, HO BO BCIlRO~r'b CJIy'lat

Tman1'b
H norovy RUIn

06pa30V'b OHO

YBoJUI'IeHie 'faCCbI T'E.m BJIe'!eT'b aa CIWY. O;l,HaRO, BblrOi\I.I nora B3r.lll.n;a.

remora,

cceperaers
II

yme BalliHI.I,

RamYTCJI C'b nepaaro ,J,tllcTBill oriparaoe OpraHHJV'b

crrYTHIIKo,n

opramnoosaro

Opraaaseosaa
nero uoc.11qA.lJ! Hero TeIIJIOTLI upo-

oripasyeroa norepa

BO Bpe~li! Bpe;!,IILIl'b

OtJll.1bHO, 'ITO norepa B'b ;J,tJ1cTllllTe.11HocTII

ell B'b 3TO npeua 'IaCTO aaV1l'laeTCIl

OOb!I>HOBeHHOHe H'fteT'b anreaie: OTh

IIC\o;r,lIT'b He;l,OCTaTO'lHO ObICTpO, '[rOOM orpanrn,

He,Re.lare.11Haro

94
'Ipe3!f'i;pHarO 06pa30M'b rrOi\'beMa BO speaa 06a TeMIIepaTypIJ. rrOKOlI, Rori\a

IIHi\YKIlJlI BIO.10fIn. IIO:nmIY BblrOi\bI KPYIIHbIX'b OpraHH3~lOB'b rro cpan-

HeHiIO C'b Me.lJ:KIIMII,SaBIIClIIIl,ilI 0T'b YMeHbllreHHaro pacxoaa

TeIlJIOTbI, CKa3blBaIOTClI r.laBHbIM'b H3BtCTHYIO -TeMIIeparypy. 'ITO IIX'b ,n;JI(pperJIaBHarO paKTopa.

IITaIn,

He06xo;J.IIMO

rro,n;i\epmIIBaTb

3TH BTopOCTerreHHIJlI ornomenia

Memi\Y pOCTOM'b II KOJIII'IeCTBOM'bpacxo,n;yeMblX'b H MbI MOmeM'b npII3HaTb, H3MtHIITb pe3yJIbTaTbI

CIIJI'b HaXOi\IlTClI BO

B3aIIMHOM'b aHTarOHIl3Mt, He MOmeT'b 3Ha'IIlTe.llbHO paKTaMII, HtT'b.

psanioaarsuue miaaie
CpaBHIIBalI

3TII .J,eAYKrriII cs

MbI IlII,n;IIM'b,'ITO B'b ntKOTOPbIX'b C.llyqalIX'b OHt He Ha6.'lIOi\aIOTClI onpeOCTaB.'IlIlI B'b CTOHaKJIai\bIBaeT'b caxa cneprs.

OrrpaBi\bIBaIOTClI, a B'b i\pyrIIX'b POHt

Cpe,J,II' paCTIITeJIbHarO napcrsa

,n:tJIeHHbIe rrpei\llJIbI pOCTa, KpOMt TtX'b, rpOMai\HOe KOJIII'IeCTBO paorealn, pa3MtpOB'b 3HaqIlTe.lbHblX'b

soropue

IWTOpblJJ HIIKor,n;a He npeBOCXO:\lIT'b OTHOCIITeJlhHOHe,n;allie roraa, rrOqeMY Iwr;la pOCT'b TaK'b 'ITO pOCT'b -~-

TaK'b KaI{'b, IlJIII rrt.llIIKOM'b, IIJIII OT'IaCTII, rII6HYT'b B'b KOHrrt' ro,n;a,

n OCTaHOBIIMClIaa Be I1MteT'b 3i\tCb

i\epeBbJJX'b; OHII ellierO,'l,HO OTCbIJIaIOT'b HOBble rr06trn,

IIX'b CTBOJIbl YlKe i\ynJIlITClI, nnmepraacs npei\tJIOB'b?

raleniro.

B03H1maeT'b

BOnpOC'b:

me

06'blICHlIeTClI 3TO TtM'b,

'ITO paereaia

llB.1llIOTClI nCK.'!IO'IIIpacroxoaaremxa,

Te:JbHO C06I1paTeJIlIMII, H TOJIbKO B'b CaMOI! He3Ha'IIITe.l]bHOfi crenenn RaK'b OHII nO'ITII BOBce He 06HapY1KIIBaIOT'b rpanr, IIX'b OCTaHOBIITClIB'b CIIJIY HaCTYII.1eHill paaaonscia TO HtT'b

OCHOBaHilI Oami\aTb,

MeiKi\Y aCCIIMmIll~ief[ II rparon.

Cpem
sie

;I{IIBOTHbIX'b bl MOlKeM'bOllm,'l,aTb TO;I{eTO.1bt{O M IIpII6.1J1I3IITeJIbHarO COOTBtTCTBilI. He roaopa TOM'b, 'ITO, KaK'b MbI YKa3blBa.'11I name, TtJIa He lTB.111IOTCll IIO.'lHt B y HIIX'b lIa6JIIO,J,aeTClI o,n;HOBpeMeHHoe i\tfiCTraaanaro; ornomeaie MbI i\O,'l;I{HbI IIOMHIlTb, 'ITO Mem;(j' pa3)ItpaMII PeJIbepHOCTb Ty.JIOcpanaenia 3aTeMHlllOIIl,IIX'b mianie

Y;I{e 0

MtHHIOIIl,I1XClIornourenis,

cpanaaaaeaua
eme

II0106HbHm:

BlIIIl,a II 'I.1eHOB'b, TY.l]OBHIIl,a II rO.'10BbI BapbIIpyeT'h CHJIbHO y~reHbrrraeTcll Tt.'!t B3pOCJIaro

3Ra'IIITe,1JbHO.

HerrOCTOlIHCTBOM'b OTHOllIeHiJI }fe;I{;(y COCTaBHbnm Bo,n;a COCTaBJIlIeT'b OT'b

'IaCTllMII Tlwa.

Bs

!meIWIIIITaIOIIl,arO

68

'IeCIWe BemeCTBO OT'b BO BpeMll YTp06Haro

24

i\0

28°/0
1

II HeOpraRII'IeCIWe BemeCTBO OT'b ~I.'leKOrrlITa~IIl,arO JICHO, 'ITO nepernrs

710/0, oprann3-5°,'0; roraa KaK'b

!l.0

cymeoraosaaia

BO,J,a oocranmers I13'b COCTOlIHilI, nplI oprannaaa,

87%'

opra-

RJIqeCIWe BeIIIecTBo TO.lbIW II3BO,'l,1IIIl,allC1uy xarepin

110 0,

KOTOPOM'(,rrpo-

COCTaBJIJIeT'b O,J,Hy ,'I,eClITylO ncero II

K'b COCTOJIHilO, npn _HaKOHerr'b

IiOTOPOM'b OHa COCTaB.1JIeT'b ;lBt Ha:\o eme YKa3aTb na TOme canoe

C'b rrO.l0BIIHolI )l;eCllTblX'b, 1(OJImeH'b 3HaqIlTO.1bHO 3aTeMHlITb :\tI1cTBIITe.1bHbIM'b oraomenieas. Bcefi cnoen mII3HII, II, 1I0:\;J,aIOIIl,ificH 06'bllCHeHilO. rOBOpJIT'b, 'ITO KpO-

napa.1,lIe,'IlI3M'b Mem,n;y l'eOpeTII'IeCKlIM'b K01IJ.lI'b IIPOi\O,'!lKaeT'b paCTH B'b reseaie noaaran, IIl,1KlI. To, mecrnoaauiem, pOCTa. RaKofi nO'IT!! Terr.l]Ol'bl,

O)l;HH'b PUKT'b, Tpp;HO

xaserca,

eCTb OCHOBaHie IIpC,n;OTHOClITe.l]bHO

OTHOCIITeJIbHOHtKOTOPbIX'b XlIIIl,HblX'b PbI6'b, HBJIlleTClI IICItlllO'IIITe.'!bHbl'd'b paIUmI'b,

HalIplIMtp'b

'ITO 3TII, cpaBHIITeJIbHO BbICOKO opraHII30BaHHbllI IICK.11O'IIITeJIbHoMY HeBbIlIo.l]HeHilO TtX'b oopaas 1I,II3HlI Be;J,en CJt;loBaTeJIbHO

lInIBOTHbIll He lIMi;IOT'b OlIpe,n;t06ll3aHHbl1!I'b CBOlIM'b cy-

JIeHHbIX'b rrpe,n;t,10B'b pOCTa -

YCJIOBiI1:,IiOTOPbIJI BbI3bIBaIOT'b npei\tJI'b Ma.'lO aneprin ,n;JIll rroi\,'I,epmaHilI

KPOKO;lIIJI'b? RPOKO;J,II.lI'b-mUBOTHoe X,1ai\HOKpOBHoe, I1.'11! OH'b TpaTIIT'b

X.1a,'l,HOKpOBHoe, II IIPIIfOM'b

OII'b 06blKHoBeRHo I1HepTeH'b: pt,'l,KO OXOTIITCll aa ,n;06blqefI, a Oll,lI,n;aeT'b me HtKoTopoe YCluilI, aa HarrpllmeHie TO,1]bKOBO BpeMlI CBOel! KOspeaa 0T'b 6.mroiJ,apJI He3Ha'IHTeJIbHOH IiO.1HqeCTBOCIIJIbl, cs CIIOObl'IHaJI aeonu IWTOPbllI eMY lIpHXOi\HTCJ1 ,'I,tJIaTb

ee, .'Iema cnOKOHHO; nperepnssaen. POTKOH 60Pb6bI npexean pa3Hllrrt C'b ,n;06bIQ81i. )J;pyrill y,n;tJIbHbIM'I, Btc01I'b

:\.'!J1 rrepe,'l,BIIlKeHiJI C'b MtcTa

MtCTO, He3Ra'IIITe.l]bHbl,

MemiJ,y

jRIIBOTHaro II BO,n;b1.TaKlIM'b 06pa30lI'b naaexaoe ropaaao mHBOTHoe. pasmnrs II03ToMY ero

IiOTOPYIO KPOKO,'l,lIJI'bTpaTHT'b B'b BlI1(t MYCKYJIbHOn CIIJIbI, He3Ha'IHTeJIbHO no cpaaneaho JIOIO, KOTOPYIO 06blKHoBeHHo pacrezyers MIIJIlIrriJI YMeHbrrraeTCJI, 6JIarOi\apll BIIOJlHt B03MomRO, 'ITO, 6JIarOi\apll TpaTt, MeHbIlIe, 'ItM'b

y ;lPYruX'b mUBOTHbIX'b; II Mem,n;y accmIlIJlupyeM¥M'b sa ace npeaa ml!3Hll KpO-

Ha'Ia.1]bHoit KpylIHolI

pacxo,n;yeMblM'b KOJIlI'IeCTBml'b BeIIl,eCTB'b, nOCJItiJ,Hee He ycrrtBaeT'b

KOi\I1JIa ,n;orHaTb nepnoe. To lite CnpaBei\JIIIBO 1I ;'\.1Jl IIJ,yKII, KOTOpaJI TaKiRe rrplIHalJIell,IIT'b ~'b XJIai\HoRpOBHblM'b lliIIBOTRbIM'b, TaKm~ Herro,n;BIIlKHOOllilI;\aeT'b ,'\06blQy II TaRme [!Mten B03-

POeT'b )lIO,hl!OCTh nO'll san, lIJlU' ace OOlJbIlIlll II 001hIIIlll POCTa ooa hOJIII'IeCTBa nama no '!lEpl1 pocra

95
BrJIlli\hly

llalleb 011IlRe B'b OOOlIi'b ilTIIX'b ffiIIBOTHhIX'b,Mhl HaXO,'l;IIM'b i\a1hHl1HrnU! OCHOBaHlIli\1II orcyrorma

onpersreaaarc
BeJIIIh'b II

npC;J;l1la

OHII CBOOO)!,Hhlon h) omrb

pacxo.n;a

MYChYllhHOH CII1hl

na rrpeozo rsme

CIIlIhl THrOTilHlH,

pacroaa,

hOTOPbIH Y HaSeMHhlX'b lKIIBOTHbIX'b C'b oasaro II3Ml1pCHlH nlJOTHaiI cpe)!,a nOMepnpo,n;OllAtHTe'IbHOCTh pocra } cyOO'1HCIIIlMOH lIch l1O'IllTe1bHaJI

!la'la ra
;hIlBaen

noapaoraen,
ero

nponopmoaan.no ) CllJlIll 00pa3'b

K'b

AtHBOTHOe oe3'b 46a

meCTB'b, Be,'lSlD,HX'b nOi\ooHbIlr

ihH3HII, 1113lJlleTCaTahlIM'b 00pa30'!'b

Boaepamaacs
Cpei\l1

nOJlOiheHlIIM'b, BbICKasaIIHbI'\!'b B'b npe;t,rnecTBYIOlD,eM'b napaB'b HeM'b SahJlIO'IeHlH ~roIltHO nopOCTl1 OTHorneHH~ MeAti\Y MbI BIIi\l1m, npa YBeJIII-

rpaqJl1,

'l!bI Bll;t.lIM'b, 'ITO 1I3'b Hl1hOTOPhlX'b C;J,illaHHhlX'b

WIIlTh nOY'IJITeJIhHbIe BbIBOi\bI OTHOClITellbHOnpe)J,illhHbD.'b pasMl1pOB'h lRIIBOTHbI}''h, OOIITaIOlD,HX'b

1'1, pa31H'lHOH

ocorieaao

lIMEIO B'b BlI)!,Yll3'\!l1HHIOlD,eeCIlnpn hOTOPOM}, hah'h

MaCCOJI II BHYTpeHHIIM'b CD,l1nJIeHleM'h, OJIarOi\apH 'f8RlJI I,aIl1en pa3'\!l1pOB'b, npOIICXOi\HT'b YMeHbmeHle lpaHeHlIO-OTHorneHlC, POCbI, hOTopaH BO.J,bI, noropaa
J P}JIHOIO lI3'b

B'b cnOCOOHOCTII K'b }!eXaHII'IeCKOMY caMOCO1fJ0PMl1 hOHTpaCTOM'b MelR,n;y oorsiorca nTIID,'h IIoqC'f} BMl1CTt Me ne CaMoIO C)meObi ObI

1I1J1IOCTpHpyeMoe B'b caMoII IIPOCTOH ero eC1II xaoro OT'b l\alleJIb P0cbI

~rolReT'b }il,eptElIBaTb CBOIOc$epOll,n;aJIbH} 10 $Op'fY, II pa311IITotI ~raccofi (.I\OhaSaTellbcTBO lIChJIIO'Iaen TYHTOB'b Bl1ca 'ITO arn HelleTaIOlD,lIX'b) nrnnu sera

;t;OlihHa oripaaonan.oa, JleTaIOlD,lIX'b nTIID,b

~IR1JIeTCll MH)I,OP'b, hOTOPblH ,n;ocTnraen CTBJCT'b nTIID,'b BemqlIHOH XIlIIIHbll1 oopan 601bJIlInm npelI\!YlD,eC1Bmm

30-40

co CT[OHa~ IIpe;t;IIOJIaralI,

rnraaroma

lKUSH!!, MbI )l;01MHbI ;t;OnYCTlITb,'ITO B'b i\OObIBaHlI! IlHlD,H OHl1 no rssonamos OOCTOllTelbCfBO, aa MeTeH II

h'b IIX'b yCJI~raM'b ObI'l1I ObI hPYIIlIblH MJIehOIIlITaIOlD,III OqenlIi\HO, soropoe Ohl y,n;ep~} CRYObl ilTOM'b llTIID,l1 npnunocs CIIOCOOHOCTbAte

upnsuaoio

OTCYTCTBIHnO;t;OOHbIX'b CYlD,eCTB'bHBJIlIeTCH TO caaoe

'[bI ) ha3bIBa 111

paafe

lIMeHHO, 'ITO Bl1C'b, hOTOPbIH npa

«IJlL,1Tf, B'h B03)1,Yx1l, B03POC'b 6bI B'b h~ 011 H3MilpeHlll, 10Th npOTlIBOCTaBIIT}>Tl1 10 m.o, hah'b

nanpaaeua,

hOTOPbIl! HeOO}'O;t;!!MbI ;t;JIII noaera, Ho eC111 Obi ,'l;aihe ~lChy'lbI B03pacTaHlII pacrnrasama

B03pOClIa

RBd)l,paTbI Imr1lpeHIH 'ITO hpl1rrocTb

lIfOflJH npoTlIBoCTOlITb TOH Bl1ca B'b h) oax'b, )J,OllMna nop-

pact
\,he

IrIIndIOlD,elI ClIlll1, I\OTOpOII OHII IlO;t;BE'praIOTClI,nee <he npa B'h ClIlI) roro, ;t;Olll ChaIOlD,TIX'buo iers, CTOIIMOCTII paCXOi\ye'\!oJi

'!YCh) 110B'b BbIJIle lI3Bl1cTHaro

Ball CiI, rrp(';t;l1l'b Pd3\I1lPOBI), rrper\lIleC1B013aBJIlCM'b rraparpalfJi B03paCTaHlIO sro ~1I31010rn'IeChOH npe.'\l1la ,ha3blBaeMoe

;t;01ffieH'b ObITb ChOPO )J,OCTJIrHyr'b B'b

rrpe;t.l11'b paS'l!l1pOB'b lJeTaIOlD,IIX'b C) lD,eCTB'b ObI'l'b rrpllIlIICaH'b

aaepnn

O;t;lIahO BeCb\ra

BilpOHTHO, B'b YCTaHOB03MOlltHbIH POCTa C'b )l;BIIClIOH'b,

3;J;l1Cb Me\aHII'feChOe 00pa30M'b

B'b

npeIIllTCTBJe IIMl1ern

OOJlbmCe SHaqenle npel,l111'b pOCTa,

1110HIll .'\aHHaro

IIO;t;OOHbIlIf'b ,He A-IlPOTHbH'b, ,hllB}nVL\''b sa ;t;BllffiemlI'm rp) ;t;bI

jCTaHaBlJlIBaCTCIl 3Ha'fIITelbHO CpaBHIIBall

nparimn
Hl!SIIIllI,

.J,11I Ha3e\fHbIX'b d,IIBOTHblA'b, Ilpe;t;1ln BO.'\E

'l1m'b I,paifHIlI

rrpe)l,i'l'b

i\l1JITeJIbHYIO nOi\BlIihHOCTb cooalill COOOH nporyJIIIBaIOlD,IIlCll Obi corion

ffiClIlllMIl hOPOBbI, 001bIIIJJt Bl1C'b soropon, MHca, MOmHO ceG E M Bo06pa3IITb, He aa hahyIO rperiyerca Ml1CTO

OqenII,'l;HO, npclIlITCTB} eT'b )KIIBOCTTI,llJII! HaOl!IO.n;aII

hOTOP}IO npe;t;CTaBmlen hapTllTIY

npejcranmo
lilITa

(eClIII ObI OHO cYlD,e-

CTnOBallO) Ha3e'lIHOe ffiH130THOe, mi1lIOlD,ee pasMl1pbl

()l,llIIHHbIe ;t;lIH03aBpbI He OblJlII Bee He B'b COCTOHHIJI ObIlIO ObI nepeOT-

crcu naccnauu)
C'b Ml1cTa

HHhal,IIX'b .I\OIta3aTeJIbCTB'b, 'ITOObI YOl1)J,IITbCH,'ITO no-

;t;06Hoe CYlD,eCTBOHe Mono ;t.BnraTbCH

l) TeTB}en

ObI croars,

Bs

II Yihe hOHe'IHO BO;t;l1 Ate

IIO'IT!! COBeprneHHO,

eC1I1I He ncetrsro,

TO p;aBJleHIC, soropoe

IlPOlI3BO;t;I!T'.baa

opraHH3aD,IIO J!{lIBOTHaro EtC'b pa311lI'IHbIX'b

('10 'laCTerI

IIOilTOM) B03MOihHO, 'ITO B'b BOi\l1 rllaBHblM'b, ORa3bIBaeTCH orpaamemo

B'b

ectn

He ei\llHCTBeHHbIM'b, npe-

IlH1CTBJeM'h ;t.UI pocra

hOIIII'ICCTBE .l(OObIBaeMoH nlIlD,II 'IbI MOlltm!'b Yha3aTb ua CTO'lKHOBeHle BO)J,HbIX'h,KIIBOTHbIX'h lICXOi\II ll3'b roro

l1pCffi;.r,e 'Ih'b nOhOH'IlITb C'h ilTII,\!'b nnnpocovs, pa311I'IHbIX'h BJIlllHlH, noropoe CB1l3aHO C'h pocrovs

IIOIOlReHlll, 'lTO MyChYllbl MoryT'h oriopaarsca B'h CJIY'lat 'Ipe3Ml1pHaro HalIpHlKeHlH, Mbl naAIl"'b, 'ITO Me ~11111 hpyIIHbIJI JKIIBOTHhlH,C}'O!l;HbIII O BCeM'h hPOMl1 pasatpons, II B OllaSbIBaIOTCII

96 II
eC.m ObI rrpI! ;:J;BlImeHiu

IIHeWRn;I!f EIO.10rIIr. IWTOpyIO OHIl 1I0ryT'1 npenarcrnin passnrs. cpe,J;bI, 11)

B'1 paBHbIX'1 YC.TIOBillX'h OTHOCllTe.lhHO RO.1l1'JeCTB'b aneprin, HM'1 He

rrpIIXO)l;II.'IOCb npeozo.rsaars

nn RpynHbll1, HII Me;]Rill lKHBOTHhIll He HM'llJIII ObI ;J;pyr'b nepars ;J;PFOlI'1 HIlR3RlIX'1 .IIP~ml) lll,eCTB'h B'h OHCTPOTB /l,BllJR€Hill. 1I.0 conpomnrenie epe,J;hl ORa3bIBaeT'1 113BicTHoe B.1IHHl0 II npn rrpO'lllX'h panmm, YC.10BillX'1 )l,aeT'1 IIpeIaIYlIl,eCTBO 00.11:e KpynHOMY lKnBOTHOMY. Bhl.lO Hall;I,eHo., omrraaas rryTe\I'h, 'ITO CP;HY, ITOCTpOemrmry, RaR'h aTO 06hIRHOBeHHO n ;J,tJaeTClI, Tam" Phl6bl, 'ITO ero 3a;I,Hell 'IaCTll, aaocrpmonrencn eonepmeaao TaR'b

me,

Ral,'1 XBOCTOBblll soaem-

IT rrOrp};KeHHOH B'b BO,J;y 60.11>e rrepe)l;Hen,

TaI('h Ha3bIBaeMoe "IW:RHOe

npIIXO;(HTC!f IIpll ,J;BHJIWHlH 'ITO IWlliHoe rpenie

r.JaBHWI'b 06pa301l'h

rpenie".
B'b

npeoro.rfmanrrOI'.10ncrpaMomen

CpaBHIlBaH .J;BB pbI6hI pa3.'UI'lRhn. 'b pa 16YAen rr 'fTO B'b 60.1blIIell pbI6t II IIOTOMYOO!IhHIaJ! pbl6a

\I'hpOB'1, HO BO BCCM'h OCTa.1bHo}I'b tnO,J;HbIH, }IbI BII;I,Inlb, IIIaTb y 06dmx'b aneprin, IWTopaH aapoaoaeroa 'ft~I'b TIITCII ~IeHbIH3H ;:J;O.1IIBceil: eJ! aaeprin, TaKlIX'h RpYIIHbIX'h pb16'b KaR'h aRpa. ,J,eHiH B'h MeHbrneil,

opraaaa-rs,

,'lOCTH'Ih 60JlhIHeII CIWPOCTH Hpn ,J;lllIlI(eHiH. Ha

;JTO~I'h ocnoaaain

B03110)RHO cYIIIecTBOBaHtt' TO.llbRO I1plI aananee 3aBHCllT'b OTb Hl 6bI BOTICe ,J,O.lRaR'h ;JTO naO:IIO,J;aeTcli

puoa

Ilpn

YC.I0BiJ!H

;KH3Hl! Ph16'h, ecm xopra (lophins), ORt IIIIII~H.

He nO:Ih3) erca HpH

lIo;J,cTeperaHleil'h HaHpIIM'ilp'b Y npeml) mecma

;lOOh1"HI 113'1 3aca!l,hl,

B'b llCR.1IO'lHTeJhHblX'h CJY'lallX'h, OHCTPOThl ,J;BlImeHiH; II cYIIIecTBoBaTb mrl>:m YRa3:1HlmrO ~leX:1nll'leCImrO

xopesorc
nepeJ,'b

paBHhIX'h npO'IH,{'h Tpe6 e,raro

YC.10BiJ!X'h, BC.IlI 6bI RPYHHbIl! pbIUbr ,re.lIanm, He xoran ROllI'leCTBa

§ -de 7.

He ~IOr.1lI 6bI l!OlllIaTb

O'lenJI,J;Ho, 'fTO 3HT3rOHII3M'b 1reaqy PYKOBO;(J!IIIeIOrrpH'IllHOIO pasanm, rpeoyers xo.rmecraa li'h

HaROIJ.TeHimI'b II pacxo;:J;on :tftllJHh,

aneprin

a;en'b

anarsca

B b POCTt pO,J;cTBeHHbIX'b opraHII3MOB'b, KOROTOpyIO BeHU ,J;il.lhiW.1II'leCTBa ycn.lilI, II paazenunanie ~IO.leKp'h: roro, ea, HUnp:1BJleHHbIX'h 'faCTb H~

ropue
na

BO MHOrnX'h oTHomeHiJ!AT> Haxo;:J;J!1 ClI B'h CXO,J;HbIX'hYC.1oBiJlx'h. lJ,3BBCTHaro cpernaro

,J;eT'b K3if\,J;oe llilIBoTHoe, ,J;06hlBaHie .rannaro

H.lII

nnraran.nsm,
paapunaaie oT;lil.leHilO

BeIIIeCTB'b; 'laCTh YCIlJliil: nanpaaaaeroa

coonpanie HtlIHIie ycn.Tie Te:rbHoe roro

nOfDIRY IIIIIIVI, 'faCTb aa Be,J;Ymie B'1 3aBIICInIOCTll

rrpOn;eccbI, B3pblIpyen ORa3hlBaeT'h

on

rrnraTe.1bHbIX'b

nO;JTO'IY, Tpe6} C\IOC ll.1lJ HeaHa'lll3aBIIClIB'h OTE1> pad-

II300H.1ill II.1II HP,J;oCTaTlm B'h ,J.OObI'l'B, B'h 3asn CII-

\lOCTlI OT'h crenenn

ea IIOl,BlllliHOCTlI, B'b saBlICHMOCTlI ORa MexaHHqeCKOe conponm:Ienie en cooroania. II roro iKe 06pa33 II

on

6o.lbIHoe

npn ilwBaHin,

II naROHCn;'b B'I,

'IOCTII OT'b lRlI;I;RarO !I.m TBep,J;aro iKe caxaro B1qa aomeain rrpe;l,t.mx'h '\{e)K;!,YHaROII.lenieM'h iIi1I3HII, 6y,J;yn

IIOaTO'IlY, ecrn

;!,allW MeOK;I.YjKlIllOTHmm I13BtCTHbUl pa3.'III'IiJ!

,{W3Hl! na6.'IIO,J;ulOfcn HTIKOTOPbIHpasnnia 1I mItcT

pacrozc-n.,

C'b Tt\I'h

pOCTa, TO 'fbI BIIO.1Ht B'b rrpaB B OiRII;!,aTb, 'ITO pa3JJ!lQHhIe BII,J;bI: Be,J;YIIIie 1nrTITb ,J.il.18KO HeC\o,J;HbIlI oraomenia pOCTa. YI(a3blBaIOT'h aa O'feHb o6IIIee II IIOTO\JY HCC10,J;HbJe lJpe;l,t.1bI

.1WlHbIil: 06pa3'1 II pacxo,J;o'I'b, r.racie

C'b

1IeiK;l,Y aanonienievv CO-

XOTJ! pariTb!,

6y,J:}'f1I YCTaHOIl.18Hbl JIH,J;yriTHBHbI1I'h IIynl'l'h, q)aKTOpbI, E.lilllOIII:e na poers,

::JT!UI'h ,\e,J;YRTHBHbHI'b BbIBO,J;O~I'b; }[bI Bee )l,e Ha\l'h Ha,J;O pa3C}IOTptTh

He ~IOme}J'b ero

HpOCJl'B;lllTh Cb

IIO.1HOll rrO,lpOOHOCThIO, TaR'h Rali'h

§ 48.

1IHOrO'lIIC.'IeHHbI. He r.13BHYIO, IIplI-

O,J;HyUd'h Ca\rf,IX'h BalRHblX'h, ecnr

'flIHy paannia

,opranH3:1IOB'b

B'h pa3wRpa11,. lIepe~'b

IIPO;l,0.1";t;IlB'b H'BCROJlbRO ;l,U!lhHIe npe,J;bl;l,YIIIill r;p}nHbnIll, 6.1arO,1,aplI TO\lY, QTO npH HpO'lIll'b paeXO;(bI OO:IhHIe, 'l'B\I'b Y RpYlIIIbIn; TepJ!eT'h 1I36b1TOK'b Bb aeonHo 'ltM'h onpe-

pa3CY;K;l,eHill, )lbl BOlI;:J;eM'hBb CYIIInOCTb ;1,t.1a. BhDO nORa3aHO, 'ITO ~la.1eHbRill MO)lOil,hlJ!iKlIBOTHhlJ! oo:ra;(aIOT'b IIpemlYIIIeCTBO'I'b II MbI BlWBJ[II, 'fTO, l'B.1aHCh paBR!>IX'b YC:IOBiRX'h Y HIIX'h aCCmmJHIIiH }m.1UpYIOIIIell cnocooaoorn, ,J;'R.1JIeTCHY anus CIIoc06HOCTb? .1H10H\mm
llOTOpbrIr

npeaocxomrs
UbI.1b

RpYIIHBe, iKIIROTHoe nOCTeneHHO evy

cBoi1cTBefl'b, If B'h IWHn;t KOHIIOB'h He 110Be.11IQIIHil, ;JTa arnun I136!>ITO'lHaa

meT'h aCCII\ITIJnpOBaTb 60.1'Be, 'llnn aCClDfH.1!fpYfOIn;3iI CIua'?

HymHO ;I,.1l1 }paBHoB'BIIIIIBUHiH rparsr. OHII 110.10,J:bl II !IaJIbI, lle.1Hl\a pocra? pasunua "em;!,y sa

iKHBOTHblX'1, 1I0Ra

Y
Htn,

nC'1lX'h .rrr iR1lIlOTHbIl'h O,J:IIHaKOBaJl H36hITO'fHall TO Imn E'b OIBBTaAb aTII noupoca

accmIllJlupYIOIIIal! nI Hall,J,elI'b

II

ecrn

1I3UbITI\a1IH, onpea l;-

paannia

B'b rrpe,\B.laU

PO CT,]).

97
OhlTb rrpmracaasr iRlIByT'b H8 6hlR,]) O'IeHb CUJIbHOrrpeBOCXOB'b

06'bHCHeHiH MHOnIn IHl O,l(HOil: H3'h paHte ;J,1lT'bosny rro cnoea

'[OM'b iRe CaMOM'b.'Iyry,

pt3RHX,]) Macct. aaeprin

pa3llH'Iii!: 06a

B,]) POCT'll, ROTOPWI He MorF1i rroRoJI'ImiH

pa306paHHbIX'b npH'IHH'b. HarrpuMtp']), iRHBOTHhIH H3'b

nORoJIlmie

nlITl1HCh ToH iRe caMon TpaHOfi, nOJIY'JaroT'J, :1T0T'b ROPM'b C']) paBRO H rrO'ITJI He OT.1JU'IaroTcH rro CJIOlKHOCTH caoea opraansanin.

Ile3Ha'IHTe:JhHofi rparon II3Y'Iali

OTRY,l(C:I iRe B03HHRaeT'b HX'b rropalKaromee HeCXO,l(CTBO B,]) 06'])eMt~ HB.1JeniHpOCTa UH,I(YRTIIBHO, Mhl YRa3hIBl1.J111, 'ITO opraH1I3MbI BbICIDHX']) n 60Ua'IIIHaroT'b osoe cymecTBoBaHie, B,]) Ra'IeCTBt c.llY'Iat OT,I(tJIhHOil: MaCChI opMhl BII,l('ilJIH, 'ITO ,l(OCTHraeTCH60JIhIDofi Tt~f'h 3HC:I'IllTeJIhHte .1te RpynHbIX'b rnnom, BHyTpH 060Hn

raHll'IeCKOH MaTepiH, UMllH YlKe 3Ha'IUTeJIhHYro BeJIU'IHHy. rOBOpH Boo6me, opraHU'IeCKHX'b

nomapcrm,
ssnne

TOJlhRO B'1 Ton ;I:OJI1!WH,])6p;eT'h

06'heM,]), ROr)(a Ha'IaJIhHhIH 06'heM'h H Ha'Ia.1IhHaJIcrania 'IcbI'h CJIomHte ;KH3Hh, ROTOpyro opraHH3M,]) rrCpBOHa'IaJhHbIfi 06'1eM'h H rtM'h nepeonaraasaaa

opraaasauia opraanaania,

YlKe 3Ha'IllTeJIhHhl, II 'ITO

aecrn,

Me)l,YRTHBHoe TOJIKOBaHie aTOH HH,I(YRn;iu JIy'IIDe seero

Ha'IaTh C'h

repronem,

aaanoria.

YJIJI'IHhIH
sa )l,eHh

arre.llhCIlHaMU nO.llY'Iaen

caMhIll IlyCTlIIDHlIll

6aplIID'h

OT,]) Ka1K)I;OHC)I;'llJIKU, H, sa

uCK.'lro'IeHielI'h C.IlY'IaeB'h HeOObII{HOBeHHOIiY)(C:I'IH, eMY BpJI)I;'h-J1HY)I,aCTCJIsaparloran, OR'h OKa3hlBaeTCJI B'h TtX'h KaJI poaaasnaa ll3'1-3a
RbI!!. HeJH8HHTe.IbHaro

60.lbIDe 'ItM'h CROJJbRO Re06xo)l,IIMO ,:I;JIJI Y,1;OBJIeTBOpeRiJI HYiR)l,'h,TaR'h 'ITO aa cJIt,l(yrorn;ee yrpo ero iKe yc.'lOBiJIX,]), 'ITO U HaI(auyut. llO,l(OORhnfh me 00pa30~I'h ~Ie.llTpe6yeT'b oo.rsmoro Tpy,l(a TOprOBi1JI rro <FyHTy 'IaR H rro IIO.ll<FYRTacaxapy

,11.OXo~a. HMHHaH
HMtT.b

C'b RarrHTaJIOM'b B'b HtCKO.llhRO <FYRTOB'b,p03HU'IROMMep'IeCROe

ToprOBeu;'h ne ]WaWT']) roaapoas,

)J,OCTaTO'IHOOO.1bIDYro.1JaBRY IVIH ,ll;OCTaTO'IHOe H306uJIie 01:1']))lo6bIBaeT'b aRORO,J;OJI1KeH'harpaa

II

paaaooopaale

ROTophIe II03BO.1IIJIH 6bI Cyy nOBeCTII nmpoaos 6t,:l;ROMY .'Iro)lY; II36tralJ

:rEJIo. OH'h i\O.lllKeH'h ;J,OBOJlhCTBOBUTbCH rrCHCOM'b n nOJIlIeHCOM,]) ROTopHe Il} TeM'b Mem;OII )IilI IHTh xaoro MOlKeT'h OH'1 CROTIUTbcauue nycraxa, ,1;eueh,

npoxaaa

,1;OJIrOB'b,TO.llhIW rryreM'1 RpafiRefi P03HU'lHhIH II RpOMt roro soropue

RpYIIUbIfi

ropronem,

'lTOOhI OOCTUBHTbCOOTB1l1'(;TBYIO~nM'h 06pa30M,]) csoe rrpe,l(rrpiHTil.:: eme OH'h ;r:O.lllKeH'hlIMtTb CBOero 3TIIX'h 1I1lJIe1I, II 60.1Ite H Tt pacxo.m, npH,1;eTCJI,1;tJIaTh, noaa

60.1hIHYro Cy}IM)' i\O.1dteH'h OR'h BJlOlltUTh B'h ronaps; OO;r:RhIHRUmI1'U.1'h, '11'001,1Bhrn:ra'IlIBaTh aarparu OH'h ]!ojl(eT'h ;J,t.'laTh RpyrrHlIJI npnraam 1IHOrO'IUC.1eHRhIJI papameaia n DlI;J,'B xannram HhIX'h .iaro B'h npampiaria. onparsraerca ary 6aplIIHa.

06epHYTCJI. Ha'IUHaJI ,l(lmo C'h )l,OCTaTO'IHhIMlICpe)I;CTBU~m;J,.Il51 Bcix'h II TaRU}l'1 oripaaoxs

npioopsora

60JlhIHie

llo,J;06UhIM'h me 06pa30M'h npynaae XO,1;'hnasonrenia

;)TOn,

KomlepCaRTbI

<pa6pUKaHThI, 'IT06hI IIOJIY'IaTh ,1\OXO,:l;'hhICJI'laMll, T

;J,O.1jKHhIrrOJIOlKIITh ,l(eCJlTKII ThICJI'!'h B,]) 60raTCTBa 'Ie.1JOBtRa H3MtpJIeTCJI Kpmf'B JICR:Jro'IIlTeJIhROO.llarOrrpiJlTaaxanaers RamMhI RaH,J,eWb B'h onepaniaxs HWBeTCHrpara,

Hopose,
anarorin

1l30blTKOM'h ,!I,OXO,l(a Ha,J,'h pacxO,1;OM'b; a ll36bITOR'b CJIY'IaeB']), opraanaaa Tt nannraroxs , ;'1;1;.'10. ~~-

C'1 KOTOPhIM'h ,l(aHHOe !llln;O

Ilpararaa

K'h opraaaaaaas,

;!(e Tpl! KOHe'IHlIe 3.1eMeHTa.

B!I,tCb

Heo6xo,1;IIMaJI ,1\JIJI

,l(06blBaHiJI II fiepeaapanaaia semecraa, aemecrsaan, raen,

llIIrn;H, HM1;eTCJITaKlKe BaJIOBOll 1\0XO,l('h B'b BHI\'B JIUTaTeJIbHarO II.lIII rO,1;Raro ,l(JIH aCCUMlVIHn;iu II, RaIiOUen;'h, IIMteTcH pasBern;eCTB'h H TtMIT IIUTare.lIbHbIMH pa3HOCTh sra MOiReT'h6hlTb na rroJlY'IeHie )l,OXO,ll;a 'ItM'h CUM, CRphITaa orpaaareas

aCcmIMJIlIpOBaHRaro

HOCTb MelR,:I;Y ;)THM'b BaJIOBbIM'h iJ,OXO)l,OM'h llUTaTe.llbHlIX'h lWTOPhIJI 6bI.'!H 3aTpa'IeHhl CH.m ueasme, rrpHparn;eRilI rrpJI6bl.'IblO mIR IIDTepeft. Bo BCHROM'bcJlY'Iat 'ITO IICTpa'IeHHaJI HCHO TaKlKe, 'ITO pa3}Itp'h xOil,a Ha,1;'.b pacxozous; IIX'h YCJloBifI:

HCHO, 'ITO cyrn;ecTBonaRie u36bITRa rrpe,J;IIOJIaB'h aCCmHI.ilUpyeMoit IlHIIl,t. Bemr'IuHOlr H36hITKa IIpHO,lHOBpeMeRHocTb06061IJI'h 6bI cpaanaHCHo, npemo-

B'h POCTt

TaRHM'h 06pa30M'h HpyllHblil: pocrs nnranie II rpara nponcxomm

npemoxaraers

'IT06hI ll30hITOK'b IIUTaTe.lJhHhIX'h nemecrns oprannsaa TpaTHTb

ua,l('b rparoro

TC.1JbRO BeJIHR'b H 'IT06hI 'ITO CIlOCOOHOCThKallt)l,aro pa3MtpaX'h

B'h RPYllHQ}!'.b MaCllITa6t.

B'h 60JIhIDHX'b pa3Mtpax'b

H B'h 60JIhIDllX'b

aCCIlMlIJIHpOllaTh,

'ITO Heo6xo,1;HMOil:.IllI 1I0!lY'IeHiJi RpYIIHaro IlpHpOCTa,

CIIEHCEP1>c OCHOEAH. BIOJIOrnr.

98 .raraers
pin CYll\CCTBOBaRic npynnaro Cpe;I,lI paomrenaaro caIOTCIl B'h raaaa: coOnpaTe.1IIMn pascyaqeHilt H B'h oo.~te

lIH;J,YRIl,llIBIOJIOrm. ifJlI3io.10rIPleCKarO amocrpauia

sannrara
aroro

B'h BI!)\t

OpraRII'IeCKOH xareH He OpO· pacreaia

urn )lCRi;c 1l0;1,BHHYBIllCiicl!B'h CBOeM'h CTPYRTypHO}!'h pa3BIITiH.

uapcrsa nOJlOlKCHil!HcnpaBlI,lbHhI IIPIJqIlHOii aTOMY O'lCBII,'IHO IIB.TIl!CTCIl O, 'ITO, oY,'I.Y'In IIpmmYIIl;eCTBeRIIO T

O'leHb HC3Ra<!UTC,lbHOH eTCnCHI! paCXO;:J,OBaTc.1lfMll aaeprin, n'h paCTCHiH (sa UCK.1IO'IeHicM'h rpUOon'h rpyxa, II

TO.%I\O OT'IaCTJI BhIIIO.1HJlIOT'h Til. npC,'InOCbI.lIKII, KOTOPbIlI :ICllian

Ilmna

ocnonf npC)(hI;:J,Yll\1Ll.'h HtKOTOPbIX'h napaanrom) ;1,.JlI

lKH3ReHRLIC aa II'h XOPOIHO yrwpeHl!BIHIICb aasaaa llpm,lla;1,hlBaTb

llC'lJX'b, B'h 3Ha'lIITC,lbHOii CTcnCHII, O,J,IIHaKOBa, II Be'l'; OHll OMblBaIOTClI CIO C'b IIOBCPXHOCTII TaK'h, 'ITO uoryri, nponeccu cnomry IIOr.10ll\aTb ee Oe3'h noasarn a 1I0TOblY II BC'.!; lIn IIO'ITU ncenfuo ne,J,yn It'h no.1Y'IelIilO oapuma. osoero pacrenin

Pass

y;J,OOHOM'h~!'BCTt, pacrcaie

MOll,CT'b TaKmn

OOpa30M'h C'h caaaro IllUP0l(YIO 1I0ry, B'h Tt

KaIIHTa.~y 3Ha'IlITC.1bIIYIO sacrs cd.lIaTb. O)l,lIaIW II

Ba.lJOBOrO 1I,0XO;1,a; II BCIWP'.!; OHO IIO,1Y'lIiTh XOTIl nCpBOlIa'laJlblIO II aa lIn OlIO II He ~!OMeHThI 1IX'b jIm3HII, ROr;1,a OHI! JlBlI(I!3H('HHaro saII n03BhlCIITh jj;II3Hh

B03MOlKHOCTb1I0BeCTII CBOII IIpOll,eCChI aa MOrJlO aroro paannria, nnrara.

JIllIOTCIl paCxO;1,OBaTe.'lllMII ,meprill-IIMeHHO, TaI,'h, Mo.~o;J;oe .tepeao

BO Bpe~Iil npopacrania

IICPBbIX'h cTa,J,i)lX'h

CTerrCHb POCTa ;I,tfICTBJITC.%HO orrpell,t.1IIOTCIl EO.11l'IeCTB01n 1I0.1y'laCT'h B03MOa(HOCTb yr(ptIIlITL aapo.nnna Bpe~m. --~ ~Ic.IROC H~reHHO B'h CIl.1Y roro, Cpe;I,JI amnOTHaro

Eopemon

CBOIO BepIllIlHKy Ha;('h oI;ppRalOll\IIMH rpanaxa, B'h Bll,J,t nrrO.'lHt C(pOp1mpOBaHHaro 'ITOGb! rrpOCYIll,OCTBOBaTbHtKoTopoe BOII)l,HblM'h, ~Wll\eT'b ll\eHiii: cauaa ero JIII'J.eCTB'h IIIlIll,U:

'ITO aaxaaaers uapcrsa

CJ, 3aJmCO)I'h II1111\1l,;:J,OCTarO'lHbDl'b ;1,])1 roro, Heooxo;r,llMOCTb MCJIKlDl'b TpaOO.1bIllIIA'b ROYUllllaTh C'h cauaro I'PYI!lIhlX'h aasara, ,J,Ocnil'l"h YiRe OKa3LInpCBocxOII,llIlWM'h II.'IOTOII/\IIOC, OXOTJICb sa

aTI!X'h OT~OllleHifI OOHapYlliI!BaeTClf nonciorj. opranaaania OLl ;.rail\c ,J,t.laeT'h ~Ie.'lK01!y

YBCJlII'J.IIBaTbCII BJ, pa3)!tpaA'h eC.1lI

TO.1hI;O JlYTe~I'h He3Ha'IIlTe:lbHLIX'b npnpa-

HeIl03~!OiKHbIM'h nepesapuaaaie lI:I,OTOll;:J,lI01ry ) ;1,anaJOCb n'h POCTt, HC3Ha'lIlTeJI,HOe

lKIIBOTHbIX'b, OHO He !Wr.10 oMen

ObI BOClIO.'lb30BaThCJ[ IW.1H'leCTROMJ, nnnm, II npesparnrcn M0.10)l,OH .1eD'h, npeaue,

1I3BtC'l'HYIO HOp)ry: II B03MQ;ImOe npnpamoaie

Hero

OLICTPO preHbIHaTbC)! OO'heMa, cocers

'J.tM'b iRllBOTHOe ycnton

CTHrHYTb 3Ha'J.HTe.'lhHbIX'h pa3;I!'BpOn'h. aaaanren.aaro naerca JlI!BaeTCIl pO,J,IITeJIJUfII, noxa O'leBlli\HO B'b 60.1te

IWTOPhI}1 nOJlB.l!lIeTCa aa aopxa.u.naro

AlaTEY, 1I00;a He C,J,baeTCfl ell\e OO.1bme II, HaEOHell,'h, BCEapMHO )l,OCTlIfHon G.1arolIpillTHLIA'b n0.10BIIHhI onoero yc.'lOBiJ!X'b: pocra, 0.1arO;1,apll CH.]'.!; II opraansanin, BOU\eCTBa, He3lIa'lllTeJblIhlii .Il3BLIme ROHTpacTa onepanin Y3reHb-

,'l,OCTaBllleflcli eMY, TaR'h CRa3aTh, ooxo,J,IBraro

,J,apo~l'h, OH'b lB!'BeT'b B03MOiRHOQTb.10BllTb II YOIIBaTh ;1,0ceO'B sanaos nnraren.aaro

C'l'aTO'J.HOI;PYllHhIX'h iKIIROTHbIA'h, 'lTOOhI ),ocraBIITb ObITOE'b ;\:Ilf pocTa. nareso B'h

i\.'lJl nO,J,,J,eplKaHilI ero 60.1bIlIIIX'h pacxO,J,OB'h II OCTaBHTb cme 3,J,'1;cb llie Hafl;:J,e~l'b ~Ibl OO'blIcHeHie H ;I,.11I yr;a3aHHaro II IImeHOK'b Ha'IHHaIOrh cnon

MelK;\y OBll,ofI 11 OblhO)!'b. Tc.1eHoR'h

~II3io.'lOrH'IeCEilI II oM poora.

He cr, O;:J,HllM'bII T'l;~'h )Ke (pU3io:IOflI'IeCI>lUI'h RalIlITa.101r'h: TaI,'b lKe pt3KO npnpocrom,

IlX'h lIepBbIl! npnpamenia

paauspari

)lClli,'lY COOMI OTJlII'laIOTCIl IIO ne.lJII'IIIHt, IWTOPLBIH onpei\tJIl!IOTCll ;:J,pyr'h i\pyra nyrasn, lIBJI8Hill B'h

paia

maroumxcn

OI;aH'IIIBaIOTCIl CTO.1b iKO pa3.1H'IHl>Dm npexlma~H T1; yc.'loBiJ!, TO YCHJIIBali

POCTa. To norynaa paauooopas-

-1~. TaRoBbI
B'h

Mea\;:J,Y c060JI OOlite "lIplI mn

IWH¢.'llIKT'h,

oe3KOHe'IHO

HOH CTelICHII II oe3KOHe'IHO !ICW.!;C orpaanrnnamrs BJlHnaTJ, KaiK,'IOe ooooll\elIic npo'J.llx'h JIoHmrae!!LIlI POCTh -;)TO no clin on cs

pa3Hooopa3HLBUI

OHI! B'h EalR,J,ml'h c'l,aHHOM'h c.'lY'lat IIo:JTOMY-TO MbI nplIHylK,J,eHbI YCTaHa.I\OmRHbr ,'It.1aTh oroBopKy-

B3aHMHoe nriauie.

TO.IhKO RaE'h cpe)l,Hif! BbIBOi\'b, urn

paBHblX'h YC.1oniilx'h". ;)TOIO IIOnpaBKOJI, uanm C'h opraHII3!fO!!'h 3aRJlIO'leHill oyll,yr'b c.'ltIl,YIOJJ\ilI: no-nepnsns, ero BeII\eCTB'h, noropua rroaroay poors 3aBJInarerpanin r.!;X'h II3'h oKpYiRalOl!vn'h

CBOIIM'h CBOHCTBaM'hllO,J,OOHbIBeIll,eCTBa3f'b, CJaralOIll,IIM'b opraanaas; ,'l,OCTaTO'J.Haro npnrosa R'b opraIIn:nry

:JTHX'hBeII\eCTB'h. BO-bTOPb1X'h, ec;m cHao/ReRio lK1I3HII Wb OOIll,e)!,b1I0-

,'l,By:I.'hupraHII3}fOB'b accnMlI.lIIjlyeMolO II1I1I~ef[Oi\IIHaKOBO, II CClII[ yc.lonia