j`sw

sw isMG rwwmgVH
VHIAw
172
23 JhH ~ fi; ; ;w/I ;odkoo iZ;k f;zx dkk iBw
frnkBh GrtkB
G f;zx d/ xo j'fJnk, T[; ;w/I tees dh
;oeko f;Z
;ZyK ~ ysw eoB
e bJh nkg gDh g{oh skes
s brk
ojh ;h. wksk
w rzr' dhn nK b'ohnK ftZu f;Zy FjhdKK d/ BK
dk f}eo ;[DB tkb/ ~ }o{o Gkt[e eo e d/Idk j't/rk
r ns/
T[j j'o wktK
w tKr jh nkgD/ g[Zso ~ x[ZN-xZ[N e/ e rZb
Bkb brkT[T[Idh ns/ S/sh-S/
sh sh tZvk j'D dh nk;h; ; d/Idh
j'Jh ebrh
rhXo gksFkj ~ :kd eoe/ e fJ; dh bzwh T[wo
bJh }o{o nodk;K eod dh j't/rh.

n?;hnK
h nodk;K GktBktK dkk w[Zy ekoB fgSb/
20-25 ;kb; dk fGn
nkBe ;wK ;h. ; fi; ft tu ;qh
nBzdg[o ;kfjp dhnK izrK, uwe"o dk ;kek, ;ojzd
ftu S'N/ ;kfjp}kfdnK
; K ns/ wksk r[ioh ih dh Fjhdh,
F
dFw/F fg
gsk T[go wko{ jwbk ns/ fJ;/
fJ ekoB fgS' S'I i'sh
i's ;wk ikDk, r[odk;
; Bzrb dk ;kek
; ns/ pzdk
dk f;zx
pjkdo dh ;kEhnK ;w/ w/s Fjhdh BB/ f;ZyK dh wkBf;e
w
jkbs T[go
go vkYk gqGkt
t gkfJnk ;h.

pkpkk pzdk f;zx pjkdo

p dh c"i ftZu Fkwb j'
jfJnk
iZ;k f;zx dk pkpk, GkJh G jodk; f;zx pitkV/V/ fty/
bVdk j'fJnk
J Fjhd j' frnk ;h. fJ J; Fjhdh B/ th xo gfot
tko d/ tkskto
oB ~ }o{o gqGkts ehsk j't/rk.
fJ; d/ n;o
n eoe/ i;k
iZ f;zx d/ fgsk
f frnkBh GrtkB f;zx B/ nkgD/ Fjhd
F fgsk dhnK
d ;kohnK }o{oh
}[zw/tkohnKK nkg ;zGkb bJhnK
b j'Drhn
nK.

iZ;k f;zx B/ S'Nh T[wo ftu jhh nkgD/ fgsk ~ pzd{eK ns/ s j'o jfEnko
o pDkT[IfdnK d/
dy e/ pzd{eK d/ pZN
bJh bZeV xVBh, pzd{eKe pDkT[DhnK nkfde dh iku i f;y bJh. ;[o f;zx fgz gzv ftu wjkookik oDihs f;z
f;x d/
oki ekb s'
sI fgS'I th ekkch ;w/I sZe tZ
tvh gZXo s/ pz
pd{eK fsnko eoe/ t/uhnK iKdhnK ojhnnK jB. nZi eZb th
fJ; fgzv ftZu e[M okwr rVQhJ/ f;Zy gffotkoK dh nZb @pzd{eK xkV/
V/# eoe/ wFj{o j?.

fg
gSb/ fJfsjk;;ekoK B/ ;qH iZ
i;k f;zx d/ fgsk
f d/ soy
ykD/ ezw dk f}
}eo ehsk j?, go t/ot/ dh xkN
eoe/ G[b/yk
y g?dk j[zdk j? fe FkfJd T[j nZi eZb d/ (bZeV dk
d ezw eoB tkfbnK)
t tKr{
rzz i'VhnK u[rkmK
k jh
pDkT[Id/ j'Dr/.
 ;qH iZ;k f;zx S'Nh T[wo ftu jh jfEnko pDkT[D ns/ ubkT[D ftu g{oh soQK fBg[zB j' frnk. x'V
;tkoh, sho nzdk}h, sbtkopk}h d/ j[Bo d/ Bkb-Bkb fJ; B/ gqubs :[ZX ebk ftu th w[jkos jk;b eo
bJh ;h.

S'Nh T[wo ftu jh ;qH iZ;k f;zx B/ nkgD/ fgsk ih gk;'I jh r[ow[yh ns/ \ko;h GkFk th pVh ohM Bkb
f;Zy bJh. fJ; soQK iZ;k f;zx ~ r[opkDh gVQBh, ;wMDh ns/ nwb ftu fbnkT[Dh ftok;s ftu'I fwb rJh
;h.
;qH iZ;k f;zx dk ;oho pVk rZfmnk j'fJnk ;h. fJ; dk fujok, B?D BeF pV/ ;[zdo ;B. u"Vh Sksh ns/
bzwk ed ekm fiZE/ fJ; dh ;[zdosk ~ uko uzB brkT[Idk ;h, T[E/ d/yD tkb/ ~ th fyZu gkT[D tkbk ;h.

r[opkDh frnkB dk fjod/ ftu fBtk; ns/ F;soK d/ nfGnk; eoe/ fujo/ dk B{o wkB' v[Zb-v[Zb g?Idk
;h. id'I fJj yzv/ pkN/ dh gkj[b b?D eoe/ f;Zy Xow dh wo:kdk nB[;ko ]kB;k gzE dk ns[ZN nzr pD frnk
sK ;t?-ftFtk; ns/ oZph Go';/ ekoB nv'bsk dk w[iZ;wk pD frnk. fi; ;dek fJ; B/ nkT[D tkb/ ;w/I ftu
tZvhnK-tZvhnK f}zw/tkohnK fBGkJhnK.

ykb;k gzE ~ id'I Btkph fwbh sK fJ; nwB Go/ ;w/I ftu ;odko iZ;k f;zx B/ nkgD/ fgsk d/ nkozG/
Xow gquko d/ ekoiK ~ S/sh S/sh g{ok eoB bJh :sB eod/ j'fJnK jw/Fk wkD wfj;{; ehsk, go id'I
;oeko B/ S/sh jh Btkph tkg; b? bJh sK j'o ;ko/ f;zxK tKr{z fJj th nkgD/ fgsk d/ Bkb w?dkBh fJbkek SZv
e/ izrbhI ik tfVnk ns/ jo ;w/I b'V g?D #s/ d[FwDK Bkb d'-d' jZE eoB bJh jw/Fk fsnko-po-fsnko
ofjD bZr fgnk.

nes{po 1738 JhH ftZu id'I GkJh wBh f;zx ih ~ bkj"o ftu pzd-pzd eZN e/ Fjhd eo fdZsk frnk
sK f;Zy irs nzdo r[Z;/ dh bfjo d"V rJh. T[; ;w/I iZ;k f;zx B/ th nkgD/ fgsk d/ Skgkwko iE/ Bkb fwbe/
je{ws d/ fto[ZX nkgD/ fdb dk r[pko, jZE nkJ/ t?ohnK d/ nkj{ bkj e/ eZfYnk. f;Zyh d/ d[FwDK ~ d/y e/
fJj F/o tKr{z p[Zedk j'fJnk pVh j[fFnkoh Bkb T[jBK ~ EK #s/ jh MNek fdzdk. nkgD/ j'Djko g[Zso d/
nfij/ ekoBkw/ d/y, ;[D e/ frnkBh GrtkB f;zx rd-rd j' T[mdk.

id'I 1738-39 JhL ftu BkdoFkj d/ jwb/ ;w/I uBkp dfonk e'b t}hokpkd fty/ frL GrtkB f;zx
Fjhd j' frnk sK }eohnk ]kB B/ f;Zy irs ~ y[F eoB s'I fJbktk nkgDhnK ubkehnK T[s/ godk gkT[D
bJh gzi fgzvK dh irho Fjhd frL GrtkB f;zx d/ g[ZsoK ~ d/ fdZsh ;h. ;odko iZ;k f;zx B/ fJ; irho dk
gqpzX ;zGkb fbnk. p/FZe oki gqpzX ubkT[D dk fJj gfjbk s}opk ;h, go fi; e[Fbsk Bkb fJ; B/ ;ko/
fgzvK d/ gqpzX ~ ;zrfms o{g ftu ubkfJnk, T[j d/yd/ jh pDdk j?.

e"wh b'VK gqsh T[j fezBk e[ ikro{e ;h, fJ; dk gsk 1746 JhH ftu tkgo/ xZb{xko/ ;w/I brdk j?. id'I
;ko/ f;Zy uko/ gk;/ s'I nkgD/ d[FwDK ftueko fxo rJ/ ns/ fizdk puD dh e'Jh nk; T[whd pkeh Bk ofj
rJh. ;[Zyk f;zx dh ;bkj #s/ \?;bk j'fJnk fe x'V ;tko iE/ d[FwDK ~ uhod/ j'J/ fpnk;k dfonk d/ MZbK
tZb ik fBebD. n?;k jh tkgfonk fi; Bkb j}koK f;zx FjhdhnK gqkgs eo rJ/.

T[; ;w/I d[FwDK dhnK FcK ~ uhodk j'fJnk id'I ;qH iZ;k f;zx nkgD/ iE/ ;w/s fpnk; dfonk d/ MZb ftZu
j'o f;zxK Bkb nkD fwfbnk sK oks dk jB/ok j' uZ[fenk ;h ns/ nZr/ nkokw eoB pko/ thukoK j' ojhnK ;B. iZ;k
f;zx B/ ;kfonK ~ fejk fe ykb;k ih! oks nkokw eoB Bkb }]w nkeV ikDr/ ns/ ;t/o/ s[oBk th w[jkb j'
ikt/rk. w/oh sK ;bkj j? fe oks ~ jh d[FwDK T[s/ d[pkok jwbk eoe/ x'V/, o;dK ns/ bVkJh dk ;kwkB y'j
fbnkJhJ/. eZb ~ ;kv/ ezw nkt/rk.

fJj ;bkj ;kfonK ~ pVh g;zd nkJh ns/ oks ~ jh nuBu/s jwbk eoe/ pj[s ;kok ;kwkB nkgD/
ekp{ j/m eo fbnKdk. fJ; soQK nrb/ e[ZM fdBK tk;s/ f;zxK dhnK }o{oh b'VK g{ohnK j' rJhnK.

;qH iZ;k f;zx B/ nzfwqs;o ftu febQk pDkT[D dh b'V-p/FZe fgzv tZb/ tkbh irho fwbD ;w/I jh wfj;{;
eo bJh ;h, go nwbh s"o #s/ fJ; dh nkozGsk 29 wkou 1747 Jh;th ~ ;opZs ykb;k d/ ;kjwD/ ft;kyh
tkb/ fdB okw ;o (;o'to) d/ ezY/ BhIj oZy e/ ehsh. okwrVQ Bkw dk fJj febQk fgZS'I nB/eK tkoh f;Zy e" w
d/ ez w nkfJnk. fefbQ n K dh wjkBsk ~ ;wMfdnK j' f JnK fJ; B/ nkgD/ ihtB ekb ftu eJh
Bt/ I febQ / pDtkJ/ ns/ eJh pD/ j' J / fefbQ n K T[ g o nkgDk ep}k eoe/ jw/ F k bJh c" i h gZ y ' I
nkgDh fw;b ~ wip{ s pDkJh oZ f ynk.

;odko iZ;k f;zx Go';k eoB tkbk ftnesh ;h. fiZE/ T[j d{finK T[go ftFtk; eo b?Idk ;h, T[E/ T[j
d{i/ ~ yo/ T[soB bJh g{ok w"ek th d/Idk ;h. T[j GkJhpzdh d/ ;zebg ~ w}p{s eoB bJh tZv/ s'I tZvk
fsnkr eoB s'I ed/ th fgS/ BjhI ;h jNdk. fJ; soQK iZ;k f;zx B/ ;koh T[wo Xow T[go nkXkfos okiBhsh
~ nkgDk nkdoF pDkJh oZfynk ns/ tZ; brd/ e"w ~ nzMKJh jh w"s d/ w{zj ftu g?D s'I pukT[D bJh eJh
tZv/ tZv/ \?;b/ nkgDh f}zw/tkoh #s/ bJ/.

id'I nr;s 1747 JhH ftu ndhBk p/r B/ nkgDh oki;h b'V ~ ;kjwD/ oZye/ (bkj"o dopko s'I u'oh)
nzdo yks/ f;ZyK Bkb y{\hnk ;wM"sk eoB bJh rZbpks eoB dh g/FeF ehsh sK fe;/ ekoB db ykb;k w[yh
B/ rZbpks eoB s'I wBQk eo fdZsk. fJ; Bkb db ykb;k ftu nkg;h fto'X j'Dk F[o{ j' frnk.

fJj fto'X ysw eoB bJh ;qH iZ;k f;zx ~ ndhBk p/r e'b rZb pks bJh G/fink frnk fe f;Zy fjsK
dh ;[oZfynk ~ ;kjwD/ oZyd/ j'J/ T[j rZb pks eoe/ d/y bt/ ns/ BshfinK s'I ;G ~ ikD{ eotkt/.

;qH iZ;k f;zx ~ ndhBk p/r Bkb ;wM'sk eoB ftu e'Jh B[e;kB Bk ikfgnk. T[; B/ db ykb;k ~ fJ;
pko/ ;koh ikDekoh gj[zuk fdZsh, go pdfe;wsh Bkb ni/ th db ykb;k wZ[yh d/ otZJhJ/ ftu \oe BjhI fgnk
;h.

ndhBk p/r Bkb ;qH iZ;k f;zx d/ j'J/ ;wM"s/ eoe/ pj[s ;ko/ f;Zy Bh:s ehs/ ;[oZfyns fJbke/ tZb ub/
rJ/, fi; s'I T[jBK B/ Gkoh bkG gqkgs ehsk. e"wh gZXo #s/ fJ; dk bkG S/sh jh T[; ;w/I ;kjwD/ nkfJnk
id'I 1748 JhH ~ fdtkbh d/ ;w/I ;qh nzfwqs;o fty/ fJeZm/ j'J/ f;zxK ~ who wz~ B/ x/ok gk fbnk. jkbKfe
pj[s ;ko/ f;zx S/sh Bkb izrbhI ik tV/ ;B, go fco th xZN s'I xZN 500 s'I tZX ~ okwo"Dh ftu FoB b?Dh
gJh ;h.

:kd oj/ fJE/ FoB b?D tkfbnK ftu ;qH iZ;k f;zx dh roGtsh ;[gsBh phph r[ofdnkb e"o th ;h,
fijVh fdtkbh #s/ ;qh nzfwqs;o fty/ doFBK ~ nkJh j'Jh ;h. nkgDh ;ohoe jkbs dh w}p{oh eoe/ T[; ~
th okwo"Dh ftu jh ofjDk fgnk.
 uko wjhB/ se okwo"Dh ~ x/ok fgnk ofjD eoe/ nzdob/ f;zxK dk j'o tX/o/ ;w/I bJh nzdo fNe/
ofjDk ;zGt BjhI ;h ofj frnk. ;qH iZ;k f;zx B/ e"Vk wb ns/ ndhBk p/r T[go nkgDk gqGkt tos e/ x/o/
~ ysw eotkT[D bJh pj[s :sB ehsk, go e'Jh f;ZNk Bk fBebdk d/ye/ iZ;k f;zx B/ ndhBk p/r Bkb
j'fJnk ;wM"sk s'V fdZsk. ibzXo d[nkp/ ftubh irho d/ ;[ZyK ~ bZs wko e/ T[j nkgD/ iE/ ;w/s okwo"Dh
ftu dk]b j' frnk. fJ; soQK ndhBk p/r ns/ e"Vk wZb d/ j"I;b/ N[ZN rJ/.

f;Zy fJfsjk; dh fJj gfjbh xNBk ;h id'I e'Jh r[of;Zy nkgDh irho d/ ;[ZyK ~ bZs wko e/ nkg th
]so/ ftu fxo/ j'J/ nkgD/ Xow GkJhnK Bkb woB bJh nkD fwfbnk j't/. fJ; soQK ;qH iZ;k f;zx B/ nkgDh
oki;h ;{M-p{M ns/ d' N{Ze \?;bk eoB dh :'rsk eoe/ okwo"Dh fty/ tkgoB tkb/ d[yKs ~ o'eD ftu ;\bsk
gqkgs ehsh ;h.

fJ; s'I fgS'I id'I th d[FwDK B/ fJ; febQ/ dh j'Id j;sh ~ ysw eoB bJh jwbk ehsk sK iZ;k f;zx B/
T[;dk vN e/ w[ekpbk eod/ j'J/, jo jkbs ftu fJ; dh FkB ~ poeoko oZfynk. fJ; f;oV eoe/ jh fJ;
dh nkgDh @Jhu'frZb# fgzv tkbh gSkD pdb e/ @okwrVQhnk# ;Ekgs j' rJh.

nfjwd Fkj npdkbh Bkb j'JhnK ;kohnK jh izrK ftu fJ; B/ jw/Fk jh w'joh j' e/ ;orow fjZ;k
fbnk. 1762 JhH ~ j'J/ tZv/ xZb{xko/ ;w/I ek}h B{o w[jzwd B/ w?dkB/ izr dk jkb fbyd/ j'J/ ft;Eko Bkb
toBD ehsk j? fe iZ;k f;zx m'ek fJe fpco/ j'J/ F/o tKr{ izr ftu vZfNnk j'fJnk ;h.

fJ;soh iksh T[s/ ehsh ikD tkbh fe;/ th f}nkdsh ~ fJj ;fjB BjhI ;h eo ;edk. e;{o d/
nfsnkukoh gmkDK T[s/ iZ;k f;zx B/ T[; ;w/I Gkoh jwbk eo fdZsk, id'I ;qh nekb s]s ;kfjp T[s/ g/F j' e/
T[E'I d/ pqkjwDK B/ fJj g[eko ehsh fe }kbw gmkD skes d/ BF/ ftu T[jBK dhnK fJ;sohnK ns/ itkB
XhnK ~ }pod;sh nkgD/ xo gk b?Id/ jB.

fJ; soQK jh fJe tkoh ;o;/ d/ rtoBo ~ th eoVh ;}k d/ e/ pqkjwD dhnK d't/I XhnK Bk f;o\ T[; d/
gzi/ ftu'I jh S[vkJhnK, pbfe T[jBK ~ nkgDhnK XhnK ikDe/ tkg; s[oB bfrnK fgnko ti'I e[M wkfJnk th
fdZsh, fijVh pqkjwDK ~ fusktBh ;h fe i/eo fJjBK bVehnK ~ @Xow fGqFN# j'fJnk efje/ xo'I S/eD
tkbh e'Jh r[;skyh ehsh sK BshfinK pko/ uzrh soQK ikD b?D fe fJj ;odko iZ;k f;zx dhnK nkgDhnK XhnK
pokpo jh jB.

d/fy gokJhnK uzrhnk wktk G?DK XhnK ikD?. (GkJh r[odk; ih)

d/ T[u/ nkdoF T[go gogZe ofjzd/ j'J/ fJ; B/ nkgD/ nuoDe ihtB ~ fpbe[b p/dkr pDkJh oZfynk.

;odko iZ;k f;zx B/ nkgD/ r[nKYh f;Zy ;odkoK d/ fJbkfenK tZb ed/ th bbukJhnK B}oK Bkb Bk
d/fynk ns/ fJ; we;d bJh T[;B/ ed/ th jwbk Bk ehsk, p/FZe eJh fJ; Bkb Jho]kb{ otZJhnk oZyd/ ;B.
j'o fw;bK fiE/ nkg; ftu T[bM e/ f;Zy Fesh ~ ew}'o eo ojhnK ;B, T[E/ fJ; B/ nkgDh ;koh skes
gjkVh fJbkfenK ~ nkgD/ nXhB eoB bJh brk e/ Gkoh ;\bsk gqkgs ehsh.
 fJ; d/ r[nKYh f;Zy fw;bdkoK B/ fJ; dh tZXdh skes s'I nekoB jh ]sok wfj;{; eod/ j'J/ Jhoyk
tZ; fJsBk e[ szr ns/ gq/FkB eoe/ B[e;kB gj[zukfJnk, fisBk nZi th fe;/ ;Zu/ r[of;Zy ~ f;Zyh f;XKs T[go
gfjok d/D pdb/, ;tkoEh B/sktK tb'I e"wh ;zGkb d/ w?dkB ftu'I bKG/ eoB bJh ehsk iKdk j?, go ;qH iZ;k
f;zx dh fjzws, pjkdoh, ;t?-ftFtk; ns/ r[opkDh T[go nNZb ftFtk; ekoB fdqVQ fJokd/ d/ ;kjwD/ fe;/
dh th e'Jh g/F Bk ik ;eh.

uko fw;bK d/ rZmi'V B/ id'I fJ; e'b'I ;kok fJbkek y'j e/ nkgDk ep}k eo fbnk sK th fJ; pjkdo
ioB?b B/ fJ; dh e'Jh gqtkj Bk ehsh. oki Gkr ]sw j' ikD dk fJ; ~ oZsk Go th r²w iK n\;'; Bk
j'fJnk. fJ; B[e;kB ~ oZph GkDk ;wMd/ j'fJnK fJj nkgD/ ;kEhnK ;w/s wkbt/ tZb ~ fBeb frnk ns/
T[Xo th nkgDk ;zxoFwJh ihtB T[;/ soQK ekfJw oZfynk. fJj fJsB/ w}p{s fdb-r[od/ dk wkbe ;h fe
n"y/ s'I n"y/ ;w/I ftu th ed/ fdb Bk jkodk, T[dk; Bk j[zdk ns/ Bk jh ed/ jZE T[s/ jZE oZy e/ jh p?mdk.
T[^dw ns/ T[sFkj Gfonk ihtB jh fJ; dhnK ;cbsktK dk tZvk oki ;h.

1783 JhH ftu f;y fw;bdkoK B/ fdZbh T[go jwbk eoe/ fJ; ~ csfj eoB dk \?;bk ehsk, go
;odko iZ;k f;zx ~ Bkb b?D s'I fpBQK FkfJd ]sok b?D tkbh rZb wfj;{; j'Jh j't/rh. fJ; bJh ;qH iZ;k
f;zx ~ ;[B/jk G/fink frnk fe T[j fdZbh T[go jwbk eoB bJh T[jBK ;kfonK d/ Bkb uZb/. iZ;k f;zx dh
fBot?osk dk T[; t/b/ ;p{s fwfbnk id'I T[jBK dhnK ;kohnK fgSbhnK f}nkdshnK ~ fJZe gk;/ oZydk
j'fJnk fdZbh T[go ehs/ ikD tkb/ jwb/ ~ ;KMk e"wh ekoi ;wMfdnK nkgDh s/} soko c"i b? e/ T[jBK
;kfonK d/ Bkb fdZbh tZb ~ s[Zo fgnk.

fdZbh T[go ;zrfms c"ih Fesh Bkb uko/ gk;/ s'I jwbk eoe/ ykb;k gzE dh fiZs d/ Brko/ tik fdZs/
rJ/, go T[; ;w/I jkbks pV/ sBkT[g{oB g?dk j' rJ/, id'I ;qH iZ;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk fdZbh d/ bkb febQ/
ftub/ s]s T[s/ gkfsFkj pD e/ p?m rJ/. nkjb{tkbhnk ;odko ~ s]s T[go'I j/mK T[so nkT[D bJh efj e/
fJj :kd eotkfJnk fe f;Zy irs ftu gziK fgnkfonK d/ o[sp/ ~ B}onzdki eoe/ e'Jh th fJeZbk ftnesh
iK e'Jh iE/dko ed/ th f;ZyK dk gkfsFkj BjhI pD ;edk. f;Zy irs dk gkfsFkj e/tb ebrhXo jh j?.
fJj rZb pj[s jh db/okBk ns/ Gkoh }[nos dk ftyktk ;h, fi; ~ j'o e'Jh th fw;bdko ;odko Bk ftyk
;fenk.

n\;' ; Bkb efjDk g? I dk j? fe d;w/ F fgsk tb' I }o{ o h eoko fdZ s h j' J h gz u gq X kB gq D kbh
~ j[ D sZ e th f;Z y e" w B/ nkgD/ ihtB d/ fttjkoe gfjb{ n K ftu gq G kth pDkT[ D dh ed/
}o{ o s BjhI ;wMh. e/ t b nz f wq s SekT[ D ns/ Bro ehosB$ib{ ; K ;w/ I jh o;wh nrtkJh b? D
sZ e jh ;hws eo fdZ s k frnk j? .

;qH iZ;k f;zx okwrVQhnk d/ fdb ftu dfJnk th pj[s ;h. fJ; dk gsk T[; ;w/I brdk j? id'I eBZJhnk
fw;b d/ ;odko B/ XB d/ bkbu ftu F[eouZehnk ;odko wjK f;zx dk Gkoh fBokdo ehsk ns/ wjK f;zx B/
T[; e'b'I pdbk b?D bJh iZ;k f;zx ~ fJj Go';k d/D fgZS'I wdd bJh ok}h eo fbnk fe fiZs dh ;{os ftu
okwrVQhnk d/ gfjb/ ;ko/ fJbke/ T[go nfXeko eotkT[D bJh T[; dh tuBpZXsk j't/rh.
 id'I pNkb/ fty/ fJe bVkJh ;w/I eBZJhnk ;odko dk j'Djko bVek r[opyF f;zx w?dkfB izr ftu
bVdk j'fJnk wkfonk frnk sK fJj d/y e/ T[; d/ fgsk i? f;zx dh ;[ZX-p[ZX T[v rJh. T[j ihn fGnkDk j' e/
nkgD/ g[Zso dh bkF e'b p?m e/ }ko'-}ko o'D bZr fgnk. n?;h jkbs ftu ;qH iZ;k f;zx T[; ~ wotk th
;edk ;h, go T[; B/ n?;k Bk ehsk pbfe i? f;zx dh d[Zy Goh jkbs d/y e/ fJ; ~ pVk so; nkfJnk. T[;
B/ s[ozs jh nkgDh c"i ~ jwbk o'e d/D dk j[ew d/ fdZsk ns/ T[j nkg fpBQK fe;/ vo iK ]"c d/ s[o e/
ftobkg eo oj/ i? f;zx e'b j"I;bk d/D bJh gj[zfunk. d[y gqrN eod/ j'J/, i? f;zx ~ Xhoi d/Id/ j'J/ fejk
fe fJj ;G tkfjr[o{ dk jh GkDk j?. nkdwh d/ jZE ftu e[M BjhI j?.

okiBhfse gqkgsh d/ :[ZX ;w/I fJ; soQK dh jwdodh gqrN eoBh FkfJd nZi p/wkfJBh brdh j't/, go
S/t/I r[o{ ns/ d;t/I r[o{ ih B/ izrK :[ZXK ;w/I n?;hnK fw;kbK ekfJw eoe/ r[of;Zy :'fXnK bJh th g{oB/ gk
fdZs/ ;B, fiBQK ~ ;qH iZ;k f;zx B/ nkgD/ tZv/ tv/fonK gk;'I ;[D-;[D e/ gZb/ pZXk j'fJnk ;h.

pNkb/ T[go ;qH iZ;k f;zx dk ep}k j' frnk. fJ; d/ fgS'I fJZe-fJZe eoe/ T[jBK ;ko/ fJbkfenK fit/I
ebkB"o, ekdhnK, NKvk, T[Vw[V, fwnkDh ns/ ;qh jfor'fpzdg[o ~ nkgD/ gqpzX nXhB b? fbnk. fJj ;koh
gqkgsh T[;dh nEkj fjzws, pjkdoh, fBvosk, d{o-nzd/Fh ns/ Xhoi j"I;b/ s'I S[N r[o{ ;kfjp T[go nNZb
ftFtk; d/ ;de/ jh j'Jh ;h.

iZ;k f;zx T[^go tkfjr[o{ dh fwjo dk gqsZy B}kok T[; ;w/I tkgfonk fdykJh fdZsk id'I fJe tko
fwnkDh d/ febQ/ ~ ;dk e"o eBQZJhnk ns/ T[;d/ itkJh oDihs f;zx F[eouZehnk B/ nkgD/ j'o ;kEhnK dh
wdd Bkb x/ok gk fbnk ;h. e[M ;w/I fgS'I d'jK fXoK d/ d{s nkg' nkgDk gZy g/F eoB bJh ;w[Zu/ gzE dh
;fsekos j;sh pkpk ;kfjp f;zx ih p/dh gk; gj[zu/ ns/ nkg' nkgDh rZb dZ;h. d'jK fXoK dk gZy ;[DB fgS'I
pkpk ih B/ pV/ ;k\ FpdK ftZu fwnkDh dk x/ok ysw eoB pko/ nkgD/ ftuko gqrN eo fdZs/. fJfsjk;e
;ukJh j? fe pkpk ih dh ;bkj ~ jwbkto XV/ B/ wzBD s'I fJBeko eo fdZsk. fi; s'I d[yh j' e/ pkpk ih B/
iZ;k f;zx okwrVQhnk Bkb g{oh-g{oh jwdodh gqrN eod/ j'J/ ;[B/jk G/fink fe s{z febQ/ nzdo jh tkfjr[o{ T[s/
Go';k oZye/ vfNnk oj', T[j s/oh }o{o wdd eo/rk.

;koh d[Bhnk B/ d/fynk fe fJ; d/ e[M fdBK fgZS'I jh fpnk;k dfonk ftu pVk }'odko jVQ nkfJnk.
fi; Bkb ;dk e"o ns/ oDihs f;zx dhnK c"iK dk Gkoh B[e;kB j'fJnk. fJ; soQK tkfjr[o{ B/ nkg jh dyb
d/ e/ fwnkDh dk x/ok ysw eotk fdZsk.

fJj ;odko iZ;k f;zx d/ nzdob/ f;Zyh r[DK dk jh feqFwk ;h fe ;ko/ fw;bdko ;odko fJ; dk Bkw
;[D e/ y"\ yk iKd/ ;B. GzrhnK e'b'I bkj"o Ffjo y'j b?D fgS'I G;hB fgzv e'b oDihs f;zx dh fjzws BjhI
;h g? ojh fe T[j ;qH iZ;k f;zx dh nrtkJh j/m nkJh c"i T[^go jwbk eo/. izr nkozG j'D s'I fJe fdB
gfjbK Gzrh ;odko dh nukBe j'Jh w"s oDihs f;zx bJh todkB ;kps j'Jh feT[Ife nkgD/ ;odko dh w"s
ekoB Gzrh c"iK fyZbo-g[Zbo rJhnK, go fco th oDihs f;zx B/ T[; t/b/ jh ;[Zy dk ;kj fbnk id'I
okwrVQhnk ;odko th nkgDh ;koh c"i ;w/s tkg; w[V nkfJnk. :kd oj/ ;qH iZ;k f;zx nkg
e/tb GzrhnK dh wdd bJh jh w?dkB ftu nkfJnk ;h.
BkdoFkj ns/ nfjwdFkj npdkbh tor/ }kpo jwbktoK d/ w{zj GtK e/ oZy d/D tkb/ f;Zy ;{opho
:'fXnK ftu'I j[D f;oc ;odko iZ;k f;zx jh p}[or nt;Ek ftu fJ; t/b/ ihts ;h. fJ; d/ Bkb w'Y/ Bkb
w'Yk i'V e/ d[FwDK d/ SZe/ S[vkT[D tkb/ pkeh ;ko/ ;odko fJe-fJe eoe/ oZp ~ fgnko/ j' u[Ze/ ;B.
fw;bdko ;odkoK dh n"bkd ~ oki Gkr gqkgs eoB tk;s/ nkgD/ p}[orK tKr{z bzw/ x'b BjhI ;B eoB/ gJ/.
T[j izwd/ jh okiGkr d/ wkbe pD rJ/ ;B ns/ fJ;/ eoe/ jh T[jBK ~ fJ; dh ehws dk th gsk BjhI ;h.
n?;h n"bkd itkB j' e/ f;Zy e"w dh nrtkJh eoB bJh pVh ekjbh fdykJh d/Idh ;h. fJjBK ftu'I fJe itkB
B/ sK fJe-fJe eoe/, fe;/ Bk fe;/ pjkB/ id'I ;kohnK fw;bK dh j'Id j;sh ysw eo fdZsh sK e/tb fJe'
fJe okwrVQhnk fw;b jh pkeh puh, fi; dk ni/ th dpdpk ubdk ;h.

;odko iZ;k f;zx B/ nkgDh ;koh f}zdrh fJe nkdoFe f;Zy :'X/ ti'I pshs ehsh. fJe nekb g[oy
T[^go Go';k oZy e/ tZv/-tZv/ s{\kBK ftu ekw:kph Bkb fBebdk j'fJnk r[opkDh dhnK fJjBK gzeshnK ~
rkT[Idk fojk L

eyko jip eyko swlwih]

eyku ismir eyko mn Awih]
eyks ky gun gwau AnMq]
min qin jwip eyk BgvMq]
(;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih, gzBk 289)

fJj fBoG?n, fjzwsh, f;oVh ns/ pjkdo :'Xk tZv/-tZv/ ;zxoFK ftu gjkV tKr{z nfjb ofj e/ d[FwDK
d/ ;ZEo ftSkT[Idk j'fJnk ed/ Bk EZfenk. fJ; B/e ns/ go-T[gekoh ;[Gkn d/ wkbe B/ nkgDh Xow
nkXkfos oki;h ;{M-p{M Bkb pkoK fw;bK ftu'I d{i/ Bzpo dh okwrVQhnk fw;b ekfJw ehsh. nZi th fJ; d/
eJh fJfsjk;e ;EkB bktko;K dh Feb ftu w"i{d jB.

nZ;h ;kbK dh ;zxoFwJh f}zdrh pshs eoe/ fJj nmkothI ;dh dk wjkB f;Zy :'Xk jw/Fk-jw/Fk bJh
fJ; BkFtzs ;z;ko s'I e{u eo frnk. fJ; dk ;w[Zuk ihtB f;Zy e"w dhnK nkT[D tkbhnK B;bK ns/ B/sktK
bJh fJe ukBD w[Bko/ dk ezw eodk oj/rk.

1H i~;k f;zx dk nkgD/ fgsk g[oyh soykD/ ezw ftu wB Bk b~frnk, fi; Bkb xo ftu fy~u'skD ofjD b~r
gJh ;h L
go b/ye ~ fgzv ;[o f;zx d/ p}[orK e'b'I gsk bZfrnk fe T[; ;w/I fJE'I s/ b[jko, soykD, jfEnko
pzd{eK nkfde pDkT[D dk ezw efonk eod/ ;B. nZi th fJ; fgzv ftub/ fJe gfotko dh nZb @pzd{eK xkV/#
eoe/ gqf;ZX j?.

xo dk iZdh ezw j'D eoe/ iZ;k f;zx B/ }o{o nkgD/ fgsk ~ pzd{eK pDkT[IfdnK d/y e/ pZN xVB/ f;Zy
bJ/ j'Dr/. t?;/ fJj w{j uVh ejkts th gqf;ZX j? fe ekohroK d/ pZu/ t/y-t/y e/ jh nZX/ ekohro pD iKd/
jB. i/eo d/fynk ikt/ sK pZfunK iK B"itkBK bJh pzd{eK pDkT[DhnK fco T[jBK dh goy dk ezw eoBk pVk
fdbu;gh Gfonk j[zdk j?. fJ; ezw ftu iZ;k f;zx dk fdb Bk brDk iK xo ftu fyZu'skD j'D tkbh rZb
fpbe[b fBow{b brdh j?.

2H i~;k f;zx fJ~e rohp gfotko ft~u izfwnk ;h (gqubs j?)L

go eh jfEnko pDkT[D iK w[ozws eoB tkb/ th ed/ rohp j[zd/ jB< T[j th T[; ;w/I id'I jo f;Zy
bJh jfEnko oZyD/ }o{oh b'V j[zdh j't/.
 iZ;k f;zx d/ iZdh xo ;[o f;zx d/ ftjV/ ftu fJe y{j brtkfJnk j'fJnk ;h. T[j y{j nZi th w"i{d
j?. nkgD/ xo-ftjV/ ftu y{j brtkT[D dh ;woZEk oZyD tkbk gfotko xZN s'I xZN j'o g/Iv{ GoktK Bkb'I sK
rohp BjhI wzfBnk ik ;edk.

fco iZ;k f;zx j[DK dk xo fJe XowFkbk ti'I th ikfDnk iKdk ;h ns/ XowFkbk ftu nkJ/ rJ/ bJh
gqFkd/ nkfd Bkb ;/tk eoBh }o{oh j[zdh ;h. rohp ~ sK nkgD/ jh bkb/ gJ/ ofjzd/ jB.

nZi p/FZe XowFkbktK nkwdB dk t;hbk pD rJhnK jB, go fi; ;w/I dh rZb j' ojh j?, T[d'I e'Jh
;odk g[idk nkdwh jh XowFkbk ekfJw eodk ;h feT[Ife ;kok you gZfbT[I eoBk g?Idk ;h. b/ye id'I fgzv
;[o f;zx fty/ frnk sK p}[orK B/ df;nk fe iZ;k f;zx d/ xo ~ fgzv tkb/ b'e ni/ th g[okDh XowFkbk jh
efjzd/ jB.

fJj ;kok y[bk;k GkJh nwo f;zx fgzv ;[of;zx B/ ftF/F o{g ftZu dk; ;kjwD/ ehsk. fizBQK dk fgS'eV
okwrVQhnk fw;b d/ w'YhnK Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j?.

GkJh nwo f;zx fgzv ;[of;zx d/ gVdkd/ wkB f;zx dh ;[gsBh ;OH wzrb f;zx dh bVeh ;h. ;OH iZ;k
f;zx okwrVQhnk d/ S'N/ Gok skok f;zx dk bVek dhtkB f;zx ;h fi; dk nZr/ g[Zso wzrb f;zx j'fJnk j?.
GkJh nwo f;zx ih fw;b ekb d/ fJfsjk; dh uzrh ikDekoh oZyd/ jB.

3H i~;k f;zx dk fgsk gfjbk frnkBh L

id'I iZ;k f;zx dk iBw j'fJnk T[; ;w/I tes dh je{ws f;ZyK d/ ]{B dh fgnk;h pDh j'Jh ;h. f;Zy
j'Dk ek~B d/ fto[ZX wzfBnk iKdk ;h.

fJ; soQK d/ fGnkBe ;w/I ftu r[opkDh T[gd/FK okjhI f;Zyh dk gquko eoB tkb/ r[of;Zy GrtkB f;zx ~
frnkBh Fpd Bkb p[bkfJnk ikD bZfrnk. fJT[I ;ko/ f;Zy fJfsjk; ftu gfjbh tkoh frnkBh Fpd dh tos'I
fe;/ r[of;Zy d/ Bkw Bkb j'Jh. fJj frnkBh GrtkB f;zx BkdoFkj fto[ZX w?dkfB-izr ftu bVdk j'fJnk
Fjhdh gqkgs eo frnk ;h.

nZi eZb frnkBh nytkT[D tkfbnK ~ xZN s'I xZN nkgD/ tZb }o{o t/yDk ukjhdk j? fe T[j feZE/ yV/
jB<

4H pqkjwD dh ;ot^T[usk dk G{s f;~yK d/ fJ~e tor ƒ th uzpV frnk L

fJfsjk; d/ ikDeko ikDd/ jB fe S/t/I r[o{ jfo r'fpzd ;kfjp ih B/ uZe okwdk;g[o(nzfwqs;o) d/ gZSw
tkb/ gk;/ fJe febQk (b'jrVQ) pDtkfJnk ;h.

;qH iZ;k f;zx fJE'I dh ;[oZfynk bJh g{op tkb/ gk;/ th fJe j'o febQk (okwo"Dh, okwrVQ) pDkT[Dk
ukj[zdk ;h, fi; dk db ]kB;k d/ e[M e[ ;odkoK B/ fto'X ehsk. fJ; fto'X dk w[y ekoB iks-njzeko s'I
fpBQK j'o e'Jh B}o BjhI nkT[Idk.
 okwrVQ febQk sK pD jh frnk, go iks njzeko B/ S/sh jh nkgDk ozr fdykT[Id/ j'J/ ]kB;k gzE dk
Gkoh B[e;kB eotkfJnk. nZi fJj Ykj{ ;'u 21thI ;dh ftu th ftF/F eoe/ gzikp ftu pdd;s{o tZX c[b
ojh j?, fi; pko/ fJE'I dh f;Zy pj[-frDsh fpokdoh ~ e"D ;wMkt/ fe L

jwiq kw grbu n kir mUrK gvwrw ]

iesu grb qy clih bhuqu ivkwrw ]
(;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih, gzBk 1177)

:kd eoB tkbh rZb sK fJj j? fe ed/ pqkjwD th nkgD/ nkg ~ f;oc iBw eoe/ T[^uk ;wMdk ;h,
nZi f;ZyK dk fJe tor T[;/ okj s[fonk j'fJnk j?.

5H j'o fw;bK Bkb'A ftP/;sk L

soBk db dhnK uko gqw[Zy fw;bK ftu'I f;o\ iZ;k f;zx jh ;h, fi; dk ;orow gfotkoe fgS'eV S/t/I
r[o{ ih s'I b? e/ d;t/I r[o{ ;kfjpkB Bkb i[fVnk nk fojk ;h. fJ; d/ pkp/ jfodk; f;zx B/ 1716 JhL ~
pitkV/ ns/ fgsk frnkBh GrtkB f;zx B/ 1739 JhL ~ t}hokpkd fty/ Fjhdh gqkgs ehsh.

;odko iZ;k f;zx B/ uZe okwdk;g[o (nzfwqs;o) fty/ r[o{ okwdk; ih d/ Bkw s/ jh fJe febQk
(okwo"Dh, okwrVQ) pDkfJnk. fJ;/ febQ/ d/ Bkw s'I fiZE/ fJ; dh fw;b dk Bkw okwrVQhnk gqubs j'fJnk,
T[E/ ;ko/ f;Zy iZ;k f;zx ~ th okwrVQhnk jh efjD bZr gJ/.

j'o s/ j'o nZi g{oh d[Bhnk ftu fJ; dh fpokdoh (feZs/) d/ b'e th nkgD/ nkg ~ okwrVQhnk ejk e/
\yo wfj;{; eod/ jB, go gzikp jfonkDk gqKsK ftu eJh fgzvK d/ okwrVQhnk f}zwhIdko (}whBK d/ wkbe)
nkgD/ nkg ~ iZN ejkT[Dk uzrk ;wMd/ jB. b/ye B/ id'I ekoB g[ZfSnk sK i[nkp ;h @iZN efjD Bkb d{i/
T[go o'jp g? iKdk j?#. y?oHHH.

fJE/ f;oc fJj rZb jh :kd oZyD :'r j? fe e/tb ;qH iZ;k f;zx B/ jh r[o{ ;kfjp d/ Bkw s/ nkgDh
fw;b dk Bkw okwrVQhnk gqubs eotkfJnk.

***