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Single-Phase AC Circuits: Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur
Single-Phase AC Circuits: Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur
4
Single-phase AC
Circuits
Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur
Lesson
17
Resonance in Series
and Parallel Circuits
Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur
In the last lesson, the following points were described:
V
C
-
frequency
(f)
B
Fig. 17.1 (a) Circuit diagram.
The circuit, with resistance R, inductance L, and a capacitor, C in series (Fig. 17.1a) is
connected to a single phase variable frequency ( f ) supply.
The total impedance of the circuit is
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤
2
(ω L − 1 / ω C )
Z = ⎢ R + ⎜⎜ ω L −
2
⎟⎟ ⎥ ; φ = tan −1 ; ω = 2π f
⎢⎣ ⎝ ω C ⎠ ⎥⎦ R
The current is
V ∠ 0°
I ∠ −φ = = (V / Z ) ∠ − φ
Z ∠φ
V
where I =
[R ]
1
+ (ω L − (1 / ω C )
2 2 2
1
The current in the circuit is maximum, if ω L = .
ωC
The frequency under the above condition is
ωo 1
fo = =
2π 2π L C
This condition under the magnitude of the current is maximum, or the magnitude of
the impedance is minimum, is called resonance. The frequency under this condition with
the constant values of inductance L, and capacitance C, is called resonant frequency. If
the capacitance is variable, and the frequency, f is kept constant, the value of the
capacitance needed to produce this condition is
1 1
C= 2 =
ω L (2 π f ) 2 L
The magnitude of the impedance under the above condition is Z = R , with the
reactance X = 0 , as the inductive reactance X l = ω L is equal to capacitive reactance
X C = 1 / ω C . The phase angle is φ = 0° , and the power factor is unity ( cos φ = 1 ), which
means that the current is in phase with the input (supply) voltage.. So, the magnitude of
the current ( (V / R) ) in the circuit is only limited by resistance, R. The phasor diagram
is shown in Fig. 17.1b.
The magnitude of the voltage drop in the inductance L/capacitance C (both are equal,
as the reactance are equal) is I ⋅ ω o L = I ⋅ (1 / ω o C ) .
The magnification of the voltage drop as a ratio of the input (supply) voltage is
ω L 2π f o L 1 L
Q= o = =
R R R C
I ( j.X L )
I ( -j X C )
A
I VAD , VAB ( I.R )
-
Fig. 17.1 (b) Phasor Diagram
Im = V/ R
Current (I)
small R
Current
large R
Im 1 V
= .
2 2 R
f1 f0 f2
frequency (f) frequency
(a) (b)
Z = ⎢ R + ⎜⎜ 2 π ( f 0 ± Δf / 2) L −
2
⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 π ( f 0 ± Δf / 2) C ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎦
As ( 2 π f 0 L = 1 / 2 π f 0 C ) and the ratio ( Δf / 2 f 0 ) is small, the magnitude of the
reactance of the circuit at these frequencies is X = X L 0 (Δf / f 0 ) . As the current is
( 1 / 2 ) of its maximum value, the magnitude of the impedance is ( 2 ) of its minimum
value (R) at resonant frequency.
[ ]
1
So, Z = 2 ⋅ R = R 2 + ( X L 0 (Δf / f 0 ) ) 2
2
Example 17.1
A constant voltage of frequency, 1 MHz is applied to a lossy inductor (r in series with
L), in series with a variable capacitor, C (Fig. 17.3). The current drawn is maximum,
when C = 400 pF; while current is reduced to ( 1 / 2 ) of the above value, when C = 450
pF. Find the values of r and L. Calculate also the quality factor of the coil, and the
bandwidth.
R L
V
C
-
f = 1 MHz
Fig. 17.3 Circuit diagram
Solution
f = 1 MHz = 10 6 Hz ω = 2π f C = 400 pF = 400 ⋅ 10 −12 F
398.0
X L = X C = 2 π f L = 398 Ω L= = 63.34 μH
2 π ⋅ 10 6
1
C1 = 450 pF X C1 == = 353.7 Ω
2 π ⋅ 10 × 450 ⋅ 10 −12
6
Parallel circuit
The circuit, with resistance R, inductance L, and a capacitor, C in parallel (Fig. 17.4a)
is connected to a single phase variable frequency ( f ) supply.
The total admittance of the circuit is
I
O
+ IL Ic
V R L
IR C
-
frequency
(f) B
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
Y ∠φ = + j ⎜⎜ ω C − ⎟⎟
R ⎝ ω L ⎠
where,
where, I = V ⎢ 2 + ⎜⎜ ω C − ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ R ⎝ ω L ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
1
The current in the circuit is minimum, if ω C =
ωL
The frequency under the above condition is
ω 1
fo = o =
2π 2π L C
+
I = IR ( V R )
O
V
IC ( V/(-jXC ) )
- I L (V /(jX L ))
This condition under which the magnitude of the total (supply) current is minimum,
or the magnitude of the admittance is minimum (which means that the impedance is
maximum), is called resonance. It may be noted that, for parallel circuit, the current or
admittance is minimum (the impedance being maximum), while for series circuit, the
current is maximum (the impedance being minimum). The frequency under this condition
with the constant values of inductance L, and capacitance C, is called resonant frequency.
If the capacitance is variable, and the frequency, f is kept constant, the value of the
capacitance needed to produce this condition is
1 1
C= 2 =
ω L (2 π f ) 2 L
The magnitude of the impedance under the above condition is ( Z = R ), while the
magnitude of the admittance is ( Y = G = (1 / R) ). The reactive part of the admittance is
+ R IC
IL C
-
L
The frequency is
r 2 + ω 2 L2
The total impedance is Z ∠0° =
r
The total (input) current is
V ∠0° ⎛V ⎞ V ⋅r
I ∠0° = = V ∠0° ⋅ Y ∠0° = ⎜ ⎟ ∠0° = (V ⋅ Y ) ∠0° = 2
Z ∠0° ⎝Z⎠ r + ω 2 L2
This current is at unity power factor with φ = 0° . The total current can be written as
I ∠0° = I + j 0 = I L ∠ − φ L + j I C = I L cos φ L + j (I L sin φ L − I C )
So, the condition is I C = I L sin φ l
V V ωL
where I C = = V ⋅ω C ; I L = ; sin φ L =
XC r +ω L
2 2 2
r + ω 2 L2
2
IC
IL
B
Example 17.2
A coil, having a resistance of 15 Ω and an inductance of 0.75 H, is connected in
series with a capacitor (Fig. 17.6a. The circuit draws maximum current, when a voltage
of 200 V at 50 Hz is applied. A second capacitor is then connected in parallel to the
circuit (Fig. 17.6b). What should be its value, such that the combination acts like a non-
inductive resistance, with the same voltage (200 V) at 100 Hz? Calculate also the current
drawn by the two circuits.
Fig. 17.6 (a) Circuit diagram Fig. 17.6 (b) Circuit diagram
Solution
f1 = 50 Hz V = 200 V R = 15 Ω L = 0.75 H
From the condition of resonance at 50 Hz in the series circuit,
1 1
X L1 = ω1 L = 2 π f1 L = X C1 = =
ω1C1 2 π f1 C1
1 1
So, C1 = = = 13.5 ⋅ 10 −6 = 13.5 μF
(2 π f1 ) L (2 π ⋅ 50) × 0.75
2 2
The maximum current drawn from the supply is, I max = V / R = 200 / 15 = 13.33 A
f 2 = 100 Hz ω 2 = 2 π f 2 = 2 π ⋅ 100 = 628.3 rad / s
X L 2 = 2 π f 2 L = 2 π ⋅ 100 ⋅ 0.75 = 471.24 Ω
1 1
X C2 = = = 117.8. Ω
2 π f 2 C1 2 π ⋅ 100 ⋅ 13.5 ⋅ 10 −6
Z 1 ∠φ1 = R + j ( X L 2 − X C 2 ) = 15 + j (471.24 − 117.8) = 15 + j 353.44
= 353.75 ∠87.57° Ω
1 1 1
Y1 ∠ − φ1 = = = = 2.827 ⋅ 10 −3 ∠ − 87.57°
Z 1 ∠φ1 15 + j 353.44 353.75 ∠87.57°
= (0.12 − j 2.824) ⋅ 10 −3 Ω −1
Y2 = 1 / Z 2 = j (ω 2 C 2 )
I V
I2
φ1 = 87.6°
I1
17.2 With the ac voltage source in the circuit shown in Fig. 17.7 operating a frequency
of f, it was found that I =1.0 ∠0° A. When the source frequency was doubled (2f),
the current became I = 0.707 ∠ – 45° A. Find:
a) The frequency f, and
b) The inductance L, and also the reactances, XL and XC at 2f
R = 100 Ω L
100 ∠0° V
C = 0.01 μF
-
Fig. 17.7
Inductor
R coil
RO = 150 Ω L = 1.2 H
+
VO
RL = 200 Ω
-
C = 0.33 μF
Fig. 17.8
17.5 The circuit components of a parallel circuit shown in Fig. 17.10 are R = 60 kΩ, L
= 5mH, and C = 50 pF. Find
a) the resonant frequency, f0,
b) the quality factor, Q0, and
c) the bandwidth.
I
I • •
•
+ R +
V
L V R
- L
C
• -
Fig. 17.9 • •
Fig. 17.10