Jepgzbaoe, F187, The fnstin of wntence pats in Ol and de ‘ite (Asa Caveats poy Btls Indonopn Vt de ‘TASH ©, 1070. os pions dite of Pacnstoaton dex pveban loupe Maso’ ah 3 Ae Sse ‘aslncakassf. 88: Ltoriy kale iat! Grtnetoa, Vaan, 1608, Tehaasn, W. P. 1974 Prtotadn-urmpean Spat, tin end Londo, ‘ofnorth:6.P. 194 ote no ir rakog aturagn japan, evo anor tease be = Risch Eth Di splot Hnatungyonsl. “Ati ¢ monn date Sirs nena magn Se ae Yoni Chadwick, fot Datum Mosel Crk, 2 at ap ‘yak “Lechagn, A Review of Cae Sates? ee UE 16 eee ~ lin Indo-Fpean sosruton nek el ae Seah in ~ ltt Sorbie die indtgemannten Verhaexon. ndogeraunne abaya Raion BET, Tote Og D 5 A thorny pele 1. Sor my dieasson in Sprache 19,197, 1904 thers havo appeared thew gencral treme ofthe thoa-prblem, which have rental isos ‘any diferent hypotheses, Aosrding to Gunnaraon (NTS 24, 199L, EY the thorn-husterngo task to deal guttral! fe Daraney BLT, 196, BRIE; Meingeo, GS Kretachme 2, 1953, 401); according to Rasptoneg (BSL 05, 1973, 006) shay ar of various provenance (Ia Ri, TR), Alice (PAS 197374, 084 reoastruets KE Wana separate pect ody Colite, BE 18, 182 220). One eannatthereore ape ef comearen oe 70a of a prt agremeat among the dient point of iow ais ioe lone woul jutiy ash restment af the qusion. Tn aicin, ahboweh ail the major ossiitien fora asaton bare buen prseted ono oe eee times, seer relvant arguments have never been eapily foetal In what alls Til after a general muvey ofthe problem, conser om seer sperts of what smn at preven to be the must mrcoatie ‘tempt ata toltion: the psi detention of wth dental 1.1. Definition. ‘There exis sal numberof equations in which an Tno-Tanian KE ‘orcesponds toa Geck AT, an lsested nthe flowing chat IE fp Ved. fy Avett Gh ne ape a oe 2 ovals, and voltae and voiced spite fstab restivly. Whether the abate of volosd weupinate laces ‘tematic oa acetilgup hat nota yt ben etablcel ‘Thin elatively spe picture is oomplted both hy the tase in the other Tndo-Burpenn Inaguges and bythe exstnce of deviant saloons ven within Todo Traian sad Gch, Gover sol: 0 = sotont, P= sap, 7 = dental, K Ap ary horse, Hara Ho ay pn N “Sean tty was tt dno Bans Law * Samed someones Sot uana zee,so 12. group the rolorant ese as lows: 9) Rootintial Kp. To these belone(menge afer Walde-Poeeny) ‘Eis (WP 5 ‘seen, vie Nidetlaonng pen ‘Hedy (i) (VP 84) erwerben! ‘Hfen” (WP 505) "vel, tow ‘sri (WP 58) “hinseinden,zageundo gehen, verichen" torkjon (WP 69) ‘secklinen,verminder’s ‘erbier= (WP 70) ‘ine, serine, versehwinde! othe en a tor seins old and ew, ene wou fin ther notion own ieee" Iwt some woul ‘The cox wi rool Row on adional ponte pclity ‘so glean frst poem i ail wll hee tase fatowing the fot vol enone sop. Note it those se a thormts inch Gk ean aera oe ‘tad Ged slo eorespond to Sp 3) Worn tty o pty tren ia “ihn. (WP “itt a “Ena: 5) ote Rxbrog ble) ees 3 dsiton tate a) otal and () wera ps coma, ean) tt ao ‘saalogioal restorations, Sh cit I ©) Rit lt {fb (90 72) anne, Hd ede “hindi TH oe saree 4) "pcre wot internal Shades 1 hue het (WE 39) Bo “ih orgy, TE 1 in Gk tg na, ae, Av a ann any 1m th following discussion these reconstructions wil be formule forthe set of equations they represent, cee 1, Survey of tho rales in the individual language: 2) Attia. Mitte ows, o hon hand, nn Fin te alm et (lfm) afr at (1) Pet) ad a, other, fke/ in tas. ‘intict” (*iep-). eae 1 Tudharian Foret Tot en ge pnd hs th, Bem, whereas B aie, o "aha points to jee Focharian RT. eee Fa i 0) Iod-Trnian The rogular reflex in °K. The group *K i: epmesnte by Kj. (Vad. en's bind of prey’ [Eien and ys “yesterday” [Poh “earth’ wo Sod bead Vod. ome alan Ve, jr ati Ave fram), um. Pall eects an origin voee elustr Ia the eoot hwo thong’ Caribe) atl lar own addition, Avestan shows occasion thotathons gor de Sr Mow 4) Armenian. KB shows the same rales a Ke 1) Greck, aside tho regular rolex KP wo find x single Kin gal en Ue rosa” (280), yobs TAD (: yee, 2H). There exe alan doet fone with Ke and 0K beside KT og. AUD Ele pote ~ "Epdele, Gor ymin ivrrae — gBlures, pathaps Exec" Eonae Mah. Ate ‘Sasmer{ — Bdorcjere). Also or ‘yesterday, Hlewn bas the unclear axe, [Not inal to bode su (eB) 4 Allanian, Only dhe ‘earth’ je ‘esterday’, and ari "bat have been wosered ) Malo Tots "hist, situs mould ("gfe teas (He), and wre (thghfo.), Latin pols! *Be. Ta humus, hows (“fgen.) ad her (dhpes), only th gata a rose 1b) Cale. 7 isthe regular rel in Ol. di ‘plac’ imdé (Wold doe) “yetarday and art (Wel arth) "bea, where Ole! “ax? pints 0 okt 1) Germans. Ka is indeatad by OHG delsala) “ax oto (e.). In pumans mas’ (hon) an the words or seteeday” ke a taney I ispresrved. 5) Balto Save, Onty forms with IER aro attestod: th rut is tho sae as for Rs (ae R, foe shat mater) 4, Gonna problems We have altogether about 15 acceptable comparions to stat from a 8 Ins fo the pontlaton of phonolgial ale Now, whon ther are erate probleme with etymology, thsi quality (ior the probally at their forrectnes) cannot be evalunted with preciso, site we donot. havo semantic ulin tho seme sense as phonologel (and in part morphologeal) ules. This meas that inthe ease of incomplete semantic greta ty ‘mologial judgments are nocesariy subjective. Byimlogis are toa large (extent a attr of tate, ‘The mao aften tro for morphology. Consider for example the ant Ved akg (verb) :tdBjap- Ok, shen: kr, which play an esportane role ia * Ms propowd eqns of Aw. ikaf: with ho fay af Va A toy", sai fv famaopar with has of Ved ys "bur {butzow JAOS To, 108 Bibs oC Kt'Sehmitt Spacio 2, ota, BIE}, Hf cae, wot show wt ‘eet oF pein Tony vs i ar2s Soshem Sehindter ‘mest ab wil. I, for instance, we take the rule tobe TA - Kp oontent fg Je have no posite bai for an objective detersinntion ofthe age of erp ‘ent exceptions lke Thdo-Tranian *atks- “cout” or *ylén- “kidney” 2. With thee probes in mi, present nthe lowing the hs y posible seat forthe anton cama 2.1 Toiiiy one: The props equations are only appa ‘vit ca bedi Yt vo 4) The styles which show the problematic cerespondence a wrong Sine otal of the propane othe = wr Sn Gaon ae compat with one ti, any hypothe rtexclude cain elmslghe ba penny stl grounds compe cymologial separation 8 eee at ein — the pola of Daey (AC 33, 16, B0GR soe alae ‘nc be mated. au) somos ro comet, tthe thar soreapondne are dus to {iret morsel vues fg Set, Det Ung dea boaton, tigen 184,200; Barrows The Sater Perec Gn {05 8). Wiy for instaneo Geeok has always a dental steve Trae Teaniancinisonty shows We ont to 28, Possity two: Th thoen groups a ; sroupsare nt sequences of two phonomee, Int unit phonetes (rsa, seeding to tte. Ths scuton nk ‘gee back to Cuny, was independently developed by Bonsante Rene 1837, 13941), Benveniste operates with 6 to 9 now phoneme, that is, all sittarals (with the posible exception of the plain roi) exis ales i an ated vac. Aya hi alliy a ect Me e ‘octions can be ruised: unread thom probe 2 1) The thorn-lusters are bho in all he advil languages or vo fallen together with orally iphone castors, b) Phonomes with non-omorgue aiestion have no pacllels, There sro appear to exist no other sagle phonemes which hare undosgine Aiseronledovelopment to both Ke and KP. °) There i no explanation fo the absence of the vias "0 othr than pre chance. 8) Tho equations Tt. dun: Ved, Ayame ot, and Hit, fava: Ve roa et, remain wnespaine’ 2.5, The thomnustes ar biphoneme and const of gutaral and 2 further phoneme (A — KX oF XK o hath) 2.8, Posty thre: X ea now phoneme ofthe parent language, which {a} thor appoats only inthe context of Kor (b) shows rales distin fiom other phonemes ony in thi context. (a) was the view proving wat thedacovey ofthe relevance of Hi felon by Kretachmer, Glotin 29, 1982, 0507 Uador this sesumption all cohstruents which age distinct toma TE 4 and the dental bat which cul ‘how a phoneti development to hoth« and (Bf, € ee.) ate posible fandidates. Most reenty, Allen, op cit, pleads for J, ut eat be shown that nin uoy way etter than or lst 0 Tho objections co (a) are St, that mach a distribatonal retvston of w none sin ll esos an unital situation indeed one preserved in Hoe ‘ofthe daughtr-langsages~and normaly tobe explained ts the eal of an ‘iginally more natural disteibution; az second, dt asta in tho casa of £22: abore, it tekan and Batata nant be sesounte fr TEeiscarior tang for (ould have lawn preserve oni after (or in Us enivonnent of) K bet wold have merged with a difeeat phoneme Y ceowhere. The preservation aftor K would wan meat kely that K snd X shard distinctive features as gaint Y, 4. that the prewration wa de ‘wo asmiltoryexnses. Candidates for X eould have be, fr example, Fo hich hase with Cas gaint ¢ and TT tho fotute (> high], ¥ ool have heen The olor could be construct ao that tere would be no ‘croutons. Iie not necemary hore to work ou the eyatom in deal Although (0) bas been sugested ony rarely ih ho literature (et Podecsn, IF 22, 1007-8, 390), ts obvious that thi alton i Bottr than 3. With the assumption of only one new phoneme [orn any ens of only eno now ction like 8 5 98) and Tow rl, the data involving thorn ean he expla thot rede ‘Tho only beter rlution would bo in whish (a) X ean to denied ‘ith one of mote of the neal TE phoneme, (0) the rls re Bil, ‘i (c} pou exeeptions can bo piusblynesountel fr. Lat us ow tan {0 thse poets,» Joehom Sehindos 24-5. Thor is originally idential with one oF more ofthe known Te phoneme, 24, Ponsility four: Thora snot w stop. Tec only candidates ae HE sand Tn arson acti, Kurlowien (BS, (8 BF) has evento the view that la most cowie simply Ke or 1h Grek, fr esampl, the regular relax of there clusters world be ke, Jhenean oer resulta Gi for Ke and ofr Ki, fr example fp Ved yard. and oie Ved. crt) would be analogical ater full prede fre (K4i) ce analyzabl farms vith u morphono boundary (Keel), Sine Kerpowies hs not sorted in proving sich aloe source Sen ‘us, we have ta maintain, as regards is posit ingore, hat @) sod Kj hove retloxe distinct from KP, (bth differenesconat hoeeeao od for by snalogy (c ‘crt’ and “heat rebin snexpnine in ay nce ok ‘there sno explanation for rev wan, £25, Ponsibitity five: Khas to be interpreted as KP oF TK or both Rub. Kplvonly Kf (vd, Osten Sahun, 142, 1924, 190). Because of Hit. than and barat, this pom can be ral eat 252 Epis only 11 (ef, Gunnarvon, op it, with frtr references), Let os ty fs a contexte IH rl of the form Kp CORR, ‘hich may be split into two consecutive re 8.524. Rootintinl Kj ‘There ae no coe of PA: with a reflex dfcent from Kin thi postion, Morphologically rot stractare PAC: canbe analy treet ge deed (PPEC!: PEP. show Schnabel (PPECL PTO 1) TREC tobe nay as 1+ KECr that Tne prot inthe sao fae. Doane IHL, 240) AL at at reat tres oa {or compound ver sens in Indo aropean tat wouldnt ie ass arora ofthe revere vrbatam masottca onde soa 238 mot plnsibl, therfore, to ead TREC. at elon roy TER. dept heft that no comply ominang areola ee, EMEC. and TBR. have ben fon as yo le. Bessentes, Ghee se 1086, 270; Durant, op. cit; Gannareon op. ‘Starting fom (6) we may nue thatthe eying TK rota were ‘sgremont withthe known rotaructar eric FUR, Dah eet PRG, wuld bw exc tn ft, eB only Ip a Oh: fs oo cat fom PA: r DK} and Di To senen fpf Bor ne cat be conc scent if ong sinatra ae MORN, I'vaing amination war sel te nownonenee ce A thorny peobiam a i totais oot ay yung nt, a any atl became n voles cpeant, tigoring vleng asxniltion ony af ‘etathoss: 70. > OP Op.» Kp or DK.» KD. > Ke Toi, howe re, oquallyposile to pottlat a dovoising ral QS. > Ke (PO. = Dd. Top. Gb. Kp), or th explanation of Gk, nse: xa, 20 below. 2. Worn ‘hw cro the word ocr whee bal he frac tn phn wth THOR, oy. Dae Ve un, ke er Dir da Pemily Lh, tnd 008 sou, nd Avan ie ioctl yo eke Kp. oe vn aera me: th oss Pe dein mht wih ea jm nt free, Oat Lat mah Gr, oe re organ lini ey cease xcept shat, san be eons ule sm, i ke) co Jado» ftom tba, Vl, Rin fe. (abganes fer fag none toxin es ropa ot ono do-it oblique cas which dc not have an opty wot! aging fom the econ ‘eling dog inthe tive we wo avo fost a vowel ron their for To roan (dna = ahh) Atlan (Cas > *dagas). Ti fet pty wold apes be peter Sess the pesto of hm. improbat en tat “dig wok rocoto “ho blo) An TE ae PRY PPR sss tobe independently motivated by cases lke I>puehai/~ Ch ora Lat. pan [tye > tie > Da ua To act enter isa hh we may el SCHWA SECUNDUA SCI Wa) ‘however mt completely sd trem ‘Aung thu the vowel tht els fom SCHWAY team "orn rotor, wo ga ateret Tech ham a alm tae (5 ta flora >To, dr > At ct Tosh ir > A) ‘Wik SCITWAC, we woud ve to assune tha presage of Anas lian and Tobin on onli dn wn rated rh ail ged “hein, ad that this new caster TA. won eed eel fem AE RP (regu ele ar Att Kal Too Kt) : rhe aria forms wth» ofex of iy pra ao Gk ee < ‘ois an 1 pina om Ai oT oth css he etal2 ochom Sehindlor in flowed Ly asyubis nasal, «cont that was encounter a ‘cart Inthe isla vacant the olgue case en. fies side “ghd sccoding to Lindamisn's Law, sp NTS 20,10, 2847). The ening rule forndo-Buropean which hve call REDUCTION ~ivitee PAs KY (preceding THORN) of KY —> KY- (Gllowing THORN), applying i th eae after LINDEMAN. (ewe vans ‘Thor I propos as posible solution that the oblige cass ofthe struc ture digi underwent citer SCHWA® of eke LINDEMAN plus REDUC. "TION (gon dhs and jk ot) Since LINDEMAN was prvietive rule even in late Tndo-Puropea, ghd cond leu to mow pds re placing *ahjiée(t. Ved jr) ‘The only cae inthe singule where Kf was the regular result was the ative hind => hin ‘Theother example with worn KB. donot allow for an unnebigvous smomloogealieterpetation Guhl can boa rot noun dbf ke Yell’ oF scsond ry formation fom west “haf (ke GK. 2p from Per). "sno: io “iardof pes’ may be aad a8 "hyn iy in detved from deviate Gh: sen, "UE chs ste thy “ibis ‘yeteray” sie nonstate, analyte ‘The tvo words wile soitisl “Ae show m raduction to °K. i Indo. Iranian (Ved Send, yi; the hing ig m younger LINDEMAN, ‘arian, Inthe oor language hoe only “Pics Telctd, we Bn Aifeen ad therfore in any ease post FE redtons oft thre consonant ‘ante, resign hp he “concsion, THIN, ean he ainsi fo leases with wordt Kpeit we rocotsuct ala SCHIWA and REDUCTION 223, Rootstnal -K. Intel, the only postive eidene for. s Oreck bea altho otk form ca go Ick to "ek. Inthe word eatin Ved laksa Gk eran Lat strony supports *6p, The reulkng *tik- or Meds however, Ie sructurily an imposstis root. THORN, cannot therfore expain eel ‘On hve, whic i based on one ofthe Ist irate equations in any cs, no below 25.24. Kp elowhere wortintermly. hpi ea Te el ua a Ht. Barge, ag ‘oar ot wolf Tho speling vatiation proertle owt rckoning with diferent morphological laments, thew wort exnnot ‘urd for our argumentation. Ine, however, acopttisas case of thorn, tvelave another example fr which 7 ie impo 1 turns ut, in contusion, that THORN, doesnot work fr noni Kj. On the one band» seuonoe TH i highly impel for “ep and “hr; on the othr hand, THORN, does not apply ia Tt, bart. To ‘hse con adel othr caren of premrved or ieretly tested TA like Tit, fett- "to che’, wath "to jump Ved. tka “oa, adpa- “wig! vest ‘onl iin’, Ea peeve fom pedo, Ole rane “shame” (ra ‘bin, Welehvlech Tart” (*y7hd), co. IC wo assured the correcta of "THORN, thee forma would have to be explained ws saalogial or younger formations ub. Retrotion of THORN, to tatonllie position (THORN: of, eandeostein, Glatt 25, 274), “This retition ie the most practicable way to go dof the exooptions with proved -K-,In the eae with VIER (aad FCOY in genera) the sesunpion of «syllable Boundary between the tvo consonants i ell ‘motivated, wheres nothings known shout the syllable boundariosin thes onsonantehuters. We may sigue however, tat in the word for "ae the iferent treatments of*tky are duet diferent ylbiteatons. Pking into account that we have alo two abla grades, yer and yt, ‘ti pombe to samume the aplication *hyardEe. bal "hut fo Only *hartko ith tovtorylabi %4E- would undergo THORN, with realing contrast between "htrffo. and "ht tho later prcrved nt lee Ute); hyo. (Ved he. et.) could thn he dus Co pareigan leveling ‘The quality of such hypottoss depends of course on whether tht: ‘onaeaction afte yale boundary in fom tke har. completely selitrary or whether it is odependently motivated. Aton rule of Ted rope that was pony governed ty pla boundaries nt sare lof Sitvrsdgertan's Law that males tomate syle eter TO(P) a PAP." rale would bo formulated (5) + bb ap. ‘This formulation ries epson rule that determine te place of ‘Ho alae boundary as V.CRY, FRLPRY, and VEIT, VEP-RV. Iu ‘ocho Senindior thew eylabiention rues were more general and valid not ony if the fl gient ofa cluster whew ronan, re ould gt the rogue aylbications Inthar to and "ht. by inlependently exiting alex £254. Eayanson of THORN: Kp reptsents both TH and A in tate syllabi psten (EHORS. "THORN, allows fora tec interpretation of sere form *fipen can nore borne phe, canting ofthe or rade of| ‘an adverb oe «dee pte pla ca form of « Word foe "day" which ‘woul lo spear in Vi. yh 'vithin one day’. A ize ease Frm found in Val a “oda from “edit tes wold go back to Me. or Ms, Php. poo to thei, sud even shyt would bo explained ax Byeedi (Ie traf) ede yt (Ge ty), ‘Given the restntion of THORN, to teutsylabio potion, however end, nany paraizes would have chown an allomorphy between P(A {Sed Kf, Ths leroy would have brn levelo nether direction — a linguti cmmongncs but alo very porfl mane of explanation "The inclusion of A into THORN toque orto roger Ti tury “Fourth = eta (Ve targn, Aveta )abaoalgial hotarth replace *Eepriatr th algae tyres a lst hentia" ‘ly ely late, udge fom the Aveta compound dtr Toor es ‘which is crtanty not od 125.5. In addition to the rales proposed ofa, Is pos that: Tdo ‘Baropean pos further sntextoative rls In etonection With KP, ‘Doce ule [eee po [FS sould explain Ok, sy (< tnahy = Mesa, and Teh "FHORS, tlt hur tot split nto» mstather role TK > KT and « ‘iranian’ rus KY > Kp. 2 Conon. Sino its pon to derive TB fom the dents by rlos while kooping all the equations, the sssamption of ne of wore new phonemss supe {oa fora erly stage of Co Haropent, Ata ater nage, however, hen Kp won to longer ayochronically derived in many cae cael fT ‘nial pstion, oui ture nt independent though aborted phoneme, ‘nd th ear formory rule governed allomorpy wold become ese of ‘weak mpplstion. Analog of wo types an be expestd, for bath af which ‘tamples were dcased hove’ 1) PRRIKED Kp ~ TRR)KET ; THIRD, 12) PRVAT: Kp TRIAT or Kp 3 ‘A thorny peso Pa Teshould be eloa, ally, thatthe rule and explanations hee avoated remot definitive in many respecte and need frthe Investigation, Department of Linguini Jochem Schindler Harvard Univesiy [Divinity Avenue Gamtidge, Bans 02138,