A.C.6pasepMaH A.n.

BaVlHTpy6

AIllHAMlIIKA BEPTOJl ETA

Flpenensaue
pe>KHMbl OJl

n eTa

MOCKBa MaWli1HOCTpOeHli1e»

1988

39.54 li87 YID< 629.735.45.015

sstc

+ 629.735.45.018.3

nPE,[lHCJIOBHE
B HaCTOHmee BpeMJI sepronersr nonysana IIIHpoKoe pacnpocrpaaeane, pacurapanca xpyr aanas, soanaraesrstx aa HI1X, nOBblCHnHCh Tpe60BaHHH K 6e30rracHocTH I10neTOB. IIo:noMY B03HHKna He06xo!l,I1MOCTh IDyqeHIDI p;HHaMHlCHsepronera I1pH rrpenensasrx peXGIMax non era. IIpep;enbHblMH HBnHIOTCH peXGIMbI, I1pH KOTOPbIX 3aMeTHO ycnoscaaerCH nanorapoaanae, CHH)l(aeTCH 6e30naCHOCTh nonera. I1ccneAYIOTC}I p;Ba rana npenensasrx pe)I(HMOB norrera, llepBhlU - crrencrsae ocobenaocrea aapoznmaMHKH sepronera IIpH HOPMaJIbHOH pafo re ero CHCTeM. BTOPOH - peaynsrar OTKa3a onsoro HllH scex naararenea; 3TO pe)I(HMbI H ycnosaa, IIpH KOTOPhIX ewe B03MO)I(H0 p;OCTH)I(eHHe neTHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK, YCTaHOBneHHbIX HopMaMH neTHOH rop;HOCTH rpa)l()J;aHCKHX aeprorreron CCCP (HJIfB). B KHHre npaseneau peaynsrarsr nOHCKa paUHOHaJIbHbIX rpaexropmi H MeTop;OB nHJIOmpoBaHHH seproneroa na npenensnsrx pe)I(HMax, )];aHbl nOHCHeHHJ{K OCHOBHbIM Tpe60BaHHHM Hl1TB. COBpeMeHHbIe BbNHcnHTenbHble MaIIIHHbI p;eJ1aIOTB03MO)l(HblM MaTeMaTHsecxoe MOp;eJIHpOBaHHe TaKHX pe)l(HMOBIIOneTa. MaTeMatHtIeCKaH Mop;enb p;on)I(Ha ytIHTbIBaTb H3MeHeHHH a3pOp;HHaMHtIeCKHX xapaxrepacrax BHHTOB npa rny60KoM I1POHHKHoBeHHH B CPblBHbIe pe)I(HMbI, IIpH KpHBonHHeifHoM ABH)I(eHHH sepronera, nonxna orpaxars oc06eHHOCTH xapaKTepHCTHK nnanepa npa 60nbIllHx yrnax aTaKH H Cl<Onb)KeHHH.Kposie roro, Heo6xop;HMo Mop,eJIHpOBaTb p;HHaMHKY nsararenea H HX perynaropon, CHCTeMbl aBTOMaTHtIecxoro ynpaBJIeHHJI BepTOJIeTOM, p;e$opMaIJ.}lIO CHCTeMbl ynpaanenaa, CKOpOCTH otpa60TKH HCnOnHHTeJIbHbIXMeXaHH3MOB (rHAPoYCHnHTeJ1eH). MOp;eJIHpOBaHHe npouecca nHJIOTHpoBaHIDI neT'lHKOM, T. e. C03)];aHHe "asronersaxa", B ocotieauocra aa npenensasrx pe)f(HMaX nonera, CB}l3aHO co 3HatIHTeJ1bHbIMH tpyP;HOCT}lMH [9]. l103TOMY B HaCTOHmee BpeMH uenecoofiPalHO Mop;enHpoBaHHe nonera BbIIlonHHTb C oneparopoje (neTllHKoM) B KOHTYpe ynpaBJIeHHH. ,UnH sroro Mop;ellb CO'lJleHHeTCB:C IIHnOTa)I(HhIM CTeHp;OM.

Pe~eH3eHT

C. B. M H

XeeB

J)pa:sepMIlH A.C., BaRH-rpy6 A.D. li87

llHHaMHKa sepronera. llpep;eJ1bHble pe)!(HMbI nonera.

-M.: Maunmo-

crpoeaae,

1988. - 280 c.: an.

Mero.D.b1 MaTeMaTHIfeCKoro IIKlAeJIHpoBaHWI H onpeAeJIeHHJI ua

ISBN 5-217-00108-9
Ii3JIOJIreHbl MOj].eJIJlX npeAeJIhllhlX pe)KHMOB nonera C Y'le1OM H3MeHellHH 113powmaMH'leCKHX xapaxrepacrax aecyutero BHHTa H BepTOJIeTa B ~enOM nJl' nonanaaaa B CpblB noroKa, nJl' KpHBOJIHHeAHOM ABH)I(eHHH.

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H CIIelJ,HanHCTOB KE H

HHH

aBHIUl.HOHHOA nposrsmmeasoc-

TH H rpaX<p;llHcKoA aBHau;HH.

3606030000-100 038(Ol)~8

lOO~8

BBK 39.54

ISBN 5-217-00108-9

© Ihp;aTeJ1bCTBO''MawHlIOCTpoeHHe'',

1988

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1. A3POJlHHAMHlIECKHE

A3POllHHAMHllECKHX XAPAKTEPHCTHK HECYlI!ErO BHHT A JIPH MATEMATHqECKOM MOIlEllHPOBAHHlf

H3Y'leHHJI npenensasix pe)J(HMOB nOJIeTa BepTOJIeTa nOJI)KHhl 6bITh a3pO)1;HHaMH'IeCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH necymero BHHTa KaK rrpH 6oJIhIIIHx, CpbIBHhlX 3Ha'leHHHX K03<1!<I!HIIHeHTarara, TaK H npH ero oTpHIIaTeJIhHhIX 3HalleHHHX, npH 60JIhIllHX 'lHcrrax M KOHIIOB JIOnaCTeH. Cpsmasre pe)J(HMhI xapaKTepH3YIOTCH YMeHbIlleHHeM HHTeHCHBHOCTHpocra K03<1!<I!HIIHeara THm (til) aecymero BHHTa npH YBeJIH'Iemui: ero yrnos aTaKH (~) H YCTaHOBKH (60) (na CKOPOCTJlX VH 200 ... 150 KM/'I YBeJIH'IeHHe rara COBceM npexpamaerca}, YBeJlHlIeHHeM "3aBaJIa" nasan xoayca, onacsraaesoro JlOnaCTHMH aecyuiero BHHTa (al), K03<1!<I!HIIHeHTa nporpansnsrx noreps (mnpOI!» aecymero BHHTa, CTaTH'IeCKHXHarpY30K (P O.II1' Mz a.n) aa aBTOMaT nepexoca ()1;HHaMH'leCKHe HarpY3KH B KHHre He paCCMaTpHBaIOTCH). IIPHHHThlH cnoco6 onpenenenaa TO'lKH aasana cpsma nOKa3aH aa pHC. 1.1. KaK BHnHO Hl pHcYHKa, npH KpHBOJIHHeHHOM )1;BH)KeHHH BepTOJIeTa, ecrm f Wz H 0, cpsmasre pe)KHMhI B03HHKaIOT npH 60JIhIllHX ~,tH; laBHCHMOCTh 'CHJl H MOMeHTOB BHHTa OT Wx H' Wz H na CphIBHhIX pe)KHMaX YBeJIH'lHBaeTCH H anorna CTaHOBHTCHHeJlHHeHHoH: BeJIH'lHHbI rrpapauieuas CHJI H MOMeHTOB 3aBHCJlTOT aaaxa Wx H' Wz H . HeJlHHeHHOe H3MeHeHHe CHJl H MOMeHTOB, neHcTBYIOIlIHX aa seproner, HMeeT MeCTO TaK)Ke UpH cpsrse nOTOKa C xpsma, cTa6HJIH3aTopa. CPhIB nOTOKa npoHCXO)1;HTHe TOJIbKO npH MaHeBpax sepronera, HO H UpH pe)KHMaX npasronHHeHHoro nonera, nOCKOJIhKY BepTOJIeT HMeeT oseas 6oJlhIllOH )1;Hana30H 0 0 HlMeHeHHJI yrnos araxa (OT ~ ~ - 20 npH nafiope BhlCOThI no ~ ~ + 20 npn nJIaHHpoBaHHH xa pe)KHMe casaoepameaas}, H ycraaoanemrue HY)KHbIM 06paJOM )1;J1J1 pacseruoro pe)KHMa roPHJOHTaJIbHOrO nonera aepronera KpbUIO H cTa6HJlH3aTOp nonanajor B CpbIB aa npyrax pe)KHMax. TaKHM o6pa30M, npa MOnenHpoBaHHH )1;B}f)KeHHJIBepTOJIeTa C ueJIhIO onpenenenas npenensastx pe)KHMOB nonera nOJI)KHbI MOneJIHpoBaTbCJI KaK nOCpbIBasre , TaK H cpsrsaue Y'laCTKH H3MeHeHHH a3pOAIIHaMH'IeCKHX CHJI H Ilna

onpenenensr

<

>

10

11

t/l

O,Z5

PRC. 1.1. 3aBHCHMOCTb KO~'" I(HeHTa TIIrH necyuiero BHHTa OT

aoe

ABIDKeHHe

JIonaCTeH, 3Ha'leHHHM 'lTO

CI1J1bI H

MOMeHTbI

necyuiero

BIDITa

COOTBeTCTBYIOT

MrHOBeHHhIM KO

napasrerpoa,

onpenenaioutax
CHnbI

xapaKTepHCTHKI1,

onnat.

yr na aTaKH H yr JlOBblX CKOPOCTeH (npH V H = const):

WXH WXH WXII

YlfHThmaeTC.II,

MaxOBoe

ABH:>KeHHe,

H MOMeHTbI

YCTaHaBJII1BalOT-

= 0; - - = 0,02, WZH = 0; K K = -0,02, WZH = 0; - . = wZH = 0,02

WXH WZH

==

CH C HeKOTopbIM

aanaansmaanew,

onpenenaexn-rst

nOCTOHHHOH: BpeMeHli

1.1.1. HE3ABHCHMblE nEPEMEHHblE, OnPE,uEJUIIOIIlHE XAPAKTEPHCIHKH HECYII{ErO BHHTA

H K03CPCPHlJ.HeHTbI BHCHMhIX CM H MOMeHTOB

MOMeHTOB

aecyurero
BepTOJIeTa,

BI1HTa a

necyurero

BImTa

3aBHCHr

OT 9-TH

nesa(1.1)

nnaaepa

raxxe

nepesremnax.

Hanpaxsep,

K03CPCPHUHeHT THrH BUHTa

11.0CTaTO'IHO TOllHO CH COCTaBJIHlOmHe

}"II1TbIBaTbWz II' Wx II

yrnonoii
BHHTa.

CKOPOCTH

aecymero

BMecTO

Mareeaarasecxoe
ocymeCTBJIHTb ABYMH

MOl1.eJIHpoBaHHe

xapaxrepacrax
BbI'll1eneHHeM

necyuiero
xapaKTepHCTHK

BHHTa B

MO)f(HO

cnocofiasra:
ABIDKeHHH;

peureaaa
H BBOl1.0M

ypaBHeHHH

HX B BbIlIHenl1reJIbHbIe 3aBHCHMOcTeH

npouecce 6) onpeneneaaesa xapaxrepacrnx aapanee MaIIIHHbI B BHp:e ra6JII1II, rpaqnncoa I1J1H anaa) ooJIee

nepesaeaasrx V XII' Vy II na CKOPOCT.IIX VII;;;;' 100 KM/'l 'laCTO acnons3YIOTCH nepexseaasre VII' O:H' BhIlfHCJleHHe scex K03CPCPHIIHeHToB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT l1.eBHTH napasterpos H )J,3JIbHeHWee HCnOJIb30BaHHe npa MO)],eJIHpOBaHHH CTOnb MHOrO'lHcneHHoH IfHcpopMaIIHIi KpaHHe sarpyrurarensao. l103TOMY B )],aJIbHeHWeM nexoropste
3aBHCHMOCTH 6yp:eM YllHTbIBaTb npH6JIH:>KeHHo. OT 00, os' liK 6yp,eM onpe)],enHTb na OCHOBe reopnn 3KBHBaneHTHoro BHHTa. OHa CHCTeMaTH'leCKH H3J10:>KeHa, nanpnxrep B [ 17] , a nexo ropsre }.l,OnOnHeHH.II K HeM - B HacTOHmeH KHHre. Teopas 3KBH3aBHcHMoCTb

JIHTHlIeCKHX

(cymecrsenno

npocrsrx,

lIeM

re, xoropue
B HacTO-

xapaxrepacnnc

6bIJIH HCllOJIb30BaHbI Ka)f(}],bIH HmeH KHHre

npa HX BhIlIHCJleHHH) . H3 cnocofioa HMeeT CBOH npeasryuiecraa npermoxreaae OTl1.aHO BTOPOMY cnoco6y.
HBJIHIOTC.II: HcnOllb30BaHHH HcnbITaHHHX BeCbMa B

11 HeI1.0CTaTKI1.

sanearaoro
)])In BHHTOB

BUHTa 6e3

noxassmaerca

npH

nonyuiennax

I'nayapra -

JIoKKa

Ero npeavytuecraasra
B03MO)f(HOCTb HcnbIraH1UIX 11 1060H , ClfeTa; B03MO)f(HOCTb H

xapaxrepacrax,

nonyaenasix npa nernsrx

rol)f(e

asponaaasnorecxoa rpyfie I1J1H pacxerosr no CJlO)f(HOH reopua, rpefiyiouteii rrpononaorrensaoro

aHa1JOrOBbIX BbIlIHCJlHTeJIbHbIX BHHTa MaWHH (ABM) H3-3a ,

npHMeHeHHH

aa

KOTOPhIX

BbIllHC11eHHe 3ap:alfH )J)IH

cnO)f(HOCTH

xapaxrepacrax aecyurero MaIIIHH nora rana;

BpeMeHH (UBM),

HeB03MO)f(HO

cyuiecraeanoe
pOBbIX Ta)f(HbIX BpeMeHH. OAHaKO npo

coxpautenae xorna

csera npa
l1.on)I(HO

MOl1.eJIHpoBaHHI1 Ba)f(HO B

aa

IIHcpnl1J1O-

BbIlIHCJlHTeJIbHbIX

MaIIIHHax

xro ocofieuao
crtocotia

)J)IH

crennoa,

MOl1.enopoBaHHe

BhIfiOJIHHTbC.II

pea1JbHOM

Hcnonb30BaHHH

BTOpOro

Mo)],eJIHpoBaHHH

B03HO-

xaer
KaK

PH)], cnO)I(HOCTeH. llPHXO)J,HTCH

npafierars

HeKOTopbIM

ynpouraiourasr
MaIIIHHY

nonyrneanasr, aa
HHX.

urapnapoa, ormaxo H aa CphIBHhIX pe)f(HMaX, H npa npHMeHHeMhIx I rl R pacsersr HMelOT npHeMJIeMYIO TO'IHOCTb. TeopHIO 3KBHBaJIeHTHOro BHHTa MO:>KHO npHMeHHTb B )],ByX aapaaurax: acnons3yH xapaxrepacnncn 3KBliBaneHTHoro aanra (o603Ha'laIOTCH HH}.l,eKCoM HI1)f(HHM 3) liJIO xapaxrepncraxa BHHTa npn Heiirpa1JbHOM nonozceaau aBTOMaTa nepexoca (o603Ha'laIOTCH WTpliXOM). .I1JIH aroporo aa paanra HY)f(HO cnenars aexoropsre IIOHCHeHHH. Y CnOBI1HMH 3KBI1BaneHTHOCTH pa3HbIX pe)f(HMOB paOOTbI aecyuiero BHHTa HBJIHIOTcn: VH = const, WXH = const, WYII = const, 0Jt.3 = O:H + '-PIS = const , '-Po = lio - kao = const, npH'leM '-PiS = -DJ liB - D2 liK + K(b13 Ka1:))/(1 + K2). 3Ta <popMyna OTHOCHTCH K cnysaio, xorna f3.t = 0 H ynpyrocrs KOHcrpYKUHH He YlfHThIBaeTCH; nOJIHaH cpopMYJia npHBOp:HTCH B pasn, 1.5.4. Bblpa311M npennocnennee ycnosne 3KBHBa1JeHTHOCrn ABYx pe:>KHMOB, npl1'leM y aroporo H3 HHX 0B = liK = 0:
ropH30HTa1JbHbIX

asmoca

TaK

oseas rpynno aaecra

BHHTa B 3aBHCHMOCTH xapaKTepHCTHKH

B BbIlIHcnl1TenbHYIO OT

xapaKTepHCTI1KI1

necyKpOMe annpox-

O:H.3

= O:H - DlliB

- D2liK+ Ka~3)/(1
pe)f(I1MaX npJilHHMaeT

K(bI3-

KaJ3

)/(1

K2)

uiero
roro,

scex napaxserpoa,
BHHTa TeM 6hITb

BllHHlOmUX

necyiuero

I1J1H HHhIM

cnocotiosr OWHOKH. nonropaoro

= o:~ + K(b~3Ha 3KBHBaneHTHbiX

K2).

CHMHPYIOTCH, IbMeHeHHe

cnenonarensno, napasrerpoa

B MOl1.eJIb MoryT 1l0naCTeH

sneceasr
rpefiyer

bl:)

b~:).

at:)

H BTyJIKH

paC'le-

a'13,

cnenoaarensao, spauienaa)

ycno-

BHe 3KBHBaneHTHocrn

BHU ()])IH

aanra

JIeBOrO

ra 0 Mop:enHpOBaHHH llpUHHMalOTCH

xapaxrepncnnc nonymeaaa 0

HeCYIIIero TOM, uro

BI1HTa. MOMeHT BpeMeHH Maxo-

B Ka)f()J,bIH

( 1.2)
13

12

COOTBe TCTBeHHO

B COOTBeTCTBHH C onHcaHHhIM tl r)],e

npHHHTo:

= 11 (VXH'
r ~I -

V~H,Q~,WZH)

+ bo/l(VXH,WXH,'YJI)'
. (1.5)

t H' h'H,mKH,aO,al,po.w,mza.11' *'

Ilocnennee !Po
Ha

ycnosae
-

JKBHBaJIeHTHOCTH

CBO)1,HTCHK

cnenyiomesry: bomC>K
JKBHBaJIeHTllIeCTBeHHO

= 150

KaO

Q~

Ka~. ao

JKBHBaJIeHTHhIX

peX<HMaX

= a~.

Ho

npn

pa3HbIX

p ua

= 13(VXH'
BJIUHIOIlIHX

o~, Mo
na

- Mocp)·

HbIX peX<HMaX

<DyHKUHH

II ... 3 1

ao
H

=
Q~

a~'Yn h~ = a~p/ o'

pOBaIDfeM HbIM B

npn 8= pasn, 1.3 ... 1.5,'2.3

3aBHCHMOCTH OT napasserpoa, cyIJ.mC>K' OIDf onpe)],eJIHIOTCH nepen Mo)],eJIH5K = 0, p' = 0,119, Mo cp = 0,65 no MeTo)],aM, onncan3TO HeJIHHeHHble

r., t2,

(WTpUXH

K03«p«pHU.HeHTOB ~

= 150
o' 'Y n

Ka~(p/p'

1).
B ycnOBHHX, npH KOTOPbIX

(1.3)
onpeK034>lJlfcneHHo npn

lOT, 'ITO OHH )],onX<HhI

1.4.2) .
<DyHKUHU B

nepecsarsrsarsca
3TO no

npa 58 =i= 0, OK =i=

H )],p. 0603Haqa(CM.

paan, 1.3.3,
reopaa

3)J,eCb

MaCCOBaH nJIOTHOCTb B03)1.yxa BHHTa

boll,

)1,eJIHJIHCb xapaKTepHCTHKH pa3JlHlJlfeM <pHUHeHTOB) OHa npa pa3HbIX

npa 158 = 15K = O.

peX<HMax nOJIeTa,

HeTO'llIOCTb,

CBH3aHHaH C

rrpouecce

bo/2 -

npHpallleHHH HecnOX<HbIM

r.. t2,

xo ropsre

BhIlJlfCJIHIOTCH

MO)],eJIHpoBaHHH

4>oPMYJIaM

nHHeHHOH

p,

OTHOCHTCH H K HepaBeHCTBY!PiS HO npH

(H npyrnx K;;:;

(CM. [

17]):

aa

3KBHBaJIeHTHbIX

0,5

HeBeJIHKa. H

= 15K = 0
Ilna ynpoutenno KHe

acnonsaosarsca pe3YJIbTaIbI ycnosaa 3KBHBaJIeHTHOCTH (1.2) , (1.3) .

6YAYT coxpameaaa BIlHHHHe necyinero na BeJIHqHHe xacna He3aBHCHMbIX B03)1.yxa 'lHcna Y'lHTbIBaTb CX<HMaeMOCTH BHHTa.

Haxe

paC'IeTOB

158

boao

"Y~

V XH
6p'

W XH P,P

+ ao(-

o'

1);

nansneinnero

nepesremrsrx
aa

6y)],eM

a3pO)1,HHaMH'IeCCKa3bIBaeTCH, noarosry see

xapaxrepacraxa 06pa30M,

BnHHHHe

Mo
BHHTa,

rJIaBHbIM

xpyrmnero npa

MOMeHTa

xapaxrepncnncn

onpe)J,eJIHIOTCH

HeKoropoM

Cpe)1,HeM

3HaqeHHH

Mo cp
MOMeHH3Me-

8' ,

(-

P P

)-

H C'IHTaIOTCH He 3aBHCHMbIMH ra

OT Hero,

a K K03<P4>HUHeHTY cnaraesroe

KpyrHllIero Y'lHTbIBalOllIee

"Yn

WXH

+ - -VXH boao; 3

m~.H
mK.H

(npa npH

Mo cp)

HeHHe

Mo

* Mo cp:

)J,06aBJIHeTCH

bomC>K'

(1.4)
PaCCMOTpHM BHHTa nera. ,!J)IH 3aBHCHMOCTb
WXH'

KOJ4><PHUHeHTOB

CHJI H

MOMeHTOB

necyuiero

(1.6)

OT COCTaBnHlOllIHx Ha pHC.

1.1

noxaaana

pasnsrx < QH. cp) fH

Y'laCTKe MOIllHOCTb WZH" Wz H cana puc.

3Ha'leHHH

WXH
BHHTa

Wz H "PH KPHBOJIHHeii:HoM )1,BIDKeHHI1 BepTO3aBHCHMOCTb fH OT ero yrna aTaKH npH VH const H

WZH'

Ha )],OCPhIBHOM ysacnce OT Wx

KpHBbIX

npaKIH'IeCKH

UMeeTCH

He 3aBHCHT OT Wz H H cnatio CYllleCIBeHHaH 3aBHCHMOCTh fH OT (eM. pHC.

H'

(QH a na CPbIBHOM
-

<
bomKH *

boSH3

aecyuiero

1.18, 1.19)
TOJIbKO yxacrxax ncex na

WZH

H MaJIaH

OT WXH. H OT a OT

3aBHCHT

Ilpononsaaa
H aa BUHTa

H OT WXH' Y'laCTKe,

- WXH --

['al (1 +

2)/ 4 - wXH/8].
a13 = a~(1

CHJIa 3aBHCHT

OT WXH HO aa

CPbIBHOM pHC.

)J,OCPbIBHOM, H na He 3aBHCHT OT WZH' Yl3MeHeHHH

CPbIBHOM

(CM.

2.10).

EOKoBaH (CM.

B rrOClIe)1,HeH 4>oPMYJIe aa CphIBHhIX

npHHHTo:

K2).

B nexoropsrx (CM.

ysacncax

2.12).

3aBHCHT OT WXH

peX<HMaX B <pOPMyrrbI

(1.6)
ysecrs

BHOCHTCH nonpaaxa HO na HX.

cnyuaax paan, 2.3).

non era

JIOnaCTeH

H HarpY30K

no Wx H' Wz H K034>4>HUHeHTOB MaXOBoro )1,BHx<eHHH B CHCTeMe ynpaBJIeHHH paccsrorpeasr B pasn, 1.3 U 1.5.

Ilpapauieaas

(1.6)

06bl'llIO

HeBenHKH,

npenerrsasrx

peX<HMax

MOx<eT B03HHKHyrb

Hoo6XOJI,HMOCTb

14

15

MOMeHTbI necyuiero BHHTa mXH' mz H OlIpelJ,enHIOTCHno <popMynaM (1.5) JIH60 (1.88) ... (1.90). OTMeTHM, 'ITO orracaaasni MerolJ, orrpelJ,eJIeHHH xapaKTepHCTIfK uecyurero BHHTa rrpH MareMarH'IeCKOM MOlJ,eJIl1pOBamm He HBnHerCH e/.l,i1HCTBeHHhIM. IIpH HeKOTopbIX napasserpax necyuiero BHHTa H B03MO)l(HOCTHXBbI'lHCJUITenbHbIX MalllliH Moryr OKa3aTbCH npermo-mrrensusrser npyrne MerOIJ,bI.

XH
--L_--~T-~~~~~~~~H
X

1.1.2. OCHOBHblE nOnmKEHHH

nPHHHTOrO

METOAA

B npaaaroxr MeTOlJ,e orrpe)J,eneHHH xapaxrepacrax uecytuero BHHTa B Ka)l(lJ,OH TO'lKe osreraexrcro /.l,i1CKa aaxonarca yron araxa H 'lHCJIO M, sarexr cya H cxp; rrOCJIelJ,HHe onpenenmorca rro xapaxrepucnncav npodianeir, nony'leHHbIM lIO pesynsrarara HCrrbITaHHH npodmneii B a3p0/.l,i1HaMH'leCKOH rpyfie. B HHX BHOCHrCH nonpasxa [ 17]. Hanparaep, 3HaqeHHH (cya)m ax rtporpaneii npa craL(HOHapHOM ofiTeKaHHH aa 0,3 ... 0,2 fiOJIbllle, qeM no npo)J,YBKaM MOneneii xpstnsen C YlJrTuiHeHHeM 5 rrpH ManblX 'lHCllax Re. B npouecce paCqeTa B xapaxrepacrnxa nporpaneii BHOCHTCHnonpaaxa /.l,JIHysera Bnl{HHHH HeCTauaonapaocrn otirexanaa ce'leHHH nonacra I{ aa TO, qTO OHI{ otirexaiorca co CKOJIb)l(eHHeM. B HaCTORIl(ee BpeMH HeT xopouro anpobnpoaaaaoro MeTo)J,a orrpe)J,eneHHH nonpasox, rr03rOMY He )J,aIOrCH<popMynbl IJlIH HX BbllfHcneHI1H. PHIJ,)J,aHHbIXrro aro sry sonpocy HMeeTCHB nareparype [8] . <l>opMa pacrrpelJ,eneHHH HHJJ,yKTHBHbIX cxopocreji rro nnouiana aecyuiero BHHTa C'lHTaerCH 3a)J,aHHoH. OHa onpenenaerca B 3aBHCHMoCTH OT BeJIH'lHHbI xapaxrepncruxu pe)l(HMa norrera u . Cnenoaarensno, paCqeTbI AenaIOTCH fie3 npaaneueuas BHXpeBOH reopaa /.l,JIHonpenenenaa HHIJ,YKTHBHbIX CKopOCTeH. Ilna pacsera aurerpansm.rx xapaxrepncrax necyurero BHHra 3TO nonycnoao, TaK KaK BHOCHMaHnpa 3TOM ouratnca He npensnuaer 2 ... 5 %, a BpeMH paC'IeTOB coxpauraerca na 1 - 2 nopanxa. Meron onpenenenas HHJJ,yKTHBHbIXCKOPOCreH onacaa HH)I(e, B pa31J,.1.2.1. YroJI B3Maxa JIorraCTH orHOCHTeJIbHO ropasonransaoro lllapIlHpa t3n naXOIJ,IHCH B npouecce pacsera BHHTa qHCJIeHHhIM HHTerpHpoBaHHeM ypaBHeHHH MaxoBoro ABH)I(eHHH. Yron noaopora JIOnaCTI{ soxpyr BepTHKaJIbHOrO wapHHpa (yron KaqaHHH) C'lHTaeTCH rrOCTOHHHhIM na AaHHOM pe)l(l{Me nOJIeTa. 3TO A~nycTI{MO, TaK KaK neperaennaa xacrs yrna Ka'laHHH He npeasuuaer 1 - 2 . YqeT cpennero yrna Ka'laHHH nonacrn Co He rpefiyer 1{3MeHeHHH<PopMyn /.l,JIH onpenenenaa 3JIeMeHTapHhIX CM JIOrraCTI{, TaK KaK nOJIO)l(eHHe nonacra OTHOCl{renbHO sexropa CKOPOCTHnecyiuero BI{HTa onpenenaercs yrnosr -.J;n (pHC. 1.2). Yron Co Y'lHThIBaeTCH npH onpeneneana KHHeMam'leCKHX xapaxTepl{CTHK BTynKH H aarosiara nepexoca BHHTa, UK KaK I1X nonoxcenae OTHOCHTenbHO aexropa CKOpOCTH necyurero BI1HTa, cnenoaarensno, npononsnoii OCH sepronera orrpeAeJIHeTCH CYMMOH -.J; + Co· Y ron Co BXOAHT TaK)I(e B BbIIT pascenae nnH MOMeHTOB uecyuiero BliHTa, UK KaK OH onpenerraer nono xeaae TO'lKH A npanoxcenaa CHJI nonacra K aryrnce (pHC. 1.3). TO'lKa A HBnHeTCH TO'lKOH nepecesenaa OCI1 rOp"30HTaJIbHOrO urapnapa C OCbIOnonacra. 3<p<peK-.
16

PHC. 1.2. Onpeaenenae nOJlO)l(eHlDI nonacra, TeJlbHO sexropa CKOPOCTHVH:

BTYJIKH H npOAOJlbHOii OCHsepronera

OTHOCIt'

1-

OCh

nonacrn;

2 - npononsaaa

OCh

sepronera;

3 - npassaa,

UPOXOAHlllaH

xepea

OCh

s.ur; 4 - 3IPIPeKTHBHhIit UP" CO = 0 11'

PHc. 1.3. nOJlO)l(eHHe TO'IKH A. Ilonycaaaaanaa CBH3aHHlUICHCTeMaKooPAHHaT JIOnaCTH CHCTeMa KoopAHHaT aecyuiero BHHTa H

THBHaH BeJIHlfHHa BbIHOca rOpH30HraJIbHhIX nrapaapon onpenenaercs paCCTOHHHeM I 1" nOKa3aHHhIM na pHC. 1.2. OTMeTHM, 'lTO ropH30HTaJIhHbIH wapHHp KOHCTPYKTHBHO pacnonaraerca B TO'lKe A HOPMaJIbHO KOCH, OTKnOHeHHoH OTHOCI1TenbHOBepTHKaJIbHOrO urapaapa JIOnaCTH, rrpHqeM yrOJI Co COOTBeTcrsyer xpeacepcxoa cxopocra; 3TO ofecnexaaaer YMeHbllleHHe HarpY)I(eHHH nOAlllHnHHKOB MI{ 3neMeHTOB, HX 3aMeHHIOIUHX. Pacsersr AenaIOTCH, KaK npaBHJIO, fie3 ysera H3f11fiHhIX Ae<popMalJ,HH nonaCTI1, TaK KaK OHH na unrerpansusre, ocpermeaasre no BpeMeHH CHJIbI H MOMeHThI aecyuiero BHHTa Bnl{HIOT CJIa60. Ecna nonacra COl[JleHHIOTCHC aryrrxok He urapnapno, a nOCpenCTBOM ynpyroro 3JleMeHTa, TO aaxonarcs rrOJIO)l(eHHe <PI{KTHBHOro rOpH30HTaJIbHOro uiapnapa, npa MaXOBOM ABH)I(eHHH noxpyr xoroporo neperaeuienaa 3<p<peK' THBHhIX Ce'leHHH nonacrn (7'> 0,3) H MOMel!:fbl MXH' MZH TaKHe )l(e, KaK y BHHTa C ynpyrasr 3JleMeHTOM (npaKTH'IeCKI1 lr = 0,05 ... 0,1 B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT )J(eCTKOCTH ynpyroro anejaenra H nonacra) .

Kpyransaaa Ae<p0pMaUHH npnaonar K 113MeHeHHIOKpyTKH nOnaCTI{ CJ.l{Jr' Ee HY)I(HO XOTH fihl npH6rIU)l(CHHO YlfHThIBaTb. qTo )I(C xacaercs ocpenaeaaux lIO nonacra COCTaBJIHIOlll.HX KpYTKI{ no HYJIeBOH H nepaoii rapMOHI{I<aM Vo, VI C, VI S, TO OHI{ Moryr npa pacsere a3pOAHHaMH'IeCKHX XapaI<TepHCTHK BHHra He paCCMaTpHBaTbCH,a I{X BnHHHl{e Y'lI{ThIBaeTCH,KaK YKa3aHO B pasn, 1.5.4. Ilepexrennsre no paAHYCY nOnaCTI{ yrnhI I{Jlcr = Vi c r - VIC HAp. np" pac'IeTax nuHaMHKH nOJIeTa ofiwlHO He Y'lHTbIBaIOTCH.

17

1.2. CKOPOCTH OETEKAHHJl H 3JlEMEHT APHhIE CHJJbI

COCTaBJUlJOlUHe CHCTeMe pHC. KOOpAHHaT 6e3pa3MepHoM

CEfJEHHIl JIOllACTH

rne Y
KaHHH:

Yr,1/I

COOTBeTcrneHHO CKOPOCTH; A -

cperuraa
Cpel1.HHH

H no

nepesaesaaa
AHCKY

'laCTH 6e3pa3Mep-

HOM: HHl1,)'KTHBHOH

KOJ$$HlJ,HeHT

npore(1.11)

cxopocrea

H ClUI onpe.nenHIOTcH (CM. pHC.

B CBH3aHHOH CKOPOCTH no

C JIOnaCTbID

0nXn YnZn
BHp,e OHM lr)cos(ln cos iftn

1.3).

xasaasr

na

1.4. B

paaasr:

CYMMapHaH HOM: KOCH

CKOPOCTb 06TeKaHHH

ceqeHMM: JIOnaCTH B nnOCKOCTH,

aopsrans( 1.12)

rronacra,

Ux =

UXlwHR

= (7 -

+
-

Ir

+ u sin v« +
(1.7)
HblX

+ (7 - Ir) sin I3n (WXH

U
+
(1.8)
Hble

Ju;

+
VH

ii~.
xapaKTepHCTHK M

WZH

sin iftn);

Korna asnue,

paCq~bI

CKOPOCTH

yrne

aTaKM

uecymero BHHra BbmOJIHHIDTCH aecymero BMHTa aH, B $OPMYllbI,

npa sanaanpnaenea( 1.13)

nO/1,CTaBJIHIDTCH

Uz =
+
3p,eCb Ar,>/I

VXII
sin

cos

4.

v«

cos

I3n +

w IB
H

Co

Ar, >/I

sin Pn + (1.9)

1.2.1. HH,[{YKTHBHbIE CKOPOCTH HECYInErO BHHTA

YKa3aHo B snue , /1,JIH onpeneneaaa HHAYKTMBHOM: CKOPOCTH uecyutero naxpesaa reopaa He npHMeHHeTCH, a pacnpenenenae HH)J.yKTHBHbIX CKOpOCTeM: no nnouiana necyuiero BHHTa CqHTaeTCH 3alJ,aHHbIM. Ilna pacsera HHTerparrbHblX xapaKTepHCTHK necyurero BHHTa JTO /1,OnYCTHMO, TaK KaK HX YTO'lHeHHe npH npHMeHeHHH BHXpeBbIX reopna He osem, cymeCTBeHHO. IIPH 3a]l,aHHII <pOPMbl pacnpenenenaa HHl1,)'KTHBHOH CKOPOCTM no rrnourana necyutero BIIHra CyMMHpylOTCH /1,Ba xapaxrepasrx /1,JIH aecyuiero BHHTa 3aKOHa, noxaaaansie aa plIC. I.S. [JepBbIM: 3aKOH npe]l,CTaBJIHeT CoGoH ocecasoaerpaxaoe pacnpeneneaae, KaK aa BepTHKaJIbHbIX pe)KHMaX nOJIeTa (Il = 0), a BTOPOH rpeyronsnoe pacnpenenenae, KaK na 60nbIIlHx CKOPOCTHX nOJIeTa. CYMMHPOsanne 3aKOHOB npOII3BO]l,HTCH C YMHO)KeHHeM HX opnaaar aa KOJ$$HUHeHTbI/l H 12, TaK 3aBIICHmHe OT u , 'lTO aa BepTHKaJIbHbIX pe)!(HMaX nonera OCTaeTCH TOJIbKO oceCHMMeTpH'lHOe pacnpenenenae, a npa 60nbllIIIX CKOPOCTHX ronsxo rpeyronsuoe: KaK BHHTa

I3n (WXII

sin iftn +

WZH

cos iftn)·

=-

VYH

vr,>/I

= - VYH -[v

tlvr,l/I]

= ~-

~vr,>/I'

(1.10)

x.
Buil A

(1.14) vK' nOKa3aTeJIb pacsersr 06bI'lHO npasreaaeMbIX na sepronere BHHTOB, na pe)!(HMe BHceHHH xapaxrepasn-r aBJIHeTCH pacnpeneneaae HHl1,)'KTHBHOH CKOPOCTH, KOTOpoMY COOTBeTCTByeT n= 1/2. Ilna onpeneneaaa YK BOcnOJIb3yeMcH reopesroji 0 xonasecrse /1,BIDKeHIIH )JJlH anexsearapaoa xonsneaoa CTPyHKH:
HaH/1,eM BXO/1,HlUHe CTeneHH

n,

tPYHKUHII

11

12.

ypasneaae
KaK

(1.14)

HeII3BeCTHbIe:

nOKa3bIBaIDT

1..

Pac. lA . 0npeAeJJellHe COCTaBJUIIOmVY omocHTem.Hoi --nonaCTIC

CKopOCTH ofiTeKllHHH

ce"IeHHi
.
sin

(1.15)
IIJIH, B 6e3pa3MepHoM BlIne:

1 - wH(r 4 _ WXH 18

-/r)cos{jn cos 1/In -

+ Ir); 2 WZH

WH

(r

- Ir) cos ~n + 'r);

WZH

sin >/In;

5 - t1Uy ==

(r - Ir

3 -WZH + lr cos

cos >/In + WXH (jn);

6 - t1Uz

= WuiBC.

1/In;

dCr

8-y2 (r) Fdr.

(1.16) 19

1/1,,=0

fr-----.-----~----~

a
PRe. 1.5. 4lopMbl pacnpeneneaaa HIIAYKTHBHJ.IX cxopocrea a - v(r, 1/J)/v =VK,n; 6 - v(r, l/J)/v = 1 + , cos l/JJI uecymero BHHTa:

ilO)l;CTaBJIHH B 3TO

asrpaacenae

vCr) =

vKrlJ2

npoaarerpaponan

no

r,
b,

I'
PRC. 1.6. 3aBHCHMOCTb KoJCl!!j>H~eHTa 3 OT JllIpH u .;; 0,01

I'

norrysasr

(1.17)
I1pH paBHoMepHoM

I. OT J.L
Me)l(AY

PRe.

1.7.

3aBHCHMOCTb K03!j>!j>Hl\HeHTOB

I,

pacnpeneneaaa

HHAYKTHBHOii CKOPOCTH

VC;/2,
( 1.18)

nosrossy
VK=~V
TaKHM06pa30M,

Bpa_meHHH W~H

onpenenaerca

yrJIOM

IIJIOCKOCTbIO apameaaa

H OTXOP;H' C

Jit

OT BHHTa BHXpeBOH KOJIOHHOi1, OCb KOTOPOH

coananaer

aexroposi

(pHC.

1.8).

3TOT yrOJI 0OO3HaqeH

;1 H'

CJIep;OBaTeJIbHO,KOJ<P<PHLU'leHTbI BeJIHquHbI
;1 H

v r, l/J

v[

mr

cornacao (1.14)
112

fl,

f2

.P;OJI)l(HbIonpenenarscs
I, H

Hom

arctg ( -

AI 11).

B 3aBHCHMOCTHor

OqeBHp;HO, qTO

xorna f2 11

f, (J1)

+ (1 +

r cos'"

n ) f2 (J1»).

(1.19)
XapaKTepHCTHK HHJJ;yKTHBHBJIH-

KOJIOHHbI HOpMaJIbHa K IIJIOCKOCTH spauienaa) llIeH~ cnysaa

,TO f,

aroro yrna, pan±90° (OCb BHxpeBoH 1, f2 = 0, a npH YMeHb'

BTOPOH xorna

i 1H

K03<p<pHIJ,HeHT fl

YMeHbllIaeTCH, a

OAHHM 1'13 HaH60JIee cymeCTBeHHbIX necyutero

AJIH aarerpansnsix

COOTBercTByeT pe)l(HMaM nOJIeTa, xorna

BHHTa npOHBJ1eHHii HepaBHOMepHOCTH pacnpeneneaaa

BeJIHKO, a

MaJIO, TaK qro,

npHHHB, qrO BeJIH'lHH3 KOJ<P<PHlI,HeHTa ,f2 fl H3 nexoropoe ynpouieaae, ofineruaiouiee

= 0,

YBeJIH'lHBaeTCH. I1epBbIH

11
aapac-

Hoil CKOPOCTHB npOp;OJIbHOHllJIOCKOCTH npa MaJIblX CKOPOCTHXnonera TOM 3aKOHa

eTCH H3MeHeHHe no CKOPOCTHK03<P<PHlI,HeHTa MaXOBoro ABH)I(eHHH bl . C yqe·

BHCHT TOJIbKO OT qeTbI.

11,

MbI norunu

(1.19)
4 3

MO)I(HOnonyxar»
I'

Ilpn (1.20)

MaJIbIX CKOPOCTHXnOJIeTa 33MeTHoe BJIHHHHe aa HHAYKUIBHbIe noreBHHTa OKa3bIBaeT OKPY)I(H3H HHAYKTHBHaH CKOpoCTb. OHa HaMH peKOMeHp;yeTcH Ha BHHTa na

b 13

=-

1+

1/21'

fao + 2 v.
MH-6 3aBHCHMOCTbb 13

pa Hecymero

He Y'IHTbmaeTCH, noarovy

AYKTHBHble nore pa aecyuiero J.iTaK, AJIH onpenenenaa maA"

-2 % ...

11

= a ... 0,1

YBeJIHquBaTb HH-

COOTBeTcrneHHO. no nnourann BHHTa 3HaqeHHe

IIO)l;CTaBHB B sry qHM <PYHKlI,HIO f2

<P0PMYJIY JKcnepHMeHTaJIbHO HaH)l;eHHYIOno )l;3HHbIM ner-

pacnpeneneaaa

HHAYKTHBHOH CKOPOCTHno nno-

HbIX HcnbITaHHH sepronera

(11)

f( 11)
no

(pHC. 1.6),

norry-

BHHTa P;OJI)l(HO 6bITb H3BeCTHO cpenaee

(pHC.

1.7).

HaH)l;eM cpennee

nnouiarta

necyuiero

HH)l;YKTHBHOH CKOPOCTH V. OHO HaxO)J;HTCHna OCHOBe <pOPMYJIbI rnaYJpT3:

BHHTa aaaseaae HHJJ;yKTHBHOH CKOPOCTH(1.19)

: ( 1.22)
3~a <poPoMYnaOCHOBaHaua TOM, qTO B npenensasix cnysaax npH O'H

Cnenoaarensao,
( 1.21)
rpa<pHK <PYHKIJ,HH fl nOKa3aH TaK)I(e na pHC.

H~ xpsma

-90

=a

OHa npespautaerca

B H3BeCTHble <popMYnbI AJIH JJIJIHnTHqecKoro

(C IIonypa3MaXOM ee npa

R)

H AJIH nponennepa. orpaHHqeHHHx.

Baxpessre
C yserosr

reopaa

aecyuiero

BRHTa, pa3p300TaHHbIe Bnocnep;CTBHH Jl.C, BHJlbP;rpy6e H B.3.

n3CKHHbIM

[2],

1.7.

norrraeprnem

HeKoTopbIX

npOp;OJIbHOHCHJlbI

Hepaauosaepaocrs

pacnpeneneaas

HHJJ;yKTHBHOHCKOPOCTHB nnOCKOCTH

Hecyme~ BHHTa <p0pMYJIa (1.22) npH06peTaeT BHp; (CM. [ pOCTHOHTpeyrOJIbHHK uecyuiero BHHT3 ua pHC. 1.9)

17] ,

a T3K)I(e CKO-

20

21

Ilo (1.23)
rev _ cp~UUI HHAYKTHBHaH CKOPOCTb HeCYLIJ;ero B BHHTa, HanpaBJIeHHaH yrOJI Mexqzy pHC.

3TOMy

ypasaeumo
O}J,HaKO 3HaqeHHHX

CTPOHTCH

3.37.
ManblX

ypasaeaae

rpadsnc (1.27) He

VR

= [(VH' aa

TH).

OH

nOKa3aH

aa

CnpaBe}J,J1HBO TaK KaK

na

pe)lQ{Max

CRH)KeHHH

npn

HeCYLIJ;erO BHHTa THBMble

VH H 60JIbllIHX T, He HBnHeTCH CTPyHHbIM.

B CBH3aHHOH CHCTeMe

3THX pe)KHMax

Ha 3THX pe)KHMax }J,aHHhIM.

ofirexarnre cpenaae HH}J,YKBHHTa

"R

}], anfieJIbHO nap

H

R . !} H'

K03~4mII,HeHT cI>op"'"'JIa

KOHl.I,eBbIX
_

H HOpMaIlbIO K HaH CHJIa necymero

noreps;
v

(1.23) oepamaercs
TH

(I. 22) , xorna npononsR

TH v)

CKOPOCTH HaxO}J,HTCH no 3KcnepHMeHTanbHhiM KOOp}J,HHaT

H•

BHHTa

Ilpn
v

'"'J

HcnOJIb30BaHlUi npHXO}J,HTCH CJIyqaH,

~opM)'JI

0 (npa 3TOM (1.22)

-lltr,

Ilpa pacserax
TH

necymero

aa

yrOJI

1.

HaXO}J,HTCH no ~pMYne

HJIH

(1.23)

WIH

HJIH

}J,eJIaTb

arepanaa Ilpa
nOCTpoeHHH

MaJIblX

CKOpOCTHX

onpenenenaa v nonera B033anHcaHHYlO

(1.28) Ilocrre onpeneneaaa

HaH)J,eM HOpManbHYIO K CKOPOCTH

MO)I{H~

xorna
rpa~HKa.

HTepaII,HH

He CXO}J,HTCH. MO)KHO HaxO}J,HTb v R C nOMoLIJ;bIO ~OPMYJIy

cnel.l,HaJIbHOrO B 6e3pa3MepHbix

Ilna ero

(1.23),

K03~~Hl.I,HeHTaX

CRH

=
2

4B2vRJV~
B BH}J,e

=-----~~----~~ (2V sin

VR H TH vR)'

C nOMOmhlO nnOCKOCTH

pHC.

3.37

OTHocHTenbHoH OOCTaBJlHlOmylO

CKOPOCTH

apauteuas

VR

HH}J.yKTHBHOH

(1.29)
npe}],CTaBHM

YR eRH 4B2

[--

YH

eRH 4B2 CRH /4B

2

J
pe)KHMe

VR eRH 4B2
paBHO

{2

VH FRH 4B2

sin TH

VR

FE

)]

i.

lIpH

6onbII.IHx TH

CKOPOCTHX

nOJIeTa

(V >
H

5), aa

KOTOPhIX

vR

npa acex

1/ VH,
(1.30)

cpe)J,HHH HH)J.yKTHBHaH

CKOPOCTb

4B2

(1.24)
CKOpOCTH

T 2B
2

OTHollIeHHe HeCYLIJ;ero BHHTa

rrpaTy KBa,_.,

cperrHeH ,_.,

HH}J.yKTHBHOH

pFVXH

'

=
CKOPOCTb H3MeHHeTCJI

aa

BHceHHH

TIpH KpHBonHHeHHoM

)J,BH)KeHHH HH}J.yKTHBHaH
H

17] :

VRBHC

= ~/2B.
CKOpOCTHM

( 1.25)

!lv'1/! = Sr
llnJl POCTH ysera

view,
BnHJllDfJl

sin

t/ln

WXH

cos

t/ln )/tH·
aa BenH'lHHY aa HH)J,yKTHBHOH CKO-

Ilepeana

K OTHOCHTeJlbHblM

VR =
nony'IHM

VR!VRBHC'

VH =
H

VH/VRBHC'

(1.26)

"3eMHOH

nonyunca" v

HaH)J,eHH~

BhlIIIe H

3aBHCJlIII,HH OT

VH

= HjR:

3HalJeHHJI

YMHO)K3IOTCH

KO~~HII,HeHT

K~eM' ( 1.31)

;'h [V~ - YR (2 V

sin

TH

VR)]

1.

{1.27}
Ha

K~eM
TaKHM

BnHHeT ~OPMa ofipaaosa,

J1onaCTH, OOO6eHHO B KOMJIeBOH ~OpMYnhl onpe}],eIIHIOT

lJaCTH. cpe}J,HI01O no nnouiaBHHTa.

npHBe}J,eHHble

}J,H BHHTa HH)J,yKTHBHylO

CKOPOCTb H ee pacnpeaeneaae

no nnourana

1.2-2. 3nEMEHfAPHblE A3POAHHAMH1IECKHE H HHEPllHOIDILIE CHIlLI

QT06bl

nonysars
J10naCTH, (pHC.

Bhlpa)KeHHH paccraorpuea

}J,J1Ha3poAHHaMHqeCKHX qepTe)l( aa nnoCKoCTH,

CHJ1, }]'eHCTBYlOmHX nepnenruncynapaoa noaepnyroe non

PHC.

1.8.

CKopOCTH

06TeK3HHH

HecYllIero

PHC.

1_9.

CKOPOCTHOii:

TpeyrOJlbHHK

na K

3J1eMeHT

BHHTa

necyuiero BHHTa: 1 - nnOCKOCTb B pameHHH

OCH J10naCTH I{J, K

1.10).

BH}J,HO, 'ITO

ceseaae

J10naCTH, B03)J.yXOM

necyutero

BHHTa

yrnosr

nJlOCKOCTH

BpaLIJ;eHHH,

ofirexaerca

C OTHOCHTeJlbHOH

22

23

PIIC.

1.10.

CKOpOCTII II aJpoAHHaMH'lecKlle

CIIJlhI

dTn dQn

= dYnacos<P = dXnacos<P

+ dXnasin<P;
- dYnasin<P.
nOJIYqJ1M

( 1.36)

3JIeMeHTa JIonaCTII

CKOPOCTblO

<P

U,

HanpaBneHHoH BpallleHYUI.

non Yron

yrnoM aTaKM

Ilocne npeofipasoaanaa dTn dQJI

nnoCKOCTM

CeqeHMH
(X,

nonacru
= IPr

= pU(cyaUx = pU(cxp

+ cxp Uy)b,dr/2;

+ <P

= IP, +

u, -

CyaUy) b,dr/2. (1.37)

HMelOT BH/J.

( 1.37)

+ arctg
Yron YCTaHOBKH B paCCMaTpHBaeMoM

(cyl

Ux)'
Haxo):UITCH no

( 1.32)
cpopMYne

OTHOCHTenbHblX

BeJIHqJ1HaX Bhlpa)l(eHHH.

d t.;

= =

(cyaUx (CxpUx
DCH

+ cxpUy)
-

Ubrdr;

ceqemrn

dq ;

( 1.38)

CyaUy)Ubrdr.
/J.ei1cTByeT CHJIa TpeHHH, TaK KaK

IP,

IPo + AlP, cos2l/1n

a. k jJn + IP1C

cos 'I' n

.r,

+ IP)S

sin

l/In +
( 1.33) or

Bnons
o6TeKalOTcJI

JIOnaCTH

cesenaa

J10naCTH

+ IP2C
rne yrnsi
opraaos

+ ... ,
on

co CKOJIb)l(eHHeM.

Ee K03cpcpMUHeHT

paBeH:

IP)C' ynpaBneHHH

IPo,

IPl

enenmorca
BMHTa

B 3aBHCHMOCTH (o6lllHM rMX

rrOJIO)!(eHMH HaKJIOCHCTeMbI

S, IP2C •.• O~KH OM yrn YCTaH a

urarovr

(1.39)
npWleM MO)l(HO npHHHTb, K qTO Cf

M yrnoM

necpOpMaUHH

yn-

aa

aBTOMaTa

nepexoca},

ocpe)lHeHHblX paBJIeHHH M _ (CM. pa3/J.. 1.5.4) AlP, r TIoroHHble nO/J.l>eMHaH paBHbI:

AO + (v
cana

TaK)!(e OT Y no nonacrn

_ vo)

0, H

cana

PY.hOpMaUHH KpyqeHMH nonacra /J.e't' _ cyMMapHblH yron KPYTKM. npoTMBneHMH 3neMeHTa JIOnaCTM co

Cxp

min'
/.l.JIH 3JIeMeHTapHbIX HHepUHOHHhIX CHJI

TIepeH/J.eM JIOnaCTH. Ha

BhIB0/.l.Y

Bhlpa)l(eHHH

3J1eMeHT

1l0[laCTH

/J.eHCTByeT

uearpotieacnaa
KOPHOJIHca. OCM

CMJIa, MHepUHOHHaH

cana
MeT

MaXOBoro

IJ.BJ1)I(eHHH. H CMJIbl HHepUHM

Ilenrpotiexoraa

CHJla

dYna dXna

pU2 cyab,dr/2; pU2cxpbrdr/2.

Cxp BbI6MpalOT )JlIH npocpHnH

(1.34)

aXJI YJlLn : dm.; W~ I B Co; -dmnw~[(r-Ir)cos{3n + Ir]sin{3n; dmnw~[(r-/r)cos{3n+ Ir]' IlpoHCXO)l(/J.eHHe nepsoa H3 HHX, HanpaBJIeHHOH B/J.OJlb OCM OX nOHHTHO H3 paCCMOTpeHHJI pHC. 1.4. Ilenrpofiexcasre CMJIhl, B03HMKalOillMe B peaynsrare
COCTaBJIHlOlllHe CBH.3aHHble C JIOnaCTblO

aa

JI'

nOBopoTa paccMaTpHBaeMoro Y'lHTbIBaTb

3JIeMeHTa He

nonaCTH TaK

C yrnoBblMM KaK

CKOPOCTHMM MeHbllle

d{3 __ n_,

K03.hri-.HlJ:l1eHTbl cya M 't''t' ceqeHHH B 3aBHCMMOCTM OT (X"

dt

WXH'

W I'H '

qJ1cen

Re :
.

6Y,ll,eM,

OHM HaMHoro

COCTaBJIHIOI1lMX OCHOBd2{3

HOH ueHTpo6e)!(HOH I1HepuMoHHaH

CMJIbI. CHJIa MaXOBoro ,ll,BM)I(eHMH

= _a --II

wHR
a ab ;
II

U=

Mo U;
( 1.35)

nonacrn

- din n (r - I r )
pMC.

dr

OHa

aanpaaneaa

anons

OCM

OYJI' nnmocrpapyetca l/I JI = 0, TaK 'ITO

KaK

us,

TIpoMCXO)I(IJ.eHMe pMC.

CHJI KOpMOJIMCa B nOJIO)!(eHMM

1.11. Jlonacrs
cosl/ln na pMC.

H3

Re

M.
xopnsi

1.11,

a,

6 noxasana

PMCYHOK nOHCHlIeT

npo06-

HCXO)I(IJ.eHMe Bblpa)l(eHMH, cpopMyne

sxonaurero

K03CPCPMUMeHT npn

B 1I0JIHOH

,ll,JIH COOTBeTCTBYlOllleH B peaynsrare nosopora

CMJIbI. CHJIa C yrnoaoii

dK,

nOKa3aHHaH

1.11 .a,

l1JtH yrrpollleHMJI TbI nOJIeTa. TIpH

qJ1cno

:nOM npoqlHnJl

Re

Re

6yp,eM eT

HaXO/.l.HTb )JlIH cpell.lIHX ronsxo OT

3aBHCHT cneny

xapaKTepHcTHKH sarensao, BeJIHq}1H:

(X,

K03cpcpHUHeHTbI H

M.

3aTeM

cya' cxp cya' cxP

u

Ka)!(/J.oro R 6paTh rrpH CooTBeTcTBYlOllleM e. ,... on ep,enHlOTcH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT nayx

M,

H BbIC~

pasyercs
CKOPOCTH

CKOPOCTblO Wx H sexropa

OKPY)l(HOH

TaK

'ITO )JlIH

Cneno

dK
It ee

ne

pc

~qJ1TbIBaIOTCH)JlIH.

yqeTa

CKOnb)!(eHHH. a

H HecTaUHoHapHocTH TIpoeKUHM H conpoTHBneHHe CHn

dY

o6TeKaHHH na'

dX

ceqeHHH. (CM. pHC. no

1.10)

3neMeHTapHaH.

THr

dT

+ +

(1) wlI[(r-/r)cos{3n 2dmnwH[(r-/r)cos{3n npOeKUMIt na OCM OYn

H
WZII

+ II']' + Ir]wxlI 07.JI panusr

aanpaaneua

B,LlOJlbOCM

OY".

Ir]cos{3n lr]

(WXH

cosl/ln cosl/lJl -

WZH

sin{3J1 (WXII

sin

l/In).

sinl/ln);

2dl11JI 2dmnwH

WH

[(I' -- II')

cos{3J1

[(r -

Ir)cos{3J1

+ +

pe3YJIbTaTe

[lOBOpOTa

C yrnosoa

CKOpOCTblO

WXII

IIpOCKUItM

ua

OCL

BpalUeHHIO

dQn:

25

24

XII

dJyn

= -dmn
Ir)

w~ [(T d21l n -2 dt

Ir)cos{3n

+
-

Ir]sin{3n

- dmn (r + Ir +

+ 2dmn [(r
cos

I)

cos{3n

+ cos Ir
R •

] wH cos {3n (WXH

Rn)(
(J

I/In

. .t, ) WZH sm 'l'n

dWZH

+ dmn(r

+
(1.41)

Ir cos

dw

dt
2

sm

.f,

'l'n

+~

dt

cos

I/In) +d m n g

(In'

dl< 6

dJZJI

dm ; WH [(r - lr)

cos{3n

+ I r )]

{3 cos n W

+ 2dmJI [(r
ZH sin
.1,

Ir) cos {3n

KOPHOJIHCOBblX

Ir]

wH sin {3n (WXH cos

dllJI
--

I/IJI WXH

rn s
)

>:

PHC. 1.11. Onpeneneuae

can nonaera

- 2 d m.; (r -

Ir )

OYH

OKP}')KHOH CKOpOCTH

(2)

MaXOBoro

n,BH)I(eHlHI (r - Ir)

d:;

dt

(,., ZHCoS'l'n .t. ......

sin

"'JI) - d mJI g

sin {3JI.

cost3n dlln dt

(1.42)
MaCCOBble CIDIbI He 3aBHCHT OT 0 nocne,lJ,YlOlIlHX q,opMyn B6 o, lJ,HaKO )J,l1H ynpomenas ssraona (1.40) '" (1.42) T3K)I(e K 6e3 e3pa3MepHoM BR,IJ,e npHBe,lJ,eM Bblpa)f(eHHH pa3MepHoMY BHror (Y'lHTbIBaH, 'ITO t = I/I I w ); n H

(pHC. 1.11,

6)

nmIBnHeTCH cana

dK

= - 2dmn

(r - Ir

)WXH

cost3n

OHa uanpasneaa nporas nonosorrerrsaoro uanpasnenaa OCH OXn. 113 aroro pHcYHKa HeTpYAHO onpenenars, 'ITO yrnosaa CKOPOCTbWZH H nanpasneauaa B]I.OJlb OCH OYn nanpaanennyio nHHeHHaH CKOpOCTb (r - I r)

d:

C03]I.alOTcarry Kopaonuca,

dixn/diiin

IB

Co

2(r _ 1-)
r

R dlln cos (In --

B]I.Onb OCH OZn'

- 2dmJl (r - Ir)

WZH ~.

d(3n

d",

(w
n

XH

cos

.1, 'l'n

Ha

pHC. 1.11, 6 noxasaaa

npoeKIJ,HH na nnOCKOCTb Bpameaaa

BHHTa JlHHeHHOH CKOPOCTH (3) MaXOBoro ]I.BH)I(eHHH (r -

Ir)

d:~

aecymero ,paBHaH

(r - Ir) sin t3n d:,n • B pesynsrare noaopora nonacra C yrnoaoa CKOPOCTblO wH C03]I.aeTCH cana Kopaonaca, nanpaaneaaas B]I.Onb OCH OXn: dK

= 2dmn (r - Ir)

Wu

sint3n

dlln dt

. Mensurae

no BenH'lHHe CHnbI Kopaonnca

Y'lHTbIBaTb He 6Y]I.eM. Korna Ban aecyuiero BHHTa n,BH)I(eTCH C ymoBbIM YCKopeHHeM, na ane"MeHT nonacra lJ,eHCTByeT aanpasneunaa B]I.Onb OCH OYH HHepUHOHHaH cana

dm ; [(r

-dStnt/ln + cost/ln)' Ocransnsre t dt COCTaBnHlOll\He HHepUHoHHbIX CH11,CBH3aHHble C HepaBHOMepHbIM ]I.BH)I(eHHeM sana, AJlH ]I.aJIbHeHlIlero auannsa He nOTpe6YlOTCH. IlpocYMMHpyeM npoeicuaa scex HHepIJ,HOHHblX CHlI H CHlIbI TH)I(eCTH:

- Ir)

+ Ir

cost3n](

dWXH.

dWZH

(1.44) [(r -

4.) cos {3n

+ Ir]

cos f3n

+ 2 [(r - I r )

cos f3n

dJxn - dmn WH

IB Co -

2dmn (r - Ir)

dlln cosJ3n -dt

(WXH

cos

I/In
(1.40) (1.45)

26

27

MO)!(HO

npHHHTb,

'ITO

1.3. YPABHEHI1E MAXOBOrO 11KA qAHI1Jl nOJIACTI1

YrOJI B3Maxa JIOIlaCTJ.t aoxpyr

)JBI1)f(EHI1Jl

yron

[3n

MaJI.

Torna

ypanrreaae

MaXOBOrO

ABH)I(eHHJI

ynpouiaerca:

!'llPIi30HTaJIbIiOrO llpC)lCTaBJIHIOUlCrO OTllOCIHcrrbHO OCIi

MaxOBoro ::c~~a::~:::TOB BCCX

));BlDKCHIiH,

co6ml

urapnnpa lIaxo~T~~ ycnouae paBII

BOCIIOJIb30-

can nonacru

urapnapa

+ 2(1 + Ir Sr/Ir)
+ (1 + IrSrllr)
Srg/lrw~.
YrOJI

(WXH

cos

1/In

WZH sin

!J;n)

BaBll1HCb $opMyrraMH

pasn. 1.2.2,

norry'IHM:

[(dwxHldljln)

sin IjIJ1

+ (dwZH/d!J;JI) cos IjInJ

(1.48)

[3n

npHHHTo

ormcsraars
-

PHAOM

I3n =

ao -

at

cos!J;n

sin

1/IJI -

a2

cos

21j1J1 -

b2 sin 21j1n -

.• ,

(1.49)
BLIpa)l(CHHH )VIJI K03$<pHUUCHTOB PJl,a,a (OHH Ha3bmalOTCH K03$$HUUCH-

+ I dm ; (r
o (1.46) +

TaMH

MaXOBoro

Ha11pHMCp B [

17

J . PaCqCTbI
y6bmacT

ABIDKCHHH)

npa

JIHHCapH3aUUH

BbIpa)J(eHHH

AJIH

d tn

,a,aHbl, Maxo-

nOKa3b1Ba1OT,

'ITO BCJIH'lHHa K03$<pHUUCHTOB

soro

ABH)!(CHHH

C YBCJIHqeHHCM

aosrepa

rapMOHHKH,

TaK

'ITO Maxo-

B OCHOBHOM 110 HYJICBOH H nepaoa rapMOHHKaM. [3rr 'lHCJICHHbIM HHTcrpHpOBaHHCM 06bJ11liO TaK)J(C npenCTaBJIHIOTCH B BHAC pana (1.49), YaK KaK BeJIH'lHHbI K03<p<pHUUCHTOB a 1. b 1 xapaxrepasyror npononsnsre H 6oKOBblc CHJIbl H MOMCHTbl BHHTa, OHH y));06HbI AJIH orrpCAcnCHHJI rrOJIO)J(CHHH nonacrea OTHOCHTCJIbHO rrJ10CKOCTH spauteHHJI aecyuiero BHHTa. YrOJI KaqaHHH JIOrraCTH OTHOCHTCJIbHO OCH BepTHKaJIbHOro urapnapa aaXO)l,HTCJI H3 YCJIOBHJI paBCHCTBa HyJ110 MOMeHTa scex CM BOC )l,BH)!(CHHC npOHCXOAHT PC3ynbTaTbI

pacsera

KaK

YKa33HO

BbIIlIC,

rrcpCMCHHaH

qaCTb MaXOBoro

p,BH)J(eHHJI OTHOCIUCJ1b-

HO BCPTHKaJ1hHOrO

+ Srg
3p,CCb nacra,

cos

[3n I I r w~ - (1 Ilr) pbR4 121 r

t dt
t
00

Cr "In -

I r)

o.
xapaKTcplicTliKa

( 1.47)

JIeHHH

HCHHblM no

cpennero IjIn ypaBHcHHeM'MOMeHTOB

211"

urapaapa Mana H paCCMaTpHBaThCJI He 6YAeT. Ilrra onpeneyrna rrOBOpOTa J10rraCTH Co AOCTaTO'IHO OrpaHH'lHThCH ocpen-

III =

'Ynla

MaCCOBaH

no~ H "HCP

(I/2,")!

dljlrr

I (dqrr
0
MOMeHTa aecyuiero BHHTa (CM.

(1.50) 1.82) .

onpcAc~HlOlUaH

COOTHOUlCHHC

MOMCHTOB

a3poWillaMH'ICCKIiX

UHOHHbIX CHJl JIOnaCTH. YpaBHcHHc (1.47)

MaXOBoro ABli)!(CHHH nonacreaHBJIHCTCH ypaBHcHHcM - d (I [d 01, A-, ci1 OT yrna {3 H npOli3BOAHOH i-'n "'n' BCJIHqHHa dt n HBnHCTCli 't'YHKUH Ji C onpencnCHHCM 3JICMCH[3 - [3 (!J; ) HaXOAHTCli COBMCCTHO ,_., n03TOMY yron n -" t n 06b1'1HO B pC3ynbTaTc 'lHCrrCHHOro HHTcrpHpoBaTapHbIX can nonacrea n' a BcpTorrCT3 7) n~H pacxera OCHOBHbIX PC)!(ltMOB nOJICT ( 1 •4 .,L-I.'J HHH ypaBHcHHlI

HCrrOJIb3YH rrpHBCACM

<P0PMYJIY )VIH xpyrxuiero

asrpaxeuae

(1.50)

l(

BHAY

o.

(1.51 ) 29

28

Harerpan

OT RHepWfOHHblX

ClUI (CM. <P0PMYJlbI

(1.43) , (1.45»

.IlJrH

paeuojaepaoro

Bpa'''eHHH

.....

sepronera

dWZH dI/Jn

= 0)

'IaCTHOe

peurenae

aroro (1.52)
(lB IIO)l,CTaBJlRH 2'11" 1 3TO Bblpa)l(eHRe B

ypaBHeHHJI
<{!

nonyseno

M.JI.

MHJleM:

~n
HJlH

l' (-

rr

-) +
3

(1.51)

npeaefiperaa

MaJlbIM

cnaraesrsna ao
l' ('P

'Yrr

WZH
8

COS IjIrr

+ WZH sin t/Jrr

(1.55)

d IjIrr

J dq rr

~ m K.H ),
SrlB

rrOJlY'lHM

rr

+ -);
3
MJI.

al
MHJleM

Co = [mK.H

(a1

WZH

b , WXH)]/SB/B

<>:;

MK/knSB1Bw~.
(1.53)

'Yrr
6bDlH

WZH;

hi

-WZH·

(I.56)

)l.3JIbHenmeM

TOM

(1.53), yron Co 3aBRCHT OT rroTpe6Jl~MOH HeC)'llUfM BHHpasnoca BepTHKaJlbHbIX utapaapos IB' OT crarasecxoro 0 MOMeHTa HHepUHH S B . 06bIlJHO yron Co pasea 5 ... 8 aa xpeiicepcxora peJKH0 Me nonera , 8 ... 11 npa acnonsaosaaaa MaKCHMaJlbHOH MOlUHOCTH nsarareneii, 6rrH30K K ayrno aa pe)l(HMe caeaospamenaa.
KaK BH)J,HO H3 MO~HOCTH, OT

nna cnyxaa onpenenserca

al =

rapMOHH'IeCKHX no Bblpa)l(eHHIO

KOJle6aHHH.

asmeneasr aaanorauasie 3aBHCHMOCTH sepronera [17] (K03<!><!>HlUfeHT ao

:

(1.56)

H HH)l(e He paCCMaTpHBaeTCH)

--

'Yn hI
WZH

WZH + (-2 + 1)
'Yn
4
'trr
HJlH

64

dWZH dI/Jn

dWZH dI/Jn

(1.57)

1.3.1. AHAJIH3 YPABHEHlUI MAXOBOrO )lBH)KEHHH

Ilerra
TeH H3Y'leHHH )l(eHHe ro

C}.1,eJlaHHOrO HH)l(e B

ananasa

ypaBHeHHH

MaXOBoro a)

)J,BH)l(eHHH

nonacnpH

fl>oPMYJlbl TOJleTa. O)l.HaKO lUIH

(1.56)

(1.S7)

HCnOJlb3YIOTCJI

pacserax
K

)l.HHaMHKH

sepMana

3aKrrlOlJalOTCH Al'lHaMHKH

BblHCHeHHH

}.1,ByX

nonpocon:

B KaKHX

CJlYlJaHX

eCJlH BeJlH'lHHa TO 3TH

MacCOBoH

XapaKTepHCTHKH npHBO)l.HT

nonera sepronera }.1,OnycTHMo onpenenars MaXOBoe )l,BHysera HX C06CTBeHHOrO )J,BH)l(eHHH, T. e. 6e3 ysera 06~epemeuaa ypaBHeHHH (1.48); 6) }.1,OnyCTHMo rrH npH paCqeTax romaMHKH nononacreii
6e3 onpenenars nana K03<p<pHlJ,HeHTbI BHHTa. OTBeT na MaxoBoro }.1,BH)l(eHHH JlOnaCTeH 6e3 yxera yc3TH

( -1 ,0
a
(CM. I

MeHbwe),

<!>0PMYJlbl

HH)l(e, Ta6Jl. - 00 BOn -, T BpeMH CHJlbI, TaK npa )l(e,

1.1). B npenensaow
KaK KaK sana nonacrs, rapocxon, necyniero

nonacra norpeuiaocnoa
l'

cnysae,

xorna

= 0 , no
{J,~= dl/l

~aCqeTa

aa KOTOPOH. He B03HHKalOT He H3MeHJleT BHHTa, MaXOBOro C'lHTaJI T. e. a caoe l

.4..opMVrraM 't' .._J a3po)l.HHaMHB npocr-W

nera

qeCKHe paHCTBe , lIPH

nonosceaae

KopeHHR roro

sonpocu
)l.JlH
aa

HBJlHeTCH o60cHoBaHHeM

npHHH-

MeTO}.1,aMO}.1,eJlHpoBaHHH )l.HHaMHKH aepronera. .IlJHI npOCTOTbI aHaJlH3 cnenan B3MaXa KOJle6aHHH BHHTa pe)l(HMe 6e3 pasnoca B ropH30HTaJlbHbIX npennonozceaan, B IUIOC-

noaoporax

=-

ZH·
KaK

MaJlblX

1rr

peureaae

ypaBHeHHH

)l,BH)l(eHHJI HY>KHO ~cKarb, H

urapaapos 'ITO

H xo smeucaropa coaepuiaer

BHceHHH

( 3TO cnenano

A.II_

lIpoCKYPJlKOBblM, dOl

aI

bI

<PYHKlJ,HJlMH BpeMeHH:

BepTOJleT

B O}.1,HORIUIOCKOCTH,

nanpasiep

KOCTH 'ranraxca.

)TOM cnysae
<{!

no JlHHeHHOH: reopaa

d~n
dl/ln

{-

=- f d t rr
Ir
0 H ypasueuae

r=

1'rr (-

1 3
4

-d'" Yn

- bdcos

IjIrr

+ (-

--

dbl dI/Jrr

a.) sin IjIn;

d2~n dI/J~ = ( -

MaXOBoro

}.1,BH)I(eHHHHMeeT BH}.1,

+ (-

d2bl

!
(1.54)
30

t I

tIIOlJ,CTaBJlHJI H npapaaaasaa

Bblpa)l(eHHJI

~rr'
nsyx

d{3rr/dljln
npa

H COS IjIn

K03<p<PHlJ,HeHTbl cHcTeMY

d? f3n/dljl~ H sin IjIn

B ypasueaae B

(l.S4)
ero

npaaoa

H JleBOH

qaCTJlX, nonY'lHM

)l.H<p<pepeHUHanbHblx

ypaBHeHHH:

31

(1.58)

HeHMH

1-13 Bblpa)l(eHlIH (1.63)

AI,2

(1.64)

cnenyer,

qrO

KOpHH

xapaKrepHCTM'IeCKOrO

ypaB-

= - _::_ ±
2

n-n=
4

dbv
dljin

- 2--

da,
dlji I

- nal

ejl

n2 4 n2

1) i ; ( 1.65)

2-

(1.59) (1.59) paccvarpaaMllnHTY)J.bI yrnoB

WZH'

3Aecb 'Yn / . eMeHTOB HapacTaHHH BaeMOM cn}"lae ManblX 'IaCTOT H HHKp epToneTa TIpH TaKHX ycnOBHHX _ qTO xapaKTepHo AnH B . BOH CKopocrH W Zl:! ' . ( '4J ) rep _ 'IaerOTa Kone6aHHH BepToneTa, MO)l(HO npHHHTb WZH A sm P n ' HAbIqneHOB Bblpa)l(eHHH W TITIH OIIeHKH BeJIH'Ilf K H·,LJ,Il (1 56) HnH (1.57). Korna H

OIIeHHM

BenH'IlfHY

'UleHOB

ypaBHeHHH

+ 1) i.
3aTyxaHMH C06CTBeHHOrO /lBH)l(eHHe IlBl1)1(eHHH

113 nonacra
6bIcrpo.

<i>opMyn

BMARO, TIpH IlJIH

'ITO

AeKpeMeHT

pasen n12.
TI03TOMY H

60nbIIIMx

(1.58),

(1.59)
BenHon

paC'IeTOB

orHeceHHaH

Manble

(I.56)

(I.57)
n 2

cnpaaennaasr.
A34 "" -_

saryxaer O'leHb YCTOH'IlfBOCTlf npH 60nbIlllfx 'Yn CPOPMYnhl TIPH ManblX n KOpHH npH6nH)l(eHRO pasnu
n ±

n cobcraennoe

Bocnonb3yeMcH 'IlfHbI )J.Ba

ormoro

nopsnxa

ypaBHeHHHMH. cnaraeMbIX Bblpa)l(eHHH TO nepnue nsa OCTaJIbHbIX, cneAOBaTenbHO, K03<i><i>HIIHeHT MeHbIlle

nopanxa,

(1.59) al

ene-

Ha

2i.

(1.66)

nHeTCH ypaBHeHHeM

2--dljin

dal

+ nal npn

= -2wZH'
'Y 0 BenHqHp::~e~~ - BY. b I raiose MO)l(eT
'
nW -

(1.60) xorna n~p

bI

npeBpamaeTCH

3TO ypaBHeHHe 06bl~~X .hopMyny (1.56), a npa n B 'l' 03.h.hHIIHeHT onpeAenHlOmee K 't''l'

rHpoCKona.

Yp~BHeHHe

(1.58),

6bITb ynpomeHO.

n
2

1
ZH

d2al

(2

dlji n nw '

+
(1.61)
w

+ n--

dal

dljin

+2

dWZH dljin

d a,
d.l• "'n

ZH

Teneps cpaBHHM otiuiae peureaas ypaBReRHH (1.60) H CHCTeMbl (1.58), (1.59) . KopeRb ypaBHeHHH (1.60), O'leBH)J,HO, pasen
n

ypaBHeHHH

(1.62)

2 Y
CHCTeMbI

Bropaa napa KopRei'! COOTBeTcTByeT H3MeHeHHIO K03CP<i>HIIHeHTOB Ul H oxeas 60nbllIOH lJaCTOroH. 3TO )J.BH>KeRHe nonacrea He OKa3bIBaeT BImHHHe aa )J.Blf)I(eHHe sepronera. TIepBaH napa xopnef COOTBeTCTByer nO'lTH anepHO,ll.H'IeCKOMY H3MeHeHlfIO K03cpcpHIIHeHTOB MaXOBoro /lBlf)l(eHHH, xoropoe ,ll.OCTaTO'lHO TO'lHO onHCbIBaeTCH ypanneaaesr e 1.60). TaKHM o6pa30M, npH6nH>KeHHOe ypasueaae (1.60) onpenenaer KaK 'IaCTROe peurenae, TaK H OCHOBHylO ,ll)1H ,ll.HHaMHKH sepronera COCTaBnHlOlllYIO ofnuero peurenas ypaBHeHHH MaXOBoro IlBH>KeHHH nonacreii. Paccvorpav pesynsrarsr pacsera xopaeii AI wH xapaxrepacrusecxoro ypaBHeHMH rHnH'IHOrO sepronera, HMelOlllero necyunie BHHrhl C paanoii senu'II1HOi'! MaCCOBOH xapaxrepncraxn nonacreii 'Yn (ra6n. 1.1). Jlonacrn 06bl'lHblX necyutax BMHTOB seproneros HMelOT na yposne MOpH 'Yn = 5 .. , 7. Y peaKTHBHbIX aeproneros C TH>KenbIMH ,JJ,BHrareJ1HMH na KOHIIax nonacrea 'Yn ::>< 0,5 ... 1,5. Cyurecrseano MeHbllIYIO BeJ1H'lHHY 'Yn, npennono aorrensuo MeHbllIe 0,1, HMen cepsoporop XnJIJIepa, TaK KaK He60JIbllIl1e no nnouiann, Manoro YiJlIHHeHHH nonancn cosnaaann oseas ManylO nO,ll.'beMHYIO cuny. Y rHpOCTa6HJ1H3arOpoB BeprOJIerOB Berm K03CP<PHIIHCHT, xapaxrepnayrouiaa COOTHOllIeHHe MOMeHrOB BH3KOro AeMncpepa H HHepUHoHHblX CHJ1 urranra, aaancruuea 'Yn; OH raiose Man no nenasaae. Pacsersr cnenansr npa pasmax
C sapaaarax onpenenenaa K03cpcpHIIlieHTOB ypaBHeHHH MaxoBoro ,ll.BH)l(eIlHH: no H3 cucre

(1.58),

(1.59)

stsr

xapaKTepHCrn'leCKOe

ypaBReHHe

HMeeT

BHA

AH<P<i>epeHIIHanbHbIX

I
32

A2 + nA

2A + n

(1.63)

(1.57),
BH/lHO, neHHH MOMeHT

no ynpomennosry 'ITO iJlIH sepronera K03<P<PHIIHeHToB BpeMeHH

(1.56), AHcpcpepeHIIHanbHoMY ypaBHeHHIO (1.60). yb ra6n. 1.1 C 06bl'lHblM HeCYIllHM BHHTOM ('Y!l ~ 5) npl1 onpe neypaBHeHHHM ,ll.BH)l(eHHH MaXOBoro MO>KHO CqHTaTb, IlBH)I(eHHH nro B K3)l(IlhlH HX ycranoBpeMCyCKO-

(1.58),

(1.59),

-(2A

+ n)
ypaBHeHHe

MaxoBoro

K03<p<PI1IIHeHTbl npa

pasusr

TIpeo6pa3yeM

(1.63)

TaKHM

o6pa30M:

BHBllIHMCH

3HaqeHHHM raiose (CM.

napajaerpax

BepTOJIeTa c rpoxn},

B )J.aHHbIH MOMeHT 'Iro npenefipeaceane

(A2 + nA)2 + (2A + ni

= (A2 +
in)[A2

nA)2 -

i (2A + n)2 =
=

HH. BH/lHO

BTOPYIO Ii rpersio B cpopMyne

= [A2 +

A(n

_ 2i) -

+ X(n

2i) + in)

O.

(1.64)

penaera

,ll.BH)I(eHHH aana 113MeHeHHH

(1.57)

He BHOCHT Ba)l(II0rO ypaauenua.

IlJIH )J,HHaMH3TO HBJIH-

KI1 sepronera

xopnek

xapaicrepncravecxoro

2 - 631

33

'La fi n a u a T. l KopHH xapaxrepacrasecxoro YpaBi:eHHJI

WUI

1.3.2. PE3YJIbTATbl PAC'lETOB MAXOBOrO ,lJ,BHJKEHHH Peayrrsrarsr pacueros K03<P<PHlI,HeHTOB MaxOBOfO AB ( CHJI H MOMeHTOB Hec~ero BHHTa H>KeHHH a TaK)Ke CTaBJIHTb B BH)l,e 3aBHCHMocTeH 0; ~~. pasn. 1;4, 1.5) ueJIeC006pa3Ho npen-

ypUHeHHft aepronera
'YJI

(AI wH)

onpeneneaaa ai, bl

5 0,00232 ± 0,0188i -0,0615 -0,600 ± 0,238; -0,622 ± 1,78; -0,00243 ± 0,0187i -0,0589 0,00217 ± 0,019i -0,0652 0,00225 ± 0,0189i -0,0638; -0,568

1
-0,000849 ± 0,00896i -0,0635 ± 0,17i -0,124 -0,124 ± 0,199i -0,000529 ± 0,00896i -0,26 -0,000857 ± 0,00893i 0,234 -0,000854 ± 0,00896; -0,0626 ± 0,169i

0,1 -0,00101 ± 0,00266i -0,0063 ± 0,18i -0,0125 -0,0126 ± 2i -0,00068 ± 0,00281 -2,6 -0,00069 ± 0,00057i 0,126 - 0,00101 ± 0,00266i -0,00625 ± 0,18i

(1.58) , (1.59) (156) (1.57) (1.60)

yrna YCTaHOBKH (06IUefo ura ) 0' II yH HJIH ClJi IJlIJI HeCKOJIbKHX 3HaqeHHH cxopocrea, narrpajaep w ' o- pa nOM const, H ozraa H3 yrnoBbIX O KOJIbKHX w TaKOH~ XH • WIH Ka)K)l,OfO 00 CTpOHTCH xpassre )l,Jlll neeZH' rparpax B BH)l,e HllJIIOCT MepHOCTH 3aBHCH MOCTe ,pHpYIOIUeM OCHOBHble3aKOHOH, nOKa3aH IJlIH K03<P<PHUHeHTa a 23 60p B xasecrse nepeMeHHoH yrna aTaKH (X' rr» ' aa pHC. .1 . BhIYH 06'bHCHHeTcH60JIbllieil: onpeAeneHHoCTbIO BenHtIHHbI (X' H MH ,V

:a

V" =

B O)l.HHaKoBhIX npenenax H~:C:: acex CKOPOCJj~XrrOJIeTa (X~ H3MeHHeTCH HHH BenH'lHHbI V ,p H3HTellbHO ± 30 , zmanasoa >Ke H3MeHeV YH nepeMeHeH B 3aBHCHMOCTHOT V II ~~~,KM/q xapaKTepHCTHKH aecyuiero BHHTa onpe~~~HlO~~H C:O!~~T~~ YH' Pacseru geJIaIOTCHnpa 0-0 llITpHXaMH I1cnoJIb3yro B K , n03ToMY peaynsrarsr 0603HaqeHbi M~C~

erca

o60CHoBamfeM

rrpaaaroro

MeTO)J,aMOAenHpoBaHHH: Y'lHTbIBaIOTCH TOJ1bBHHTa, a YCKopeHHe sana BHHTa

KO YCTaHOBHBIllHeCJI3HaqeHHH K03<P<PHlI,HeHTOB aXOBOrO )J.BH>KeHHJI COOTM H BeTcTBYIOlllHe HM CHllbI H MOMeHThI necyutero He ysarsrsaerca. soro OAHaKO (06 pOBaHHH, B COOTBeTCTBHH [ C XO)J.HOfO npouecca. LJ.nH seproneroa lI,HeHThI MaxoBoro ypaBHeHHiL ypaaueaaa C BHHT3MH, HMeIOIUHMH Manble )J.BH>KeHHH AOn>KHbI onpenenarsca rafin, 3HaqeHHH 'Yn, K03<P<PHH3 .D.H<p<pepeHlI,HanbHbIX 3TOM 6YAeT CKa3aHO B paan,

ABH>KeHHH 'rrpH npoH3B~~:H~~oWIHoonpeAeneHHH K03<P<PHlI,HeHTOB aXOBOro M V V (HII B' K CJIeAYIOIUHM06pa30M, IIpH H3BeCTHblX ;tH' , YH H H' (XH no <P0pMYJIaM (1.2), (I.3) HaXOAHTCHVi (XM)' 00, 3aTeM TIO pe3YJIbTaTaM paCQeTOBonpeAenHIOTcH a' , b' YH (HJII-I nepeC'lHThiBalOTcH B BenHtIHHbI npa rt-. to 0, aJ, J, KOTopble 'f'aKTHqeCKHx VB' OK:

v:

ao

a~ + Aao;
DJ 0B -

2.1)

npH MOAenHnepe-

(1.67)

14] ,

npennonaraerca,

'ITO K03<P<PHlQieHTbI Maxo-

D2 OK +

A L.l

a'·1,

( 1.68) (1.69) 0
HH OTHOCHTCH K

)J.BH>KeHHH, CHnbI H MOMeHTbI YCTaHaBnHBaIOTCH nocne aexoroporo

b, (VH

= b~

+ D'OK - D20B

+ Ab~,

IIpoaHallH3HpyeM pe3YJIbTaTbI ~ 300 KM/q), Mo = 0,65. pacseroa.

VH = 0,38

)leHcTBHTeJIbHO (CM. neprorrera

1.1),

KOpHH

xapaxrepacraaecxoro

Kpansre

ao

B OCHOBHOM HgeHTH'lHbi KpHBbiM nr

tH :
H'

npH Hcnonb30BaHHH nna onpenenenaa HJlH

a,

anrefipaasecHe nepasr.

KHX ypaBHeHHH ClI npocreiuuae

(1.56)

(1.57)

KOnHqeCrneHHO H xasecraeaao

ao :::::: 0,125 'Y~tHP'/P~T(072R)lk ,

w2

O)J.HaKO B3aMeR CHCTeMbI ypaBHeHHH

(1.58),

(1.59)

(1.70)

MorYT

paCCMaTpHBaTh-

AH<p<pepeHlQiaJIbHbIe ypaBHeHHH nepaoro eCJIH seproner HMeeT nonacra

nopanxa C 'Y ~ JI

(1.60),
TO npaECIIH

(1.61).
nonacreji

TaKHM o6pa30M,

1,0,

WlTbIH MeTOA MOAeIIHpoBaHHJl He npHMeHHM, TaK KaK >Ke aeproner earos secxoe HHJlM

MaXOBoe )J.BH>KeHHe

AOII>KHOonpeAeIIHTbCH COBMeCTHOC )J.BH>KeHHeM sepronera.

HMeeT HecymHH BHHT C 06menpHHHTOH BenHtIHHOH 'Yn H cepsoYCTaHOBHBIllHeCJl3HaqeHHH K03<P<PHUHBHHTa (T. e. acnonsaoaars cepsoporopa, BHHTa, npHHHTbtH no ypaBHeCJIe)l,OBaTenbHO, lQiKJlH-

pOTOP, TO MO>KHOY'lHTbmaTb ronsxo MaXOBOrO )J.BH>KeHHH uecymero H3MeHeHHe yrna MeTOA MOAenHpoBaHHJl), a yrnsi

a,. b ,

YCTaHOBKH necyuiero

onpenenars

(1.60) , (1.61) .

34

3TO 06'bHCHHeTcH TeM qTO a rt 0 MOMeHTa OT 3neMeHTapHOil:' THrl1 0 poTIOpUHOHaneH cpenaesry 3HaQeHHIO O TMeTHM, ormaxo, 'ITO rrpn MaJ1bIXt THOCHTeJIbHOropH30HTallbHOr MOo IllapHHpa. ssepx, a aa xouue _ BH H 0 rsra B KOMlle JIOrraCTM HaTIpaBJIeHa H3, Ta~ qro BCTpe'laIOTCH cnyxaa KOf)J,at 0 pan OT MOMeHTOB dt (r _ I ) , H' a HHTefH r H, CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, o OTpHuaTeJIbHbi HaTIpH a Mep: t 0 02 0 20 _ 0 • H ,,0 , ao - - 1,5 . Kpansie ao, KaK H t (pHC 1 1 2 9) HM:IOT yqaCTKH HHTeHCMBHoro M CJIa60ro YBenHqeHHH a n H ",'" BbIH yqaCTOK cooTBeTcTByeT AOCPbIBHOMY06TeKaH 0 pa pOCTe (XH' IIeppoii HIO HeCYIUero BMHTa a BTO - CPbffiHOMY (AeJIeHHe KpHBblX na Y'laCTKH CM B ,MaJIbHble 3HaQeHHH ao paBHbI5 70 _. pa;g. 1.~4). MaKcH' '.. npa WZH - 0 H 7 '" I} TIpH W 002 K 03<P<PHlI,MeHT ( a 2 13) pacrer TIpM YBeJIl1qeHHI1ex' ZH ,. J CM. pHC.. 0 B03paCTaeT npa YBeJIHqeHHH0 T H. H TaK)Ke 0, . e. TIpH YBenHqeHHM THfH BHHTa. B xasecr-

>

3S

Be npavrepa

'"'HbI Be rrH ...•

a'

H npyrux

K03<P<PHu,HeIlTOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT WZH H B rafin Ta6mlUhl . pe)I(HM CooTBeTcTByeT rpauauc

BenHlIHHa paccronnae x<eHHH. YroJI

K03<pq>HUHeHToB MaxoBoro MeX<JJ.YnonaCTHMH (pHC.

J],BH)I(eHHH JIOnaCTeM: onpenenaer

rrpHBeJ],eHbI B rafin. COCTaBneHbI )l.JUI

yx ycrroBHH: H JJ.B D 1111 t 0 Ilpa nocTOHHHOH. rnre a'l TeM 60nbllle, qeM 60Jlbille o· cpsma H H . . V - 300 KM/q lIpH TeHCHBHO yBeJIHqHBaeTCH a~ na CPbIBHblX y~acTKax. aa H-o A ' _ 5° lIpHpoCT a COCTaBnHeT ~3 . YfJlOBaH CKOyrrryfinenaa B CpbIB na £.l,aH i POCTb Ka6pHpoBaHHH (rmKHpoBaHHH) neprone ra CYlllecTBeHHo H3MeHHeT

1 .2

_0
-

}J)1H Uo -'

~} - 9°

1.3

)J.JUI Do

16 .

OT nonacreii

J],o <p103enH:>Ka Bep1OJIeTa, J],o ynopos H XBOCTOBOM:JaCTblO(1/In l BH}J,HO, nro rrpH B OCHOBHOM

WXH

I3n 0

"'" ao - a 1

1.12).

KJIOHeHHOM aBTOMaTe nepexoca KOCTH apauremta. necyuuni

1/In

{3~0

< 0,

MaXOBOTO JJ.BH-

0)

<pI03eJIHx<a

T. e. npn HeOT-

:::::;0 JIOrraCTH HaXOJJ.HTCH HHx<e IIJIOCT. c. C6JIHx<eHHe JIOnaCTeM:C XBOCO}J,HaKO na 3THX pe)I(HMaX

Pesxoe

YMeHbIlleHHe

{3;0,

TOBOM:6aJIKOM:, rrpOHCXOJJ.HT na CpbIBHbIX pe)l(HMaX, BHHT C03}J,aeT 60JIblllHe OTKJIOHHeT aa oseas

a'

KaK

6billO

nOKa3aHO

M.n.

MHneM
(-

(npn

B pe3YJIbTaTe Ka6pHpoBaHHH WZH ai' MeHbIlleHHIO npoAorrbHoi1 cansi BHHTa Hero MOMellTa, cneuoaarensJJ.HTK Y HHIO rrpOJ],orrbHoro MOMeHTa BHHTa OTHOCHTenbHO uenrpa THHO K yMeHbille .h i1 , TaKHM 06pa30M BHHT C03}J,aeT MOMeHT, J],CMII't'HpyIQUlH )l(eCTH BepTonCTa. , , H )I(eHHe sepronera lJHcrreHHO BeJIHlIHHa IIpHpOCTa at OT WZH HC cyuiecrae J],BH rt-. M Jl MHJIH HO aa CpbIBHblX HO OTJIHqaeTCH OT norrysaesaoro no rpopsiyne ., , ysacncax npapocr npHMepHO B 2 pa3a 60JIbille (CM. TaK)I(e pa3A· 1.4.2), qTO 06'bHCHHeTcH H3MeHeHHeM aH cp'

[17])

i-

>

k =0 0) ,

CM. (1.52), H npn k 0 YMeHbwaeTCH qTO lIpHBO-

*'

pysxy

anepen

icafipapyromne MOMeHTbI, TaK qTO JIerqHK BeJIH'lHHa {3no = {3~0 + Dl DB + D2 DK cyuiecrBce-TaKH OTKJIOHHT pysxy TO JIOrraCTb ynapar npa YMeHbIlleHHH Ha3aJ], (310 B03MO)I(HO), 110 XBOCTOBOM: THTH aecymero qrO eCJIH aecyiuero H

BeHHO yseJIHlIHBaeTCH; xoporxoe 6arrKe. BeJIHlIHHa

ecna BpeMH

)I(e JIenHK

{3~0

TaK)I(e YMeHbwaeTCH

BHHTa, TaK KaK

a~

y6bIBaeT

Me}J,JIeHHee, qeM

BO BpeMH MaHeBpa aeprorrera

= - 7°
HO pysxy

BHHTa nocraraer

uenrpa

UpH WZH

3HaqeHHH

=-

0,02.

ECJIH

T ~ 0), TO f3'no = _4° UpH T ~ O,MoMeHTbI aecyuiero

nersmc

, aH

= - 200~, ,Uo = 9° ( npH

ao.

BH}J,HO, nanpaerep, 310M rara WZH

=0

{3~0 =

BHHTa OTHOCHTeJIbMox<eT OTKnOHHTb 3TOM

TH)I(eCTH BepTOJIeTa MaJIbI, H3-3a qero J],Onpenensnoii rro XBOCTOBOM: 6aJIKe.

aBTOMaTa nepexoca

BenHqHHbI Ha3aJ]" npa

raxxe

Ta6J1HU.a

1.2

B03MO)l(eH ynap nonacra

Ilonoacenne
napaMerphl 0,02 0,2* 7 0,028 0,Dl 5 0,028 0,011 5 0,0059 0,008 3 0,0091 0,008 0

JIOrraCTeH oxono

HOCGBOH qaCTH <p103enH)I(a (pHC. nonacrn

onpeJ],eJIHeTCH BeJIHlIHHoi1 llIeHHH UpH MaJIbIX rnrax

{311180 :::::; o + a 1 a
H yrnax

(1/111 = 180°) 1.13) . BH)J,HO,qTO rrpH HeOTCKa3aHO nsnne, npH

KJIOHeHHOM aBTOMaTe nepexoca

HaXOJ],HTCH B6rrH3H rrJIOCKOCTH Bpacnenoraxxce

0,02 0,16* 8,5 0,026 0,009

YCTaHoBKH BHHTa. KaK anepen

T =0

B nOJIeTe B03MO)I(HbI nlO6bIe OTKnOHeHHH aBTOMaTa nepexoca, nonacrs saepx. HOCOBOM: aCTH <p103enH)I(a. PHC. q B3Maxa
0'

tH

BaTeJIbHO, UpH upeJ],eJIbHOM OTKnOHeHHH pysxa TOqHO HH3KO OUYCTHTbCHB paaone nosaonaer po6HO oueaars npofinexsa onpenenenas MaKCHMaJIbHbIH yron npenensnstx
,

MO)l(eT J],oCTa-

, a,
h' H
mnpoq,

°
Ta6nHu.a

1.13
npa

nonacra

EOJIee non<paKrn-

0,014 0,008 1.3

nonO)l{eHHH nonacra

qeCKH BCTpeqaIOlllHXCH COqeTaHHHX aH, 06CYX<JJ.aeTCH HH)I(e, B pasn.

vo , WZH na pa3HbIX CKOPOCTHX nonera

3.3.

napaMerphl

0,02 0,16* 13,5 0,039 0,017 0,2*

12

0,02 0,25* 9 0,044 0,017 7,5 0,0046 0,0067 5 0,01 0,0067 0 2,5 0,D15 0,0067
PRC. WXH

tH al

h' H
mnpoq,

0,042 0,017

1.12. 3aBHcHMOCTb = 1/In = 0; --WZH

yr na BJMaxa

IIOnaCTH WZH

OT

()I~,

s' 0 ,

WZH:

= 0; - - -

= 0,02;

- .-

WZH= -0.02 37

* rpaHHua cpsma 36

n PHC.

1-

(r

1.14. Onpeaeneaae lr) COSPII + lr

=

CHJI H MOMeHTOB

aeeymero

BHJltt

"
no OCH 0 X
H H'

PHC. wXH

1.13. 3aBHCHMOCTb yr.na 0, 1/;n = 180°; --WZH

B3Maxa

JlOnaCTH

OT a'H, WZH

5'0'

wZH: WZH

= 0; - - -

0,02; _. -

= -0,02

IIpoCYMMHpoBaB npoexnnn CHIT, nanpaaneaasrx 3neMeHrapHYlO npOAOJIbHYIOCKJIy necyntero BHHra

HaHAeM

K03$<l>HUHeHr b',

)J)HI

BHHra C perymITopoM

HHerCH aa nOCpblBHbIX pe)IGIMaX B npenenax or 1 AO - 20. II pH yrnyfinetraa B 30HY cpsma OH o rpmtarenen H sospacraer no a6COJIIOTHOH serrauaae. YrnoBaH CKOPOCTb nonopora Barra BHHra WXH H3MeHHer senasaay b~ B cropony, npOTHBOnOnO)!(HYIO WXH' finarortapa lIeMY )J,BH)I(eHHesepronera neMTI$HpyeT' CH. B nOCphmHOH M CPbIBHOH:ofinacrax npapocr b'1 B pesynsrare nOHBneHHH pa3HhIH. OrMerMM, xro senasuaa b~ aa CphlBHhIX pe)l(HMax onpenenaerCH B OCHOBHOM UMKrrMtIeCKMM M3MeHeHHeM yrna ycraaomcn nonacra, paBHhIM 1P1 C Ka~. Ha pe)IGIMaX saxpesoro KOJIbua (CM. pasn, 3.4) MaXOBoe )J,BM)I(eHMe nonacreii YBeITMlJHBaeTcH.OHO AOn)!(HO 6blTb onpenerreno sxcnepaMeHTaJIbHO,na MOneJlHX.
WXH

B3Maxa

K = 0,5 Marr, H3Me·

dhH

=-

dt JI sin {3JIcos \fin + dq JI sin

I/In + dIn

cos {3II cos \fiJI.

(1.71) necyuiero

AHaJIOrHlJHO HaHAeM 3JIeMeHrapHYIO THry BMHra:

H 60KOBYIO CHJIY

(1.72)
- dtn sin {3n sin \fin - dqn cos 1/1 _ Ilpoaurerpaposan
n

+ df';

rr

cos (3

sin

,I,

'l'n'

(1.73)

no paaaycy rronacra, HaHAeM MrHOBeHHhle 3HalleHHJI ee CHJI; 0603HatJarb HX 6YneM BepxHHM HHAeKCOM 1/1.
h1/;
H

asrpaxeaaa

(1.72)

... (1.74)

JdhH o

l (- dtJI
1

sin {3JIcos

I/In + dqJl sin

\fiJI

1.4. OJIPE,l!EnEHHE CHn H MOMEHTOB HECY1IlErO BllHT A

HaH:AeM npoexuaa arresienrapusrx CHJl JlOrraCTH, KOTopble onpenenensr B pasn, 1.2.2, aa nonYCBH3aHHbIe OCM necymero BHHra 0H XH YH ZH' Ha pRC. 1.14 nOKa3aHbI rrpoexusnr norracrn na nJlOCKOCrb spamenaa necyuiero BHHra (ua ITrrOCKOCrb 0H X HZH) M BHA na nonacrs cnepena (no crpenxe A) . 113 pHC. 1.14, a BHAHO, sro npoexuaa anesreutapaoit rHTH dtn na OCM 0HXH' 0HYH' 0HZH cooraercrnenno paansr dtnsin{3ncoin/JIi;

+ din cos (3J1 cos \fiJI)

+
tlJi
H

I~

cos
1

Pn cos
H'

\fiJI;

(1.74)

= fdt
o

CpeAHHe 3HalleHHH K03q,$Hll.HeHroB CHJIanrrra pasasr

dtJl cosi3n; -dtJl sini3n sin I/IJI' Coornercrnenno rpenaa dIn: dqi; sin 0; -dqn cos v«: dIn cos {3 II sin \fIII .

««.

npoexuaa

CHJlhI dqn

hH

H CHJlbI

-dlJl cosi3n cos I/IJI; dIn sin{3n;

(1.75)

38

39

3rreMeHTapHhle HHepUHOHHhle canst JIOnaCTeH nocne HHTerpHpOBaHlfH no nnouiana necyuiero BHHTa paBHhl nyrno, TaK 'ITO Bhlpa)!(eHlfH (1.75) HBnHIOTCH OKOH'laTerrhHhIMH Bblpa)!(eHlfHMlf )J)lH K03q.<pHUHeHToB ClUI uecyuiero BHHTa. Ilepexon K pa3MepHbIM 3Ha'IeHlfHM can nonacrn ocyuiecrnnxerca nyTeM YMHO)!(CHlfH K03q.<pHIIHeHToB na p(wHR)2bR/2 = p(wHR)2oF/2kJp a ClUI necymero BHHTa - aa p( wH R)2 of /2. 3rreMeHTapHhle MOMeHThI a3pOAlfHaMlfllccKRX CBH3aHHhiXoceii necyuiero BRHTa dmXH dmZH pRC.

'/In =90

BuiJ A
XN
;.

..,

can

OTHOCHTerrbHO norry-

~ §
:}

:~~
~"~dl' ~
ZN ZN

qn

= -dtH

2H +
H

dsHyH;

dmYH

~ (1.76)
df" C05/Jn

X"

dlnswDn

dhH

dtH

dFn[051Jn

H•

Bstpaxenaa 1.14, 6:

)J)lH KOOPARHaT 3nCMeHTa

nonacrn

norrY'lHM

noraoumo
PHC.

tf
CHn H MOMeHTOB aecyutero BIDITa aa

1 - dtn cos f3n + dIn sin f3n

1.15. Onpeaeneaae

oJ; n

180

oJ;

(1.77)
ZH

[(r

lr)cos~n

lr]sinVJn

lBcocosl/ln'

pRC. dm
ZR 11

1.15,
-

IIoAcTaBHM B (1.76) <pOPMYJ1bI (1.71) MeHTapHblM ClUIaM nonacra: dmXH dqn

... (1.73), + IB

T.

e. nepeHAeM K ane-

Bhlpa)!(eHHH (1.78) ... (1.80) IIpl1 sinl/ln = 1, cosl/l = 0, BHAlfM, 'ITO OHH n coananaror. AHaJIOrR'lHO na puc. 1.15,6 noxasaau npoexuau JIOrraCTI1B a3H. MYTaJIbHOM IIOJIO)!(eHRRI/In

B03HRKalOT MOMeHTbI dm = (dt sinf - df, cos d )1 c . . YH n I-'n n I-'n B 0, (dtn cos{Jn + dIn sm{Jn)iB Co· COnOCTaBHB nonyxennsre Bblpa)!(eHI1H a),

=-

= O. lb

pRC. cnenyer,

'ITO

cr -

dtn [(r -

Ir

Ir cos ~n) sin I/In dIn sin ~n (lr

Co cos ~n cos I/Inl

Z;)

sin ~n cos I/In -

sin I/In

+ (1.78)

- dqn -

cr -

Ir)

sin {In; lr)cos{Jn

dqn [(f

ir];

(1.79)

1'13 npoexuaa na nrrOCKOCTb spauieaas BHARO: dm = _ (dt .os R + + df' -. _. - XH )1 C "'n n sin (In) IB Co, dmYH - (dt n sin (3n - dIn cos (In ) IB Co. Bee 3TH CJlaraeNble TaK)!(e COBna):(aIOT Bblpa)!(CHHHMH (1.78) .., (1.80) npR sin I/I = 0, CIlS t/l1l.)= 1. C n Bsrpazceana (1.78) ... (1.80) MorYl 6bITb HCn0J1b30B3Hbl )l.J1 Bbl'IIItJIe. H
HHH MOMeHTOB uecymero BRHTa, HO RX MO)!(HO rrpeofipaaoaars I;tK, .fibl nonyuatt, q.OPMYJIbI )l.JHI onpeneneuna cpemrax MOMeHTOB m III • KOHe'lHOM BRAe 1I.n rl-. XH' ZH . H COKpameHRH 't'0PMyJ1 npeHe6pe)!(eM cnaraeMblMH, gep)!(amHMH Manble BenH'lHHbI dIn' dWH/dl/ln, Co (HO npOH3BC)J,CIII1C "/~~ Co B Bblpa)!(eHRI1 (1.82) senuxo}, a T3K)!(C rrpRMeM, 'ITO yron i3n MlU1:'t~fAJ

dqn(rIBcosinl/ln)'

Ir)sin~nsinl/ln

dlnsin~n(lrcosl/ln-

(1.80)

Bupaseenas (1.78) .,. (1.80) nonyxeasr q.OPMaJ1bHO. Ilpocnernoa C noMOmhlO pHC. 1.15 npoacxoscreune Ka)!(Aoro cnaraessoro 3THX Bblpa)!(eHRH. Ha pHC. 1.15, a nOKa3aHbI nse npoexuna nonacra, naxonameacs B a3HMYTaJ1bHOM nOnO)!(eHHH 1/1n = 113 BRAa aa non~Th cnepena (no A) cnenyer,

g,

~o".
+

dmXH

=-

(dtn

+ djyn)r

sin "'n 'II

(dq

Jl

dJ xn i)(

r- -

.1)I

~JI

Ii

cos

.1. 'f'n

'ITO dmXH = -dtn(r MOMeHTbI: TaK 40 KaK nonacrs

ir

ircos~n)

-dlnirsin~n' nrrOCKOCThlO

a ClUIa dqn

C03AaeT

dmZH =dqn(r-lr)sin~n' HaXOAlfTCH nepen

dmYH =-dqn[(T-lr)cos~n

+
(neaaa

lrl.

(L81) (1.8::')
41

OR YH ZH

'laCTh

dmZH

=
-

-(dtn
t3n cos

+ diyn)rcosl/Jn
,I,

+ (dqn - dixn)(r
dmXH'

Ir)t3nsinl/Jn-

<p0pMyJIax

ysaruaaior, TaK

xro

npH

t3JI

*0

JIOnaCTH He Hax01J)lTCH CHJIaMH

B WOC·

KOCTH

BpaIUeHHH,

'ITO. C03AalOTCH

MOMeHThl

- dj znl r
B03bMeM

Y'n •
rro

(1.83) panaycy
OT HcnOJIb3YH

COAep)K3IUHe

m K H)'
MOMeHThI

.II.pyroe

06CTOHTemCTBO,

Y'ITeHHoe

(1.89),
6e3

OTKJIOHeHHe

JIOnaCTH BOKpyr

BepTHKaIThHOrO

(cnaraesrue, B <p0pMyJIax (1.88), urapaapa, H3-3a sere

dq ;

anrerpan

paaencrao

(1.82):

B03HHKalOT

- m'"

KH t311cos l/J1I

+ 4(q~

- i~n)t3ncosl/JII [m~H -

i~nlrt3nsinl/Jn

= -I r (t'"n
HHTerpaII

+
B

i'" + yn
npaaoii

ifn(3I1)sinl/Jil (1.84)
acex

Ir(q~

- itIl)]

(3n cosl/JIl"

(1.84)
'laCTH paBeH

nyrno,

TaK

KaK

OH BbIpa)K3eT

IB co. cD0pMyIThI rrOK33hIBaIOT, 'ITO y BHHTa urapuapon MOMeHTbI mXH Ii mZH He paansr HyITIO H H3MeHeHHe napasrerpoa nporronsaoro Ll.BH)I(eHHH (a}, 0B' WZH) H3MeHHeT He TOIThKO mZH' HO H mXH' H aaoeopor. 3TO 3Ha,,"T, 'ITO B03HHKalOT TaK Ha3hmaeMble nepexpecrasre MOMeHTbl, xoropsre Hy>KHO ysarsraats npa BbI60pe KHHeMaTHlleCKHX napaxserpon BTyJIKH necymero BHHTa, B pacserax ~HaMHKH nonera. B asrpaaceaaa (1.88), (1.89) BXOAHT rapMoHHKH THrH H KpYTHIUero MOMeHTa, onpenenenae KOTOPbIX 3aTpYAHeHO. IIOJToMy 'lac TO HCnOITb3YlOTCH aenonasre <P0PMYITbI: IIJIeqe BhIHOca roPH30HTaIIbHhiX

aa

ycnosae

paBeHCTBa

MOMeHTOB

CHJ1 OTHOCHTeITbHO OCH ropH30HT3JlbHOrO B

uiapnapa.

Ilpn rrpHHHThIX HaMH norrYIUeHHHX jln = 0 H HHepnnOHHbIe CHJIbl Bblpa)l(eHHH (1.84) npHB01J)lTCH K BHAY (CM. <pOPMYITbI (1.43) .,. (1.45» - (j'"

mXH mZH mXH

= =

(Sr/rbl (Sr II' al

+ 2So WZH II' + mKHad/2;

2So

WXH II'

mKHbd/2;

(1.90)

yll

+ j'"

ZlI

(3 ) 1I

Ir

d2
sin

l/J1I = [So

t3n

+ Sr

~
I>

2 '" n sin l/J1I .

= Sr/rbl/2;
(1.90)
ollIH6KOH_ 60ITbll1HX AJIH 00

mZH
AJIH

= Sr1ra1/2.
nOCTaTO'IHO TO'IHa, HO

(1.91 ) mZH AaeT Hexoropue

2S-o (,-. XH cos .....

COKpaIUeHHe TOMY,

,I, '!"1I -

WZH sin "'n) Y'

So
CHJla t311 B

So

t3I1 ]

Ir

(1.85)

cDopMyJIa C 60ITblllOH HOCTb

mZH
B

cDopMyJIa

(1.91)

mXH onpenenaerca
3aMeTHYlO

AJIH

norpeurBCeX

cnaraesssrx

'ITO
He

u;eHrpo6e>KHaH

ITOnaCTH, KaK

npaaos sacra (1.85) cooTBeTcTBye~ npasenemraa B ropH30HT3JlbHbIH

HaxO~TCH B BHne B nnOCKOCTH BpaIUeHHJI. pHnOB• rapMOHHIJeCKHX

npa

na

CPbIBHhlX

pe>KHMax.

aaropsr

BbmOAHT

<pOpMyJIbl CHn JIeHa

mXH'
Sr

mZH

npennonoacenna,
(qro

'ITO paBHOneHCTBYIOIUaH rrpaBHITbHO) rrOJIyqalOTCH

ITOrraCTH paBHa rro

u;eHIpo6e)J(HOH

mapnap, npasiep:

C03,[J,3eT MOMeHTa, K03<P<PHnneHTbl

TaK

llpenCTaBHM

t~. m~ H +
tnusin l/J1I

OCH JIOrraCT!!_ (tITO BMeCTO BHAY: kJI

aenpaaansao

npaKTHqeCKH

H HarrpaB<pOPMyITbl

Ha-

(1 .91), HO paasrepnoxry MZH -

B HHX BXO~T

So.

npa JTOM II paaenesr

asrpaxenae -

(1.89)

t~

= til

+ tnlcCOSl/JlI

tn2Ccos2l/Jn

+ ..,
no

(1.86)
a3HMYTy.

[w!Sr/ral/2
-

- So wH(wzH/r -

+ wxH/Bco)]

Ilpa
TaK KaK

JTOM

q'" i 1I r
1 2

-< m'" KH
r

ypasaeaae

(1.84)

MO)l(}fO

npoaarerpapoears

(mKHbl

mKHISaO + tille/r

tIlIsIBco)paFR(wHR)2/4.
a TaK)I(e

,nOJlytlHM

= -(S
C ytIeTOM

bl

tlllS

+ 2So

zH)/r

+ -(mKHal2

mKH}CaO' (1.87) uiapaapa

Haepuaomrsre
KpYTHIUHH

COCTaBJIHIOIUHe MOMeHTa

MZH'

.MXH He

3aEHCHT OT (B

p, a
H.a

AeHCTBHTeITbHO 6e3pa3MepHbIM MOMeHT

HBITHeTCH IIocne)J;HHH BHHTa

MHOrO'IJIeH

cxobxax}.
CHIT

HeCYIUero

OT a3pOAHHaMHQeCKHX

mK
rro

HaXOAHTCH IfHTerpHpOBaHHeM

asrpascenaa

(1.79).

Ee3

ysera

MeHbllIHX

Be-

nosopora

ITOnaCTH

OTHOCHTeITbHO p,JIH

BeprHKaIIbHOrO npUMYT BUn

ITH'lHHe

cnaraexrsrx

IIOITyqHM

<popMYJla

(1.87)

H aHaIIOrH1fHaH

4>opMYJla

mZH

mXH -

[(Srbl -

(tnlc

tJIlS

+ 2So WZH) Ir + mKHal

+ 2SowxH)/Bco]/2;
-

(1.92) ( 1.88)
.IJ.rrH

mKHICaO

onpenenenas

HHepUHoHHoH

COCTaBJIHIOIUeH

KpYTRIUero

MOMeHTa

HY)J(HO

mZH = [(Sral

(1I1C

2So WXH)
2So wzH)fuco

Ir - mKHbl ]/2.

+
(1.89)

Bblpa)J(eHHH

(1.79)
= 0)

3aMeHHTb

dqn

dj zn : C

aa -dixn•
(yrOJI t3JI

dtn
MaJI,

HeKOTOpblMH

AOIIYIUeHHRMH

aa diyJI' dIn aa dj yJI (3n ~ dj zn' g = 43

+ mKHUaO + (tllU'
42

= dwH/dl/JJI

dm

K H.HH H.HH -

= - di XJI r + djZJI IBco;

-

OT6poCllM

cnaraesrste nopanxa

MaJIOCTH

{3;

nsnue :

(1.93)

mK

(/ I" +

Sr1r)(alWZH

+ b1wXH)'

dmXH.HH

d2/3

diiin ["r(T" rro

lrH

-d

I/Jn

+ (3n)
(1.96) rronyuasr
!l>0pMYny AJIH

TaKHM

06pa30M;

- i,2(wxHcos1f;n

wzHsin1f;JI)]sin1f;n' nnourarm
BHHTa,

mKH

mK

H.a

+ mK

1
H.HH

=21T

J d1f;JI J dqJI r
0

21T

Ilpoaarerpnpoaan
H aHaJIOfH'lHO)J)lH

.m XH. HH ( 1.97)

mZH.HH:

( 1.94)
TaKHM 06pa30M, B npHMonHHeHHoM rronere CHJIaMH,

nonere
T. e.

Cpep;HHH llHepll.llOHHbIH

MOMeHT

B utne

!l>0pMYnax cOAep)I(llmlle

}J,JlH

onpeneneuaa crrocofiax

MOMeHTOB

uecyuiero

BllHTa

aJpO)l,llHaMJilIeCKHe pa3HbIX

H I1HepJ.(HOHHble BbIBoAa !l>0pMyn.

MOMeHTbI,

cocrasnmononysaior-

B pasn, 1.3 Bblpa)l(eHHe }J,JlH m npe06pa30BaHO TaK, 'ITO ObI ncnonsaoaars ycnoane paBeHCTBa nyrno M;:M~HTa OTHOCHTenbHO OCH BepTHKaJIbHOrO uiapaapa; npa JTOM rtonylIHnH Bblpa)l(eHlle (1.52) }J,JlH icpyratnero MOMeHTa OT HHepli,llOHHbIX CHn,
CH ~a3HbIMH

npa

paaen HyJIIO, oca 0H YH

TaK)I(e,

a B KpHBonllHeHHOM KOpHOJIHCOBbIMH

OH C03p;aeTCH

nanpaaneaasnaa BAOJIh npencrannaer COOOH rnpocxonn-

'IeCKHH MOMeHT. 6e3 nepeaoca CHJI aa OCb fOPH30HTaJ1bHOfO nrapnapa, MO)I(HO nonynpyrae Bblpa)l(eHHH }J,JlH aJpOIJ.HHaMH'IeCKHX COCTaBITHlOlUHX MOMeHTOB mXH•a' mz a.a- Ilpa OOOHX cnocofiax BbIBOAa 4>opMYn CyMMapHoe 3Ha'lemle lIHTb MOMeHTOB OAHHaKOBO. DPH BbIIlonHeHHH MaHeBpOB HO

a MOMeHT 3TH

OT aJpo)l,llHaMH'IeCKHX Bblpa)l(eHbl

CHn

21T

_B_ 21T

d1f;n

qJI :::,:O. B

!l>0pMYne

(1.94

COCTaBnHlOmHe

Hcnonb30BaHHll

ycncnaa

anane. Pa3HHu.a nonysaerca orroro, 'ITO npH paseucraa nymo MOMeHTOB OTHOCllTenbHO ocu mapCHnbI lJaCTH'lHO 3aMeHHIOTCH paBHbIMll llM HHepUH-

AOCTH'Ib 60nbmOH mHM H

BenH'IHHbl,

rapocxonesecxaa MOMeHT BHHIa MO)l(eT npa HOM OOH3aTeITbHO oYAeT TaKHM )l(e oonbMOMeHT OT aJpOAHHaMH'IeCKHX MOMeHT BHHTa CHIT (CM. cYMMapHbIH

rrpOTHBOrrOnO)I(HOfO

3HaKa llOJTOMY

napa

aJpO)l,llHaMH'IeCKlle

!l>0pMYnbl HO MeHbllle

(1.78), (1.80». rupocxormqecxoro.

cyuiecraea-

OHHbIMH. Dp"

nepeHOCHITll

mXH canst, napannensasre ocn OJI YJI, urapanpa, nocne sero HaXOA~H HX MOMeHTbI. DpH HOM MOMeHT HHepll.llOHHbIX CIDI nupaxanca !l>0pMYnOH (1.85). DonYIIHM Bblpa)l(eHllH p;JIH m XH. HH' m Z H. HH 6e3 nepenoca CHIT aa OCb mapnapa, B COOTBeTCTBHll C (1.81), (1.43) ... (1.45)

asmone !l>0pMynbI (1.84) sa OCb ropasonrarrsnoro

}J,JlH

1.4.1. MOIllHOCfb HECYlIlErO BHHTA KAK CYMMA CElO'H,lUIblX PAEOT ErO can H MOMEHTOB

rauiero

onpenenenaa xpyMO)l(HO norrysurs, HCnOITb3YH reopesry 00 H3MeHeHHH KHHeTH'IeCKOH 3HepfHH rena. Ha pHC. 1,16 nOKa3aH 3neMeHT ITOnaCTll H a3pOAHHaMH'leCKHe CIDIbl, AeHcTBYlOlUHe aa aero. CKOPOCTH neperaeuieaaa anesseara: B llJIOCKOCTH apauienaa - Ux' a no HOPDpH MHOfHX 3ana'l yP;OOHO npHMeHHTb AJIH MOMeHTa

pemeuau

aecyutero

BHHTa

asrpasceaae,

xoropoe

sin WZH""JI

.1.

)]

'-Sl'n

.1.

'l'n

2 (r - Ir)

_-

d/3JI

MaJIH K HeH

dI/Jn

(WXH

Uy

-v',I/J'

T. e. B03AYillHaH CHllbl TpeHHJI

CKOPOCTb 6e3

ysera

HHAYKTHBHOH. He oYAeM)

cos

1f;JI

CeKYHAHaH

pafiora

CHn (MaJIble

H TH)I(eCTH Y'IHTbIBaTb

(1.98) Herpynno
ro ee paeora

noxasars,
paaaa

'ITO

0). Cnep;OBaTeITbHO,

ao; u, + ar; "» =dXanU

BHHTa
'

(TaK

KaK

d Yan lU, (1.99)

dA (1.95) 44
Co MeHTbI

=-

dXaJI U - dTlI v',I/J .

BTyITKll necyuiero
,

CTOPOHbl

aa

nonacrs

AeHcTBYlOr (CM. pHC.

CIDIbI

H MOOTMe-

HI/J

-TI/J

-SI/J

-MI/J XH

-MI/J yH ' -MI/J ZH

1.19).

4S

PRe.

1.16.

CHJIhI, AeiieTBytO~He

na 3neMeHT

B 6e3pa3MepHOM mKH

anne

3TH ypaBHeHHH

3aIlHCbIBaIOTCH

KaK

nonaeTH H 'IaCTb BTyJlKH

mnpolP

mUH/I.

hH

VXH + t H VYH + mXH

WXH +

THM,

'ITO

sro

CYMMapHbIe

CHJIbI HMO-

MeHTbI, KYIO HaH H

COnep)I(llIUHe HHepUHOHHYIO'

a3pOW{HaM~eCqaCTH. CeKYH)];

+ mZH - ZH = mnpolP W

+ mUH/I. - t XH VH + mXH WXH + mZH WZH ' (1.104)

pafio ra scex AI/J R o

CIDl,

neHCTBYIOIUHX

aa

JIOrraCTb,

= - J [dXan

U+

+
-

ar; vr,l/J]

(1.105)

+ HI/J VXH
WXH WZH' OTMeTHM, 'ITO ~ocne)l,l:IHe )1,Ba CJIaraeMbIX Bhlpa)l(eHHH

TI/J VYH -' MfH

- M~H wYH - MfH

IIpH YCTaHoBHBweMcH OLI,HHaKOBa, LI,lm)Kemu'l KHHeTHqeCKaH HHTerpaJI 3HeprHH

(1.100)
HYJIIO:

(1.103), (1.104)
reopesssr
MOMeHTa 06

MaJIbI no BeJIHqHHe H MorYT YpaBHeHHe

6bITb

onyuieasr.
H

JIOnaCTH pa60T

I/I

aa paaaux

(1.103)
m
K H'

MO>KHO I10JIyquTb 3HeprHH, a

003

npHMeHeHHH

cne)l,OBaTeJIhHO,

OT ceKYHLl,HbIX

paseu

H3MeHeHHH_ KHHeTHqeCKOH BbIpa)l(eHHH}J,J1H

<i>OPMaJIhHO,

rryress

npeo6pa30BaHIDI H

npa
npn

WXH

WZH

= 0 BbIBOn npaaenea
Bblpa)l(eHHHX}J,J1H

Ilna

a3poLI,HHaMHqeCKOH B

COCTaBJIHIOllleH

YTO'lHeHHbIX

pabore [ 17]. C yqeTOM W XH' WZH H mXH' mZH (1.81)... (1.83) nOJIyquM
n.a VH

+ MXH
TaK

WXH

+ MYH

WYH

+ MZH

WZH

= O.
KWH

dmK a.a

= dmnpolP

+ dmHHD. - dtx

+
ZH.a

KaK

MOIUHOCTb HeCYIUero

BHHTa

N =M

= -M
WXH

YH WH'

TO WZH

dPn d"'n
(1.101)
'
TaKHM naCTH. 06pa30M,

+ dm XH.a

XH

+ dm

w
dt

ZH'

(1.106)
}J,J1H 3JIeMeHTa JIO-

NnpolP

+ NaHA - HVXH

+ TVYH + MXH

+ MZH

nonyseao ypasneaae
OT nOCJIeLI,Hero pa60TY CHJIbI

THI1a

(1.103)
n

OHO OTJIH'IlleTCH ceKYHLl,HYIO 'ITO B

CJIaraeMbIM 11 npH

(r -

rne

Tr ) ~dw

ll

'

asrpaa

NnpolP

kJI
21T

21T 0

J dl/ln J dXan U; 0
R
Vr,1/J •

)I(llIOIIUIM TaK)I(e

dt

MaXOBOM

)1,BH)KeHHH JIOnaCTH, TOJIbKO 6bITb pa60TbI

TeM,

BbIpa)l(eHHe OTMeTHM,

(1.106)
'ITO

BXOWlT

COCTaBJHIIOruHe

33pOTaK)I(e CHJI

(1.102)

Ll,HHaMH'IeCKHX nOJIYIJeHO

CHJI.

ypasueaae
BbIpa)l(eHHH

(1.106)

MO)l(eT

kn
NaHA 211 o6pa30M, pa60T ero

211

npHpaBHHBaHHeM Bblpa)l(eHHH

JJ.Byx

}J,J1H ceKYH)l,llOH

J dl/ln J at; 0
xroumocrs

ane MeHTa nonacra:

(1.99)

H cnenyannero:

TaKHM KyHLl,HblX

aecyuiero

BHHU aa

asrpaxeaa

dA
KaK CYMMa ce-

= -dQnUx VxHsinl/l1l

- dTn[Uy

+ vr,,,,]

-dQn[wHr
wzHsinl/ln)]

CIDl H MOMeHTOB JIOnaCTeH. I1pHHHTO

H noreps

I1po<i>HJIhHOe H HHLi.YKTHB-

+ (r cos {3n -

Ir){3n(wxHcos"'n

Hoe conpOTHBJIeHHe YpaBHeHHe aecyuiero

(1.101)

naasisars

ypaBHeHHeM

6aJIaHca

3HeprHH

at;

[VYH

df.ln (r - Ir) -;;;-

- VXH

sin {311cos "'11

BHHTa. OHO qaCTO HCI10JIb3yeTcH

B BHne

(1.103)
rne

Xa*H

Korna 46

Tsin£x + Hcos£xH H CKOC rrOTOKa Y aecyuiero BHHTa

cHJIa

corrpOTHBJIeHHH H

MaJI,Xa*

= XaH·

necyuiero

BHHTa.

(1.107)
47

npOHHIerpHpOBaB
mKH.a:
mKH.a::=

( 1.106),

HaH}l,eM Cpe}l.HIOIOno IUIOIua}l.H BHHIa senasany

)l(eHHOrO K BHHry, pasna N. TaK KaK npH YCTaHOBHBlIIeMCH }l,BH)I(eHIIII H3MeHeHHe KHHenl'leCKOH 3HeprHH 3a BpeMH ornroro ofiopora paBHO .HynIO, TO

mupo$

+ mHHll
1

txHo VH

T
-

- Na + -mxn.awxH

kJI
2fT

2n/WH

--

d{3n dt

J _2fT

2fT

dfJn

f d Til (r - I r) + N =
0

dljiIl

dl/lJI JdtnCr
0

- lr) +

mZH.awZH"

(1.108)

(1.111)
3TO asrpaxeaae B 6e3pa3MepHOM BH}l,e coananaer C (1.110) . CeKYH}l,HaH pafiora MOMeHTOB HHepIUtOHHhlX CHn aecyuiero BHHTa B COOTBeTCTBHHC BbIpa)KeHHHMH (1.97)

B npHMonHHeHHoM YCTaHOBHBrueMcH nonere HHTerpaJ1bI OT HHepIUtOHHblX COCTaBnHIOIUHXCM H MOMeHTOB necyurero BHHTa paBHbl/HYJ1IO, TaK 'lTD HHnexcsr a B Bblpa)KeHHI1 (1.108) MoryI 6hlIh ortiponrensr. JJHIerpan OT cexynnHOH pa60TbI MaXOBoro }l,BH)I(eHIUI npn npHMommeHHpM non ere TaK)I(e
I

panea

HYJIIO. TIpH KpHBOnl1HeHHOM YCIaHOBHBllleMCH ~OJ1eTe B BenH'lHHY

(CM. <popMyJIy (1.48»,

fdtilCr

- lr)

BXO}l.Hr Bhlpa)KeHHe TaK 'lTO

2(1r + Sr1r)(WxHcost/lil

--

- wzHsint/ln)
(1.1 13)
C Y'leTOM paBeHCTB (1.110), (1.113), a TaK)I(e txH.a= (1.106) ofipantaerca B nsrpaaceaae, COBna,naIOIUeeC (1.104).
tXH

ypaaaeaae

(1.109)
I1paBaH sacrs Bblpa)KeHIIH (1.109) connanaer Bblpa)l(emleM }l.JIH IIHepIlHOHHOH tIaCTH xpyrauiero (1.93) . TaKHM o6pa30M, 1
2fT 2fT

C TO'IHOCThIO}l,0 3HaKa C MOMeHTa aecyuiero BHHTa

f -2fT 0

d{3JI

dl/tJI

dt/ln fdtn(r
0

- lr)

= rnKH·

(l.1l0)

Ilepsoe

Bblpa)l(eHHe (1.110) MO)I(HO nOJIY'IHTh H no reopesre 06 H3MeHeHHH KHHeTHlJeCKOH saeprna. CeKYH):VfaH pafiora CM anessenra nonacra B nonyCBH3aHHOHCHCTeMeKOOp}l.HHaI

I1TaK, MomHoeTb aecyuiero BHHTa MO)KeT 6hlTh onpenenena KaK no asrpa)KeHIIIO (1.94), TaK H no (1.104). Bo MHOrHX aanasax npouie HCrr0J1b30BaIb nsrpaacenae (1.1 04). Ilene B TOM, 'lTO npIl6J1H)KeHHble cnocofisr onpe}l,enef!I1H nayx HHTerpanOB (1.105) (rrporpansnsix H IIH}l,YKTHBHhIX noreps necyuiero BIIHTa) npouie H roxsee, 'leM npll6J1II)I(eHHhle cnocofisr orrpe}l,eneHHH IIHTerpana B Bhlpa)l(eHHII (1.94). CIIoc06bl onpeneneuna narerpanon (1.105) ODMcanst B nnreparype, nanpusiep B [ 10, 17], 1'1Mbl na HHX OCTaHaBJlHBaThCH He 6Y}l,eM. Ilpyrae BenH'lHHbl, BXO}l.HIUMeB (I .104), sro canst M MOMeHTbl necyutero BHHTa, xoropsie I1nH onpenenmorca B 3aBHCIIMOCTHOT VH, WXH' WZH' elM' 00, HJlH H3BeCTHbI 1'13ypaBHeHMH }l,BH)KeHHHsepronera. Ilpa MO}l,eJIMpOBaHHII }l,BII)I(eHHH sepronera, xorna Bhl'lIlCJ1eHHble aaparree xapaKTepIICTI1KH BMHTa arrnpOKCHMIlpYIOTCH, OKa3hIBaeTCH HaMHoro npouie armpoxcioaapoaars nporpansnsre 1I0TepII uecyuiero BHHTa, 'leM CYMMapHyIO MOmHOCTh. fi03TOMY B }l,aJJhHeHlIIeM HaMIl 6Y}l,eT HcrrOJIb30BaHO Bblpa)KeHHe (1.104), "pH'leM rrpo<pHnbHble IIoTepH necyuiero BHHIa 6Y}l.yI 3aAaBaThCH rpa<pIIKaMH (OHH onacaasr B -pasn, 1.4.2 II 2.3.1), a HHIJ.YKTHBHbIe- Bhl'lIICJ1HThCH no <p0pMyne

(1.122) .
HaIIoMHHM (CM. 1.2.1), 'ITO HaMH IIpHHHI CnelJ.YIOIUHM 3aKOH pacnpeneneHHH HH}l.yKTHBHOHCKOPOCTH nnouiann uecyuiero BIIHn: no

( 1.114)
3HalJeHHe
27T/WH

ceKYH}l.HOH
R

pafiorsr

ncex

3neMeHTOB

BHHTa

paBHO rAe aoe

o 48

--

d(Jn

dt

J dTn (r - lr)'

a ceKYH}l,HaH pafiora MOMeHTa, npano-

11 (0) =

1;

12 (0) =

0, a aa J1;;' 0,1

cnaraeraoe

onacsrsaer

11 = 0; 12 = 1. TaKIIM o6pa30M, nepHHJzyKTHBHyIO CKOPOCTb aa pe)KHMe BHceHHH, a

49

aropoe ceHIDI

na CKOpOCnIX nonera,

COOTBeTCTBYIOUVlX fJ.;;;;' 0,1. Ha peX<HMe BU-

~H}J.

dtn

v,.

.JTJv
WUI

J dtn

112.

(1.115)
CTPyHKH ua peX<HMe BHceHHH

no HMIIynbcHoH reopaa BblllonHHeTCH COOTHoweHHe

xonsnesoa -

dT

2dFpv~

41fpv;rdr
no

61fpy2 r2dr/R.

( 1.116)

npoHHTerpHPOBaB
y2

(1.117)

r,

nonYllHM

= T/21fpR2,

TaKHM 06pa30M, npH npHMonHHeii:HoM nOJIeTe aepronera xapaxrepuoe AJlR necymero BHHTa pacnpeneneaae nona HHAYKTHBHblX CKopoCTeH no 3aKOny v(l + rcos I/1n) (CM. pHC. 1.5) He npHBOAHT K yaenaxenato HHAYKTHBHbIX noreps necyurero BHHra no cpaBHeHHIO C paBHoMepHbIM pacnpenenenaeja Vr.1/! = ~ const. rIPH KpHBonHHeHHOM nonere mH~1l. H3MeHHeTCHaa aennl[HHY Ir WXH' xoropaa npa tH 0,15 neaenaxa, HO npH MaJIbIX tH, HanpnMep npa t H = 0,1, WXH = -0,02, YBenHIIHBaeT mHH}J. ua 50 %. 113'3a OTnH' l[HR npanaroro 3aKOHa pacnpeAeneHHH HHAYKTHBHbIX cxopocreii OT <paKTH' lIeCKoro YBenH'lHM HaHAeHHbie 3HalleHHH mHH aa K03<p<pHI.J,HeHT C yse«P. TOM KOHlI,eBbIX noreps H B COOTBeTCTBHH :poPMYlIaMH (1.114), C (1.118), (1.121) nOJIYl[HM

=:.

>

cne1J,OBaTe1IbHO,

Ir WXH}V.
dt n = 3t Hr -2d- r. (1.117)
.JlnR HeCYlUHX BHHTOB C 06bIIIHblMH

dT = 3Tr dr/R3,'

(1.122) xapaxrepacraxasm

OrMeTH_M, 'ITO npHHHroe H3MeHeHHe v(r) cooTBeTCTByeT pacnpeAe1IeHHIO no 3aKoHY rpeyronsaaxa H KBllApaTlfllHoMY 3aKoHY H3MeHeHHJI rara nonacra. n01J,CTaBHM (1.117) B (1.116)
UHPKyJIJIIUIH

«P= 1,05, B

AIm BepTOlIeTOB reOMeTpH'leCKHMH

0,98.

(1.118)
C ytJeTOMoKpY)I(Hoii HHAYKTHBHOHCKOPOCTH(CM. pa31J,.1.2.1)
mKH}J.
<=I::f

1.4.2. PE3YIlbTATbi PAC'IETOB CHIl H MOMEHTOB HECYInErO BHHTA

1,07 t« V.
T. e. npa nocrynarens-

JlIUI BroPOH COCTaB1UIJOllleH Bblpa)KeHHJI (1.114), HOM nonere

~H}J.

Pacsersr 1J,elIaIOTCRnpa HeHTpalIbHOM nOnO)KeHHH aBTOMaTa nepexoca (DB = DK = 0) (peaynsrarsi ofioanaseasr urrpaxassa) . Ilna onpenenenaa xapaKTepHCTHK npH OTKlIOHeHHOM aBTOMaTe nepexoca no <popMYlIaM (1.2), (1.3) HaxOp,HTCH V~H (o:~), D~, onpenenmorcs xapaKTepHCTHKH npa DB = DK = 0, KO' ropsie nepecsarsraaiorca ua sanannsre 3HalleHHH DB ,5K no <l>oPMYlIaM T

=
=

T' + D.T; H=H'

- T'(D1DB
-

+ D2DK)

+ D.H';
(1.123)

s
(1.119)

S' + T' (D1DK

D2fiB)

+ D.S';
+ M'.

N = N' <l>opMYlIa

(M~H i.f!lc -

M~H i.f!ts)WH

Maxosoe ,nBH)«eHHe nonacreH BnHJIeT na pacnpeneneaae 31leMeHTapHOH TJlrH nonaerea TaKHM 06pa30M, 'ITO BbInOnHHeTCJI ycnosne (CM. (1.48) npa Ir g di:JH/dl/ln = 0):

AJlH N nonyxena npn HCnOlIb30BaHHH YTOllHeHHbIX BbipaIKeHHH (1.78), (1.80) }J,lHI dmXH' dmZH H nOACTaHOBKe cos~n = 1 - ~; /2. Ho 311i cnaraexrsre HeBeJIHKH, TaK sro

N = N'

+ D.N'.

(1.124)

d2p

Jdtnr=

Ir(

d ~ + f3n) - 2(wxHcosl/ln
"'n

wzHsinl/ln).

(1.120)

OqeBH,!J;Ho,'ITO C yqeroM COOTHOWeHHJI 1.120) (

mHH}J.

V(tH

4WXH)'

50

(1.121)

Ilpaaeneaasre <pOPMYlIbl nepecsera He oXBaTbIBalOT MOMeHTbl M XH' M ZH' TaK KaK OHH onpe1J,enHIOTCHno BblpaJKeHHHM (1.88) ... (1.90), B xoropsre nOACTaBlIHIOTClIYIKe nepeorarauasre 3HalleHHR a I. b 1 . B <POPMYlIbl nepe~lIera_ H B APyme ucnornaoaanaue HaMH <pOPMYlIbI BXQ· )],RT KOJ<P<PHI.I,HeHTbI I. D2, D 1. D2• I1x BbIBO)], HMeelCR B nareparype, D uarrpastep B [ 17 ]. 31J,eCbIKe MbI npHBe1J,eM oxoasarensaue BblpaIKeHHR. KOJ<p51

<pHUHeHTbI

DI, D2
-Dlou

BX0JI.HT B Bblpa)KeHHJI ,lJ,JUI onpenenenaa OTKnOHeHHH aBTOMaTa nepexoca:

aMlliIHTY}1, 0 IS'

PHc. 1.17.
THMOfO jJ.,wZH:

3aBHCHMOCTb

aonyeTRfH OT

0IC B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT yrnos

Ko3CP<PHWleHTa

0lS
Dl

D20K;
(all -

0IC

D20B
-

+ DloK;·

(1.125)
-

cpsrs
CPhIB

na I/In Ha 1/1 Jl

(Ran/In)

cos

tlV;an

co);
(1.126)

= 270"; = 90°

Ha
3}1,eCbRan -

panayc

aBTOMaTa

nepexoca;

yrJIOM YCTaHOBKH JIOllaCTH. OHH, a TaK)Ke pHc.1.33.

In - pa3Mep psrsara ynpaBJIeHHH yrnsr all, tlV;an, Co noxaaaasi na

aMIIJIHTY}1, 'PIS'

WZH =1=

!/In =

270°

pe)!{HMe BHceHIDI npa

na

= 90° lUIH YfJIbI aTaKH ce-

v«

rJ
_

'1eHHH J10naCTH ysem{lJHBa-

BHHIa C perYJIHTOpOM B3Maxa

npapameana

'P1C

paBHbl

IOTCH, H

tl'PlS tl4{JlC

(OIS (Ole

KolC)/(1

+ K2) +
K2)

= - DloB + D2oK;
= DI OK + D2 0u;

tH.Cp

YMeHhIuaeTcH (pHC. l.17,

WZH

a):

KHM 06pa30M,

H3MeHHeT rpaHHII.Y

cpsrsa

TaK, KaK nOKa3aHO na pHC.

tltH.CP:::::

-2,6/r IWZH!'

Ta-

+ KOIS)/(1

(1.127)

IIpHBe}1,eM rrOJIY'IeHHbIe no MeTO}1,HKe,onHcaHHOH B pasn. 1.3 H 1.4, nsre nannsre, HJIJIIOCTpHpylO~He, HaCKOJ1bKOBeJIHKH aa pe)!{HMe BHceHHH MaxOaoe p:BH)KeHHeJIOnaCTeHHH3MeHeHHe 0:, no I/In. Ilpa WZH = 0,02 _.. 0,04, 80 =

1.17,6. pacser-

(1.128)
06paTHMCH K pe3YJIbTaTaM MO)KHO cna6a.

20°,

i;. =
=
5

1,25 ...

H 0:'=1

pacseroa.

Kpaasie

tH

paanenars

aa

}J,Ba ysacrxa:

}J,OCPblBHOi1, ne r tlo:~

=: f(~) (CM. pHC. 1.1) rara cymecrneaao 3aBl1.

= 0,32

npa

00

I10JIY'laeTcH:

na

at = 5 .,. 10°, °, t H. cp = 0,27 !/In = 270

1.4

a~l

15 ... 20°

aa

... 0,23

(npa - ZH = W

!/In =

90°

t H. cp

24° ) .

PaCClJHTaHHbIe no MeTO}1,HKe paan, AeHHbIM BbIlIIe

tlt

H. cp

MeHblIIe,

lJeM no rrpase-

CHT OT yrJ10B aTaKH H YCTaHOBKH BMHTa, If CPbIBHOi1, r}J,e 3Ta 3aBMClfMOCTb Ha lIepeXO}1,HOM Y'IaCTKe, 3amiMalOmeM ""

<p0pMYJIaM. YlJeT H3MeHeHHH HHAYKTHBHbIX KPHBOJIHHeHHOM}1,BH)!{eHHH npasener I1cCJIe}J,oBaHHe HeynpaBJIHeMOrO cBH}J,eTeIIbcTByeT 0 TOM, 'ITO

cxopocrea

necy-

5 0,

Ha6nIOAaeTCH npo-

utero (pasn,

BHHTa

npa

K }J,aJIbHeHlIIeMYYMeHb-

aJ, Nnp04»'

(ysennxeaxe anasenaa. fpaHHlJHbIH Me)!(Jl,y YlJaCTKaMM yrOJ1 aTaKH 0:' B He60J1bUIHX npenenax 6 H.Cp ~ xone neTCH }J,JIH pa3HbIX 3aBMCHMocTei1 (T, a, M np.) , HO nna npOCTOTbl an"pOKClfMaUHH KpHBblX (CM. pasn, 2.3) npHMeM, 'ITO Beml.'1lfHa 0:' }J,JIH
aBJ1eHHe 3aBHcMMocTeH, }J,JIH CPbIBHOro YlJaCTKa HO KOJUllJeCTBeHHO OHM He HMelOT

xapaxrepnsrx

lIIeHHIO

tlt
3.5)

H. cp .

spaureana seproneroa
MeHblIIe. TaKHM

onpenenaiourero

raiose

tlt

H.cp

06-

pa30M, npaseneaasre

<pOPMYIIbI BblHBJIHIOT B 06meM

BH}J,e3aBHCHMOCTb

t H. cp

B"

cex 3aBHCHMOCTeHO}1,HHaKOBaII onpenenaerca }J,Ba

H. cp 110KpHBbIM THrH. Ha pMC. 1.1

OT WZH H J.l (pHC. 1.17), HO KOnHlJeCTBeHHO no fionee TOlJHOMYMeTo}J,Y. K03<p<pHUHeHT

t H. cp

)!{eJIaTeJIbHO onpenenars
WXH

tH

(CM. pHC. 1.1)

cna60

3aBHCHT OT 0,02

na CpbIBHbIX

TOHKHMH nHHHHMH IIOKa3aHbI

mereapasosanaux

KPHBblX, H KPY)KKOM BbI}J,eJIeHbI o:~. cp t H. cp : CPbIBHOM Y'IaCTKe KPHBble JIHHeapH3HpYlOTCHB HHTepBaJJe OT 0: }J,O 0: + 10° , TaK KaK 60nbOn H.cp H.Cp uree yrrry enae B cpsra npOBO}1,HTK He}J,onycTHMoMY YBenH'IeHHIO CTaTH'IeCKl!X H nep~MeHHb1X HarpY30K B norracrax H aBTOMaTe nepeicoca,

H:

ysacrxa

Ka)!(Jl,oH H3

pe)!{}!Max

I{ erne MeHblIIe /4. TaK, npa

aa }J,OCPbIBHbIX,rne

aoo J1wxH

J1

no JIHHeHHoi1 TeOpHI{ npapautenue He 3aBHCHTOT

.:ltH WXH'

tlt
""

0,4,

WXH =

0,01.

nOJTOMY, KaK CKa3aHO B pa3}1,. 1.1, npHHHTo, 'ITO tH II PO}J,OJIbHaH CHJIa necyuiero YBeJIH'IeHHH yrna xax. H rne
U n3MeHeHHe

B~IHTa (CM. pHC. 2.10)

YBeJIH'IHBaeTCJI npH

aTaKH BHHTa KaK na }1,OCPbIBHOM,TaK H na CPblBHOM ysacr-

1'13
H

pHC. 1.1 H 2.9 BH}1,HO,'ITO npa

}J,JIH

BblX npa acex anpassep,

= -0,02

WZH cnHBaIOTcH, HO o:'H C Ht CHJ1bHO 3aBI{CHTOT W .p H.Cp ZH' BHHTa, }J,JIH xoroporo COCTaBJ1eHbI rafin. 1.2 I{ 1.3, npa

Of)

const }J,OCPbIBHhIe yqaCTKH KpH-

H'

no

tH.Cp

= 0,16,

a rrpa OT

3aBHcHMoCTb HaH nonxon

K onpe}J,eJIeHHIO t H. cp , npe)],llO)!{eHHbIH B [10].

WZH

t H. cp

WZH

= 0,02

WZH

t. 0,25. ZH H Cp MO)KHO 1I0JIYliHTb aHaJJIITH'IeCKH, npasse-

00'

IIPH

Ka)!{}1,OM Cpa3HbIMH 2

00

.h ' WZH' T. e. }J,eMn't'HpoBaHHe BHHTa, 3aBHCI{T OT aH aa }J,OCPbIBHOM Y'IaCTKe ecrs Y3KHH }1,Hana30H o:~,

xpnasre
00

Ilpa

WZH nepecexaiorca. 3TOT }1,Hana30H pacnonozcen ysacnca, no WZH

3}J,ecb npoaaaonnaa B paaoae

(H,)wZH

"" 0.

0, a npn 00

00 ;;;;.9° tH

OH npHOnH)!{3eTCH K cepenaae H3MeHeHHe

TaK 'ITO npH 3THX

H MaJJbIX

Korna

=1= 0, TO npa

!/In = 270

H'
y

COOTBeTcTByeT OTpHII.aTenbHOMY }J,eMnqmpoBaHHIO

yrnsr aTaKH Ce'leHHH JIOnaCTHH3MeHH-

}J,BH)!{eHHH(HO
MZH

BepTOJIeTOB C BbIHOCOM ropH30HTaJIbHbIX lIIapHHpOB MOMeHT

IOTCHTaK, 'IT~ cooTBeTcTBY!_lmee Ha'laJ1Y cpsraa 3HalJeHHe KOJ<P<PHIJ.HeHTa THrH H3MeH~eTcH: tltH.Cp npa R:: 2,6Ir zH[1

C03}J,aeT nOJIO)!{}!TeJIbHOe }J,eMn<p1tpOBaHHe, TaK KaK a~ZH DOKoBaH ClUIa Sf Y BHHTa C xosmencaropora B3Maxa BHHTa JIeBOrO spamenaa CHIIa nanpasnena

- 0,85p(1-J.l)].

Harrpasrep.ura

J.l=0,4

< 0).
K

0,5

orpaua-

Ir=

1,2 tltH.cpR::2,5wZH'

TeJ1bHa (y

snpaao).

OHa H3MeHJI-

52

53

eTCH OT nyna npl1 T = a TJ.Os~ = -0,013 (00 16°) 11 s~ 006 (00 = = 2°) IIpH t H = t H. CP' WXH = WZH = O. Ha CphIBHhlX pe)KJ1Max aanpaaneaHaH snpaso CIDIa nponornsaer yaemooraarsca. YMeHhllIeHHe 00 yssensuraer a6C0J1IOTHYIO BeJ1Hlllmy CI1JIhl S', xro npHBO}J,lH K KpeHeHHIO sepronera BJ1eBO. 113MeHeHHe S' IIO WXH aHanOrH'IHO If3MeHeHHIO H' ITO WZH: aa AOCPhlBHblX pe)f(IfMaX nonera ecrs ofinacrn orpauarensnoro AeMIlqmpoBaHHH. MOMeHT M~H B npHMOJ1HHeHHOM nOJ1eTe Man npIf scex a~ H 00 (BHHT C K = 0,5). ,UeMIlqmpoBaHHe KpeHa scerna n0J10)KHreJ1bHO; OHO sospacraer aa CphIBHhlX pe)l(I1MaX, ocofienao npn 60J1bllIHX 00, me COCraBJ1HIOmaHMOMeHTa, pasuaa . M K a 1 /2, senmca, ,UeMn<l>HpYIOIIIHH MOMeHr npa apauieaaa snpano 60J1bllIe, qeM npn apamenaa BneBO B OCHOBHOM H3-3a pa3HHIIbI B BenH'HmaX

=-

M;:XH.

MOMeHT M~H aospacraer IIpH yaenaxeanu Q~ If 00; na CPhIBHOMysacrrce IIpH 60nbllIHX 00 OH necsr-ta BenHK. 113-3a YBeJIHQeHHH M~H H H' aa CpbIBHbIX pe)f(IfMaX MO)KeT B03HIfKHYTb ne<l>HIIHT B llliKHpYIOlIIeM MOMeHTe BepToneTa (IIpH nonHOCTbIO oTBeAeHHoH anepen pysxe}, Tpe6YIOlIIeMCH }J,llH nsmona sepronera H3 neperpY3KH; B 3TOM cnyxae 3<p<peKTHBHhIMCpell,CTBOM HBnHeTCH YMeHbllIeHHe 00' 3TH sonpocst nOApo6HO paccjaorpeasr B pasn, 3.1. MOlIlHOCTb secyutero BHHTa (pHC. I_) 8, 1.19) npIf ManbIX If cpenaxx 3Ha· qeHIfHX 00 (npa acex 00 ua ManblX V H) ua cepenane nocpsraaoro ysacrxa If MeeT MaKCHMYM, COOTBeTCTBYIOW.HH aH6oJ1bllleH nponynscasaoa H CWIe BHH' ra. IIpH YBeJIHqeHHHyrna aTaKH MOlIlHOCTb, KaK If nponYJIbCHBHaH CI1JIa,YMeHb' uraerca. Ilpa Q~ 0 H npH MaJIblX H cpenanx 00 BI1HTnepeXOTJ.I1T pe)KIfM ua caseoapauieaaa (m':::H + Sm C>K = 0), a na 60nbllIHX 00 npa YBenHlJeHHH Q~ Ha'IHHaerCJl CpbIB nOTOKa, H pe)KIfMa caxrospanreaaa HeT. Ilpn MaHeBpax C ManbIMH H cpell,HHMIi 00 na nOnO)KIfTeJIbHbIX yrnax aUKH HeCYlIIHH BHHT Bbl-

PRC. 1.19. 3aBHCIIMOCTb Ko:JCjKIJ~ellTa

"'XH

= 0;

---

""xH

= 0,02;

MOUOlOCTHOT a'H' 00,

-'

"'XH

=-

"'XH; "'ZH :::::0:

0,02

>

XOTJ,HT na pe)I(HM C orpauarensnofi MOlIlHOCTbIO, TaK 'ITO B03MO)I(Ha pacxpyrxa necyutero BHHTa H Cpa6aTbIBaHHe Myq,Tbl CBo60]J,Horo xona. Pe)I(HM cassoBpalIleHHH uacrynaer H npH orpauarensasrx yrnax araxa, HO npa 3TOM t H 0 (CM. pa311.. 4.5.2). MOlIlHOCTb uecyuiero BHHra 3aBHCHT OT WZH' a TaK>Ke OT W' OC06eHHo aa CpbIBHblX ysacrxax, Ilpn nosopore BepTOJ1eTa C SHHTOM XH nesoro apameaaa snpaao MOlIlHOCTb YBeJ1H'lHBaeTCJI, npa nOBopoTe aneao a YMeHbllIaeTCJI, HO na MeHbllIYIO BenHtllfHY. Kpnssre m~ H cnO)ICHbl TJ,J11f. annpoxcasaauaa, n03ToMY IIpH Mo,ueJIHpoBaHHH acnonsayerca q,opMyJIa (1.103) u rpaq,HKH N~po$ WIH m~po~ (CM. puc. 2.15). MHHHMaJIbHble 3Ha'leHHH m~po~ YBeJlH'lHB3IOTC1f. npa }'BeJIH' 'leHRR SO (CM. TaM. 1.2, 1.3). B ]J,Hana30He M3J1bIX tH KoJ<ll<PHImeHT m~po41 npa }'BenH'leHHH t H R3MeHHeTCft MaJIO, aaress Ha'IHHaeTCH pocr m~po41' a B CPblBHOH ofinacra yaenaseaae m~po41 BeCbMa HHTeHCHBHO.Ha 11.0CPblBHbIX

<

yxacrxax m~po41 YBeJlH'IHBaeTCH npH nonoporax sepronera co CKOPOCTJlMH WXH H WZH motioro 3HaKa. Ha CpblBHbIX yxacrxax BJlH1lHHe WZH npOHBJIJI' eTCH B COOTBeTCTBHH ee BJlHftHHeM na KpHTH'leCKHH yron aTaKH: npa WZH C 0 Q~.cp YBenHtIHBaeTCJI H m~po<b YMeHbllIaeTCJI. ECJ1H WXH 0 (nosopor BJIeBO), aa CPblBHOM Y'I3CTKe CJlaoo YMeHbllIaeTCH m~p041' eCJ1H WXH 0CYlIleCTBeHHO YBeJIH'IHBaeTCJl. BnHJlHHe lIHCJ1a Mo na MOlIlHOCTb onacaao

>

>

<

pasn, 2.3.

PHc. 1.18. 3aBHCHMOCThKo3¢l41Ill.\HeHT3 MOlllHOCTH OT o<~, Ii~, wXH;

=0;

---

wXH

:::::0,02; -

-.-.-

WXH = - 0,02

WZH

:::::0: -

wXH

=
55

54

1.5. OIlPEJJEJIEHHE HArpY)J(EH11Jl CHCTEMbl YilPABJIEHH5I, EE YilPyrOCT11 11YilPyrOCT11 JIOilACTEJi

IIpH H3YlJemm JJ.BH)I(eHHHneproneron rHAPoYCHJUnenHMI1 KaK 6e3 rHAPoycIDlHTeneH, 11 CI1CTeMY ynpannenna xorna TaK sep-

r,lJ,e

M Illl

MOMenT a3poAHHaMHlJeCKHX CHJI;

snorn,

OCH

On Y n
-

HHepIJ,HOHHbIXCHJ1 1l01iaCTH;

M ill 2 M ill 3

MOMeHT nanpaanennsrx MOMeHT

neurpobesc-

HbIX CHJ1; Mill4 soxpyr OCH Ha pHC. naCTH nacra

MOMeHT HHePlJ,HOHHbIXCHJ1BCne).l,CTBHe lIOBopOTa nOnaCTH

H C He06paTHMblMH

He06xo).l,HMO MO).l,enHpoBaTb YCHJIHH, CI1CTeMbl ynpaaaa CpbIBHbIX pe-

nepenaroutaeca

nOnaCTHMI1 aa aBTOMaT nepexoca

ToneTOM. JTO rpefiyerca,

so-nepasrx,

AJIH YlJen AetP0pMalum

neHHH 11, BO-BTOPbIX, AJIH MOAenHpoBaHHH YCHlIHTeneH H11HAa)l(e npeBblllIalOT

curyanaii,

ll.(dmn)lsin'l'rICOS'l'r

)l(lfMaX ).l,eHcTBYIOll{HeyCHlIHH IlpH6nH)l(aIOTCH K MaKCHManbHbIM YCHnHHM ranpoHX, lJTOIlPHBO).l,HT YMeHbllIeHHIO MaKCHMaJIbK aBTOMaTa nepexoca ynpaaneaaa JillH BepT011eCKOPOCTblO, HO B03MO)I(HOH CKOpOCTH OTKlIOHeHHH lIeTlJHKOM TOM. To lIeTqHK )l(e nonysaercs crapaerca H npa MalIbIX narpyaxax ynpasnenaa

K BpeMeHHOMY 3aKlIHHHBaHHIO TOrO IDlH HHOrO oprana

~ 1l.(dmnfi2sin2'Pr/2 ~ t:..(dIo.Ill)'Pr, a MOMeHr CHJ13neMeHTanOnaCTH dIo.ill'Pr . ,..., B Bblpa)l(eHHHX (1.129) bo.ill, bT - nOnO)l(eHHH (B AOJIHX XOPAbI br) OCH ocesoro urapaapa H ueurpa Macc 3JIeMeHTa JIOnaCTH. lIIapHHpHbI" MOMeHT nonacrn MIll paBeH cyMMe COCTaBnHlOll{HX (1.129). Ero HYJIeBaH H nepsaa
rapMoHHKH onpenenaior cperurae HarpY3KH aa aBTOMar nepexoca:

0nZn' 1.20 1I0Ka3aHbI CHJ1bIH MOMeHTbI, ).l,eHcTBYlOll{He na 3JIeMeHT 1I0(pHC. 1.20, a), a TaK)I(e npOeKIJ,HH lJ,eHTp06e)I(HOH CHJ1bIlJaCTHlJKH noMaccoH ll.(dmn) (pHC. 1.20,6). MOMeHT CHnbI lJaCTH'IKH 1101IaCTH

aa rHAPoYCHJ1HTelIH, ecrra C 60nbllIoH

nepestecrurs

opraasr

npessnuaroutea

MaKCHManbHbIe CKOpOCTHrHAPoycHlIHTelIeH.

(1.130)

1.5.1. METOA nEPECQETA HArpY30K

4aCTO HaHAeHHble no paClJeTY urapnapnsie
CH

MOMeHTbI nonacreii
}J)IH onpenenenas

He CXO).l,HTurapnxpOH MO)l(eT

(1.131) Mza.n

C pe3ynbTaTaMH

lIeTHbIX HCI1blTaHHH. IIo:nOMY HcnOlIb30BaTb

HbIX MOMeHTOB llenecoo6pa3HO My HMeTb OTnHlJalOll{HeCH 1I0 nexo uearposxe H ,lJ,p.), TaK qIO

npaneneaasre
nonacra

K 6e3pa3MepHO(no

BI1AY pe3YJIbTaTbI paHee HcnbITaHHOrO

BHHTa-npOTOTHlIa. Ho

ropsrw mapnapasre

napawerpasr

nporpanto,

Bee

COCTaBJIHlOll{Heurapnapaoro

MOMeHTa JIOnaCTH, xpoxre Milil ' He 3aBHHarpY30K.

MOMeHTbl nporo nma

,lJ,OlI)I(HbI 6hITh HCI1blTaHHOrO pa3H~CTb p~

CHT OT nnorHOCTH B03Ayxa, 113MeHeHHH Mill' xoca cooTBercTBYIOT WZH HarpY3KH OT

WXH'

lJro HY)l(HO YlJHTblBaTb npH rrepecsere

nepecsaransr.
sxara-npororana

Ilepecser

3aKlIlOlJaeTCH B ).l,06aBneHHH K ~HHbIM 1I01IpaBKH,

P O.IlI'
reopmr npa

Mxa.n,

Mza.I1

npn OTKnOHeHHH aBJOMaTa nepepaBHbIX O~H npH

(Mill. npoT)

onpcnenaej-roa
nepecsera,

KaK

3KBHBaJIeHTHOro BHHTa: npa

synuraron pacsera pacCMaTpHBaeMoro (Mill) = M ill.npOT + (M ill - M ill. n P OT) pacx~ . Ilna
aexo ropstx npyrnx Tble tPOPMY11bI, He ~TbIBalOll{He

H HCI1bITaHHOrOBHHTOB. Mill

a TaK)I(e AJIH peurenaa

a~

DIo:

+ D2 o~

aexoropsrx 0B

a~, 0:,
OK=

0B =

OK =

0,

VH, '1'0,
a~

O).l,HHaKOBbI.II03TOMY

aanas, OlIHcaHHblX HH)I(e, MorYT 6bITb HClI011b30BaHbl npocAetPopMaIJ,l1H 1101IaCTH (3tP<PeKTbI HeCTaIJ,l1-

MOCTbHarpY30K

a~,

o~ lIpH

,lJ,OCTarOlJHOnpenenars o

3aBHCH-

O.

OHapHOCTH06TeKaHHH HX CelJeHH" )l(enaTeJIbHO YlJeCTb) :

PRC.

1.20. Onpeaeneaae

nrapaapaoro

MOMeHTa :meMeHTa

J10113CTH:

1 - <ya cos Otr + cxp sin Ot,; 2 - mz -

dIo.w ('4-

d2'P + ---); d1/J1

3 - ~(dmn)r

sin 'P,; 4-

(1.129) 56
57

Ilna nepeKoca

H3MeHeHHH yrna ,ll,On)t(eH fiblTh

YCTaHOBKH nonacra

K Heii

co

CTOPOHbI aBTOMaTa

npanozcea MOMeHT, paBHbIii MOMeHTY CHJI TpeHHH B ocesosr mapnape Mws = sing(dlP/dl/ln)fTpw~ SO HJIH MOMeHTY ynpyrHX CHJI ropcaona M w s = cT (II' - IPT ), r,ll,e cT - )t(eCTKOCTb ropcaona, IPT yron YCIaHOBKH npa HeC,ll,ecpopMHpOBaHHoM ropcaoae. MOMeHT Mms H COOTBeTCTBYIOmHe eMY HarpY3KR aa aBTOMaT nepexoca 3aBHCHT TOnbKO OT nono)t(eHHH aBTOMaTa nepexoca, n03TOMY OHH onpenenasorca OT,ll,enbHO H ,ll,06aBnHIOTCH K HarpY3KaM OT M ur- Ilonpofiaee 0 MeTO,ll,ax pacsera Mw CM. B pa60're [18]. Paccseorpasr aexoropsre BCTpeqaIOmHeCH ua npaxraxe 3aA3lJH no YMeHbllIeHHIO narpyaeaaa CHCTeMhI ynpaanenaa, Ilna norryseaaa naanymuero AUH A3HHoro sepronera COqeTaHHH P o.w , Mxa.n, Mza.n npn nernsrx HcnbITaHHHX nO,ll,fiHpaIOT yrnsr orraea nnaCTHH, YCTaHaBnHBaeMblX aa 3a,ll,Heii xposoce nonacrea, Ilpasenesr cpopMYnbl, onpenenHIOIURe H3MeHeHHe aarpysox npa OTrH6e rmacnmsr. M3MeHeHHe yrnos OTrufia nnaCTHHhI BnHHeT aa MOMeHTHhIe xapaxrepacraxa nonacra. KpHBbIe Cyo = f(mz) CMemaIOTCH npa pasaux yrnax orrafia napannensno OCH afeUHCC, T. e. npa scex Cyo Ko3<ilcpHIJ,HeHT mz _H3M~IU1.eTCa aa nOCTOHHHYIO BenHlJHHy D.mz = D.mzo . Ecna npHHHTb, qrO U ~ Ux ~ r + J.l. in I/In, b; = s

nporpana ( bF
~

OTHOCHTe1IbHOera

nepenneii

KpoMKH,

xorna

=-

c mz YO),

mz

= mzo -

Cyo

bF

cnpasenmraa

cpopMY1Ia

(1.134) C yserow (1.134)

Bblpa)ICeHHe AUa

urapaapaoro

MOMeHTa npnHHMaeT
2

BH~

Mw

000

J dMzo + J at; (bo.IlI

bF)

ao wH

J dmn r(bo.w
( 1.135)

bo.w'

OCpe,ll,HHM mzo

H bF

no lJHCnaM

bF

H b;
p

no

panaycy nonacra.
1

Torna

nporpanasr nonacra, a raxzce br, npn U ~r + p. sin I/In nonyqHM

p. sin

Mw ~
+

2"

(wHR)2 Rb2 mzo [("3

cos

"2 J.l.2) +
11'0 •

I/Inl +

const

b ep

(T. e. aa ysacrxe,

rne YCTaHOBneHa JUIaCTHHa, XOPA3 rronacra

(To + TlC Soao

I/IJI + TiS sin I/IJI) b (bo.IlI

-

b F)
(1.136)

nOCTOHHHa) , TO

D.M w= P (WH R)2 D.mzo b~p (;~p + 2rep J.l. in s

,I/In +
(1.132)
lIpHMeM naCTH (pHC.

w; b (bo.m
cnenyiouiyro

by) - lo.w
ynpouremryio KOCH Tara

w~

+
3,ll,eCh a

p.2 sin

I/In) D.r/2.
cpeAHHii paAHYC ysacrxa H3 nonacra, rne

cxesry

paBHOBeCHH npoexuaa

1.21). SO

HopMaJIbHO W~

1IOnaCIH npH1IO)ICeHbl B

cpenaax CHn noceseaaax r 0 H

u.eHTpofie)I(Hoii lllapHHpa.

rep
era

YCTaHOBneHa nnacraaa,

rT

paBHO,ll,eHCTBYIOmaJI MOMeHTOB llIapHHpOB

D.r -

AJ1HHa. HaiiM

(1.132)

BbIpa)t(eHHH AJ1a

D.M

mo

Mw

1S'

no

CHJIbl nonacra paBHOBeCHa ManOM pasaoce

ao . Yron

To = T/ kn H KOHYCHOCTHnonacra

ao

HaXO,!J,HTCH ycnoaaa H3

cpopMY1IaM

(1.130),

(1.131)

n01IYlJHM

CHJI OTHOCHTenbHO ropaaouransuoro

Ilpn

D.Po•w

A D.mzo (~~p + p.2/2)D.r/1Jl;

rep D.rJ.l.;
r,ll,e

(1.137) (Ll33) Torna

B COOTBeTCTBHHC

D.Mxa.n

= AD2 D.mzo

D.Mza.n = AJJ1D.mzofcpD.rp.,
HCnbITaHHH paA3 Hoii

(1.136)

A = knP(WHR)2bep/2.
qrO AJ1H nnaCTHHbI C OTHOCHTenhnnaCTHHbI ua

Mwo
A3eT

To (bo.w

- bF)

- To (bo.w

bT)ra/rT

= (1.138)

xopztok 0,006 0,007;

no

bnn

npocpH1Ieii

nOK:t3aJIH, orraf

= bnn/ b ; = 0,07
npa

D.mzo =

=
nylJHM

To [bT ra/rT - bF + bo.w (1 fibl

rO/rT)]'
fibl napoii lIO,ll,CTaBJUul

H3MeHeHHH XOPAbI

fi1IH3HTeJIbHO npOnOpIJ,HOHanbHO OTMeTHM, qTO D.P o.ur Ilosrosry, ecrm rpefiyerca

.J ~n/0,07

nnacraasr .

D.mzo

H3MeHHeTCH npa-

(b ; - b F) Mm

Ecna

r0 = rT

,TO

M wo

otipasoasmanca

CWI C nneqOM B

H He aasacen

?bl OT

bo.m.

(1.138)

(1.136),

no-

3aBnCHT OT ~p, H3MeHHTb P o.w

a D.M x a.n > D.M z a.n OT rep' C MHHHMaJIbHbIM H3MeHeHHeM aa xoaue nonacra; TO H~O ecna )ICe

M x a.n

>

Mz a.n

>

TO Hy)t(RO orrutiars •

nnaCTHHbI

= mzop(wHR)2Rb2(1
- ra/rT)]/kn

+ 3p.2/2)/6
- Io.ww~lPo

+ T[bTro/rT

- bF + +
(1.139)
59

rpetiyerca

B 60nbllIeii

CTeneHH H3MeHHTb yqacTKa

Mxa.n,

Mza.n,

orratian,

nnaCTHHbI B KOMJle nonacra .ll.rrH nHHeiiHoro

+ bo.w(1

+ [mzoP(wHR)2Rb2p./2

3aBHCHMOCTH MOMeHTa a3po,ll,HHaMH'JeCKHX CHJI

58

Pae, 1.21. Cpeanae CHJlbI,AeiiCTByJOllIHe aa JlOnacTH,H TO'IKHHX npHJlmKeHHJI

PHC. 1.22. IbMeHeHHe lIMnJIHTYAnepaoa rapMOHHKH TJD'H

PIle. 1.23. H3MeHeHHe aMnJIHTYA BTopoi rapMoHHKH'm:rH

/'11.61

PHC. 1.24. OnpeAeJleHHe bO.Ill np" nOBO" pore JlOnaCTH

R
<l>0pM)'na (1.139) noxaasrsaer, 'ITO MIllO Ii PO.Ill cnatio 3aBRCHT OT rronO>KeHHHOCMnorracru bo.m, TaK KaK ra ~ r T . Ilpassenenae nporpana C <l>OKYCOM, paCrrOJIO>KeHHbIM csana (b T - b F 0), rrpHBOWiT K YBenH'leHHIO nanpanJIeHHOH BHH3 CIDIbI P o.nr . 3aBHCRMOCTb P o.ur OT 00 Ii aH 60nbme, ecna nporpans HMeeT <l>OKYC,pacnonozceaasnt C3aWi. CMemeHHH ocesoro urapaapa H nonepesaoro nOnO>KeHHH uenrpa nonacrn snepen YBenHllRBaIOT aanpaanenHYIO BHH3 CRJIY PO_Ill' BenH'IHHbI nepasrx rapMOHRK MIll H, cnenosarensnc, Mza.n, Mxa.n He 3aBMCRTOT nonepemroa UeHtPOBKM nonacra bT, a onpenenHIOTCH pa3HoCTbIO (bo.m - bF). no Bblpa>KeHlUIM (1.136), (1.139) HeTpYAHO onpenenars 3HaK R3MeHeHRR MOMeHTa M z a.rr ' )"IHTblBaH, 'lTO T 1S 0, a npapautenae Mz a.II B OCHOBHOM OnpeAeJIHetC.H BeJJHllRHOH rrpnpaurenaa M ur is . Ha pHC_ 1.22, 1.23 rroxaaaasi aMllnHTYAbI H3MeHeHHH K03<1><I>HIIHeHTa THm nonacra; BHAUO, 'ITO tHIS> 0; t H 1 C 0; t HlS It HlC I; rrpH cpeAHHX H 60nbllIHX yrnax YCTaHOBKH t H2 C BenHK, TaK 'lT0 mapHHpHbIH MOMeHT COAep>KHT 60JJbl1IYIO KOCHHYCOHAHYW BTOPYW rapxsoaaxy. YBeJIH'IeHHe mzo nporpana npHBOWiT K cneAYIOIIIeMY H3MeHeHHIO cpernrax HarpY30K: npHpaIIIeHHe PO.Ill nanpaarreao asepx, MOMeHTbI Mz a.IT H M x a.IT H3MeHHJlHCb aaaan H srtpaao (y BHHTa nesoro apauieaas) . PaCCMOTpHM, KaKOB fiLm fibl pe3YJIbTaT nepenenxa KOHCTPYKUHH, saKJJlOllalOIIIeHCHB pacnOJIO>KeHHHOCH JIOnaCTH nOA yrnora KOCH ocesoro mapaapa (pHC. 1.24). Ilpa 3TOM paccroanae AO ocesoro urapaapa OT nepenaeti KpOMKH nonacra CTaHOBHTCHpaBHLIM bo.m ~ bo.mo - a,. B COOTBeTCTBHH C Bblpa)f(eHHeM (1.135) mapHHpHbIH MOMeHT JIOnaCTHH3MeHHTCHaa BeJIH'IHHY COrJJaCHO ypaBHeHHIO MaXOBoro R3MeHHeTCJI no a3HMYTY (fdTlCr ABH>KeHHH nonacra BenH'lHHa

f d Tr
~

He

<

R
0

fdTlSr

0)

H pasaa

Irao WK, cneno-

aarensno, nOBopOT OCH JJOnaCTH Y BHHTa C roPH30HTaJJbHbIMH urapaapasra He npHBOAHT K H3MeHeHHIOHarpY30K na aBTOMaT nepexoca.

1.5.2. HArPY3KH

HA CPbmHbIX PElKHMAX

>

<

>

XapaKTepHOH ocofieaaocrsio KpHBbIX P O.Ill (pHC. 1.25) JlBnJleTCH peaxoe B03paCTaHHe aa CpbIBHbIX pe>KHMax CHlIbI, CTpeMJlIIIeHCH onYCTHTb nOJJ3YH aBTOMaTa nepexoca (P o.ur 0). 3TO rrpasonar K YM~Hbl1Ie~1O yr5JI: YCTaHoBKH BHHTa aa C'IeT ynpyrax Ae<l>0pMaUHH. TaK, npH aH ~ aH.Cp + H npa nOCTOHHHOMnOJIO)KeHHHpsrsara ynpaBJIeHHH 06I11HM marosr (50 ryo = = const) yrOJI YCTaHOBKH JIOnaCTH 1{10 YMeHbl1IaeTCH HaPo.m/co.w!::o< 2'. Y aexoropux rHAPoYCHnHTeJIeH KOHCTPYKUHH raxona, lITO npH P o.ui / i o.ni P ry m a x npoacxonar npocamca CHnOBOrO WTOKa (.:150ry 0), TaK 'lTD I yrOJI YCTaHOBKH nonacreii 1{10 YMeHbmaeTCJI na 6oJIbmyIO BeJIHllHHY, \{eM ynpyKaH Ae<l>opMaUHHJIOnaCTHH CHCTeMbIynpaBJIeHHJI. , Ilpa BXOAe BepTOJIeTa B MaHeBp C ny 1 OAHOBpeMeHHo C aH yseJIHllHBaeTCJI H WZH' TaK 'ITO a'HCp B03paCTaeT. n03TOMY, a TaK)Ke R3-3a YMeHbweHHH 50 B pe3YJIbTaTe ynpyroii Ae<l>0pMaUHH yseJIH'IeHHe I Po .III I npoHCXOWiT He CTOJIb HHTeHCHBHO, KaK nOKa3aHO aa pHC. 1.25 ,npH 50 const H WZH const; npa BbIXOAe H3 MaHeBpa YMeHbmaWTCSI H a H' H WZH' no-

<

>

<

>

>

3TOMY CHH)KeHHe

I P o.wl

npoacxonar

TaK)Ke MeHee HHTeHCHBHO, npH'IeM

60

61

PIIC.
WXH

1.25. 3aBHCHMOCTb
=:

P o.nr OT a~,
WZH

s '0'
=:

WZH:

0; -

WZH =:

0; - - -

0,02; -'

WZH =: -

0,02

Ha'IaJIO CHHJKeHHHMOJKeT He COBnaA<lTbC HaqaJIOM YMeHbIIIeHHH ny (TaK KaK BJIHHIOTH t H' H WZH)' 3HaK H3MeHeHHH YCHJIHH na nOJI3YHe npa MaHeBpax BepTOJIeTa TaKOB, 'ITO yCHJIHH He rrpeUHTCTBYIOTneperaememno rH)l,pOYCHJIHTeJIH CTOPOHYnpexB pamenaa MaHeBpa. lleHCTBHTeJIbHO, eCJIH )l,JIR npexpameaas MaHeBpa c ny 1 JIeT'lHK peunrr H3MeHHTb yron YCTaHOBKH BHHTa, TO OH 6Y)l,eT ero ysseasurar», CJIe)l,OBaTeJIbHO,aanpaaneaae nepesieiueaaa CHJlOBOrO IIITOKa connaner C nanpaaneanesr )l,eHCTBHH YCHJlHH. TIonoMY 3aKJIHHHBaHHH opraHOB ynpasnenaa neT'lHKaMH He OTMeqaeTCH. M x a.n no pacxery Man, na CpbIBHbIX peJKHMax OH YBeJIH'lHBaeTCH HeHHTeHCHBHO,HO B03paCTaIOT ssrcurae rapMOHHKH Mill' H3-3a lJ:ero YBeJIH'lHBaeTCH rtepestennaa qaCTb M xa.n ' )l,HHaMHlJ:eCKH narpyscarontaa aBTOMaT nepexoca. TIPO)l,OJIbHbIHMOMeHT aBTOMaTa nepexoca (pHC. 1.26) aa CPbIBHOM ysacrxe CTaHOBHTCHnOnOJKHTeJIbHbIM, 60JIblllHM no aernoraae. 3TO cyuiecrseaaaa He6rraronpHHTHaH oc06eHHocTb HarpYJKeHHH rH)l,poYCHJIHTeJIeH BepTOJIeTa npa MaHeBpaX C 60JIbIillfMH BepTHKaJIbHbIMH neperpysxasra, TaK KaK B03pocnrae YCHJIHJI npenHTcTBYIOT OTKJIOHeHHIO JIeT'lHKOM pYlJ:KH ynpaaneaaa )l,JIH BbIXO)l,a H3 MaHeBpa: HYJKHOOTKJIOHHTb aBTOMaT nepexoca snepen a aa rn)J;poYCHJIHTeJIb )l,eHcTByeT 60JIblllaH CHJIa, npenHTCTBYIOIUaH nepeMerueHHIO ero IIITOKa (rtonpofinee CM. B pasn. 3.1). Kposie roro, )J;e4>0pMau.HH CHCTeMbl ynpasneaaa BepTOJIeTOM 3KBHBaJIeHTHa )J;onOJIHHTeJIbHoM)'OTKJIOHeHHIOaBTOMaTa nepexoca aasan 'ITO TaKJKe npenarcrnyer BbIBOAY BepTOJIeTa H3 MaHeBpa. YBeJIHqeHHe na CpbIBHbIX peJKHMax aecymero BHHTa MOMeHTa Mz a.n H YCHJIHH na nOJI3YH, )l,eHcTBYIOmero BHH3, 06bHCHHeTcH TeM, 'ITO npa 3aKpHrasecxax yrnax aTaKH CeqeHHHJIonaCTH yaeJIH'lHBaeTCH nHKHpyIOIUHH MOMeHT a3pO)l,MHaMHlJ:eCKHXCM (nenrp )l,aBJIeHHH JIOnaCTH nepesseuraerca Ha3aA). TIo3TOM)' yseJIH'lHBaIOTCH nHKHPYIOmHe MOMeHTbI JIOnaCTeH aa acex a3HM)'PHC. 1.26. 3aBHCHMOCT& mza.n
WXH =:

OT a~,

I) '0' WZH:

0; -"1:H

=:

0; - - -

WZH =:

0,02; _. -

WZH

==

-0,02

>

Tax, KpOMe npaneraioutax K 1/In = 90°, rne H3-3a HHTeHCHBHOro YBeJIHlIeHHH al na CphIBHhIX peJKHMax yrOJI exT YMeHbIIIaeTCH, a Mill yaenasaaaercs. Taxoe H3MeHeHHe IIIapHHpHbIX MOMeHTOB rrpHBO)l,HT K YBeJIHlIeHHIO aanpaaneaHOHBHH3 CHJIhIP O.W H MOMeHTa Mz a.n na l<a6pHpoBaHHe. BJIHHHHe yrJIOBOH CKOPOCTHWXH sa HarpY3KH aa aBTOMaT uepeKoca noxa3aHO na pHC. 1.27, 1.28. Ha AOCPbIBHhIX peJKHMax OHO He3Ha1lHTeJIbHO,a aa CpbIBHblX - yaeJIH'lHBaeTCH. BnHHHHe HenHHeHHO: y BHHTa nenoro apaineaaa npa xpese BneBO HarpY3KH YMeHblllaIOTCH B MeHbllleH CTeneHH. TIPH xpeae BJleBO soapacraer MOMeHT Mxa.n, aanpaanemrsni BnpaB~O,rax 'ITO Ae4>0pMaIJ,HH CHCTeMbI ynpasneaaa YBenH1IHBaeT AeMll4>HpYIOIUHH MOMeHT necymero BHHTa. Ka6PHPYIOIIJ.HH MOMeHT Mz a.n rrpa xpene BneBO YMeHbIIlaeTCH, H H3MeHeHHe Ae4>opMaIJ,HH cacrestst ynpaaneuaa jJ,3.eTMOMeHT aecymero BHHTa, HanpaBJIeHHbIH na IIHKHpoBaHHe. TIpH xpeae BneBO CHJIaP o.ui ' HanpaBJIeHHaH BHH3, npaKTHlIeCKH He H3MeHHeTCH,.a npn xpene snpaso - yaenH'IHBaeTCH. 113 rparpmcon HarpY30K aa aBTOMaT nepexoca, nOCTpoeHHbIX B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT T (CM. pHC. 2.18), BHARO, 'ITO npa MeHbIIleM yrne llo npa BhIBOAe BepTOJIeTa ua 3aA<lHHYIOneperpysxy = const , npH'lCM t H t H cp) aarPY3KH YMeHhIIlaIOTcH, noarosry peKoMeHAYeTcH UpH MaHeBpHpOBaHHH YMeHbmars llo aa 2 ... 3°; npa 60JIbIIleM YMeHbIIleHHH llo B03MOJKHa He)l,onYCTH-

«.

>

MaH paCKpyrKa BHHra (CM. pa3A. 3.2) . TIpH BbIIIOJIHeHHH MaHeBpoB OAHHM H3 4>aKTopoB, OrpaHH1IHBaIOlIJ.HXpacnOJIaraeMYIO BepTHKaJIbUYIO neperpysxy, HBJIHerCH npeasnueaae MaKCHMaJIb-

62

63

paaen

mzo' H npyrax napasaerpoa JIonaCTH, TO MO:>KHO nonotipars BapHaHT C aM = = -7°. Ecrra HarpY3KH H3MeHHIOTCHnHHeHHo npa sapsapoaaaaa rrapasserpoB nonacra, TO OnTHManbHbrn BapH3.HT HaXO)J,HTCHCHMIIJIeKC-MeTOAOM JIHHeHHoro rrporpaseaapoaaaas.

, aH

= - 8° ,T.

e. OH yaeJIH'lHBaeTCJ[ na

5° . Ecna

B03MO)KH0 H3MeHeHHe H

1.5.3. JlE~OPMAQHH H 3KCnEPHMEHTAIILHOE lKECfKOcm CHCfEMbl ynPABJIEHIDl

OnPEAEJIEHHE

PHC. wZH

1.27.

3aSHCHMOCTb

mxa.n

OT

Q~,

8 '0'

wXH: WXH =

= 0; -wXH

= 0; - - -

WXH =

0,02; _. -

-0,02

PHC. WZH

1.28.

3aBHCHMOCTb

mz a.n

OT

a 'H. 8 '0'
WXH =

wXH: WXH = -

= 0; -

WXH =

0; - - -

0,02; _. -

0,02

HOH CHIlbl paaa. 3.1).

rHp,pOYCHIlHTenR, qTO npHBO)J,HT K ero Ilycrs y paccsrarpaaaeraoro sepronera

3aKJIHHHBaHHIO (CM. aro cnysaerca npH

I Po.1II1 = 0,0225 H I mxa.nl = I mza.nl = 0,012.113 pHC. 1.25 BH}l,HO, lITO, nanpassep, npH WZH = 0, 8~ ::: 16° rnnpoycanarem, B ynpaaneaaa 06llUfM IIIaroM BbIXO)J,HTna npenen npa o:~ == - 13° , a ranpoycanarens npononsaoro ynpaBJIeHHH (CM. pHC. 1.26) - npH a~ = 1° . TaKHM 06pa30M, MaKCHMaIIbBepTHKaJIbHaH neperpyaxa p,on:>KHa COOTBeTCTBOBaTb 3TOM rHP,PoycHIlHTeJIb nportonsnoro ynpasneaaa nenorpy)KeH. Ilenecoofipasno H3MeHHYb rrapasrerpsr JIOrraCTHTaK, lIT06bI O)J,HH HJIH Bee rHP,POYCHIlHTenHHarpY)KaJIHCb npep,enbHbIM YCHIlHeM npa HaH60nbIIIeM H3 B03MO)KHbIX yrne araxa, rax KaK npH :nOM yaeJIHlIaTCH p,onYCTHMbIe neperpysxa H yrorr raaraxa BepTOJIeTa npa MaHeBpax. ECJIH B03MO)KHO H3MeHHTb TOJIbKO mzo nporpana (oTrH60M IIJIaCTHHbI, ycraHOBJIeHHOH aa 3aAHeH KpOMKe norracTeH) , TO no tPoPMYJIaM (1.133) MO)KHO onpenenars, qTO Hy:>KHOC03AaTb !J..mzo = 0,012; npH 3TOM AOnYCTHMbrn yrOJI araxa no o60HM KaHaJIaM 6YAeT HO

Illapnapnsre MOMeHTbl rronacrea uarpyxator 3neMeHTbI CHCTeMbI ynpasneHHR sepronera, HaXO}J)lIUHeCR Me)K)J,y aecymasr BHHTOM H rHP,PoYCHJIHTenR' MH: psrsara nosopora norracrek, aBTOMaT nepexoca, KatJaJIKH H npyrae p,eTaJIH. 3Ta sacrs CHCTeMbI ynpasnesaa nonarmrsa, H ee p,eq,opMaUHH BeJIHKa. B pe3YJIbTaTe H3MeHHIOTCJ[yrnsr ycraaosxa nonacreii, crrenoaarensno, CHJIbI H MOMeHTbI BHHTa. Ilpennaraesrsni MeTOA ysera Aeq,opMaUHH CHCTeMbI ynpasneHHH OCHOBaH na cnep,yIOrn;eM paccyxneaaa. IhMeHeHHe yrnos YCTaHoBKH nonacreii no ayneaoii 00 H nepsoii Ole, 81$ rapMoHHKaM p,OCTHraeTCRnepeMern;eHHeM nnorn, aana BHHTa H HaKJIOHOM aa yrrrsr 0B ' OK HeKOTopoH MOCKOCTH, C KOTOPOH coenaaeasi He.u.eq,opMHpyeMbIe pblqarH nosopora JIonaCTH. IIpH a6conIOTHOH xreCTKOCTH CHCTeMbI ynpaBJIeHHR sra rrnOCKOCTb RBJIReTCR IIJIOCKOCTblO aBTOMaTa nepexoca. IIpH ynpyroa (peansnoii) CHCTeMe ynpaBJIeHHR - 3TO npyraa IIJIOCKOCTb. Ecna nOJIOJKeHHe nOH IIJIOCKOCTH, q,aKTHqeCKH onpenenmouiea yrnsr YCTaHOBKH BHHIa, xapaxrepasoaars ymaMH 80, 6B , 0 K' TO Bee asiaeneaasre panee 6e3 ysera p,eq,OPMaUHH q,0PMYJIbI AilH yrnOB YCTaHOBKH, CHII H MOMeHTOB aecymero BHHTa OCTalOTCR CnpaBeAilHBbIMH. Qro6hI peansaua BHHT C03)J,3BaJITaKHe JKe CHJIbI H MOMeHTbI, KaK BHHT C a6conIOTHO JKeCTKOH CHCTeMOH ynpaBJIeHHH, HX yrrrsr 'Po, 'PIC' 'PiS AOJI)KHbI 6bITb O.II,HHaKOBbIMH, a yrrrsr DB' D K pa3HhIMH. Ilpencraaase yrnsr 8 B' li K' 60 KaK CYMMY yrna, onpenenaessoro nOJIO)KeHHeM CHJIOBOro IIITOKa rHApoYCHJIHTeJIR (0603HaqeH HHAeKCOM "I'Y") , H nonornnrrensnoro yrna, nOJIy1IaIOrn;erocR 6e3 Y'laCTHH nersaxa B peaynsrare Aeq,oPMaI.J.HHCHCTeMbl ynpaaneHHR (o603Ha1lHM ero HHAeKCOM "ynp", T. e. "ynpyraa"}. TaKHM 06pa30M,
0B = 0B ry + 0B ynp i OK

OK ry + DK ynp ;

(1.140)

o:~

= - 13° , a npH

)J,onYCTHMaJ[

B HaCTOHrn;eM paanene paCCMOTpeHbI yrnsi, onpenenaeseae nOJIO)KeHHeM mTOKa rHP,POYCHJ1HTenH,a He nOJIO)l(eHHeM pyqKH ynpaaneaaa, TaK KaK y MHorHX seproneron OHH CB!l3aHbl HeO}l,H03Ha'IHO. IIpHMepoM TaKOH KOHCTPYKI.(HH RBJIHeTCRBepTOJIeT C 3BTOnHJIOTOM, ynpaBJlHIOIUHM rHp,poYCHJIHTeJIRMH He33BHCHMO OT nersaxa. B 3TOM cnysae ]I)lR onpenenenaa nOnOJKeHHH py'IKH npHBneKaIOTCH nononaarensaue COOTHOIIIeHHH,0 'IeM CKa3aHO B pafore [ 5

I H B paan,

2.6.

64

3 - 631

6S

tf6~rJ:

1,0
2,0
1,0

0. ,_f'.:.IY__ 0'8
rYl(r!l~

~-- ~---~

fo---

....~

--ZfO

---- .r<-:'
25f
............ V,M/Y

He pasnsr IJ;IiOHHble

crumM CHJIbI,

IIpR CHJIbl

CIam'leCKOM TpeHHH.

HarpY)KeHHR: COOTBeTCTBeHHO

K He

HHM

,o:06aBJUIlOTCH lfHepR ,o:e<!JopMalum. Harpy.

paansr

CJIe,o:OBaTeJIbHO, )KeHRR

)KeCTKOCTb He

CRCTeMbl

(,ll,RHaMH'leCKaH)

pasua

ynpaanenaa )KeCTKOCTH npn

IIpR

Ll;RKJIR'IeCKOM

CTam'leCKOM

HarpY)KeHHH R3 JKC-

-1,0 ["""--.... -2,0

PHC.

10~'fO
.L->

,I:{ImaMH'lecKaH nepHMeHTaJIbHbIX

)KeCTKOCTb

HaxO,!J;HTCH

JKCnepRMeHTaJIbHo.

Ilepasra

1.29.

6aJIaKCHpOBO'IHble KpHBble sepronera

MeTO,o:OB nafioparopnsni. IhMepeHHH BbIIlOJIHHIOTCH aa crenne ,lJlIH ,o:HHaMH'leCKHX HCIIbITaHHH IIpR npauiaromeraca aBTOMaTe nepexoca (pHC. 1.30). 06bl'lH0 aa CTeHJ],aX YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH He BCR CHCTeMa ynpaBJIeHHH HeCYIUHM BHHTOM, a TOJIbKO aBTOMaT nepexoca H 'laCTb Ka'laJIOK R THr. Ho TaK KaK aBTOMaT nepexoca HBJIHeTCH caMblM nonarnaasn-r 3BeHOM CHCTeMbI ynpaBJIeHHH, TO RCllbITaHHH aa crennax 1I03BOJIHIOr 1I0JIY'lRTb B OCHOBHOM IIpaBRJIbHYIO BeJIR'lRHY S 0AliOrO )KeCTKocm. H3 TIPH HCrrbITaHRHX lf3MeplleTCH 3BTOM3ra COBMemeHJIRHeHHOe

-Mza.nICtJ;; p O.III
r,o:e

OKynp '

= -Mxa.nlctJ;;

nepessemeuae
003 HarpY3KH

ero

pores

npa ira

BparueHHH

I Co.1II

(1.141)

nepexoca
Hble

(TOlJKa

A')
21T B B

R C HarpY3KoH

(TO'lKa pHC.

A).
1.31. yro n

OCLl;RJIJIorpaMMbI rrpH

nepeMemeHHH H3rpY)KeHHOM R

S
R

nOK33aHbI

ctJ;, co.1II
cI>OpMyJIbI

)!(eCTKOCTH CRCTeMbI ynpaBJIeHHH.

a nepeveureaaa na a3HMYT3x 1T CJIe,o:yroIUHM 06pa30M. Kor-

HeHarpY)KeHHOM

aBTOMaTe

fll/Ja.n

fll/Ja.n

onpenenaerca

pasnocra nepexoca yrrpyroro OTTIo Ha a3HMYTax

(1.140),

(1.141)

HCnOJIb3YIOTCH

na sanaao rrOJIO)!(eHHe lIITOKOB rH,o:pOYCHJIRTeJIeH, TO Hy)!(HO HaRm 0B ' K' c5o.lII, CHJIbI H MOMeHTbI BRHTa, a eCJlH 3aAaHbI CRJIbl a MOMeHTbl BHHTa, TO HY)!(HO HaRTH DB ,OK' 00 H 3aTeM nOJIO)!(eHHe lIITOKOB m,o:poYCHJIHTeJIeH. 3aAaqa B nepaosr aapaanre, xorna 3alJ:3HO 1I0JIO)!(eHHe ranpoycarrurenea, pe1II3eTCH npH Mo,o:eJIHpoBaHHH ,o:BH)KeHHH BepTOJIeTa na nHJIOTa)!(HbIX crennax, IIpH
H3yqeHHH BapH3HT TOJIeTa, YCTOH'lRBOCTH 3a,o:a'lH BepTOJIeTa npH C <!JHKCHpOBaHHbIM

KJIOHeHHH

aBTOMaTa H

nepexoca fll/Ja.n

npo,o:OJIbHOM

HarrpaBJIeHHH; HarrpaBJIeHHH.

21T

fll/Ja.rr

21T

nonepesaoxr

Yrrpyraa

'

,o:e<!Jop-

FD:tF'411Ii"t

ynpaaneaaera,
ypaBHeHHH

BTOPOH

BCTpelJaeTCH CHJIbI H

pacserax
BRHTa

YCTaHOBHBlllerocH H3

nBH~eHHH

aep-

xorna
CHCTeMbI

MOMeHTbl

R3BeCTHbl

ABH)!(eHHH.

npaseepsr, RJIJIIOCTPHpYIOIURe He06xo,!J;HMOCTb ysera ,o:e<!Jopynpasnenaa. Ha pHC. 1.29 noxaaaasr 6aJIaHCHpOBO'lHhle KpRaste BepTOJIeTa. Yrnhl 0B.ry' 0K.ry onpeneneusi uenocpencrsemrsna H3MepeHHeM 1I0JIO)!(eHHH lIITOKOB m,o:poYCHJIHTeJIeH, a yrnsr 0B' <'.)K - B pe3YJIbrare 06pa60TKH H3MepeHHH yrnoa YCTaHOBKH 'P = 'P (1/In) H MllXOBOro ABH)!(eHHH {In = (l(l/Jn) nonacra; MeTO,o:HKa 06pa60TKH H31IO)!(eHa HH)!(e. 113 PHCYHKOB BH,o:HO, 'lTO 6anaHcHpOBO'lHbIe 3HalJeHHH yrJIOB 0B' K H yrnon 0B.ry' c5K.ry cYIUecTBeHHo OTJIHlJalOTCH KaK 110 BeJIR'lHHe, TaK H no xapaxrepy KpHBhIX. 06 YCTOH'lHBOCTH sepronera Hy)!(HO CY,!J;HTh 110 KpHBhIM 0B.ry, 0K.ry .
TIpHBe,o:eM MallRH

O'leBH,o:HO, lOT xacrasre

'ITO

na

YCTOH'lHBOCTb

BepTOJIeTa

cYIUeCTBeHHoe na

BJIHlIHHe aBTOMaJ ynpyrocra a He

OKa3b1Banepexoca. cacresrsr

npoaasonaue
fianaacapoaosasre AOJI)!(Hbl

OT YCHJIHH, xpaasre,

,o:eHCTByroIUHX He yqHThIBalOIUHe

Pae, 1.30. Onpeaeneaae

nepexoca aa CTeHAe

lKectKOCTH aBTOMaTa

Pacserasie
ynpaBJIeHHH,

COnOCTaBJIHTbCH

C KpHBblMH

0a' OK'

0B.ry' 0K.ry'
1.31.

)l(eCTKOCTH CHCTeMhI
TIp" HarpYX<eHHH

ynpasneuas
PHC. CHCTeMbl ynpasneuaa IIHKJIli'leCKH H3MeHHIOmHMHCH ynpaBJIeRHH aa COBep,o:eTaJIR, C nonacreii, ,o:eTaJIH cacrexrsr CRJIbl,

3asKCHMOCTb nepeMew.eHHH

pora

aBTOMaTa nepexoca
lKeHHH:

OT a3HMyTaJlbHoro nono-

HarpY3KaMH, lIIalOT

IIPHXOIJ:HIURMH

xonefiarensaoe

ABH)!(eHHe.

TIOJTOMY

,o:eHcTBYIOIUHe

1-

6e3 aarpyaxa;
sHarp -

2-

aarpyaxoa;

3'1(/1 Jrr/l bt

66

a=

S6e3 Harp

sVn 67

HaH}J;CHHbIC OIIHCaHHbIMH cnoco6aMH )KeCTKOCTH CHCTeMbI yrrpannenaa pa3HbIX aeproneron p,aHbI B TaOO. 1.4 (B cxofscax npaaeneasr 6e3pa3MepHble )KeCTKOCTH)• Ta6nHua
)l{ecTKOCTL

1.4

Macca sepronera, 7 860 (0,0033)

CHCTeMbI

ynpaanemra
D 1000 f1xa.n.f1z D.n,H" 0

11
1400 (0,0036) 5500 (0,0073)

40 7500 (0,0031)

50 l2500 (0,0046) 30000 (0,009)

lUOO
rJ

Pt1.lu,H

a
PIle. 1.32. 33BHCHMOCTb ynpyrax /le$OpM~i OT HarpY3KH o - 6e3 3-i'l: rapMoHHKH; x - c 3-i'l:rapMoHHKoi'l:

c1jJ'
CO•ill,

H'MjO

ur

MaUHH aBTOMaTa nepexoca rro 06meMY mary MYTy Bem1'IHHOH a . Pacsernsre cpopMYnbI:

onpe}J;enHeTCH cpeAHeH no a3H-

lioynp

= acp/ln;

0B.yup

= (a1r_~1jJa.u

a21r-~1jJa.n)J2Ra.u;

TIpH6rrH)KeI{HO AHHaMH'leCKaH )KeCTKOCTbCHCTeMbIynpaanenaa IIpH anrepecyromeH Hac <l>opMe }J;e<l>oPMaUHH MO)KeT 6bITb npHHHTa paBHOH )J,HHaMH'leCKOM )KeCTKOCTH, onpeneneaaoa B HcnbITaHHHX aa cprraTrep (CM. [17]) npa 'laCTOTe, paBHOM qaCTOTe spaureaaa HeCYIIIero BHHTa. Hanpioaep, Y sepronera C MaccoH 40 T BerrHtIHHa )KeCTKOCTH ynpanneana, HaMp,eHHaHasnne, panna CYI = 7500 H· ITo p,aHHbIM HcnbITaHHH na <l>rraTTepCn = 1000 H· Mt ; rorna no cpoPMYnc (1.153) c1jJ = 8500 H·Mt. KaK BH}l.HO,)KeCTKOCTH,"Halip,eHHble ABYMH cnocofiaxra, 6rrH3KH no BCnH'lHHe.

Mt.

Ha pHC. 1.32 noxaaansr peaynsrarsr onpenenenax )KeCTKOCTeHaBTOMaTa nepexoca. KpY)KKOM 0603HaqeHbI ro'IKH )J.JlH crryxaa, xorna aBIOMaT nepexoca aarpysanca YCHnHHMH, cop,ep)K3mHMH Cpe,lJ,HIOlO qaCTb H nepsyto rapMoHHKY, KpeCTHKaMH - Cpe)J.HlOlO qaCTb, nepayio H rpersio rapMoHHKH. Yron HaKJlOHa npasrsrx xapaxrepasyer )KeCTKOCTb. rparpaxos BH}J;HO, qrO )KeCTKOCTH

"3

1.5.4. OnPEAEJIEHHE A3PO.lUfHAMH'lECKHX XAPAKTEPHcrHK HECYII{ErO BHHTA nm 13H = O. Y'lET KFY'lEHHH JIOnACTEA: TIpH acrronsaosaaaa reopaa 3KBHBanCHTHoro BHHTa Heo6xo)J,HMO 3HaTb COCTaBJIHIOIUHe yrna ycranoaxa nonacrea 'Po, "'te' 'Pts' HCKOTOPbIC H3 COCTaBJIHlOIIIHX onpeneneuu B pasn. 1.1 ... 1.4. Teneps nOJlytIHM nonasie asipaxeHHH. Ha pHC. 1.33 nOKa3aHbI nonacra npH a3HMYTaJIbHbIX nOJlO)KeHHHXV!n = 0 H V!n 90°, KHHCMaTHqeCKHCcxerasr aBTOMaTOB nepexoca, nonosorrensasre nanpaaneaas yrnos H MOMeHTOB. Ilonozorrensasre aarrpaanenaa yrJIOB AV!a.u H {3H laBHCHT OT aanpaaneaaa spaineaas HeCYIIIcro BHHTa: xorna oca nOBOpora aBTOMaTa nepexoca H OCH nonycaaaaanoa CHCTCMbl KOOpAHHaT HCCYutero BHHTa 0HXH' 0HZH OTCTalOTOT CBH3aHHbIX o ceii BepTOJICTa OX, OZ (nonepayrsr B CTOpoHY, npoTHBOnOJIO)I(HYIO aanpaanemno spaurenaa BHHTa) , TO A V!a.n 0 Ii {3H O. IT03TOMY cxesrsr nOKa3aHbI H ,!J,TIH nenoro, H AJlH npasoro BHHTOB. Ha cxesaax nOKa3aH yron

C1/I =::: Mza.n/8B.ynp==

Mxa.n/8K.ynp

= 1400HMjO,

Co.w=Po.w/Ooynp=

5500 H;o.

Bo BTOpoM MeTO}J;e onpezteneana )J,HHaMHqeCKOH )KeCTKOCTH CHCTeMbl ynpaanenaa Hcnonb3YlOTCH pesyrrsrarsr JleTHbIX HCnbITaHHH sepronera. B none re H3MepHlOTCH liB.ry, 0K.ry, lio ry' Mz a.n , Mxa.n , P O.II1 , a TaK)Ke H3MeHeHHe no a3HMYTY yrnoa YCTaHOBKH .p H B3Maxa ~n nonacra, no xoropbIM onpenenmorca "'0, ao H aMIIJIHTY)J.bInepasix rapMOHHK "'tc , "'is' at, bt· 3areM Bbl'IHCJIHlOTCH

(1.142)
HaXO)J,HTCH H3 CHCTeMbI (1.149) 6e3 HH}J;eKCOB"ry", yrnsr lio yn liK.ynp - no cpoPMYJlaM (1.140). CTPOHTCH rpacpHKH (CM. pHC. 1.32), H3 KOTOPbIX onpenenmorca )KeCTKOCTHC1jJ' Co.II1' O)J.HOBpeMeHHO MorYT 6bITb HaHp,eHbI KOJCPCPHII.HeHThI MaXOBoro p,BH)KeHHH 3KBHBaneHTHorO YrnbI BHHTa

liB' liK ' liB.ynp'

>

>

90°

(au

AV!a.u -

co)

{3H' OT yrnos

(1.144)
&B' liK
69

(1.143)
68

orrpenenmouraa 3aBHCHMOCTHyrnoa YCTaHoBKH nonacreii H HarpY30K aa aBTOMaT nepexoca. Hanpasiep: 3* - 631

c5lC =
sinx

(+oKsinx

0Bcosx)Ra.nllJl;

TO )f(CCTKOCTHOTJIHqaIOTCJI aJIO: M Bblpa)f(CIf}UI a I

= a 13 +

'PIS' b 1

= b 13 -'P1C'
+
KVU)

Cnx

Cnz

nocne

= Cn. lIOACTaBJIJIJI B (1.147)

npe06pa30BaHHH nOJIyqHM:
Kb13)

= (DI COS~H - D2 sin~H)ln/Ra.n;

(1.145)

cosx

'Pu(1

(D2

COS{3H +

+
IC

K2)

=
=

Dlsin~H)ln/Ra.n'
'PO, 'PIC' 'PiS

(lilC

Kc51S)ry

K(013

+
(1.148)

+ (M~
(1.146)
'Pu(1

+ KMw u)/Cn + (Ptc +

(1518 -

lIepeHAeM K asraony cpOPMYJI)VHf yrnos

'PO = liOry -

KaO

+ Vo + po.wl

CO•W;

+ KZ)

K01C)

ry

(bt3

K013)

+ (MwIS - KMwu)/Cn+ (1.147) Cnaraejasie 1 '" 2° (no

Vo, v lC' V IS B npJlMOJIHHeHHOM nonere Ha V 200 KM/"q paaasr a6cOJIIOTHOHB~IH'lH!!,e). IIp" K,.l?HBOJII;gIeHHoM ABH)KeHHH OHH H3MeHJlIOTCJI,npHqeM ecna bT b F HJIH b"Jl( b F, TO xpyseaae nonacra YBeJIH'l.HBaeT AeMD«pHpoBaHHe BepTOJIeTa [17] (b"Jl( - paCCTOJlHHe AO OCH )KeCTKocrn) • Ilocnenaae crraraesnae Bblpa)l(llIOT Ae<PoPMlllJ,H1Ocacresrsr ynpaBJIeHHJI. OHa nponopuaouansaa wapHHpHOMY MOMenry JIonaCTH npa COOTBeTcrnyIOlUeM a3HMYTaJIbHOM nOJIO)KeHHH H 06paTHO nponopuaoaamaa )f(CCTKOCTH; cnx• Cnz - npaaeneaaue K oeeBOMY wapHHpy JIOnaCTH )KeCTKOCTHnpOAOJIbuoro H nonepexaoro xanana CHCTeMbl ynpaaneaaa npa HarpY)KeHHH JIOnaCTeH MOMeHTaMH, H3MeHJlIOl!.UiMHCJlno nepsoa rapMOHHKe. lIOCKOJIbKY OCHOBHblM no.u,aTJ1HBbIM3JIeMeHTOM CHCTeMbl ynpaBJIeHHJI JlBJUleTCJIaBTOMaT nepexoca, Yrnbl c5IC ry, c5IS ry HOB ynpaBJIeHHJI (pHC.

(VU-KVlC)

31"0 yrnsr

ycraaoaxa

nonacrea

npa OTKJIOHeHHHopra-

1.33). OHH paBHI>I:

<

c5lCry

= DI(+6K.rycOS{3H
Cos[3H ± 6K.ry

6B•rysin{3H)

+
(1.149)

<

<

D2(6B•ry

sin~H); + c5K•rySin{3H)-

<'>lSry = Dt(-6B.rycOS{jH D2(±6K.rycOS{3H -

6B.rySin{3H)·

HanOMHHM, 'ITO Bee BenH'lHHbl, BXOAJllllHe B «popMYnbl (1.146) '" (1.148) (KaK H MaTepHaJI BceH rn. I), OTHOCJlTCJI nonYCBJl311HHOH K CHCTeMeKOOPAHHat aecyuiero BHHTa. nonoxonenbHble aanpasneaaa OCR 0HZH H yrnos nosopora 3TOH CHCTeMbl COBnaA3IOT C aanpaaneaaess BpameHHJI BHHTa. Yrnbl )f(C 0B' 5B .ry > OK' 0K.ry orHOCKTCJI K npasoa CBK3aHHOHcacresre KOOpAHHar. lI03TOMY «PoPMYnbl (1.145) H 'nocnenyiomae COAepX(aT ABa 3HaKa; BepXHHH OTHOCHTCJlK aepronery C HecymHM BHHTOM nesoro BpalUeHHK, a HH)l(HHH -

npasoro.

Ilepasre rapMoHHKH mapaapnux MOMeHTOB nonacrea CBK3aHbl C MOMeHTaMH as TOMara nepexoca OTHOCHTeJlbHO nonYCBJl3aHHbIX oces asrpasceHHKMH

z,
MwlS
«P°PMYJIbl:

(1.150) 2(DIMza.n
-

D2Mxa.n)/kn(Ra.n/ln)2 (1.146) ... (1.150),

nonyqHM oxorrsarensasre

Hcnonsaya
'Po 'Pte
Pac. 1.33_
KHlleMITH'lecICHe CXeMIoI IBTOMaTOB nepeKoc& BHllTa: npH neBOM (a) H nplBOM

Bblpa)f(CHHJI -

60ry

Kao

'Poynp; cosJ3H -

= -DI (±c5K.ry
Sin{3H)

c5B.ry

sin~H)

+
+

D2(c5B.ry 'Plcynp;

COS{jH +

+liK•ry
(6)
lPlS BPalQeHHJIHecylQero

K(a13

Kb13)/(1

K2)

HanplBneHlIJDt

1 - Vx + v.tH - wZYT - WyZT: 2 - - (Vz + ViH + WXYT+ WyXT; 3 - Vz + ViH + WXYT + + WyXT: 4 - nOnO"JKHTenbHOe aanpaaneaae MOMeHTa MWI c H yrnoa I{JI C, 61 C, "I C, K al : 5 - nonoaorrensaoe aanpaaneaae MOMeHTaMWISH yrnos <PIS' 61$, "1$, K b ,

= -DtCc5B•ry
liB.ry sin~H)

cosS3H

+ 5K.ry
-

Sini3H)

+ D2(+OK.ry
K2)

coS{3H

+
(1.151) 71

K(b13

KQ13)/(l

'P1Synp'

70

l{Joyrr p I{Jlcyrrp I{JlSynp

= Po =
=

III / Co III

Vo,

r JI A B A 2. MO,UEJII1POBAHHE ,llHHAMIiKH nOJlETA BEPTOJlETA

+ +
(VIC

-(DIMxarr (DIMzarr
-

+ D2Mzarr)/cljI
D2Mxarr)/cljI

KVIS)/(l

K2);

2.1. YPABHEHlf.H

jJBH)J(EHlf.H. HA BEPTOJIET

CHJIbi If MOMEHThI,

)JEHCTBYlOlIllfE
.il.BH)I(eHHe

(VIS -

KVIC)/(l

+ K2); (1.152)
BepTOJIeTa JTOH MO)J;eJIHpyeTcH CHCTeMhI B H B CBH3aHHOH CHCTeMe CHCTeMhI l<OOP):(HH3T l<OOp):(HHaT CWIhI H MO6e3 XT, KorA3

OXYZ.
HeCYIUero MeHThI

IIoJIo)l(eHHe BHHTa

rrOJIycBH3aHHOH

CIjI

CJI

kJl (Di

+ Di )/2

0HXH
BHHTa,

(1.153)
I{JlSynp
OT

necyuiero
OHO

YHZH,

OCHX KOTOPOH

orrpe)J;eJIHIOTCH IIpH

rrOKa3aHO

na

pHC.

2.1.

none

re

sepronera

Cl<OJIh)l(eHHH BepTHKaJIbHOH

3aBHCHMOCTH HTCH

HHH

yn pouraercs.

1.17, 1.18, 1 25 HAp. ECJIH YlfHTbIBaTb TOJIbKO ynpyrocrs cncrerasr ynpaBJIeHHH, ro nsrpazce(1.151), (1.152) CBeAYTCH K Bhlpa)l(eHHHM (1141), H yser ynpyrocrn
ua rparpaxax,
aHaJIO rHlfHblX pHC. YCIDIHH, AeHcTBywlllHe

l{Joynp'

l{Juynp'

VXH'

~H'

o~, WXH'

WZH

crpo-

UeHTp HO

Macc

pacrtonoacen
CHCTeMhI CHCTeMa

xapaxrepasyercs UeHTPOBKOH BepTOJIeTa: npoAOJlbHOH YT H nonepesaoa Zr (BeJIH'lHHbl nOJIO)I(HTeJIbHble,

COOTBeTCTBeHHO

snepenn,

HH)I(e

H CJIeBa OTHOClneJlbco CKOJIb)l(eHHeM nOJIYCBH3aHHOH

aasana
yrOJI

KOOp):(HHaT KOOp):(HHaT

CBH3aHHaH

aa

I3H
=+=

0H)' IIpH nOJIeTe seprorrera nonepayra OTHOCHTeJIbHO

WyXT

aa ranpoycanarenn,
(Mza
n cos

orrpeAeJIHIOTCH

MOMeHTaMH

I3H =
(2.1)
YmOM POM

arctg

(Vz

V;H

WxYr

)/(Vx

ViH

OTHOCHTeJIbHO <\laKTHQeCKHX

ocea aBTOMaTanepexoca:

(2.1)
{3H)/iB;
B HB cpopMYJIax, npHBeAeHHhIX HH)Ke, BepxHHH 3HaK

PB ry

= M:a.n

liB

I3H + Mxa

n SIn

nepen

napasrer-

(1.154)

posr

OTHOCHTCH K aTaKH

BHHTY nenoro HeCYIUero CKOpOCTH BHHl'll

apamenaa,
~H BMHTa

a HH)KHHK yron, M ero

npaBoro

npantenaa. BeKTOaa IlJIOC-

Ha3bIBalOT

06pa3yeMhlH npoexuaea

B03AYUllIOH

aecymero

VH

KOCTb

0HXH YH'

(2.2)
IIpoAOJIbHaH CYIUero H BepTHKaJIbHaH COCTaBJIHI011J,He B03AYlllllOH CKOPOCTH HeBHHTa paBHbl

--- ... ------------::~

VXH

= y(Vx

+ viH - wZYT
Wy

... ~

WyZT)2 ;

+ (2.3) (2.4)

+ (Vz + viH +

XT +

WXYT)2

IIoJIo)l(eHHe pocreii )l(eHHH

cBH3aHHoH

CHCTeMhI

KOOpAHHaT BeJIHtIHHaMH

OXYZ
yrnoa

OTHOCHTeJIbHO aTaKH ~

CKO-

OXaYaZa {3:
arctg

xapaxrepaayerca

H CKOJIb-

~= -

Vy/ Vx;
CKOPOCTH

{3

arcsin

Vz/ V. V
H HeCYIUero BMHTa

(2.5) VH
HaXO/J:HTCH

B03AYllIHhIe no q,opMYJIaM

BepTOJIeTa

V
72

= VJ -

VX2 + Vy2 + Vz2

"

v: =
H

I V2 XH + V2 YH'

(2.6) 73

Pac.

2.1.

CBH33HHaH CHCreMa

K()O

(2.10)
B 60nee o6lUeM sane ypaBHeHHH ABH>KeHHHsepronera, a rarose HX ssrBOil. MO)l(l{O HaHTHB [14]. BCJ1eIl.CTBHeMlUIocrH BenH'lHH, a TaK>Ke )l;J1H coxpauieaaa Bbl'IHCIIHTenbHbIX cpencrs npH C031l,3HHHllHJIOTa>KHOrO oreana nonycxaerca B ypaaaeuaax (2.9) He Y'IHTbIBaTb cnaraesnae, conepscaurae npoaaaenenaa H xaanparsi yrnossrx CKopoCTeH. Torna ypaBReHHJI ABH>KeHHH sepronera soxpyr uearpa Macc npaofiperyr BHP;

op~lOfaT BepTOJleTa K nOJIycBH3aH' HaH CHCTeMa KOOPAHHaT

810fT&:

uecyurero

1-

OCb

aecyurero

BUHTa;

2-

nnoBHH-

CKOCTb

BpatUeHHJI aecyuiero

ra; 3 - CfCl>
JlJUI OnHOBHHTOBblX sepToneTOB C KPbIJIOM MO>KHO npHHHMaTb

VxH = ";--V2 x

+ Vt2 =
+ rne

J~ WX J~

= Mx + (My - ~MP;B) JxyfJy ;

My ~MP.B

Vx COS~H

Wy =
=

+ Mx JxyfJx;
J~

Jz

Wz

::: Mz;

+ Vz sin 13H ; 13H := +arctg Vz/Vx'

J~

Jx - f;y/Jy;

Jy -

n-u:

B ypaBHeHHJI ABH>KeHHJIuenrpa Macc nepronera (2.8) BXO)l)lT COCTaBJIllIOlUHe CHl1bl TJI>KeCTH sepronera G = mg. Yrnhl iJ, 1 H 1/1, onpenenaiouure opHeHraUHIO ocea CHCTeMbl KoopARHaT B HOPMaJ1bHOHCHCTeMe KOOPARHaT, HaXOp;JITCH pesynsrare HHTerpHpoBaHHH ypaBHeHHH B (2.7)
iJ

Wz cos 1 + Wy sin 1; (Wy cos r

1- =

Wx

~ sin iJ ;

HCTeMa ypaBReRHH npOCTpaRCTBeHHOrO ABH>KeHHH B e p TOn e r a, Y paBHeHHH, onacsmasourae ABH>KeHHesepronera KaK rsepnoro rena, a TaK>Ke ypaaaeaae paBHOBeCHH MOMeHTOB OTHOCHrenbHO OCR Hecyutero BHHTa HMelOT BHA

1/1

(2.11)
H3MepJleMbie OTROCH'

Wz sin 1)/ cos iJ.

OTMeTHM, 'ITO yrnsr rensao Ka6HHbi sepronera,

raaraxa

H xpena HaXOp;JITCJI KaK

sepronera,

m(

Vx +

Wy Vz

Wz Vy)

R x - G sin iJ ;
G cos iJ cos 1 ;

(2.12) (2.8)
rne €zell - KOHCTPYKTHBHbIHyron YCTaHOBKH<plOJenSl>Ka OTHOCHTeJ1bHO rInOCKOCTH aecyutero BHHra; €xell - yron nonopora Ka6HRbJ BepTOJIeTa BOKpyr npononsaoa OCH OX CBJl3aHHOHCHCTeMhl KOOpARHaT sepronera (TaK aaorIl,3 nenaerca aa aexoropux Op;HOBHHTOBbIX sepronerax ):VHI YMeHbWeHHJI xpena <p103eml):caHJIH Ka6HHbi nersaxa "PH B311ereH nocanxe) . JlsH>KeHHe ueirrpa Macc sepronera B HOPMaJIbHOH 3eMHOH CHCTeMe KOOPARHaT onpenenaerca H3 HHTerpHpoBaHHJI ypaBHeHHH

(2.13)
_I xy I I~y --)wxwz Ix
3aBHCHMOCTb Me)l(]l.y npoeKUHHMH BeKTOpa CKOPOCTHsepronera MaJIbHOHH CBH3aHHOHCHCTeMaxKoopARHaT cnenyiouias: Vyg Vy sin iJ B HOP-

(/ x

+ I Y - I)z + -Ixy Ix wi)

Wy Wz

(2.9)

(Vy

cos 1 VzgOsinl/l;

Vz sin 1) cos iJ; (2.14)

Ix -

= My - Ixy(w;

Mx = Mz•

~M.tlB;

Vxg

VXgocosl/l

(Ix - Iy)wXwy

VZg = VZgO cos 1/1 -

VXgO sin 1/1 ;

74

7S

rne

V xgo

Ii

VzgO

IIpoeKI1,lUI

CMCTeMe KOOp)J,HHaT IIpH

none

re C

l/I = 0:

nexropa

CKOPOCHt

seprone

ra

E HOpMaJlbllOI1 TIl

Bhrpa)l(eHHH B

(2.15)

(2.16)

conepzcar KOop)J,HHaT.

CIVIhl QTo6bl

H MOMeHThI HX HaHTH, CHCTeMe

aecyuiero

8liH·

OCID( CBH3aHHoH

CHCTeMbI

BOCII0J1b3YCMCH KOOp)J,HHaT

vx cos
VZgO Vzcosr

{} ~

Vy sin {}cos

r + Vz sin r sin {} ;

xapaKTepHCTHKaMH,

HaH,[J,eHHhIMH

B nOJIYCBH3aHHoH

+ Vysinr.
aJpo,[J,MHaMMlIeCKaH H CMJ1a II X CO C TaB 11 MO,

0B = OK = 0 (CM. paan, 1.1). ra co CKOJ1b)l(eHHeM

npn
nc-

TIpH

0B =F 0

0K=F 0

M IIpM IIOJ1eTe

aepro

Pe3YJ1bTMpYlOmHe Me H T, Ue

x*

S' H'

sin sin

(lH

+ T(DI 5B ± D2 OK);
T(D} liK

ii.

C T B Y to ui a e

ja

TO J1e T,

II

11 H to LU 11 C.

Cxesra cana

CIIJI

If MOMeHTOB, CHCTeMbI

ueifCTBYlOlUMX

na

OUHOBMHTOBOif

BepTOJICT

no

Z* H

(lH) ~

+ D2 0B);

OCRM

CBH3aHHOH

KOOp)J,HHaT,

IIOKa3aHa

M MOMeHT

o6pa3YlOTCH

CHJIaMH

na pnc. 2.2. Pe3YJ1bTHpYlOlllaH necyurero Ii pyneaoro m1lITOE, (2.17)

a TaK)I(e [IJIaHepa:

(2.15 )

MiT
-

= TZT + Z~YT
1 2
2

+ (M~H

cos

(lH ~ M~H
-

sin

(lH) -

[kJISr lr wH(D10K
MClIOJIh3yeMhle B

+ D20B)
asrpaxeanax
pa3MepHoM

MK(D2
CHJIbI H

OK ± D10B)].
MOMCHThI IIJIOTHOCTH peanaayiorca B03LlYxa, B

Ecna My Mz Myp.B = MiT

+ MYJIJI :
('THP

(2.16)

MaTeMam'leCKOH HOH

MO,[J,eJII1: B

BH,[J,e npn

pas(KpO-

Po,

TO H3MeHeHI1:e

Y'lHThIBaeTCH

YMHO)J(eHHeM

CHJI H MOMeHTOB

+ I) + MZp.B

+ MZllJI

Me

nepssrx cnaraesrsrx
Heo6xo)J,lfMble

B KBa,[J,paTHbIX

CKOOKax)

na OTHOllleHHe

P J Po .
XapaKTepHCTI1K BMHTa no OCHM

JJlIH B03,[J,YlllHOH

OIIpe,[J,eJIeHHH M yrnonoa

aJpo)J,MHaMH'leCKHX crcopocreii aecyuiero

y
T

COCTaBJIHlOlUHe nonYCBH3aHHOj:j

CI1:CTeMbI KOOp)J,HHaT HaXOAHTCH 1I0 cpopM)'JIaM

(2.18)
WXH

=1=

Wx

cos{lll

+
BMHT

Wz

sin{JH' raK, 'ITO ero OCb

06bI'IHO napaJIJIeJIbHO

PYJIeBOH

YCTaHaBJIMBaeTCH CMCTeMhI npHHHTb: B

nanpasneua
JTOM cnyxae

OCM CBH3aHHOH

KOOp,lJ,IIHaT

BepTOJIeTa.

asrpaxcenaax Tnra pynesoro

nacrea

(2.15)
BHHTIl a

MO)l(HO

onpenenaercs

Yp.B

+ Tp.B;
or Ii

Xp.B
yrna

= Zp.B "" O.
ycranoaxn cxopccrea: JIO-

3aBHCHMOCTH B03,[J,yrnHOH

0p.B'

TaK)J(e

COCIaBJUl.lOUJ,HX

yrnosoa

x
Tp.8

kp.BJv;
+(Vz
x
8 WZp.B

+ [Vy

WZ(xp.B
XT)

+ XT)]2
~

+ wy(xp.B
Wx

+ WX(YT

Yp.B)

+ Vy~.B);
(2.19)

±(Wy cos a +

sinal;

PHC. 2.2. CHJlhI H MOMeHTbl, .. eiicTB)'IO~He aa seproner

76

77

rl1.e kp.B - KOJ4>4>H1l,HeHT OpMO)l(eHHH no roxa y pym:BOrO BHHTa; Yy:Ep.B T HOpMlUIbHaH cocrannmotuaa CKOPOCTH, HIIJIYlJ,HpyeMoH Y pyneaoro BHHTa l1.pyrnMH JneMeHTaMH nepronera. MOMeHTbI pbICKaHHH H xpeaa pynesoro BHHra OTHOCHTenbHO nenrpa Macc aepronera HaXO)J,HTCH3 asrpaxeaas H

rrera C KPbDIOM, cTa6HnHJaropoM H KHneM npoexnaa CYMMapHOH HHJI.YKTKBIJoii cxopocra Y aecyuiero BHHTa
Y* ~

aa

CBHJaHHYIOOCb

OX

XH

(vKP

XH

+ vet> +
XH

yp.B XH

yCT XH

+ vK

XH

}cos{3

My

p.n

= + Tp.B
+ Tp.B

(xp.B + xT) (YT

-

+ Tp.B xp.B

(2.20)

(vKP ZH

yet> ZH

yp.B ZH

VCT ZH

V K )sin ZH

13H• craeanasaropa, _

(2.22)
KHnH) - coc-

MXp•B

Yp.B},

3l1.eCb vKP XH'

yKP ZH

(4)103enH)l(a, pynesoro

BHHTa,

rne xp.B, Yp.B - KOOp,tOfHaThIOCH sana pynesoro BHHTa B OCJlX nonYCBJlJaHHOH CHCTeMhI KOOp}l;lIHaT necyutero BHHTa. MOMeHT raarasca aa YCTaHOBHBlIlHXCH pe)l(}fMaX npH6nH)l(eHHO MO)l(eT 6bITh npHHHT paBHbIM [5]

MZp•B

(0,02 ... o ,03) MK•

(2.21)

(CM. pasn, I.1), B MaTeMaTU'leCKHX MO,D;enJIX }l;)1Jl IIHnOTa)l(HhIX CTeH)J,OB, CnOJIb3YlOTCHaapaH nee BbI'lHcneHHble a3poll,HHaMHtleCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH HeCYIIIero H pynesoro BHHTOB. 310 YCTaHoBHBWHecH MrHOBeHHble 3HaqeHHJI CM H MOMeHTOB, KOTOpblM cooTBeTcTBYIOT paamomsre CO'leTaHHH napasaerpon ABH)l(eHHJI H nOJIO)lCeHHJl opraaos ynpasneaas. ):(HHaMHKa necytuero BHHTa npa TaKOM MeTOAe MO,ll;enHpoBaHHJI MO)l(eT 6bITb ysrena TOnhKO npH6nH)J(eHHo. 3TO nonYCTHMo (CM. pasn, 1.3), TaK KaK npH ,ll;euCTBHHna HecYIUHH BHHT B03MYmeHHH, aanpassep npa MrHOBeHHOM OTKJIOHeHHH opraaos ynpaBJIeHHJI, MaXOBoe ABH)l(eHHe nonacrea ycraHaBJIHBaeTCJI CYIIIeCTBeHHO 6bICTpee, t(eM ,D,HHaMH1leCKHe npoueccsr nonera sepronera. B asrpaxeaaax (2.15) ... (2.I6) ,D,HHaMHKa HeCYIIIero BHHTa orracsrsaerca anepHO/l,H1leCKHMH 3BeHbJlMH I/('THP + I}. 3nech P - nepessemtaa B npe06pa30BaHHH Jlannaca - Kapcoaa; 'TH - nocroJlHHaJl BpeMeHH. 3Hat(eHHe 'TH HaXOll,HTCJIH3 ycnOBHH, t(1O MaXOBoe ABH)I(eHHe nonacrea, a TaK)I(e CHJlbI H MOMeHTbl YCTaHaBnHBalOTcH npH6nH3HTeJIbHO aa BpeMJI OAROro ofopora aecyuiero BHHTa, T. e. 'TH = 0,33 ·21r!wH• PexoMeH,!l;lllJ,UH no npH6nH)l(eHHOMY onHcaHHIO ,D,HHaMHKHHeCYIIIero saara nepenaTOqHbIMH <PYHKUHJlMH60nee BhICOKOro nopaznca MO)I(HOHaUTH B pafo re [ 14]. .D,KHaMKKa pynesoro BHHTa npa MOnenHpoBaHHH }J.BH)I(eHHJI nepronera MO)l(eT He }"IlfTbIBaThCJl BClIe,ll;CTBHe 60nbwOH ero qaC10ThI BpaIIIeHHJI

KaK orssesanocs BhIIIIe sepronera, npennaaaaaemnsx

TaBnHIOIUHe HH,lzylJ,HpoBaHHbIX CKopoCTeH B nOIlYCBHJaHHOH CHCTeMe KOOPARHaT. AHaJIOmt[lfO B q,oPMYny (2.19) BXO/l,HT ocpenaenaas rro nnomana pynesoro BHHTa CKOPOCTb yy p.a : B BeAeHHe CKopoCTeH VXH' yYH , YZH , yy p.n H l1.p. B cpoPMYnbI l1,l1H pacsera a3poARHaMHt(eCKHX xapaxrepacrax HecyIUHX JneMeHTOB BepToneTa HBnHeTCJI Oll,HHM H3 MeTO,IJ.OBysera HX B3aHMOBnHJlHHJI. Bonee TOt(HbIM JlSnJleTCH Meron, s KOTOPOM BO acex cetleHHHX Ka~oro H3 anesaearoa HHll,yKTHBHaH CKOPOCTbHaXO,tOfTCHC ytleTOM B03AeHCTBHJIBHXpeii acex necyiuax 3lleMeHTOB. TaKOH MeTOA AonxreH Hcnonb30BaTbCJI l1,l1H pacseros HaH60nee Ba>KHbiX pe)l(UMOB nonera seproneros. O)l;HaKO 31'0 O'leHb rpy,ll;OeMKHH MeTO,ll;, H OH He MO)l(eT rrpHMeHJlTbCJl npa H3y'leHHH ll,HHaMHKH nonera, OC06eHHO npa MOnenHpOBaHHH B peansaosr BpeMeHH. nOJTOMY WH~* POKO npHMeHJleTCH YKa3aHHbIH nsnne MeTOn C BBe}l;eHHeM cxcpocrea Vi' B HeM Ka>KAl>IHi -ii HecymHH 3neMeHT paCCMarpHBaeTCJI KaK H30nupoBaHHbIH, HO ero CHnbI H HX aanpaaneaaa onpenenaiorca C yqeTOM Hase, a TIUOKe B paan, 2.4 onaeaa TaKoii MeTOn B ABYx sapaaarax, OTnHtfalOmHXCJl cnoco6aMH onpeneneaaa ocpenaeaaoa HHll,yKTKBHOii CKOpoCTH.

vf.

(np.B

= 4 .., 8~) .

2.2. OIIPE)!EJIEHHE B3AHMOBJ1HJlHHJI HECY1IlHX 3JlEMEHTl!JB BEPTOJIETA B !f>0pMYnhI (2.1) ... (2.7). no KOTOPbIM onpeAenJlIOTCJI MecrHaJI CKOPOCTh VH H yrnsr O:H' 13H HC?,cymeroBHHTa, BXO,!l;JlT npoeKIJ.HH ocpeAHeHHOH no rrnOIIIa,D,HBUHra CKOpOCTH HHAYIJ.HpoBaHHoHoxono Hero BceMH npyraMH HeCYIIIUMH 3neMeHTaMH sepronera. Harrpajae p, y OAHOBHHTOBOro BepTO-

Y:,

B nepaoss aapaaare ocpenneaaaa CKOPOCTb oxono i-ro anejaeara V{ HaXOARTCJl KaK npoaaaeneaae cpeAHeH HHll,yKTHBHOii CKOPOCTHH30JIHpoBaHaoro j oro 3lleMeHTa aa nexoropsie Ko3Cl>q>HlJ,HeHThl, 3aBUCJlmHe OT B33HMnero paCnOnO)lCeHHJlIi oraocarensaux paassepoe f-ro Ii j-ro :meMeHTOB (OHH Ha3bmalOTCJI KOJq>q>HUHeHTaMH UHAYKUHH H 0603HatfaIOTCJl 6YKBOii K C COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHMH uHAeKcaMH: Knn, Kco H ,ll;p.)[2, 10..!.17]. 3:1'OT aapaaar npHMeHHM ronsxo npH 60nbUllix CKOPOcrJlX nonera, V 0,15 ... 0,2, rax KaK npH 3TOM KoJ<l><pHlJ,HeHTbl Hll,yKlJ,HH He 3aBHCHT OT CKOPOCTHH yrnoa H araxa, H HX BenH'lHHbI l1,l1Jl paaa cxesr BepTOneTOB H3BeCTHbi [2, 10, 17]. )laHHhIX 0 BenH'lHHe K034><pHlJ,UeH1OBUHAYKUHH BepTOneTO_!! npyrax cxesr npn nonerax C pa3HbIMH yrnaMH CKOnh)l(eHHJl npH MaJIblX V B rrareparype npaxrasecxa Her. .llnJl peX<HMa BUceHHJI H MaJIhIX cxopocrea B nononneaae K JTOMY MeTOAY ucnonIJ3YlOTCJl npH6JIH)I(eHHbIe Me10AbI y'leTa 06lJ.YBKU HecymHM BHHTOM pacnonoxeaasrx B ero crpye 3neMeHTOB nnaaepa [5]. Bo BTOpoM aapaaare B pane rosex Ka)l(}l;oro U3 necyuiax 3neMeHTOB onpe,ll;enHIOTCJI CKOPOCTH, uHAYUHpoBaHHhle BCeMH OCTanbHhlMH :meMeHTaMH. 3areM OHH OcpeAHJlIOTCJIno nnoIIIaAR aecyuiax JneMeHTOB (cpoPMYnbI (2.24), a y aecyunrx BUHTOB, KpoMe roro, HaXOARTCJI pacnpeneneaae no pa,tOfycy KOJ!f>!f>HlJ,HeHTOB nepsoa rapMoHHKH v Ie, VIs' 'ITO n03BOnJleT y1O'lHHTb pac-

>

78

79

sersr
Bora,

BJUOlHlHI OH

na

HeCYIIIHH na

npHMeIDIM

peasie
3a,a,atIH )l(eHHH

JeOpMH

,lJ,a)l(e B

(pasn. 2.2.2). BTOpaH BapHaHT TOtIHee nepcxopocrax none ra, npn CKOJIb)l(eHlU1. Ho BHXynpouienuow BH)J,e [21] rpeeyior nna peurenaa TaKOH
BMHT ncex C'IeTa H He

VH

(z)/vH ecna

= Izl ,,;;; ,9; 0

}

I,

6oJIhillOrO

BpeMeHH B

nparormsr

)J)UI

MO,lJ,enHpoBaHHH

,lJ,BH-

sepronera
TIo:noMY

peaJIhHOM

BpeMeHH

na

COBpeMeHHbIX

Bblqf[CJIHTeJIbHblX HH-

=
{

-1 + (5 Izi - 4,5)(:HZ=l~ -0,175(1Bblpa:lKCIDIH

/vH - 1), ecrr:. 0,9 < Iz! < 1,1

eCJlH

(2.23)

Mai.IIHHax. )J,YKTHBHbIX )J,a reH

HCnOJIb3yeTC}l

npH6nH)KeHHhlH OH

Me'IO}.J. OTIpe)J,eneHHK

CKopoCTeH B KOTOPOH

[6].
HIIIeTC}l
0 ,

O)J,HaKO

naer

6bJIhIIIYIO

norpeuntocrs,
KOHIjaMH

xor-

i~/90 )/(\zl-1),

IZI> 1,1

ro-nca,
ua

CKOpOCTb,

paCIlOJIO)l(eHa

nepert

rronac-

nanpaaneaa asepx. TIo3TOMY pacser B3aHMOBJUfHHHH nO [6] fionee TO'IeH TIpH onpenenemra BJIHHHHH HeCYIIIero BHHTa aa cTa6HI1M3aTOp, xpsrno, na 3a)J,HHe BHHTbl y MHOroBHHTOBbIX neproneroa.
a3HM)'rax HH,lJ,YKTHBHaK CKOPOCTh

90 ... 270

rne

(2.23) COOTBeTCTBYIOT pacnpeneneamo CKOpaCTH v(z) , na pac. 2.4, a. B npenenax HeCYIUero BHHTa )J,O TO'IeK Z = ± 0,9 HH,lJ,YKTHBHaH CKOPOCTh B,lJ,OJlb OCH 0HZH He H3MeHHeTCH H paBHa cpennea HH,lJ,yKTHBHOH CKOPOCTH. B ro-ncax Z = ± 1,1 HHnyKTHBHaH CKOPOCTb aanpasneua BBCpX; oaa panna -1,75v npa ilH = 0, H paBHa HyJlIO TIpH iIH = 90 (aa pe:lKHMe BHceHHH. H rrpH BepTHKaJIbHhlX nafiope li CHH)I(eHHH). B roincax IZ I > 1,1 CKOPOCTb yfisraaer TIO aGI10Ka3aHHoMY
0

2.2.1. nPHEflHIKEHHOE OnPE.LlEnEHHE HH.LlYKTHBHblX CKOPOCfER B nPOH3BOJIbHOR TOqKE npOCfPAHCTBA

conIOTHOH KaMli

BenHlIHHe,

Me)K,!J,y OHa

TOtIli3-

±0,9

Z = ± 1,1

\2\< 1

nJlOCKOCTli,

B nareparype [6] HH,lJ,yKTHBHhI~ cxopocrn onpe,lJ,eJIHIOTCH B ro-ncax na naparmensnofi sexrcpy VH II npOXO,lJ,HIIIeH xepes IIeHTp HeCYIIIero amrra (na IIJIOCKOCTli 0HXH YH). B 3TOM Mero)J,e cxopocra B npoaaaonsTO'IKe Ha nnOCKOCTH CKOpOCTH 3TOT HaXO,lJ,HTCH KaK na ABa npo1l3Be)J,eHHe npoeKIIHH 3aBHCHIIIMX Cpe,lJ,HeH or KOOpsaara K03!fJ!fJliIIHeHra,

HOH

HH,lJ,yKTHBHOH )J,HHaT TO~lL neHHH

MelO,lJ,

orpaseaer

cnenyioinyio
aaxpeaoii ro lIMelOT

JIHHeHHO. Bsrpasceaaa (2.23) ,!J,JlH Z ~ 1,1 nOlJ,06paHbi no pesynararara pacseros no saxpeaoa reopan [22]. I1pHHHTaH amopa pacrrpenenenaa v(z) CHMMerpH'IHa: v(z) = v(-z). 3TO He crporo, ocofenao B npenenax necymero MeHHeTCH BHHTa,' HO raxoe IJ,OrrYIIIeHHe npn-

aaxonoraepnocrs KOJIOHHhI aa ncex sro

pacnpeneCKOpOCH B TIJIOC1<OnOHHhl

HH,lJ,yKTHBHhIX

cxopocreii.

BHYTPH

THX TIOJIeTa HH,lJ,YKTHBHhle KOCTli na BpaIIIeHliH (T.

CKOpOCTli

)l(e nanpanneuae,

e. napannensusi OHH paBH6I

BeKTOpy HYJlIO, BlIHTa a xorna

7tH),

BHe

BliXpeBOH

pC:lKI1Me

BliceIDIH

OCb KOJlOHHhI 06reKaHHe '(pliC.

He nepnenznr-

Puc. 2.3. Pacnpeaeneaxe 1 - uanpanneaae sexropa Puc. 2.4. Pacnpeaeneaae

HHAYKTHBHblX CK~

pOCTeii B nnOCKOCTJIX Z ""

0:
CHJlbl

KYJIHpHa TlIBRhle 60JlhIImX IIIHBaerCH

K IIJIOCKOCTH CKOPOCTli

BpaIUeHJilH K

("Kocoe"

BlIHTa), npa

HOPMaJIbHhl nOJIeTa

OCl'! KonOHHbI yrnax H non aH

2.3

<

HH,lJ,yK-

RH
CK~

1).

TIPH CTIJIIO--

CKOPOCTHX

11 MaJIbIX nan [npn

araxa

aaxpesaa

KOJIOHHa

IUIAyKTHBHblX

11 CraHOBliTCH

nnOCKO"; 1< Hen naer

310M IIJIOCKOCThlO

lIH,lJ,YlIHpYIOToca BHHra). CKOPOCnpoCTpaHonpe3aKJIIOpaccsiarnnOCKOCTli. paBHhIM CKOPOCTbIO

CH CKOpOCTlI, Pa3BlITHe TH B npyrax crsa.

HOPMaJIhHhIe 3TOro MerO)J,a

= 0 napannensusre
B npo1l3BOJIbHOH B TIrrOCKOCrHX npa B ZH rouxe

pOCTeii no OCH 0HZH (0) H CKOPOCTH, HHJl.Y· unpoBIIHHble y aecymero BIUITa 2 (6)

B03MO)l(llOCTb

HaRTH lIH,lJ,yKTlIBHble

nJlOCKOCTHX,

cnenosarensao,

Pacnpenerrenae
no B reM BeJIHqf[He nnOCKOCTH

lIH,lJ,YKTHBHbIX

CKopoCTeH tIro 11 B

ZH

nerraerca qalOTCH pHBaeMoH

)Ke ¢OpM)'JIaM, HH,lJ,yKTHBHOH OCblO

[6]

=
CTp

O. OTJIHtIHH
B 3lOH

*0

v{z)/v
. -1,0

CKOPOCTI1 H B BblCOTe

TOtIKe

nepecesenaa

0HZH
nOTOKa

CTpYH pac.

Yrorr
yrny

OrX0,lJ,HIIIerO B IIJIOCKOCTli BHHra

OT BlIHTa ZH vH.

i IH

(CM.

2.3)

I~
0,"

npllHHMaeTcH

0,

orrpe}J,eJIHeMoMY

Cpe}J,HeH HH,lJ,yKTHBHOH

aecyutero

o
+1,0

0.6/

HaH)l,eM

lIH/lYKTI1BHylO or

CKOpOCTb

aa

oca

0HZH'

TIp"MeM,

'ITO OHa onpeBUHTa

,lJ,enHeTCH B 3aBliCliMOCTH VH no 3aKOHY

cpe}J,HeH HH}.J.yKTHBHOR

CKOPOCTH HeCYIIIero

:1
o

yy

l:t'J:J

't

2.10

I=z/R
If 81

80

eMJIeMO

}I)UI

onpeJJ;eJIeHHH

cxopocreii

rosncax,
HeCY1llHii

OTA31IeHHhlX

or

OCR

0HZ

H'

V*' Nt

PRe_ 2.5_
Herosar -

CKOPOCTH,

HIIAY~HpO-

I<aI< 3TO TPe6yeTcH

B 3aJJ;a1JaXno onpeJJ;eJIeHHIO

B3aHMOBnHHHHH. BHHT, B nJIOCKocrHX

BlIJUIhIe nep~HHM

I'paaaua
on peJJ;C1IJleTCH

CTPYH,

rrpoxonamea

sepes

<1

0.01 11,01

= 1:
IIO •

BKHTOM

38,A-

npHfinHlKeHHbIA

MeTO)].;

[21];
•

nOnaCTHaJI

hCTP
HhIe

"'"

cos

t/ln sin il 1

H (CM. pHC. )l(e

Te0PHJI: lKeHHe; lKeHHe

neaoe cxortsnpaaoe CI<Onb-

B IDIOCKOCTHX

rz- I <

2.3)

BHYTpH

BHXpeBOii KaK

KOJIOHHhI

HHJJ;YKTHBa BHe KO-

0 -9,01 -0,02

CKOPOCTH HMeIOT

TaKOe

aanpaaneaae, aa

JIOHHhI OHH HOPM3J1hHhI TaK lITO BO

K ee OCR. B IDIOCKOCTHX He JIe)l(llIllHX OCR

scex
K

TO'II<aX,

orxonamea

!zl>

BeKTOpa

RH,
CTpYH, OCH

50

110

BenHlIHHa

hCTP = 0,
CKOPOCTH npH-

HopManbHhI

HCR. COCTaBJUlIOmaH HyJIIO.

CKOPOCTH,

napa1IJICJILHaJI

0HZH,

PRe. 2.6.

ItH;o.yKTHBHble CKOPOC<>AROBKHTO-

HHMaeTCH paBHoii

Ilocne onpeneneaax
3JIeMeHTa ee OCpe)1,HHIOT:

cxopocra

pane ronex aa nnocxocra

aecynrero

-up
-0.0'1

TH Y CTa6HJIII3aTopa

soro sepronera v,Hle

1 211

F v" Kp

ff

v:

P (r, t/I)rdrdt/ln

; (2.24)

ZOr----r---H--~~
-0,05 -0,06

=
B CBH3aHHble OCH no <l>opMYJIe

-0.07
nepeClIHThIBaIOT

(2.22)

HCnOJIb3YIOT

}I)IH

10

'to

V,KH/V

ysera

vcl

-+K

B3aHMOBJIHHHHH

CKOPOCT}I,

(ocransaue

aecyniax onpenenmontae
CKOPOCTH

3JleMeHTOB. B3aHMOBJIHHHHe npHHHTb

MO)I(HO B

paBHbIMH

sacrea nnaaepa ayrno), HaXO)1,HT

vKt,

3YJIbTaraM B[5,6].

HcnbITaHHii

MO)1,eneii

a3po,u;HHaMHlICcKoii:

rpyfe,
}I)IH

KaK

;c" peonacano
no

TbIBaThCR TaK 'ITO

nonysatorcs acnnecxa HH)1.YUHpoBaHHblX cxopocrea, xoropsie )1,On)l(HhI YlIHnpa onpeneneaaa HarpY30K na rronacra. Ho 3Ta ofinacrs nesenaxa,
aarerpansasie
O)1,HHaKOBbIMH

H3JIO)l(eHHbIH

BbIIUe

MeTO)1, MO)l(CT

I<03<1><I>HuueHTOB HH)1.yKUHH KOTOPbIX CKOpOCTH . poCTH B

aapaanre 1 .IJ.nH sroro aa

H

"I
e

6bITb

HCnOnb3QBaH

onpeneneaaa
C nOMOIllbIO

}I)IR

paccaarpaaaeseoro sepronera,
VH, ctH
BbIlIHCJlRIOT 3aBHCHMOCTb H H )1,YUH

TH'IeCKH

OlJCHL 6bICTPO HeCKonLKHX

HaXOJJ;HT OCpe)1,HCHJ!:bIC HH)lyKTHBHbIe OCPC)1,HCHHhIC CKO-

Ilpassep,
HOBHHTOBOro Ha CKOPOCTHX

xapaKTCpHCTHKH sannero BHHTa OKa3blBaIOTCH npaxnpa pacserax no BeeM paccMoTpeHHblM MeTOJJ;aM. OTHOCJiIllHiiCH K onpeneneaaio CKOPOCTH y craoanasaropa 0)1,sepronera npa Ma1JbIX CKOpocrHX norrera, nOKa3aH aa pHC. 2.6. nOJIeTa )1,0

Vj III

v{, HaXO)1,HT K{ = vI jVj H 3aTCM

p
a c lJ ra Ha B

KI = !(VH, aH).
P 0 BaH

35

KM/q

cra6HnH3aTOp V;CT

HaXO)1,HTCH sa BHXpeBoH BHH3, a

KO-

nOHHO" npH1JeM

II P
HCCY

H M C P bI HM

C K 0 P 0 C T e ii, pHC. B

H bI X

H TOM.

2.5 npencraanensr pesynsrarsr

pacxe-

uecytnero vH <
Y
CT

BHHTa. VH
XCT

CKOPOCTb

uanpaanena
Ha

v:CT

snepen,
CKO-

Cxopocrs

06reKaHHH
:::::;

cra6HJIH3aropa

MCHbIlle

ra

HH)lyUHpoBaHHbIX

cxopocrea

nnocxocra

BpaIlleHHR

y sepronera npononsuoa CXCMbI npH nonere co CKOnh)l(CHHeM = ISO KM/l.!, cr = 0,02 (cnnoinasre nHHHH). Iloxaaaasr TaK)I(C peaynsrarsr

sanaero DUHTa 30° ua V =

no nnoutareopaa aa-

pocra nonera, aCT < -90°, MZCT nonanaer B BHXpeByIO KonoHHY,

O.

CKOPOCTH

35

KM/'l

craoanaaarop

COCTaBJIHIOmaH

pacseroa
(KpHBbIe

aCTaeT

vXCT H
:::::; JIeT'IHK

YMeHhrnaeTCH, pasroua

v; CT cxaincoofipaaao B03M ZCT - cxasncoofipaaao YBenHlJHBaeTCH.

)1,OJI)I(eH OTKnOHHTb TOpMO)l(eHRH py'lI<y Ha3a)1,. 'ITO peKoMeH)1,yeMbIH MeTOJJ; pacB nponparoBepToneT PYllKy ynpaBneHRSI onycCTpeMHTCH

no

)1,HCI<OBOii: BHXpeBOii:

reopan nHHHH) aa

}I)IJi BHHTa C nocTOHHHOii H no JIOnaCTHoii nrromana

0

113-3a

aroro

BO BpeMH

ner-anc

,u;H narpysxoa

[21]

(nYUKTHpHbIe BH)1,HO, sro BHHTOM

BHXpeBOH sazmero

BIIepe)1,

< ASB

0,3°),

a BO BpeMH

C TO'lI<aMH). sa nepenaass

nOJIOBHHC

xonsmeaca

0 ... 180 ), HHAYuupoBaHHbIc CKOpoCTH aanpasneasr BHH3, a aa npyroii nononaae - aaepx, Bee paC'IeTHbIC MeTO)1.bI }],aIOT 6nH3KHe pe3YJIbTaTbI, HO B ofinacra, npHMhIKaIOmeii: K nepennesry BHHTY 0,85 ... 1; t/ln 130 ... 170°), B pacserax no JIOnaCTHoH reopaa

(t/ln

BHNTa,

THTh "HOC",

)1,On)l(eH OTKJIOHHTL

Ilpaseneaasie npauepsr
'leTa, OCHOBaHHbIH cxopocrea, na caMblX crpaacrse

nOKa3bmaIOT, 06IllHX

npencraaneaaax nI06bIM He

0 pacnpeneneaaa 3JIeMeHTOM,

<r=

HH)1.yUHpyeMbIx

necyntasr

)1,eH ,lJ,1IH pacsera

B3aHMOBnHHHHH.

OH

CO)1,ep)I(HT onepamni

anrerpaposa-

82

83

mUl,

n03TOMY H

pacsersr
HeCKOJIhKO

BbIIlOJIHHIQrCJI

[ 21 ],
reopna.

aa

nopamcos

6hlcrpee,

aa 1 ... 2 nopanxa 6hlcrpee, 'leM no norracraoa

'leM

no

MaJIbIM

CKOpOCTfl:M, sepronera

eCJlH I~I< 30°.

xpsma

Ha

pRC.

2.7

noxaaaaei
(Ya*Kp)'

CKOPOCT}{ CHnbI KPbm~ CKOPOCTHOH

BHXpeBOH

06reK3HRJI B pa3Hblx

V,

VK P

npoexuna yron
aTaKH

~On'beMHOii

cacrewax
H CBJI33HHOii

Koop}J.HHar

MeCTHOH CKOpOCTHOH 'ITO

2.2.2. yqET nEPEMEHHOCfH HHAYIJ.HPOBAHllhIX OKOnO HECYmErO BHHTA CKOPOCfEit

Bo MHornx CJIyttaJIX B3aHMOBJIHJIHRJI sacrea nepronecpenaero yrna CKOca. Hanpauep, cxeersr C nepexpsrraera BHHrOB HJIH npH nOJIeTe co npOnOJIbHOH cxesrsr (pHC. 2.4, 6, 2.5) BbI3BaHH3JI cxopocrs VHHi pacnpenenaerca no nnoinana BHHra 2

( Ya K p)
O:KP

(Y K p) . Bnnao, cxopocrn
VXKp) Vx -

xpstna (2.26)
H CBJI3aHHOii OCblO BepTO-

= =

€Kp

iKp'
OKOJIO KPbIJIa

npa onpenenenaa
Y'leTOM

ra
y

HenOCTaTO'lHO

OrpaHH'lHBaTbCJI

rne yron nera OX iKp

-

Me)KJJ.y BeKTopOM

arctg(VyKpl

arctg{[Vy

+
WZ(YKp
~

V;KP

neprorrera

nonepesaoa
BeprOJIeT3

CKOJIb)l(eHHeM BHHTOM

WZ(XKp
0:

+
H

xT)]/[

V~KP no

YT)J}·
H30JIHpOBaHHoro

(2.27) xpsma

1 HHnyKTHBHaH oseus aepannosrepao. 3m

T3K 'lIO OHH AOn)I(HbI OCHOBe nHHeRHOH KH VIC' VIS'

3HaJl

He MO)l(eT He IIOBnIUlTb YTO'lHeHbI. TIonpaBKH

H3 CHJIbl H MOMeHTbl MOrYT TOlIbKO 6bITb

BHHT3,

Kp
H

onpenenas
K P'

X3paKTepHCTHKaM K P' HaHneM

K03<P<PHUHeHTbI OCH

6bITb

reopaa,

rrpH'leM

OHR Y'lHTbIBaIOT

cnenansr ua nepssre rapsronaX3paKTepHCTHKH

aepronera

npononsnsut

Cya

Cxg
-

K P'

mz

npoeKUHH

CHIT H3 CBJI3aHHbie

MOMeHT

xpsma:

BlIHJlHHe 'leM

BbICllIHX

rapMOHHK

na mrrerpansusie

YK P

Ya * K P cos iK P
-

X a * K P sin i K P
CxaKpVYKph/V~Kp

BHHTOB MeHbllIe,

nepasrx.

IIpRBe)l.eM

<popMYnbl

)l.1IJI norrpaBOK~

,.....-,:,-----;:---

PSKp(CyaKpVxKp

V~KP

/2;

XKp

=
=

pSKp(CxaKpVxKp pSKpbKpmZKp(V~Kp

CyaKPVYKp)v'V~KP

+ V~Kp/2; (2.28) YKp)'

-4

J VIC

1_

-2

err, .
(2.25)

MZKP

+ +X

V;'Kp) Kp(YT
KPbIJIa -

rne
xpsina

Y Kp(XT
mz K p bKp/2.

+ xKp +
06'bJICHeHHe

6.xKp)

K03<P<PHuHeHT

MOMeHTa

OTHOCHrelIbHO

cpenneii:

TO'lKH

rne tH, a I, b 1 - K03CPCPHUHeHThi H30JIHpoBaHHoro nsre c Y'leTOM ocpenaenaoro CKOca nOTOKa.

aecyurero

BHHla,

HaHneH-

2.2.3. OnPEAEJIEHRE nPOEKuHR CHn HA CBH3AHHLIE H CKOPOCfHLIE OCH

ponn cnaraerao ro 6.XI<P Ii coofipa)!(eHHH no BbI60py xapaxrepnoa TO'lKH <p103eJIH)I(a (x<p' yep) HMelOTCH B patiore [6). OTMeTMM, 'ITO B pasn. 2.4 nOKa3aHO, 'ITO onpeneneane Cya K p' C xa I< p' mz K P B03MO)!(H0 6e3 Bbl'lHCneHHH 0:1< P; npa 3TOM pacser ynpouiae rca. IIpH 60nbllIHx cxopocrax (V> 0,15 ... 0,2), xorna VXKP"" V K~ "" V; V ~V .v "'" V 3TH CPOPMYlIbl 06pam31OICH B 06meH3XKP YKP' YKP KP' secrasre:
o~ocHTenbHo

pemeuaa 3alJ,a'l ,1J;HHaMHKH nOJIer3 re Tpe6yeTCJI onpenenars npoexuaa CHJI H KO B CKOPOCTHOH cacresrax xoopnanarax •
IIpH CHCTeMe He06xo,1J;HMble pocrnoii CHCTeMe
H

npa

a3poAHHaMH'leCKOM B CBH3aHHoH H

pacxeaepenB CKO-

VyKP i
xp

Vy + ~
kB

v:~ + v~; +
V HK

V K<Pp -

WZ(XT

XKp);

MOMeHTOB Ilns

= V / V + (~
Y

HeCYIIIero

BHHTa B CBJI3aHHOH

kB

xp

V CT

Kp

Kp

<P )/ V WZ(xT

cpopMYnbl

nonyseasi

BblllIe

[pasn,

1.5.4, 2.1).
suva=«

WZ(xT

+
€Kp

xKp)/V

= -0: 6.o:Kp

+
+

6.o:Kp

xKp)/V:

Xa Teneps

= - T sin 0: + H cos
BbIBeneM <PO psrynsr

0: UJIJI xpsma

YaH

=
~,

T'cos

« + Il

T'cos a.

O:KP

Wz (XT

<,» V~

(2.28')

(cTa6HJIH3aTOpa, xorna no

cp103enJI)!(a).

Bsraracpop· H

BOA OIHOCRTCH K M3JIbIM KH B CBSl33HHbiX MYJIbI npHMeHHMbI

yrnass

CKOnb)!(eHHH

CKOPOCTH H yrrrsi n03TOMY

Y Kp XKp

= pSKpCyaKp = pSKp(CXaI<P

V2

/2:
+ cyaKpiKP)V2/2. 8S

H rrOJIYCBJl3aHHblX K 60JIbllIHM

OCJIX 6JIH3KH nonera,

BenH'lHHe; npH icoropstx

CKOPOCTHM

i3

ManbI,

84

PRC.

na

2.7. OnpelJ.eJletfHe
CHCTCMax

2.3. AllllPOKCHMAIl)fJI
RO,l.{1>CMHOii CHJJbI Kpbl"

A3POJ(JfHAMHrJECKHX

B P33HbIX

KOOPAHHaT

XAPAKTEPHCTHK HECYIIlErO BHHTA ttr« MOllEHHPOBAHlfH

MO,1J.enHpoBaHHe <PYHKUHH MHOrHX CBH3aHO C PH,1J.OMrpynnocreii, Ha

nepejaeansrx

(CM. pasn.

1.1.2

1.1.3)

aHaJIOrOBblX

Bbl'lHcnHrenbHblX

MalIIHHax

I1poeKUHH can asre OCH nepronera - Xa*KP - Xa*KP . Ha 60nblIIHx AHanOrH'lHO <p103enH)I(3. llnH npaaano , npa COS(iKP

xpsma

na

CKOPOCT-

+ a) + a) +

Ya*KP

sin

CiKp +
(iKp +
-

a);
o) u..

sin (iKP

Y a * Kp cos

(2.29)

OHH Bbl3BaHbI resr, IIro <PYHKUHOHanbHble npeofipaao aarena llBYX fI 60nee nepexrenasrx norry-uuur cpasnarensno Manoe pasaarae as-sa HX cnO)l(}-{OCTH. Ha ananoro-unqipoaux KOMIIneKCax 3HalleHHR. <PYHKUHH MorYT 6hlTh BBeAeHbl B UBM B Ta6nH'lHOM BHAe. O)J,HaKO BbI60pKa HX H nonysenae npoassomHbIX 3Ha'leHHH <PYHKUlfH MeTO)],aMH uarepnonanaa rpetiyer 3Ha'llfreJlbHbIX sarpar BpeMeHH, 'ITO orpaaasaaaer 06beM peuraejaoa 3aAa'llf B peaJIbHOM apeMeHH. IbJlo)l(eHHaR. HH)I(e MaTeMarH'leCKaH lIpHMeHeHa <pyHKUlfH Mo)],enb pacc-nrrana aa UBM C OTHOnaMHCHTeJlbHO He60JlblIIHMH B03MO)I(HOCTHMH lIO 6bICTpo,1J.eHCTBHIOH ofiser-ry na ABM. <PYHKUlfH MHOrHX nepeO)J,HaKO OHH O)J,HOH neperaeuuoii. pafo rst. nepesreanstx, 60nee MerO)I,bl paarrcxceaaa

cscopocr ax norrera 3aMeHe

liH,1J.eKCOB HaXO,1J.Hr npoercuna

iKp + a

= AaKp

WZ(xT + xKp)/V.
CHJl cratianaaaropa, HCnOJlb3YIOTCH, KaK BH,1J.e:

TH. OHa TaK)I(e MO)l(eT 6bIIb

nareparype na

MO)I(HO naiira 3HallliTeJIbHOH

aHaJIH3a

YCTOH'lHBOCTH ,1J.BH)I(eHl1R.aepro.nera ypaBHeHHH. I1pHBeAeM

MeHHblX

KOM6HHaUlfH

cnox-

naneapaaosaunsre

HX B 6e3pa3MepHoM

HbI H rpe6YIOT

lIOArOTOBHTenbHOH

PaCCMOTpHM MeTOil,JlH <PYHKUlfH K03<P<PHalII1poKCHMaliTO npu

I aH

)],lfKY anI1poKCHMaUHH 30BaHI1H He 06lIIlfX, 'raxoro BH)],a, K3KHMH

<PYHKUHH MHOnlX a 4aCTHbiX MeroAoB,

OCHOBaHHYIO aa ucnorrs-

paUHOHaJIbHblX aTaKH.

HBnHIOTCH 3aBHCHMOCTH aaponanascrsecxax BHHTa OT yrrra na OCHOBe B paan.

wz- W - t yao ArJ + txa I-z m ; ;

Aa Vo
=-

UHeHTOB CI1JJH MOMeHTOB necyuiero 6eHHOCTHX nHX xapaxrepacrnx, UHOHHble rpopr-rynsi, npaseneusr cons t ,HanpHMep,KpHBhle B

CBe,1J.eHHH06 o co-

xoropux

Bbl6paHhi

ty~ A V - (t~a

tyao tg (}o) Aa + t';aH AWH

VXH -

- tyaotg80ArJ

+ Vowz; V I11z AV + mO!.z Aa + mzWH AWn + m Wz z

W

Moryr

6blrb

MH oTpe3KaMH.

T , H' , a II, OCHOBHOM armpoxcajaapoaauu ABYMH - rpexra Xapaxrepnsre TO'lKH H HaKJIOHbI orpeaxos
yrna ycranoaxa wzn H necyniero onepaUlfH BHHra
WXH'

1.3, 1.4. 113 nn x cnenyer, N* poll> B 3aBHCHMOCTH or 11

(Vi)'H )
aaa-

npHMonHHeHHbI-

asrpaxensr
BHHra n C onnoro

i;z

r; 1m =

m z 1- ;

JIlHH4eCKH H

B 3aBHCHMOCTH or cxo pocreii acnonsayer-r na APyroH max

JlOnaCTeH aecyurero

s;

yrnoaux
arcro

Ilepexo

OT)],lf3b-

pe3K3
J];JR.

KpHBblX

MO)l(eT 6bITb onncan aenpepsiaaori Bbl60p 60nee H o606meHHYIO pHC.

JlOrHlleCKHMH nOrHKH:

BbIpa)l(eHHHMH.

o606meHHYIO

IOHKUlfIO

x Vy =

(x, y)

KOHbIOHKUlfIO

x Ay = min (x, y),

Bb1CKa3blJTO Bbl60p ouepens -

0603Ha4aIOmHe 3,1J.eCb 6e3pa3MepHbie Macca, BpeMJlH paztaycsi anepmn, =

coornercraeuno

H MeHee HCTHHHoro nepsaa onepauas xro OTMeTlfM,

paaasr:

BaHHR.. KaK 6oJlbwei1 rne

BH)J,HO 113 IlOHCHHIOmero onepauua onepauan O'lepe)],h C04eraIOrCH YMHo)l(eHHH

2.8,

H3 ABYX BeJ1H'lHH, a nropaa

MeHbwei1. H
)(,,/

B <p0pMYJlax,

m Ilpaasre
can

2m/kBpaFR;
'laCTH ypaBHeHHH

twH/m;
-

r;
aro

IzlmR2;

;:~ =lwlmR2.
Bhlpa)l(eHHH

J10rHlleCKHe 33reM

C anre6paH4eCKHMH,

B nepayio

BbllIOJlHHlOrCH )],eneHI1H,
Ii

ABH)I(eHHH

nHHeapH30BaHHhie

JlOrH'leCKHe -

onepaunn CJlO)l(eHHH

H MOMeHTOB BepTOneT~

B cxo pocraoa

CHCTeMe KOOpAHHaT. I1H,1J.eKCoM

nocneAHIOIO

x y

x
'I

OTMe4ellbi BeJIl1l111HbI ty a- V. 8 ua I1CXO,1J.HOM YCTaHOBI1BWeMCH pe)I(HMe ra , oxorro xo ropo ro rnrneapnaoaansr ypaBHeHHH )],BH)I(eHHH.

none-

Ii BbftlHraHHJI.

PHC.

2.8.

BblOOP

HCTHHHblX

3Ha'lCHHH

"PH

OI1~

paLlHHX L1HH

0606lL1CHHOK

KOHblOHKLlHH

H AH3'bIOHK-

86

87

T3KHM B

06P330M, or

3aBHCHMOCTH <PoPMYJIaMH,

o~,

a3pO)],HHaMH'leCKHe V;H' WZH' WXH J1CrKO

XapaKTCpHCTHKH onHChIBaIOTCJI

uecyutero

BHHTa

H'

norHKo-aHaJIHTH4CCKHOT O)J,Hoit na ue

MH

Ko:xpqmL\HCHThI MorYT

KOTOPhlX

3aBHCJlT TOJIhKO

pe-

MCHHOii: VXH' HhIX MalllHH3X.

H n03TOMY

BocnpoH3BO,!I.lfTbCH

BhlIJHCJII1TCJlb-

2.3.1. MO,r:{EJIHPOBAHHE MAXOBOrO L{BIDKEHHH

A3PO,[{HHAMHQECKHX H MOmHOCfH
HHr3

can, BHHT A
<popMyn3 )])1J1

HECYIIlErO

T JI r a H e C Y ui C rOB HMcn BH)], (CM. pHC. 2.9):

T.

ArmpoKCHM3L\HOHHaJl

(2.30)
rne pHC.

Tn 2.9);

rara

na

JIlmcitHoM,

)],OCPbIBHOM Y4aCTKC

KPHBOM

(npassaa

ab

Puc. 2.9. Annpoxcieaauaa THrH aecyutero BHHTa: VXH = const, s ; = const; - WZI! = 0; - - _ WZH > 0;
PHC.
-

WZH

aa

<0

Tcp -

3HaIJeHHe THr:!!:, npH

KOTOPOM Ha4HHaCTCJI BTOPOH (CpbIBHOH) K03cpqlHI]HCHT, xapaKTcpM3YlOIl.lH!LHaKJIOH

2.10.
WZH

AnnpoKCHMa1VlH

YlJaCTOK KPM~Oit YlJaCTKa

cd (t cp

113_CPOPMYJIbI cnenyer, npa t;» Tcp T= t; _fcp(Tn - Tcp).

CCJlM YMeHbwacrcH). Ha )],OCPhIBHOM Y4aCTKC I1H)],cKcoM

<

(nparaaa

cd); fcp CCJIH aa

1,

3acpbIBHOM

YIJ3CTKC IJTO npa

noapacrae

Tn

<

r;

t cp =

Tcp

T]I'

>

= 0:

WZH

> 0; - . ~ . -

npOAOJIbHOH

CHJlbI aecyuiero
WZH

<

BUHTa:

1,
a 30Hax

o~
TOo

Q~

HCT

cpsiansrx

PC)!(J1MOB, H OHH raiose,

npanarsie
HHIKC,

3Ha4CHHR.

Tcp. *

T cp :

Wz

Tn

Ta - TVY

(*)

VyH,
B

rne

Ta = T* - TtiO(o~ - o~).
onpe,[l,CJIHCMhIC npH

0603Ha4eHhI yrne ycrauoaxa pHC.

nOCTOHHHbIC nonacrea HaKJ10HhI

cpOpMyJI ax, ro BHHTa.

CP' cp annpoKCI1Mal]HOHHblX
fipansr 113 y~IOBI1H rn nOJIeTa

HBJIHlOTCH CPHKTHBHblMIL cpOpMyJI. ynpoinenaa

KaK H KO~CPCPHI]HCIiTbI )J,pymx

npHBc)J,CHHbIX

ua

VXII - 0 ... 0 , 1'1 asr-

MaKCHMaJIhHOM KaK CHT OT Ha

uecyure

3aBHCHMOCTI1 3THX KOJcpCPI1UI1CHTOB Or CKOpOC-

BH)J,HO H3 H WZH'

s;

2.9,

JIHHCHHhlX

YlJaCTKOB

KpMBhlX

HC 3aBH-

n03TOMY ysacnce

TVY
ZH '

= const

,[l,JIH)J,3HHOH CKOPOCTH. CKOPOCTH W ZH H, CJIC-

VXH

po

)J,OJIbHaH

CHJIa

UCC~ll.lcro

BI1HTa

H'.

AnnpoKCI1MaUHOH-

JIHHeHHOM

,[l,OBaTCJIbHO, BCJIH4HHa

Ta

rara

He 3aBHCHT OT yrJIOBOH

HaR cpoPMYJIa

,[l,JIHMO,[l,CJIl1poBaHI1H

H
_

I1MceT BI1)],

HC ~aBHCHT OT W

Tcp

(aa

PHCYHKC noxasaua

0; 2 -

,[l,OOaBKa npn

WZH

> 0)

OTpe3KaMH:

1 - Tcp

npa

onpe,[l,CJIHCTCH no cpoPMYJIC

ZH

H' = {Hn - OVhcp8~(Vyep

rne

V~H)(2.31) hep. hcp K03CPCP"UICII-

hcpwzH[OV(O!\Vycp H CHJla

V~H)]}VHl1lin'

T cp

= T*cp - TOo cp
KpHBblX

(8* 0
aa

°0

<01)

+ T cp

Wz

WZH' HC 3aBHCHT or yrna ycra-

H'

aa JIIHICHHOM YlJaCTKe icpns six,

TbI, xa;aKrepH3YIOIl.lHe HaKJIOH HOBKH JIOnaCTCH

OQ_

rarn

3acphIBHbIX CKOPOCTH

YIJ3CTKax WZH'

CKOPOCTJlX nOJICTa KOJ<PCPHl]HcHrbI a KO:XPCPHI]HCHTbI MoryT

t cp

H yrnoaoa

n03TOMY

na CPHKcHpoBaHHblX

3HalJeHHC KpI1BbIX.

CKOPOCTH

1j'H'

HaKJIOH KpHBbIX npa

H'

na 3acpbIBHOM HalJlfHaCrCH

YIJaCTK~.:

VI' ep ~~
YlJaCTOK

KOroPOM

3acpbIBHOH

= const.

TOcop H TOo
H

TV:;

1-13(2.31)
,[l,JIH acex cxopocrea

BI1,[l,HO,lJTOnpH

V~II>

Vycp

H'= HJ1' C~.32)

nonera

nOCTOlIHHhl, BMHTa

T6p

B 3aBHCHMocrn

OT CKOPOCTH necyuiero

OhITb npencrasnemr

- (T;p)
napoaarsca

B BH)],C

TOo
TaK

VXH'
no

KOJcpcpHl]HeHThl CKOPOCTH nonera, TOIJHOCTH. _

T*, T Y,
KaK

Tgo _ TOo VX VXH;

_ t cp
I1X JII1HCapH3al]HH

n,

H J1 = H a - HVY V'yH'
rne

= T;p.o

Ha npH Ha

3Ha4eHHC

H'

npH

)],OJI)l(Hbl HCJIHHCHHO MO)],Cnpasena Obi K

<pI1I]HCHT HaKJIOHa WZH

I1pHMbIX

HJ1•

V;II = 0

C CM.

pHC.

2.10,

TO'lK3

a ).11

1"\.

.~

KOJ¢-

3aMCTHOMY YMCHbllICHMlO OTMCTHM, IJTO na

CKOPOCTHX

VXH

0 '" 0,12

B MO)J,CJIHpyeMblx

naana-

= Ho +

HrOo~

+ HfO(8~)2.

(2.33 )

88

4 _ 631

89

B 3aBHCHMOCTHOT npapaurenae AH a

yrnoaoii

CKOpoCm

ZH

QlYHKUHH B TOIIKe a

nOJIYlJaeT

B03paCTaeT; H

Vy cp

< O.

npH

WZH

'*

0 He06xo,[(HMO paccstarpaaars

usa Y'laCTKa

Vyep;;;'

nepnoea cnysae

H'
-

onpenenxerca

KaK

= (_

nWz 0

_ Hwzlio

"') Uo H~z

WZH'

(2.34) npu

H'

= HIT -

hcp8~(Vycp

V;H)' Bo
BTOpoM cnysae

B (2.34)
,,.wz60 UHeHT 11

K03QlQlHUHeHT xapaxrepasye

onpenerraerca

o~ =

0,

a K03<PQlHYCTaWZH

T. e. HaKJ10H KpHBbIX He 3aBHCHT OT WZH' CHKaK

H'

onpenenaer-

r M3MeHeHHe

AHa
y

B 3aBHCHMOCTHOT yrna

HOBKH JIOrraCTeH. K03Ql<pHUHeHT HaKJIOHa KpHBbIX MO)I(HO npencrasars B cnenyioutesr

B 3aBHCHMOCTHOT

o~

BHue:

T. e. npn

WZH

>0

HaKJIOH KpHBbIX YMeHblllaeTCJI, a npn

WZH

<0

ysena-

(2.35)

'lHBaeTCJI. ComaCHO necyuiero Bblpa)KeHHIO osem,

(2.31)
= const

H';;;' Hmin,

rue

Hmin

BeJIH'IHHa rrpo-

o~min' a rpermi - npa s; > o~min' OTMernM, s; H3MeHeHHe HaKJ10Ha KpMBhIX B 3aBHCHMOCTHOT
Ilocne
rrouCTaHOBKH

UOJIbHOH CHJIbl npH tJ>opMYJIe

MaJIbIX nOJIO)Ki1TeJIbHhIX H oTpHUaTeJIbHbIX rarax OHa rrpHHHMaeTCH rrOCTOJlHHOH BeJlH'lHHOH, BHHTa COCTO-

(2.35)

nepasre

naa l{JleHa onpenenmor

HaKJIOH KpHBhIX

npa

BMHTa. IIpH

'ITO )J)IH pasasrx 3Ha'IeHHH

WZH

VXH AH,

0,[(H0 M TO )Ke. nOJIy<IHM CJIeAYIO-

He 3aBHCHmeH OT 8~, V;H' WZH' Ilpyroii MeTOu MOneJIHpoBaHHH npoUOJIhHOH CHJIbI necyutero HT B MOUeJIHpoBaHHH a

(2.33),

(2.34), Hwzlio

(2.35)

(2.32)

H'

onpenenae rcs no rpopsryne

uiee Bhlpa)KeHHe )J)IH

HJI :

H' =
WZH

H JI
-

=
H Vy

H 0 + (,Jio fit
VYH -

+ Hlio,,'Uo 2
WZH

_ HVylio

V'

yH

Uo

"I

rs;

+ AH,
K ynpomenaosay )J,IUI onpenerrenmo npouOJIbHOH

(2.39)
CHJlbI

Wz Ho

+H

Wz Vy

VyHWZH'

(2.36)

AH - nonpasxa (H' 0>< Ta'l)' rrpH'leM a~. AnnpoKCHMaUHOHHaJl

rue

OHa TaK)Ke Y'IHThIBaeT 01lIH6KH rpopsryna

annpoKCHMaUHH

AH

HMeeT BHp, (pHC.

2.11)

Bsrpasexae

(2.36)

aanacaao

B YU06HOM )J)IH MOUeJIHpOBaHHH BHue, TaK nepeMHO)KeHHH <PYHKUHH.

KaK COUeP)KHTTOJIbKO nse onepauna

Ilepexon
mlleCKOe

KpMBbIX

H'

(CM. pMC.

2.10)

C JIHHeHHOra na CPbIBHOH ysacrox aTaKH, T. e. OT

ocymeCTBJIHeTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTHOT 3HalleHHH yrna 3HallCHMe CKOpOCTH, 0603Ha'leHHoe Vy

V'

II'

KPH-

ucp

Vy V' yH + A ~zbo

ucp

Wz

WZH

)•
Tpe6yIOT nOHCHeHHiL OT
W ZH '

(2.40) 3ro

cp ' onpenenaerca
WZH
•

'OPMYJIOM

Vyep
3HalleHHe 113

V* yep

Voo (0* yep 0

0'0 )

VWz yep

(2.37) =0
rrpH

HeH K03<pQlHUHeHTbI

A ~~

CBH3aHO

C OTHOCHTeJIbHOcnO)KHOH 3aBHCHMOCThIO AH H3MeHeHHH xapaKTepHCTHK rpopsryna . uiee C YBeJIHlleHHCM yrna

JlHHeHHOH ofinacrn B03paCTaIOna

rrpHMH)KeHHO

V;cp
WZH

onpenenaerca

H3 rpaQlHKOB npa yqaCTOK KpHBhlX

(2.37)

BHUHO, 'lT0

a TaK)Ke npa IUHM 06pa30M:

<0

aacpsraaoii

WZH

H'

8~ = 8~ ma yaenuxenaa
M

o~,

YCTaHOBKH JlOnaCTeH

o~

orpaxcae r

BJlI1JIHHe WZH no
WZH

AH.
ua

Ha'lHHaCTCH npa MeHblllHX yrnax

aTaKH. 3Ha'lCHHe npoonpenenaerca

cpsmnoii

ofinacra

KOJ<p<pMUMeHT

A ~~

ocpennen

irecworpa

UOJlhHOif CHJlbI na CPhlBHOM YlJaCTKe cornacno

(2.37)

crrenyro-

pa3HhIH rrpnpocr CKOPOCTH.

3HalleHHH

AH

B 3aBHCMMOCTHOT 3HaKa BeJlH'lHHhI yrno aoii <popMYJIaM

Me ron
hcpo~ (VYCp V;H)

MOUeJIHpoBaHHH no npa

(2.39),
cxopocrax

(2.40)

npoute,

lIeM

no )J)IJI

H'

HJI -

(2.31), (2.38)
pellleHHJI

HO OH MeHee rosen MHorHX

yrnonsrx

BepTOJIeTa, OTJlH'lHbIX

OT HYJIH. TeM HcnOJIb30BaH.

He MeHee B MaTeMamqeCKHX

MOUeJlHX, lIpenH33HaqeHHbIX

sanas

,[(HHaMHKM nOJIeTa, B TaKOM BHue OH MO)l(eT 6bITb 0 BHHTa

Ha npa

pHC.
WZH

2.1 0
rperse =

aropoe -

CJIa rae MOe 113

nora H

Bblpa)KeHHH

nOKa3aHO H C era

orpesxora
S'OT

0 K 0 BaH

AHcpl; 90

AHcp2'

(2.37)

(2.38)

cnCAYeT, 'lT0 HaKJIOH KpHBbIX YBeJIHlJeHHeM

V;H'

o~

C H JI a He C y mer

S'.

rpa<pHKH 3aBHCHMOCTM B3Maxa K,

WZH

npH BeJlH'lHHe KOJ<P<PHUHeHTa smencaropa xo

3aBHCHT OT yrrta

YCTaHOBKH nonacreii

paBHOM

nyrno,

npome

)J)IJI ann po KCHMaUHH, lIeM aHaJIOrHIIHble 3aBHCHMOCHI

91

a na CPbIBHOM

ysacrxe

H3 BblpaJKeHHH

s,
/'-

_T. e.

S" - Scpo
B HHTO, 'ITO . 3HalleHHHX

-S

wxVy

V'

yHI WIH H

V'

YH)WXH' MaTeM3THlIeCKOU AonycTHMO, UK a MOneJIM KaK npH npH-

nocnenaesr S cp He
3THX rny60KoM

BblpaJKeHHH 3aBHCHT OT

napasrerpos

o~

ynpouieaaa V~H' 3m
BJIHHHHe

MaJIbIX

HX

He3HalJll'TeJIbHO,

npa
KaK

6oJIblllHX,

npa t. T3K,

BXOne B 06JIacTb

cpsrsa

K 0 3 <p <p H

uH

aa

BHHTe,

S' ~ S3'
ao.
rrOKa3aHO B K03<p<pHUHeHTa

e H T M a x 0 B 0 ron

B H )I( e H H H BeJIHlJHHOU

pasn.
BHHTa

1.3.3, 3TO

ao onpenenaercs B OCHOBHOM ynpouiaer ero MOAeJIHpoBaHHe"I Uo cp

)] /'

THfH

-v;"
I1A
PHC.

80 ~, ao _ [ aot cp + ao t (uo rne

HHe Tel{ KO:xP<PIl'lUteHT

tP P ,
3TY 3aBHCHMOCTb

(2.43)

utero
VXH

2.ll.
=0

AnnpOKCIIM31(HH BKUTa:

nOnp3BKH

1111

npu

MOAeJIHpOB3HHH

npOAOJlbHOH

CHJlbI

necy-

a/cp

xapaxrepasyer npn

const, 0 ~I > 8 '02;

WZH

= 0; CHJlbI WXH

WZH

> 0; ._' .- . _.
BKUT3:

WZlI

< ()

'lCHHH

o~ . OTMeTHM,
[j~ OT
03

yrna

YCTaHOBKH

JIOnaCTeM.

[j~ cp i K03cpcpHUHeHT
H3MeHeHHH rrOJIO)l(eHHH H3 KpaHHHX

ago t

npa

cpeAHeM

3Ha-

ysarsreae
YCTaHOBKH

r BJIHH-

lJTO 3TO BJ1HHHHe 11.0OAHOro

YfJIa

nonac15

~HC.

VXH

= const;

2.12. AnnpOKCIIM31(HH
-.
WXH

60KOBOH

0; - - -

necyurero <0
CHJ1Y

cpenaero

COCTaBJIlIeT

10 ..,

BeJIHlJIl'HbI K

npa K <p0pMyJIe

* O.
S"
-

cP

ao cp
<p H 1I, H e H T M a x 0 B 0 ron IJ,J1H B H )I( e H H 11

nOJTOMY

6oKOBYIO

lI,eJ1eC006pa3HO

onpenenars

110

OHHYIO

<pOpMyJzy B BHAe

a'i

aa

a;.

AnnpoKCHM3lUfnOJ1eTa MO>KHO

CPHKCHpoBaHHhIX

CKOPOCTHX

npencraaars
a~

s' =
rne ysera S3

(a1'

T)3nnp,

(2.41 )
BHHTa, CKOppeKTHpoBaHHaH WUI rne HMeCT BHn npa npoaaaenenaa

=
-

aln + 0ICp[OV(aln
- a1 cp)]2,
annpoxcasaauaa CPbIBHOI{

a1Cp)](2.44)

fioxonaa

CHJ1a 3KBHBaneHTHoro

- alcp [0 V (aln
aIn JIHHeHrlaH KOTOPOM

OlUH60K

annpoxcmrauaa

a'1 T. S"
V yH
(pHC.

AnnpoKCHMall,HOHHaH

cpopMyJ1a

WIH

2.1 2)
•

a;
HaKJIOH

(pHc.2.13);

ale cd

3Ha'leHHe

HalJll'HaeTCH

YlJaCTOK

3aBHCHMOCTH npHMOH

(TOlJKa

c);

al

a'l. cp -

S
3nCCh

-S
-

11

1\ S cp -"
H

SW x Vy ( V'

yH

K03cpcpHlI,HeHT,
) WXH

xapaKTepH3YIOlUHH

CPbIBHOro

ysacrxa

(2.42)
na JIHHeihlOM B <Pop-

cfJYHKlI,HH OTHOCHTeJIhHO ee JIHHeHHOH ytnlThIBalOlI.I.HH OTKJIOHeHHe

annpoKCHM3I.I.HH; OT npHMOu

al cp cd .
ua puc.

K03<PCPHUHeHT, BTOPOro H

3aBHCHMOCTH (2.44)

POJIb

S 11

S cp -

COCTaBJ1HlOlUHC CHJIbl xapaKTcpHCTHK WXH na I' npn

W

S"
XH

coornCTCTBCHHO

rpersero

CJIaraeMhIX

B Bblpa)l(eHHH

nOHCHHeTCH

2.13

COOTBeT-

H CPbWHOM MyJ1e

YlJaCTKax

onacsraaer 3HalJeHHHX V;H'

B

BJIHlIHHe

S;.
XH)

= O.

BTOpOC cnaraexroe

CT8eHHO oTpe3KaMH

1 H 2.
ysacrxe H WZH

B Hero

pasnsrx
nOJIeTa

V;H

nepecexatorca. BaHHblX

3THX TOlJKaX

Si W

xpaasre

=
-

S;,

BXOAHT

V' . Ilpn
V;H
I

HeKOTOphlX

Ha
06pa30M

JIHHeHHOM

COOTBeTCTBY~~HC BenHlJHHa

pa3HhiM

O.

na <PHKCHPOnonacrex

XH

'

CHT OT [j ~.

V~ H

cnenyrounoa

al1l

3aBH-

a;

CKOPOCTHX

3aBHCHT

TOJIhKO

OT YfJIa

YCl'aHOBKH

[j~ : Wz

V~HI
TaKHM AHrclI

(V;tll)O

(V;HI)80([j~
S3 na

[j~).
xapaKTepHCTHK naxo-

al
PIIC. MaxoBoro

WZH
AnnpoKCIIM311HH

(2.45) aI :
KO:J!II$Hl(HeHT3

06pa30M,

CHJIa

nHHeH~HO M ysacnce

H3 BblpaJKeHHH

2.13.

ABJt)l(eHHJI

YXH = const
92
WZH

; 0 ~ = const; WZH

WZH

= 0;

> 0; -' ~ . -.

<0

-v;.
93

3TOM

Bblpa)l(emUI

nepnoe

cnaraejaoe

3HlllIelllle HeCYIIIero

<PYHKUIDI BHHTa

(pHC. 'ITO

2.13) npa yrne

nHHeHHO

YCTaHOBKll

a IiI

3aBHCHT OT

o~ H

JIOlIaCTeH

o~ = O. OTMeruM,
HaKJIOH '

aI

re-nee

a
BXO)J,HIIIHe

(2.50)
B Bblpa)l(eHllH
3aBHCHT OT

II,

cnenoaarensno, KOJ<pcpHIIHeHT Benasaaa alCl' (TOIjKH c, el COCTaBJIHIOIIIHMH lCM. pHC. 2.13):

CHKaK

ai

yrnonoii
Y

cxopocra

He 3aBHCHT OT

o~ II

WZH' W

npHMbIX

(2.49) cxopocrn b I cp
Vy

II

(2.50)

KOJ<P<PHIIHeHTbI H nOJTOMY R MorYT

b,";/
6bITb

b ~c~

H npll

e2) onpenerraerca
WZH

=0

ZH OCHOBHOM

R npR

WZH

> 0,

iJ.BYMH

He3Ha'IHTenbHO

nOJIeTa,

npHHH-

II

naxouar-

rsr

nOCTOHHHbIMH. 1I0neTa,

KOJ<PCPHIIHeHTbI

(blcp)o
V

b ,~p

MO)l(HO
X XH'

CKOPOCTb

nanpasrep

= (b, /P)o + b I {p

VVV

asrpasars sepea Bnaanae W

ZH

Y'lMTbIBaeTCH

O)J.HHM KOJcpcpHIIHeHTOM

b';3

aa

nHHeHHOM

II CPbIBHOM Y'laCTH H T a. KaK OT-

KaX xapaKTepHCTRK. KOJcp<pHl ..\HeHTbI <PoPMYn

aC:z

a~~

neaaasarensuo
MO)l(}{O IIpHHHTb

3aBRCHT OT CKOPOC-

0 )], e

nH
B

p 0 BaH

HeM

0 III HOC HeCYIIIero

TM

H e C Y III e rOB

TH

nonera,
const.

IIOJTOMY

npa

Mo)],enRpoBaHHH

aC:z
110

II

=:

a~~ =

MellanOCb H3MeHeHHH ee

paaee,

MOIIIHOCTb

BHHIa

N*

llMeeT

cnO)l(HbIH 'ITO

xapaxrep
3aTpY)J,HHeT II03TOMY

3aBHCHMOCTR )J,ocraTO'IRO

OT KHHeMaTH'IeCKHX

napasserpoa, (1.103),

KOJ<p<pHlIlleHTbI

alcp' alcp' nonera. Ilpyroa a~ COCTOHT

no CTpYKType

(alcp)o
MeTO)], B

alO, a~o,~ a16~'p llMelOT nllHeHHbIR, a - nenaneansra xapaxrep H3MeHeHHH

KOJ<P<PllIIHeHTa 110 Q~ (V;H)

K03<p<prU.\lfeHTbI

onacaaae

llPOCTOH

anllpoKCHMaIIHOHHOH <PoPMYnoH

<popMYnoH.

cxopocra
)J,BH)I(ellllH

):VIH MO)J,emfpoBaHHH 6pe)l(eM

Mo)],enHpoBaHHH KpRBbIX

MaxOBOro TpeMH

armpoxcsoaauaa
Ha Ka)l()],OM aHanOrn1JHOH

npHMOJIllHeHHbI<popMYnOH, H3

npeuenocnermasra iJ.BYMH cnaraeMbIMM. UnH nOJIeIa sepronera co CKOJIb)l(eHHeM (3H *- 0, asrpasae CKOPOCTH HeCYIIIero BHHTa sepea COOTBeTcrnYIOIIJ.He COCTaBJIHIOIIIHe 110 OCHM CBH3aHHoH CHCTeMbI KOOp)J,HHaT, nonysass:
B KOTOPOH

socrtonsayeraca

MH oTpe3KaMH.

H3 yqaCTKOB <popMYne

CPYHKIIHH OIlHCbIBaeTCH

(2.51 )
UnH }1,lfMO onpe)],eneHHH THTY MOIIIHOCTH nponOJIbHYID HeCYIIIero BMHIa 110 JTOH cpopMYne

(2.45),

T. e. cocToHIIIeH

sersrpex aeotixoCKO3HaTb

cnaraexrsrx.

KOJ<P<PllIIHeHT

a~

HaXO)J,HTCH H3 BbIpa)l(ellllH

T,

carry

H",

cpe)J.H101D MHiJ.YKTHBHYID TeM He MeHee TaK

(2.46)
3TOT MeTO)]" He

POCTh HHe

H IIPOCPMJlbHYID MOIIIHOCTb

Nri'pO!l>'

ee HcnOJIb30BaKaK BXO)J,HIIIHe npH Mo)],e-

CYIIIeCTBeHHo

ycrynaa
):VIH

110 TOllHOCTH

annpoxcaxranaa

no

cpopMYne

onacaaas <PYHKIIRR B CPbIBHOH ofinacra xapaxTepHCTHK. O)J,HaKO ero nparaenenae rpefiye r MO)],eJIHpoBaHHH 6oJIbIIIero 'lHCJIa K03<p<PRIIHeHTOB, 3aBHCHIIJ.HX OT CKOPOCTH nonera, K 0 J cP <p H II II e H T M a x 0 B 0 r 0 )], B II )I( e H H H b~. IIpH MO)],eJlHpoBaHllll KOJ<PCPHIIHeHT b~ TaK )l(e, KaK H 6oKOBYID carry S', lIeJIeC006pa3Ho asrpa3HTb sepea JKBHBaneHTHoe 3HaqeHHe b 13:
MeHee TpY)]'oeMOK

(2.44),

(2.51)

nHpoBaHHH

ynpouiaer napaeaerpsr T, u' M )J,HHaMHKH nonera,

MOlUHOCTH

MaTeMarnlleCKYID V Bee paBHO

MOneJIb, nOn)l(Hbl

onpenenarsca
npoIIIe):VIH

a 3aBHCHMocm qeM

Nri'pO!l>
IIO

onacanaa

anllpoKCHMalIMOHHblMR

<popMYnaMR,

N*.
BHHTa

Onpenenenae
CBH3aHHYID co

uecyuiero

(2.51)
ManbIX UnH

RMeeT

oC06eHHOCTb, 1I0neTa

cnozcaocrsro
B

Mo)],enHpoBaHHH

na
BHHIa.

CKOPOCIHX KOMneHcaIIHH

cpenaeii
KR,

(2.47)
AllnpOKCllMaIIHOHHaH cpopMYJIa):VIH

oumfipacser N* H3-3a HeTO'IHoro onpenenenas v (aanpnraep, B cnysae Mo)],enHpoBaHHH v 110 naafonee npocroa anlIpoKcHMaIIHoHHoH cpoPMYHH)J.yKTHBHOH CKOPOCTH BHOCHMOH

necyuiero

b 13

ne,

nOHcHHeMoH

na

pHC. UnH C

2.14, ~nnp
1I0BblllIeHHH

1 " 1/ VH)'

B MareM3rnqeCKYID

Mo)],enb

HMeeT BH)],

BBO)l;H.TCH nonpaBKa. HO ee CYMMRpoBaTb

TOqHOCTH MOneJlHpoBaHHH BenH'IHHY 0603I1a'IHM

uenecoofipaa-

NripO!l> (norryueuayio

(2.48)
IIepBaH KpHBbIX npH COCTaBnHIOIIIaH WZH = cpopMynbI

NriPO<p.M)'

H3 paBeHCTBa

onacsrsaer

b 13 na

JIRHeHHOM

ysacrxe

Nrip + Tv = NriPO!l>.M + Tvannp

cnenyer,
'ITO

0:
-

IiI

- b 60
IiI

Vo

so'

b Vy V r
In

yH

IiI

WX

WXH'

(2.49) V;H

NriPO<p.M = Nripo<p + (v - Vannp)'

Ha npaxraxe, TaK KaK 06bl1JH0 H3BeCTHbI pacue

B
00 94

HeH npHHHTO, BTOPYID

'ITO 113-3a ManOCrn ):VIH

IIpH BCeX

00

=W =0
XH

-b

13

= b IiI = O.
nonacrea

COCTaBJIHIOIIIYIO

3HalJellliH

yrna

YCTaHOBKH

N*, N~PO!l>.M Nri'PO!l>.M

MO)I(HO HaRTH H3 cpopMYnbl

(2.51).

rnsre 3HaqeHHH MOlUHOCTH, Hanparaep.rtpu Vx = Vz =

MO)KHO npencraaars

B crre)J.yIOIIIeM

BH)],e:

= N* - T(

V;H

+ vannp)'
95

i rAe

Tn - T BHHTa KpHBblX

pasaaua

Me)l(J1,y nHHeapH3HpoBaHHbIM 3Ha'IelUfeM ncp -

3HaqeHl1eM

THrl1

necyuie-

, ro
I

H ee cpaKTH'leCKHM

(O'leBHJ1,HO, 'ITO Ko3¢CPl1l-U:IeHT, nOTOKa

na

J1,OCPbIBHbiX

ysacrPOCT

xax

Tn - T
MomHocrn

0);
rrpH

xapaKTepH3YlOIl.IHH

f npocpHl1bHOM

V
Puc.

2.14. AnnpoKCHMalUfJl
CKOPOCTH

cpeAHeii aecytaero

HHP.YKTHBHOii BHHTa

aa nonacrax necyutero BHHTa, , orrpenenaexu.ni KaK (Nrrpolfl - Nnpolfl.n )/(T - Tn)' OTMeTHM, 'ITO B cpoPMYnax (2.52) ... (2.54) anaaaae yrriosoa CKOPOCTH sepronera aa Nripolfl npoHBJ1HeTCH B cnaraejaosr, conepzcauiera T. IIPH MaJ1blX nonozorrensaux H rrpH N* orpauarensnsrx r arax aecymero BHHTa nJlolfl rrpHHHMaeTCH rrOCTOHHHOH BenH'lHHOH, pasnoa Nnpolflrnm' He 3aBHCHmeH OT O~ 11 V;H (oTpe30K be). Bsnne yxassiaanocs, 'ITO AJIH MaTeMarn'leCKoro MOJ1,enHpoBaHHH J1,B11)l(eHI1H sepronera npHHHMalOTcH a3po]J.HHaMHlIeCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH uecyuiero BHHIa, BbI'lHCJ1eHHbie npH cpennesa 3HalleHHH lIHCJIa Maxa Mocp. IIpH Mo i= Mocp B MaTeMarn'lecKYIO MOJ1,eJ1b BBO]J,HTCH nonpasxa LlmclK' Y'lJilnaaaiouiaa BJ1HHHHe C)l(HMaeMOCTH B03J1.Yxa na MOmHOCTb necyuiero BHHra:

cpsrae

PHC. 2.1S. AnnpoKCHMal.lJUl npoq,HJIb"

HOM MOIUHOCTH necyuiero BHHTa:
wZH; WZH

(2.55)
IIonpaBKY LlmclK onpeJ1,eJ1HIOT KaK npH pa3HocTb Mo Me)l(]J.y Mocp H K03cpcpHll,HeHTaMH Mo

VXH
-

=
-

const,
wZH

0 ~ = const;

> 0;

- .- .-

<

rautero

MOMe HTa, nOl1Y'leHHblMH LlmclK OT LlMo

i=

KPy-

Mocp.

AHanH3

33BJilCHMOCTeM 3H;'IeHHH My Nnpolfl.M = V H Vann p OTlHf'laIOTCH_ TOl1bKO

onpenerraerca
Nripo41 • HaK110H xapaKTepHCTHK Nn

npa

VXH
-

> 0,1.

npa

MaJIbiX IIPH no

CKopoCnIX,

no

no .

'IeHbI
Q~ •

IIpH TaK)I(e

ycnOBHH MO)I(HO

VXH = const npeaetipess

VH = const), Bl1HHHHeM ymonsix

(a He

Mo

Mo cp

IIOKa3aJ1, TO

'ITO eCJ1H OHH IIOJ1yHHX

aa

cnafio
WZH

BnHHeT H
WXH'

CKopoCTeH

6011blllHX

CKOPOCTJIX

~P041.M

KpHBbiX

Nrip041.M

V~H Y
0

3aBHCHT OT 00'

3Ta OC06eHHOCTh BaeTCH crraraeMbiM

B npHBeJ1,eHHOH HH)I(e cpopMYl1e IIpH

V 60

V;HO~.

V XH

> 0,1

Mozienapoaaaae
annpoKCHMall,HOHHOH

npoCPHl1bHOM cpoPMYl1e:

MOmHOCTH

n MO)l(eT

V0

(2.53)

yqHTbi.

= o.
BbIDOl1HeHO no

6bITb

IIpeJ1,CTaBHTb LlmClK npH VXH = const ronsxo OT ABYX naparaerpon: LlM 0 H o~. IIpH cpsrse noTOKa na nonacrax necymero BHHTa np"6nH)I(eHHO MO)l(HO npHHHTb BeJ1H'IHHY LlmClK B 1,3 ... 1,6 pa3a 6onbllleH, 'IeM B l1HHeHHOH 06J1aCTH. Xapaxrepasni BHJ1, 33BHcHMocTeH LlmclK = f(LlMo• o~) npeJ1,CTaBl1eH na pHC. 2.16. OHH MoryT 6blTb onacausi CPOPMYJ10H 3TO n03BonHeT J1,11H MOJ1,enHpOBaHHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH

(2.52)
Ilocrpoenae annpoKcHMall,HOHHoM CPOpM}'l1bI, a TaK)I(e BXOWIll.ll1e B nee cocraanaromae IIOHCHHIOTCH pHC. 2.15. B l1HHeHHoM 06naCTH H3MeHeHHH THrH uecyutero BHHTa (oTpe30K be) npodnctsnaa MOmHOCTb onHCbIBaeTCH nsrpa)l(elUfeM

LlmclK

mClKO

LlMo

+ +

M5 2 mClK LlMo lioMo mClK3

+
5:'

lioMoLlo'Ll mClKI AM

01

MOl

+ (2.56)

+
B
HeM

OOMOA'" mClK2 L.l.U02

L.I.

AM

01

LlUOI

L.I.

02'

N n porp

,n

N no

+ N n00 I

Ll60,

+ N00z n

nepasie
o~cp

ABa

cnaraexrsrx const ,
= LlMo

xapax

repaaytor IIpH

H3MeHelUfe

LlmclK

OT

LlMo

Ll602

IIpH

s; =
VO;

OCTaJ1bHble -

npyrax
o~cp)Vo;

o~.

B cpopMYl1e (o~ -

LlMol

(2.53) rne Nno - nporpansaaa MOIl.lHOCTb na nHHeMHoM ysacrxe KpHBblX npa V' = -0H rrue _ yH cpenn M 3HaqemIH yrna YCTaHoBKH nonacren 6 (06bI'lH0 npana0' -7 9°)·" -' 0 cp
I

LlMo

LlM02

<bopMYl1a Il,HCPPOBOM

(2.56)

/\0;

O~I =(O~ -

MO)l(eT

Hcn0J1b30BaTbcn Ha YHHBepcaJ1bHbIX B

rrpn

O~2=
HMelOmHX,

o~cp)/\O.

MOJ1,CJ1Ji1poBaIUfJil

na ananoronpasuno,

KOMllJ1eKce.

ABM,

KaK

orpanasenaue
CPYHKll,HH, CHMall,HOHHOM ll,HM

B03MO)l(HOCTH

peaJ1H33ll,HH

HenliHeHHOCTeM IlPOCTOH, 'IeM

H IlpoH3BeJ1,eIIHH

MaeTCH B

Ocp

...

'UOI

(00

-60cp)VO;

002

=(60

-oocp)/\O.

,,

ll,eneC006p33HO

n0l1b30BanCH

forree

(2.56), anrtpoxABYX CPYHK-

06naCTH

cpstsa

IIOTOKa

na

rronacrax

necymero

BHHTa

(OTpe30K

cd) (2.54)

m,

m2 :

CPOPMYJ10M, nanpioaep

cOCTOHmeM H3 npoH3BeJ1,eHHH

96

(2.57)
97

PRC. 2.16.

3aBHCHMOCTI> t:.m C)I{ or _

t:.Mo " bo np" VXH = const

m I UPHt1mc)I{ = = f(AMo) OpH cpennax aaaseHHRX CKOPOCTH nonera H yrna YCTaHoBKH nonaC'!~y. necyurero BHHTa. <J>YHK.u:HH m2 npencrasnaer C060H ocpe}J,HeHHYIO no t1Mo 3aBHCHMoCTb, nOJIyqeHHYIO
B

xasecrne

<PYHKUHH

HHMaerCR 3aBHCHMOCTb

a
PIlC. 2.17. AnnpoKCHMaJ.UUI TIlTH aecyurero

a-

3aSHCHMOCThT OT

VyH;

BHHTa aa p~HMe

BHXpeBOI'O KOllb~:

b'o.

>

0~1; (j - K onpelleneHHIO .1. TSHXP (VXH

= 0);

6 - aa-

BHCHMOCTht:.TBHXP or VXH

(2.59)
XH

nepasni 0
(pHC.

COMHO)KHTenb -

3aBHc~MOcTb

ATBHXP Y'IH~IBaeT

OT

V;H

D~ npa
ATBHXP KM/q)

B pe3ynbTaTe q,YHKUHH 1l,15 1lI1o

IJ;eJIeHHH 3HaqeHHH

VXH
TIpl1

t1mc)I{ t1<'io aa

npa

pa3HbIX

2.17,6);

BTOpoH -

f( VXH)

BJIliRHHe

na

VXH

3Ha'leHHH

mi'

CKOPOCTH nOJIeTa (pHC.

const

OHa onanpOCToH

csmaercs
q,opMynoH

}J,ocTaTOqHO BH}J.a

f(VxH)=
I'padia«

1, a

npa

-=
VXH

2.17,8). 1,0

TIpHHHTO, qTO)],O

VXH
-

= 0,5

(VXH "'" 20

eVxH""'40KM/q)
onacsiaae rcs

f(VXH)=O.
<pOPMYJIOH

aa

pHC.

2.17, 6

annpoKcHM3l1,HOHHOH

(2.60)

(2.58)
Ee cocraanmoutae Ha pHC.

AT)

(neaaa

BeTBb 3aBHcHMocTeH

aa pHC.

2.17, 6)

ATz

2.16

}J,JlH cpaBHeHHH

C pacqeTHbIMH

3aBHCHMOCTHMH H

noxaaansr

(rrpasaa

BeTBb) onpe}J,eJIHIOTCH H3 Bblpa)l(eHHH

peaynsrarsr
n03BonHIOT cyuiero

MO}J,enHpoBaHHH no

<p0pMYITaM

(2.57)

(2.58).
Mo

BH}J,HO, 'ITO OHH

}J,OCTarO'IHO TO'IHO YlIeCTb BnHHHHe

qHCna

aa MOmHOCTb He-

t1T)
-

= Tlo + T;y V;H + T~r [(D~ [

5~cp) 1\ 0]

BMHTa.

TOO 12

(Do

2.3.2. MOJlEJlHPOBAHHE PE)KHMA "BHXPEBOrO H BJlIDIHHE "3EMHOR nOtlYIJIKH"

TIPIi cy~ero ua npn M3ITbIX CKOPOCTHX nonera

KOJlbUA"

AT2
HeKOITbrne

= {Try
00

+ T2~0Vy [(o~ - D~cp) 1\ 0] +

,
uocp)

aJpo}l.HHaMHqeCKHe

xapaxrepacraxa

T22

Vy

[(Do

~,

v 0 }ev ..... ' yH

V-,

YHI)'

BMHTa )].omKHbl

Mo)].eJIHpOBaTbcH eute Ii C yserovr

C ysero ss pe)KHMa "saxpeaoro BnHHHHH ":leMHOH nOAYIIlKIi". npoH3BO}J,HTCH const

,a npH M3nblX

asrcorax

MOp,eJIHpoBaHHC nOCTOHHHbIX yrnax BHHTa

"BHXpeBOro YCTaHoBKH

KOJIbua"

D~

KOppeKTHPOBKOH

V;1l

TIO npn

v T2 Y
50
I

- cooTBeTCTBeHHo
3HaqeHHH yrna Hemmelma:
~

BeJIH'lHHa

ATI

H npoH3Bo)J,HaH

t1T2

no

cpenaesr OT

:mBHCliMOCTH THrH aecyuiero TIpH 3TOM B MOmHOCTb B pa3)].. npasenennsn«

AT

(K03<P<PHUHeHTa THrH

tH)

BHXP

YCTaHoBKH JIOnaCTeH ...ho 00 npoaaaormsre 1u 11 TZI

Vy

6~ cp

: 3aBHCHMOCTb

OT CKOPOCTH V;H' no <popMYrraM,

uecyurero nonpasxa rnna (pHC. mpnsie

BHHTa, onpe)].eJIHeMYIO na pHC.

2.3.1,
(nYHK-

treHHHM

CHITbI TH!:.H, np~

KOTOPbIX

vo

so'

> uo so'

OTHOClITCH K 3HaH

He BHOCHTCH. .D,rrH xoppexrapoaxa nHHHH)

HCnOJIb3YlOTCH 3aBHCHMOCTH H 6e3 yse ra HaXO}J,HT paanocrs TUH nsyx necyuiero

6~

< <'i~cp.

cP'

TI2

00

T2Z

00

Vy

npa uecyTHm,

nOKa3aHHbiX

2.17, a, nonysenasre "BHXpeBOro xonsna", Ilanee

06pa30M, }J,JlHorrpeaerrenaa nonyqeHHbIM

C yqeTOM

fIpM V;H;;' V;HI' Mo)],enHpoBaHHe BflHHHliK BUHTa "3eMHoii aroro 6e3 ysera

na OCHOBaHliI1 (2.60), na a3po)l,HHaMHqeCKHe

- ATsHXP

=
Ilpa

O.

xapaxrepacraxa YMHO)l(eHHeM

t1T
serra-

utero

!10AYlllKH"

npoH3Bo)].HTCS!.

2.17, 6).

TaKliM

BHHTa ~:ox6-

,Haiip,eHHoH craanea KaK

HBJIeHHH, na KOJ<p<puUHeHT ABYX CPYHKIlHii:

K3eM•

3TOM MOm·

XOIJ;HMO K ee 3Ha'leHHHM, 'lHHy ATsHXP' ATsHXP

no <popMYITe

(2.30),

)],o6aBHTb

HOCTb uecyiuero

BUHTa He H3MeHHeTCR. KOJ<P<PHUHeHT

K3eM

MO)l(eT 6bITb npen-

KOTOpaH HaXO)l,HTCH H3 npoaanenenna

<PYHKUHH:

npoasaeneaae

ATsHXp(V;H

,o~, VXH

O)f(VXH)'

(2_61) (2.59) 99

98

me

tlK3CM

= f(H,

V XH

= 0) pacserosr B

3aBHCHMOCTb
ll,0

K3CM (H

OT OTHOCIHeJIbHOrO

pac-

CTOHHHH OT BTyJIKH 3Ta JIeTa rarx CPYHKIUUI aa

aecyniero

BHHTa [ [

3eMJIH HJIH li3

=
na

HaXOll,HTCH BHceHHH BHHTa

tH

14]
I ].
tH

JIeTHblX

H/R) OpH VXH = O. acnsrranaa seproKOJcpcpHl.l,HeHTa

pe)I(HMe

llITHJIb

BJIHHHHe ero

K3CM

necyurero

HeBeJIHKO,

H n03roMY snaoe

MO)!(HO BeJIHquHa

ysarsma
tlK3C

rs

OPIi-

firrH)!(eHHO,

npHHHB,

qTO Opll

YBeJIHqeHlIH

M YMeHb-

urae rca na 20 ... 25 %.

Il>YHKUHH nyunca" C POCTO~ BJIHHHHe

f (V XH' H)
VXH
YMeHblllaeTcH

xapaxrepasyer

ocnafineuae

BJIHH~H

"3eMH0I1

no-

COCTaBJIHIOllIeH npoacxornrr

B03;:ZYlllH0I1 HeOll,HHaKOBO TeM

CKOPOCTl1 qeM

asrcorax
cpHUHeHT

VXH._ Ha pasnsrx fionstue H, TeM KOJCPynpourenna aa MO}l,eCpe}l,H101O aa-

K3CM

3aMeTHeH.

He MeHee

iJ)IH

a
Pnc. 2.18. Harpysxa
c5~1 = cS~ max; cS~,
HHM ypoaaesr B CHCTeMe ynpaBfieHHH

JIHpOBaHHH BHCHMOCTh

3Ty_ oc06eHHOCTb

MO)!(HO He YqIfTbIBa"!_h, npHHHB BblCOTe

(a), H HX annpoKCHMaLtHH
WZH

(6):

f( V XH)'

coorsercrayromyto

= 0,5

... 0,7.

< s; max; VXH

HarpY30K B

= const;

= WXH = 0
xapaxrepacrax. na pHC.

,lJ,OCPblBHOH o6naCTH

2.3.3. MO,lJ,EJUlPOBAHHE HArpY30K

B CHCTEME ynPABnEHHH
B03HHKalOllIHe HarpY3KH Hhi Hble TaK B )!(e, ueOHX KaK B pe3YJIhTaTe }l,eHCTBlIH HecYllIHM

M3UHOHHaJi

<PoPMYl!a,

ormcusaiouiaa BHA

IIpeACTaBJIeHHble

Annpoicca2.18 3aBHCH-

MOCTH, HMeeT IIpH

VXH = const

mapnnpasrx
MorYT

MOMeHTOB 6bITh

JIOOaCTeH

yIIpaBJIeHHH

BHHTOM

csronennpoaapaccvorpes-

H ll,Pyrne

a3po}l,HHaMHqeCKlIe 3aBHCHMocrn

xapaxrepacraxa, H' C\'~,

nsnne,

aIIIIpoKcHMaUHeH

HeHHoH

(}l,OCPbWHOH)

Ii CPhlBHOH (c

P (V 06JIaCTHx. Y
3ro

6~,

WZH'

WXH)

B JIH-

BepTOJIeTOB

C He06pamMhIM Harpynocra-

prfjo

rne

pT -

rpannenr

3aBHCHMOCTH H3MeHeHHe

OT npa

(Tn _ T 5~

+ tlTcp)
oGe

npH

8~

= o~max;
a

ytniThlBaeT

pT

<

5~max; VXH•

npoasaonnsre,

fiycrepusrxr
30K rosao na 30K MO)!(eT

ynpaaneuaess 6blTh

rH}l,poycHJIHreJIHMH) ynpouieno.

MOll,eJIHpoBaHHe BO3MO)!(HO, TaK KaK

TaK)I(e BeJIH'lllHbl

ATcp

Po

3aBHCHT OT CKOPOCTH

3uaqIfTeJIbHO TOJIbKO

yxarsraan,
coorsercrnyer

60JIblllHe

BeJIHqIfHbI

HarpY30K,

3aMeTHO

BJIHHlOlUHe Harpy-

CKOPOCTh

oTpa60TKH

ranpoycanareneii.

06bI'lliO

TaKoMY

ypoBHIO

2.4. MO,OEJlJfPOBAHJfE A3PO)JJfHAMlflJECKJfX Jf MOMEHTOB 3JIEMEHTOB IIHAHEPA Ilpa

MeHThl TepMCTlIK H3MeHeHHe pa Macc, MaTeMamqeCKOM nnanepa ero MO,lJ,eJIHpoBaHHH

CJfH

navarro cpsma H cpsmnaa ofinacrs a3poll,HHaMHqeCKHX xapaxrepacrax • Ilansaeianee ynpouieuae MO)l,eJIHpoBaHHH B03MO)!(HO aa cxer YMeHbweHHH qIfcrra nepessemrsrx . Ilna 3TOro rparpaxa HarpY30K (nanpasiep, pHC. 2.18, a) ueJIeC006pa3Ho IIOCTPOHTh B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Tn _ (T _ tlTcp) , KaK IIOKa3aHO aa pHC. 2.18, 6. Ilpn TaKOM IIpe}l,CTaBJIeHHH xapaKTepHCTHK BeJIH'lllHa P He 3aBHCHT OT VYH (~), Wz H H W,xH. KaK BH}l,HO H3 rpadiaxa, BJIHHHHe 5~ aa P TaKOBO, qTO IIpH 60JIhllleM 50 POCT HarpY30K "POHCXO}l,HT HHTeHCHBHeH. Onpenenenne pa3HOCTH Tn _ T IIOHCHHeTCH na pHC. 2.15. l1HTeHCHBHblH MeHbWHX, pocr qeM HarpY30K Ha'lHHaeTCH IIpH 3HaqeHHHX TJUH necyinero Ilns ysera BHHTa aroro

aJpoll,HUaMHqeCKHe

canst

HMO· xapaxysecrs

onpenenaiorca 3JleMeHTOB H (qaCTeH

CYMMHpoBaHHeM IIJIaHepa). BpalUeHHH na

aJpo}l,HHaMHqeCKliX Mero,lJ, n03BOJIHeT

Taxoii

can

MOMeHTOB aecyuiero

npn

BepTOJIeTa

OTHOCHTeJIhHO l.I,eHTOH raiose naer M reo-

BJlHJlHHe npa

BHHTa

aneraenrsr

nnanepa.

B03MO)!(HOCTh MeTpHqeCKHMH

Hccrre,lJ,OBaHHHX

sapsaposars qaCTeH IIJIaHepa.

aJpoll,HHaMHqeCKHMH

xapaKTepHCTHKaMH l.I,eJIeC006pa3HO xoropstx

Tcp
B

(onpeneneaae paaaocrs

06CTOHTeJIhCTBa Il>YHKUHH

Tcp AaHO B pasn, 2.3.1) . Tn _ T BBO}l,HTCH IIOlIpaBOqHaH

B
HHJI: sars

nnaaepe

asmenars

3JIeMeHTbl, 3aBHCHT or

aJpo}l,HHaMHlJeCKHe aTaKH

xa-

BeJIlflnfHa

T(~) HaqJiHaeT repsrs JIHHeHHOcTb lIpH BeJIHq}fHe THrH Fpadmxn aa pHC. 2.18 HBJIHIOTCH JIHHeapH3l1poBaHHbIMH 3aBHCHMOCTHMH. Jlaaeapasanna C,lJ,eJIaHa TaKHM o6pa30M, qro6bI P max (MaKcHManhHo ,lJ,OIIycTHMoe snaseaae P, npn KOTOPOM CKOPOCTh oTpa60TKH ranpoycanareJIH CTaHOBHTCH HyneBoH) COOTBeTCTBosana OAHO 3HaqeHHe cpaKTHqeCKHM

ATcp. Tcp - tlTcp.

paKTepHCTHKH KPbIJIO, CHJIbi Ii

CYlUeCTBeHHO KHllb. TIpH

yrrro s

H CKOJlb)!(eyqIfTbl-

cTa6HJIH3aTOp, MOMeHTbl

MO}l,eJIHpoBaHHH (waCCH,

He06xo}l,HMO rOHAOJIbi

APYrHX

qaCTeH nnaaepa BHHTa),

J],BHraTeJlfl,

aBTOMaTa

nepexoca,

BTYJIKH

necyurero

CyMMHPYH

HX C COOTBeTCTBY-

lOIUHMH CHllaMH H MOMeHTaMH

<p103eJlH)!(a. <pOPMYJlbI no OCJlM }J}UI

Tn ~ (T _ ATcp)
100

npHHHTo

3Ha<JeHHHM

T. TIpH
KHX

B paan,

2.2.3

npaseneau
nnaaepa

onpenenenas
CHCTeMbl

a3po}l,HHaMHlIec· KOOP}l,HH3T. Ilnn

Po,

xoropoe

HBJIHeTCH cpen-

CHJI 3neMeHTOB

CBH3aHHoH

101

MOnenHpoBaHHH, Ilna sroro

uensto
nepen

3KOHOMHH MallIHHHOrO BpeMeHH csera, YMeHhllIHB ~cno MOnenHpoBaHHeM nBH)I(eHHH sepronera

~OpM)'nbI 3aBHCHMOCCHC-

lIHHe aa yqetoM

CYMMapHble cansr 3THX nonymenaa,

H MOMeHTbI sepronera

npeHe6pe)l(}fMO

Mano.

u,eneC006pa3HO npeofipaaonars, sapanee

apH~MeTH'IeCKHX onepauaa.

a TaK)I(C nOnOJIHHB

(2_27)

COCraBJIlIIOIlIHMH, ofiycOTHOCHTeJIhHO acex

JIOBneHH1>IMH,UBH)I(eHHeMBepTOJIeTa BOOK H spameaaesr rpex ocea CBlI3aHHOHcacresssr KOOpnHHar, HaH}J,eM

TH a3poP,HHaMHlIeCKHX K03~~HlJ,HeHTOB OT ressa KOOpP,HHaT opaenrxposana (CM. pHC. j-MH

ex;

{3;

He06xoP,HMO nepecsarars MecrHaH cicopocrnas

B CBH:saHHYIO CHCTeMYKOOPnHHaT (HanOMHHM, xro

OTHOCHTenhHOCBH3aHHOHyrnascr

ex; - €zi

Vxi

Vx;

Vy; = Vy +

v;; -

Wz(X;

+ XT) + Wx(Zi + ZT);

(2.66)

2.7)

(3j - €yj).

Torna

a3poP,HHaMH'IeCKHe CHnbI, coanasaesssre Macc HaXOMT-

JneMeHraMH

IUIaHepa, H MOMeHTbl OTHOCHTenhHOnenrpa

CHno q,opM)'naM

3aKJIIO'IeHHe OTMeTHM, 'ITO

}J,JUI MareMaTWIeCKoro

MO}J,eJIHpoBaHHH B CKOpOCTHOH

(2.63)

MorYT

HCnOJIh30BaThCH a3po}J,HHaMH'leCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH

CHCTeMeKOOPnHHaT. OCHM OX

3TOM cnysae asponnaaepa no

}J,UHaMH'leCKHe CHJIbl xacrea

HOY

CBJl33HHOH CHCTeMblKOOP-

(2.64)

}J,UHaT onpeneJIHIOTCJIno ~OpMYJIaM

(228).

D.JUICOKpameHHH o61>eMaMO}J,eJIHpoBaHH1I a3pOnHHaMH'leCKHe K03~~HIJ;HeHTbI CHJI H MOMeHTOB KaK B cBH3aHHoH, TaK H B CKOpocraoa 'CHCTeMaX KOOP}J,HHaT MOryT B BH}J,e 33BHcHMocTeH 3TO HCKJII()tJHT npa H 0:; H

3neCh nepesnoii )lImaT;

cx;. cy;.

cz; -

K03~~HlJ,HeHThI

npononsaoii,

HopManhHoH

H no-

a3poP,HHaMH'IeCKHX CRn

i-to

61>111> npencranneasr OT

anesreara OCH CBH3aHHOH CHCTeMblKOOPMOMeHTOB xpena, pbICKaHhH H TaHC KOOpnHHaTaMH

raxa

mxj. myi. mzi Sycn. bycn

6hInH

K03~~Hn;HeHTbl

Vy;/ V

Vz;/ V.

BhJllHCJIeHHH yrJIOB

OTHOCHTenhHOxapaxrepasrx

TO'leK 3neMeHTOB nnanepa

Iii

onepanaa

Xi. Yi.

zi; K xoropsnr

- ycnonasie oraeceasr CRnbl H

rrnourans H nHHeHHbIH paaxrep aneseeara, MOMeHTbI npH onpeneJIeHHH a3poP,HHaMHCRn H MOMeHTOB nnaaepa onpenensnaxonar-

'IeCKHX K03~~HlJ,HeHroB. A3poP,HHaMH'IeCKHe K03~~HlJ,HeHTbl IOTCHno peaynsrarar-r HCnbITaHHH MOnenH nnanepa B a3poP,HHaMH'IeCKOH TPY· KHnH) CRn RnH MOMeHTOB nnanonepesuoii

I I

,
I

l
C1(lIq/

,, ,

I I I

/-,

\ \ \ \

\
\

I
I

1\\

r\ I \\ I \\

\\

\\
'\
/J
1/1.
Q

6e.

XapaKTepHCTHKH

i-to

anexreara

(xpsma,

crabnnasaropa,

CH no paaaocra nepa CRnbI KHJIH

CZJ(

a3ponHHaMH'IeCKHX K03~~HIJ;HeHroB

C 3THM 3neMeHTOM H 003 Hero.

Harrpajaep,

K03~~HlJ,HeHT

= [mynn

my(nn-J()

]Sycnhycn/SJ«(xJ(

+ xT)·

ITpH 3TOM BO BTOPOM BbIpa)l(eHHH Heo6xoP,HMbIH yron

(2.64)

Heo6xoP,HMO npHHHTh myi ~pMYJIe

Xi

O.

llJIH

onpenenenaa

a3poP,HHaMH'IeCKHX K03cp~HlUIeHToB

aTaKH 0: JneMeHTa HaXOP,HTCHno no ~opMyne

(2.26),

yron

CKOnb)l(eHHH

{3; -

(2.65)
OTMeTHM, 3JIeMeHTa 'ITO B

hc.
PHC.

2.19. 2.20.

rpa$HK

a:JpDp;HHIIMK'leCKHX xapax-

TepHCTHK B BRAe, YA06HOM AJDI MOAeJlHpOBaHiUI

asrpaaceaaa
nonycxaerca

llJIH

cocraanmouieii

CKOPOCTH 06TeKaHHH acex accnenoaaaaax Wz (YT -

Vx;

(2.27)

npaKTH'IeCKH npH cxopocrea,

3aBHCHMOCTb K03$$HllHeHTOB CHJl elJI03eJDIll'a OT

rnCTeMa KoopAHHaT;

asponpH
-

P,HHaMHKH nonera H cocraansxnnae

OnHOBHHTOBOro BepTOJIeTa He y~TbIBaTb HHnylUlpyeMbIX OHH CYllleCTBeHHO MeHbllIe

YKP)
HX BnH-

AHllaMH'lecKHX

TaK KaK aa cpemrax

H 6onb-

aq, = const:
_

jjeIJ
-

WHX CKOPOCTHXnonera

Vx'

CB1I3aHHlUI

a aa ManblX -

CJ(OPOCTH3.lI

CHCTeMa

J(oopAHHaT

102

103

onpeneneuaa Malum

06paTHbIX
C

TpHroHoMeTpHqeCKHX

CPYHKlUU1H onepauau

CYMMH-

poBaHHH (HanOMHHM, lITO

rparpmca

ya

<I> = f(<xcp)

ex;

= €zi - arctg
tg (<Xi

Vyi/V). +
€zi)-

IIOKa3aH na pHC.

Ilpusiep TaKOH TpaHCCPOp2.19, aa HeM Ito OCH a6cUHCc

mz"
mUrJI

IJ,D"I--1----1~----1,----4-'H-I_+-_____j

OTJIO)l(eHbl 3Ha'leHHK

Vyi/ V, paeusie 06bI'lH0

<I>

10 3 e JI H)I(.

HCIIbITaHHH MOneJIeH IIJIaHepa B aJpoWfHaMHqeCaTaKH

KOH rpyfie 60JIblllHX asre,

BbIDOJIHH1OTCH AHana30He yrnoa B 3HaqeHHH <Xcp xpnasre MeTOMKe, aTaKH xorna

<Xcp

JKCTpal10JIHpY1OTCH TaK, qT06bl npa npHBe]J,eHHoH B roro,

± (20 ... 25 <X<p

3HaqemUI,

0 ) •

0,02

If i'\'
100/ a.",=-1Uo

be

\1(0·

= ± 90

.II)IH
0

KOJcpcpHIlHeHTbI CHJ1 H MOMeHTOB npHHHMaJIM pacuerasre HaIIpMMep. no

HaHneH-

0.01

[5].

TaKaH

npH6nmKeHHaR npH'IeM ua MaPHC.

JKCTpanOJIHIIHR nonYCTHMa POCTRX 1l0JIeTa yrrtsr JIbIX cxopocrax fpacpHI(H, nonera,

BBHAr

'ITO npa nuno

raxe
o

na 6oJ1buU1x CKO-

. .J~ m...
A~

0/

-'r
\
~

cp103eJ1R)I(aHe npeasnuaior B03MO)I(HhI

25 .., 40°,
nonycnoaa

BepTOJ1eT HaXOAHTCHaa HHX KpaTKOBpeMeHHO. aHa raxzce

<Xcp

40 ... 70 .
)])IR

2_21.

3aBHCHMOCThKo:J$IPH~eHTa

MO-

°~
0,0U1

/°
~

MeHTa TaHrlllKa nnaaepa OT J3¢ H a¢:

10°<:

HJIn1OCTpHpY1OlUHe xapaxrepasre

OnHOBHHTOBblX seproCM H MOMeHTOB KOTO-

6e3 CTa6HJ1H3aTOpa z¢; m

co CTa-

JIeTOB 3aBHCHMOCTM aJpo)U£HaMH'leCKHX cp103eJIH)I(tl OT yrrron PaCCMoTpHM JIeTa. KOJcpqmIIHeHT npononsaoa YBeJIHtreHHR yma KOJcpcpUlJ,HeHrhI urae uexoropue

KOJq,q,HIlHeHTOB

6HJIH3aIOpOM
PHC.

mzrm

.?
_,/

-? r-, rl. ~
/, I '~'

~ ~

~mx",

aTaKH H CKOJ1b)l(eHHH, IIOKa3aHbI na pHC. OC06eHHOCTM IIpUBe)l.eHHhIX IIpH paapafo nce MaTeMamtJecKoH CHJ1bI cp103eJIH)I(a cxcp conporaanemra,

2.20 ... 2.22.

3aBHcHMocTeH,

2.22.

3aBHCHMOCTh KOJcp$HWleHToB pbJCKlIHbJI

.It

I /<

~ :J
'10

"'--10·

psre nOJI)l(Hbl 6bITb ysreasr

MOneJIH sepro-

MOMeHl'OB

my¢
B no

$J03CJIlIXCa OT i3¢ H acp CHCTeM

___ no

(CM. pHC.

2.20),
H

B OT-

KoopAlIHaT,

mx¢ OTHOCHreJlbHOoccii xoropsix npoaonsH

xpeaa

o~

~o
50 BO

r-,
I~
I~O 11i~}",: //

HaJI OCbuanpaaneua;

JIH'lHe OT KOJCPCPHlJ,HeluaJ1060Boro

YMeHblllaercH

110 Mepe

CrCl>; -

OCH

OX

CBJl3aHHOll

CKOJIb)!(eHHH. Ilpa yrnax

CKOJIb>KeHHK i1cp

= 90

f1cp

= 0°

CHC'feMhl

KOOpAHHar

aepronera

(€zl\> =

1-~t

7f

10~, 170

\~ 1tJ~1 '1 - __
L-._

__l_ __

..L_

~.../

cxcp

cpasHHMbI

110 a6COJI1OUIOHBeJIH'lHHe, a coorsercrayio-

= 4,5

0 )

HM CRJ1hI uanpaaneuu 3aBHCHMOCTI1cx¢ K

B npoTIiBOnOJIO)I(Hble

BOH K HOCOBOHqaCTH cp103emI)I(a UpH Xapaxrep OT yrnon

J3<p

CTOPo HbI, T. e. OT XBOCTOH naofo por, npH

90

0 ,

J3¢

O.

<X<p H P¢ AOCTaTO'lHO CJIO)J(HbIHH3-3a

UpH MOneJIHpOBaHHH nOH 3aSHCHMOCTH B

)l(eHHH J3¢o J3cp = 180' H

60 ... 70° .

IIPH

p,aJIbHeHllleM ysenHlIeHHH

yrrta

CKOJIb>KeHHHno

BJIHHHHH paamonrsrx rpe60BaHH.!I yrrroa

HanCTpoeK
0

aa cp103eJI.!I)J(e.Onaaxo

TO'lHOCTH socnpoaaseneaaa MOfyr

naanasone
yrnax

(3cp

OH YMeHblllaeTCJI AO HYJIJI· KOJtjJcpHUHeHT MOMeHTa ranraxa cp103eJIH)I(tl mz nOKa3aH na pHe. yrny

t1>

B 3aSHCHMOCTHOT

<Xt1>

2.21.

f1t1> = 30 ... 150 cx¢

6hITb HeBeJIHKH, TaK KaK npn BJIHHeT na CHJlY JIo60Boro

raKHX

10HtrnB no

aT3KH, I.

<l>ro3eJIH)!( BepTOJIeTa CTaTH'leCKH neyce. C YBeJIHqeHHeM <X¢ Ko3tl>CPHUHeHTmz¢ raiose 3aBHCMMOCTH JIBJIJIeTCH pesxoe aexoroporo MeHbilleM yrna yrne npa YBeJIH'leHHe CKOJIb>KeHHH,fIPHCKOJIb)l(eHHH HaIJHHaMOMeH-

BH}J,HO,xro

KOJcpcpHuHeHr cp103eJ1H)I(3.

neana-orren sno

conpoTHBJIeHHH OT yrHopHe3Ha-

YBeJIH'lHBaeTC.!I. Oc06eHHocrb1O Ko3<PcpHIlHeHTa qeM ra, eTCH H3rn6 rtortofiaoe nnanepa 'IeM 60JIbille

mz

IIpH rrpeasrurenaa aTaKH, rest

3aBHcHMoCTb

K03cpcpHUHeHTa HOpMaJIbHoi1 CHJlhI cp103CJIH)I(a cyt1>

yrort

KpHBbIX.

OTMeTHM, 'ITO B03HHKHOBeHHe Ka6pHPY1OlUero cp103errH)I(tl, npa 60JIblllHX

JIOB CKOJIb)J(eHHJI3<1> H aTaKH 1

<X¢

MJIJI10CTpHpyercH na pHC.

2.20

2.19.

OOHcaHHOMY AJIH B u,errOM

MaJIhHaH CHJla cp103eJIH)!(a aa pe)!(HMe ropasourarrsaoro He MeHee rsrsars,

non era nrpaer

rout

'lHIeJIbHy1O POJIb B C03naHHH CYMMapHOH HOPMaJIbHOH ClUIbI BepTOJIeTa. TeM npH MOnerrHpoBaHHH JJ.l\HaMHKH nOJIeTa sepronera BepTOJ1eTaMO)!(eI YBeJIHtlHIhCH ira CKOJIb)l(eHlfJl OpH yrnax ee Hy)I(HO Y'IHTaK KaK OpM MaHeBpax aa cser CHJIbI, C03,a.aBaeMoH cp103eJIH)f(eM,HOp-

CHMOCTH xafipnponamno poaanae, K03cptjJHIIHeHT

J3t1> xapaKTepHo H (eM. nyHKTHpHy10 KPHBY10 aa pRC. 2.21). Y 310H 3aBHnpemuecrnye r H3MeHeHHe MOMeHTa nnanepa na OHKHpsicxaasa 2.22). Ilpa
q,103eJIJI)K3 my' <I> MaJIhIX yrnax 3aBHCHT OT yrnoa tP103eJIH)f( crarasecHa~KJlOHKPlfBbl~ H3OpH craTHqeCKOH yeMOneJIHpoBa-

'110 06YCJIOBneHO BbIXO]J,OMcTa6HJIH3aropa H3 TeBH q,103eJIH)I(3. MOMeHra

MaJIbHaJl neperpy3Ka

BHnHO, 'ITO C YBeJIH'leHHeM yrna YBeJIH'lHBaeTCH, a 3aTeM WaeTC.!I. K03q,cpHIIHeHT norrepexaoa

J3cp

>

30 ... 45 -

2 '" 5 %. 11.3 pHC. 2.20 KOJtjJ~Hl~MeHT cy¢ HeMHoro

cymecrsenao YMeHhKaK

CKOJIb)!(eHHH H aTaKH (pHC.

KH HeycTOHIJHB 00 CKOJIb)!(eHH1O, IIpM (1<1> a MeHHeTCH B CTOpoHY cyurecraennoro TOHqHBocm. K03<l>CPHIIHeHTm yrrrax CKOJIb)!(eHHJI J3cp

(3w 30 .,_ 40°

YBerrHlIeHHH nyresoa
0 •

CHJIbl cp103eJIJI)I(tl Cz cp (CM. pHC. MaKCHMaJIhHbIX 3HaqeHHH npa

2.20),

120 ... 130

cp MaKCHMaJIeH 00

a6coJI1OTHOH senasane

fIp" MaTeMaruqeCKOM

nOKa3aJIH HcnbITaHHJI B aJpOAl1HaMHqeCKOH:rpyfe nHlfHbIMH 06BO,naMH, nocraraer

MOneJIeH CP103eJIJI)1(3 pasC yrnax CKOJIh-

HHH aeprortera KaHbH nnanepa

06bI'IHO yqHTbIBa10r CYMMapHbIH K03cpCPHIlHeHT MOMeHTa PbIC6e3 KHJlH. Ha nOM )l(e pHCYHKe npaseneaa 3aBHCHMOCTbKOJcp-

104

105

4>HUHeHTa MOMeHTa xpeaa CHMllJIeH npa OT yrna naa araxa yrnax

4>103eJIIDIGlOT

{jill

crlfJ'

K03Cl>4>HUH~HT mxlll paBHLIX

MaK-

CKOJIL)I(eHHJI, npHMH3HTeJILHO

60 .

OH 3aBHCHT

4>I03eJIIDIGl, npH1IeM UpH YBenulJeHHH cyuiecrseaao 3aBHCHT OT

crill

CTaTH1JeCKaJl nonepesK03<l>4>HU,HeHT OCH CHC-

HeYCTOH1JHBOCTL >103eJIJI)I(a no 4

CKOJIL:>KeHHIO aospacraer.

MOMeHTa

xpeua

nanpasneuaa upononsnoa

Tel'4bl KOOPAHHaT, OTHOCHreJIbHOK01OPOH OH HaH,IJ,eH npa HCnblTaHHJlX B aapo,IJ,HHaMH1JCCKOH rpyfie.

113

rpa4>HKOB BH,IJ,HO, 11'011,a)l(eecna yron 1 npH

MeXQzy OCJI-

MH HeBeJIHK, 3<lBHCHMOCTH OTJIH'laIOTCJI.310 CBH11,eTeJIbCTByeT Heo6xo,IJ,HMOC0 TH BbmOJIHeHHJI nepecnera poBaHHIO. rpyfe q1'O xacaercs nO,IJ,rOTOBKe 3THX XapaKTepHCTHK K MO,IJ,eJIH' H3 HCnblTaHHH B upo,IJ,HHaMH1JeCKOH
Pac,
H

nOJIytleHHbIX

K03Cl>4>HU,HeHTOB OMeHTa pblCKaHLJI 4>103eJIJI)I(a, O HX MO)I(HO He nepeM T

2.23.

BJIHHHHe aa 06TeKaHHe KOHconeH KphIJIa CKOPOCTHHlIAYKTHBHOro nOTOKa H.B.

C1JHTbmaTb, ax KaK mYIll~ r K P bl JI o. Ilapasierpsr xapaKTepHCTHKH IU,HH BHHr nrraHepa. aa nnanepa 60JIblllHX

mx

IfJ .
YMeHLwaeT HarpY3KY

CKOPOCTHxpeaa

KPblJIa cymeCTBeHHO BJIHJlIOTaa a3po,IJ,HHaMH1IeCKHe BepTOJIeTa. KpblJIO

sa

aecy-

fiparr, (B

no peaynsrarasa

HCnbITaHHH nnaaepa H

B a3poAl1HaMH1IeCKOH rpy6e

[24]
<pI03e-

CKOPOCTJIX nOJIeTa, ero n03a,IJ,H

conpo-rnanenae K

COCTaBJIHeT yseJIH1JeHHIO

4>oPMYJIax

(2.67)
0 •

(2.68)

BJIHHHHe cxopocrea,

aanynapyerasrx

3Ha1JHTeJILHyro \faCTb CYMMapHOro YCTaHOBKa KPblJIa CTam1JCCKOHycroH'lHBOCTH

K034>4>HU,HeHTaJIo60Boro

conpoTHBJIeHHH

JIH)I(eM, He Y1JTeHO) . Pa3HHua B yrnax COCTaBHTb 2 ... 3 1'OKa sa xpsma necymesr araxa xonconea na cpeAHHX cxopocrax araxa sepronera norre ra MO)l(eT noMOMeHT xpena BI1paBO (npH OCO113-3a 31'Oro Berre,IJ,CTBHeHe011,HOBpeMeHHocrH cpsrsa YBeJIH1IeHHH yrna KpeHemUI. seprcnera

uearpa

MaCC npasonar araxa,

BepTOJIeTa no

yrny

YBeJIH1JHBaeTnaxapy-

IOIUHH MOMeHT BepTOJIeTa, CUOC06CTBYHnueony npa 60JIblllHX BepTHKaJIbHbIX neperpyaxax TIPH Hccrre11,OBaHHHocofermocrefi COJIH xpsma 6oKoBoro

BepTOJIeTa H3 Ka6pHpoBaHHH 11,BH)I(eHHHBepTOJIeTa KOH-

KOHCOJIHX npn

(CM. pa3,IJ,. 3.1).

MO)Ker 6hITb npH'lHHOH BHeJanHoro BHHTe JIeBOrO spauieaaa)

[5 ]_
xpsr-

,IJ,OJI)l(Hbl aCCMaTpHBaTbCJI B OT,IJ,eJIbHOCTH, p TaK KaK OHH 06TeKa-

T a 6 H JI H 3 a r 0 p. PacnOJIO)l(eHHe cTa6HJIH3arOpa ofiycnaanasaer BHH1'OM, q,103eJIH)I(eM H

IOTCHC pa3HblMH yrrraMH aTaKH. TIPH nOM B03HHKaeT MOMeHT

OOHHOCTH ero

pafo rsr BCIle,lJ,CTBHe BJIHHHHH aa ero a3poAl1HaMH1JeCKHexapaxIIpH MaTeMaTH1IeCKOM MO,lJ,eJIHpoBaHHH He06xoAl1MO BHOMaaa

repHCTHKH CKopoCTeH, HH11,yuupyeMblx necyunea JIOM. TI0310MY sepronera reJIbHO npoaH3JIH3HpoBaTb

AMxKp

(CYKp.np

CYKp.JIeB)pV~pSKpZKp/2,

MaTepHaJIbl, IIOJIY1JeHHbleTIpH HcnbITaHHJIX MO,IJ,eJIH

r,IJ,e C YKp~e~' C HOPMaJIbHOH CHJlbI _ JIeBO" H npaYKP~P - K034>4>HUHeHTbI_ BOH KOHCOJIeH; Z x p - xoopnanara C~,IJ,HeH a3ponuHaMH1JCCKOH XOP,IJ,b1 KOHCOJIH. Heonaaaxosaa HOMepHoro Maxy xpsma, npH 06A)'BKa KOHCOJIeH (pHC. co

B a3poAl1HaMH1IeCKOH TpyOO C T01IKH 3peHHH HX sa pHC.

peanasauaa
npasenea

Bbl1JHerrHreJIbHbIX MalllHHax. B Ka1leCTBe npasrepa MeHT 3aBHCHMOCTH K03q,<pHuueHra aTaKH q,103eJIH)I(a crct> IIpH

2.24

q,par-

2.23)

B03HHKaeT H3-3<I nepaaaecymero BHHTa no pa3xpsmo HMeeT BepTOJIe-

pacnpeneneaas

HHAYKTHBHOH cxopocra a TaK)I(e TIpH yrnonoa

{jill

= O. Ilymcrapaoa

MOMeHTa

ranraxa

nnaaepa

mznn

OT yrna 003 ara-

JIHHHeH sa pHCYHKe nOKa3aH araxa, a COcTa6HJIH3aTOpOM )l(e BeJIH'lHHy. 3aBHCHMOCTH AJIJI MO,IJ,eJIH IIporeKaHHH

nOJIeTe BeprOJIera

CKOJIb:>KeHHeM, cnn e

K03q,4>KUHeHT MOMeHTa nnanepa yCTOH'lHB.

6e3 cTa6HJIH3aTOpa. BH,lJ,HO,1110 nnanep

nonepeuayio

V-0 6pa3HoCTL,

CKOPOCTHxpeaa

cTa6H1IH3arOpa CTarHlJeCKH HeYCTOH1IHB IIO yrny

ra. YroJI aTaKH npasoa

KOHCOJIHKpLU1a onpe}J.eJIHeTCHTIO4>opMYJIe

Ilpnpocr

K03<pq,HUHeHTa MOMeHTa nnaHepa IIpH pa3HbIX yrnax J];Harra30Hax npapocr HJIH, napannensaoa naxapyiomero aoofiute, TaKOH

KH <p103enH)J(aHe01I,lmaKOB rrpH H3MeHeHHH € CT aa O,lJ,UYH ry

crKp.np

€Kp.np

+ (Vy +

v~p.np

'PKp{j

+ WXzKp)/VX'

(2.67)

TIpH1IeM B HeKo1OpbIX JIH3aTOpa nnanepa KpHBblX ycnOBHH BIIepe)l,H yrnax

MOMeHTa CTa6H-

3Ha1JHTeJIbHOysseasnraerca, 003 cTa6HJIH3a1'Opa (OTpe30K

KpHBaJi xapaxrep yrnax

JIeBoH KOHCOJIH-

CTaHOBHTCH "paKTH1IeCKH

KPHBOH, nonyneaaoii

(2.68)
rne vKp.rreB H VKp.np - HHIlVlJUpoBaHHLle HecYIU,HM BHHTOM cxopocrn, H H oc.... ""':--. _ _ pe,IJ,HeHHbleno TIJIOma,IJ,HM JIeBOH H npasoa KOHCOJIeH xpsma; 'PKp - yron

ab).
ero

06'bHCHHeTCH YXYAIlleHHeM 06JlYBKH JJIeMeHraMH nJIaHepa.

I1pH neicoropsix

aTaKH q,I03enH)I(a paCIIOJIO)J(eHHbIMH

Cra6HJIH3aTOpa H3-3a

3areHeHHH KpHBblX

Ilepennerenae [5])

mz rrn

IIpH

pa3HbIX

YCTaHOBKH e CT CBH,lJ,eTeJIbCTByeT 0 pHC.

CPbIBe IIOTOKa na cTa6HJIH3<lTOpe. onpe,lJ,eJIHIOT 3aBHCHMOCTHeYCT HBJIJleTCH yse r

nonepesaoro
ro

V.

113-3<1pacnOJIO)l(eHHH B03JIe xpsma noroxa.

OTHOCHTeJILHO6oJIbIlleOTJIH\faIOTCH cnenyer

113 rparpaxon
=

2.24

(CM.

4>I03eJIH)I(a MeCTHble CKOPOCTH 06TeKaHHH

KOHCOJIeH xpstna

I( crCT)

Llcx~l,

LlCXc~ =

I( crill) ,

H B TaKOM BH,lJ,eOHH 06bI'IHO

HcnOJIb-

OT CKOPOCTH HeB03MYmeHHoro qecKH errO)I(HO, n0310MY

Y1IeCTb 3TH 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa reopera-

3YlOTCH npa

M011,eJIHpoBaHHH. Cyuiecrseaasrsa CKOnh)l(eHHH Bep1'OJIeTa_

BJIHHHHH na

aJpO,IJ,HHaMH1IeCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH xpsma

3TH 3aBHCHMOCTH yma

106

107

OTMe'leHHbJe OC06eHHOCTH paforsr MeHT rrnaHepa B 60nbweH HHe MO>KeT fibtrb paKrepHCTHK nHeH BliHTOBblX BepTOneTOB. OIJeBHAHO, 'ITO

crafiarmsaropa
HaH60nee

Ii

ax

BmUnrne

aa

MO-

HlIH MeHbweH crenena

npoHBnHIOTCH y ncex OAHO-

eZK

normoe

HX

socnpoaasene-

~~

AOCTHrHYTO MOAenHpoBaHHeM CYMMapHblX MOMeHTHblX OAHaKO

xa-

nnaaepa,

cnenyer

OTMeTHTb TPYAHOCTHB HX

peanasa-

r-, ~

--...

0,8
0,5

IJ,HH aa BblllHcnHTenbHblX

MaWHHaX, UK

KaK OHH HBmlIOTCH Cno)KlIOH <PYHK-

rpex napasserpoa Q<I>' € CT , 13<1>. ITpH MO~enHpoBaIlJiH CYMMapHbIX xapaxrepacrax iJ)IH ysera BnHHIlJiH HHJJYKTHBHOHCKOPOCTH HeCYIUerO BMHTa
Ha a3pOAHHaMHqeCKHe XapaKTepHCTMKH cTa5HJlH3aTOpa

1\\

H CKOPOCTH ranrasa

\~
~.

0,'1

xpsma MO>KHO npHMeHHTb cneAYIOIUHe npHeMhI: aa rpadiaxax mznn = [(Q<I>' €CT)' norrysenasrx nocne HCnhITaHHH MOAem{ nnanepa B a3pOAHHaMHtJeCKOH rpyfe B nnocxonapannensnora rrOTOKe, npasars, 'ITO fCT - 3TO <paKTHqeCKHHyron YCTaHOBKHcTa6HlIH3aTOpa, ynenaqeHHbm aa AononHHTenbHblH yron ~€CT'

~z
-'to PRC. 224. 3aSHCIIMOCTb MOMeHTa TaHrlllKa nnaaepa eCT PRC.
nonepe'lHoii -20

J
-0,*

20

'to
ZO°

50

4p,.

K03<P<PllltlleHTa mznn OT Q<I> H

B MOMeHT

~Mznn

nnaaepa BBeCTIi 1I0llpaBKY H3-3a ~ZKP' onpenensesryro 110<popMYne

V~p/Vx,

H3MeHeHHH MOMeHTa

xpsma

2.25. 3aSHCHMOCTb K03<f1<\lUUKeHTa CHJJbI KHJIJI eZK OT P<fI H aq,

-0.5

~\
'\

'\\

V1O•
~q>=O

-0.0 ~
1,0

AMZKp "'" (dMZKp/dQKp)

npH'lCM IIpH He06xoAHMO HO; TBe

~
.~

yrnax araxa,
npHHHMaTb

IIpH KOTOPblX npoHCXOJJ,HT CpbIB nOTOKa

AMz

xp

aa

Kpblle,

BHCHMOCTeH, KOM6HHa~ MeHHoH BH}J,a

uanparaep

armpoxcassa-

O. B

<p0pMYJIax V~T ' V:p

CKOPOCTH,

IJ,HOHHbIM Bblpa)f(eHHeM, cO,ll,ep>KamHM <PYHKI)HH OAHOH

-T,Z

HH,Il,ynHpyeMble HecywHM

BHHTOM y

cTa6HJIH3aTOpa H KPbJJla COOTBeTCTBeHKlinH B

rrepeG:<I>

r-, '~:'-... ~
~

-10"

dMz Kp/dQKP - rpanaear, K H n b. Bsmenemre B MaTeMaTHqeCKOHMOAeJlHaepronera

xasec-

cassocroarensaoro snerzeara nnaaepa 06yc.nOBJleHO TeM, lIro 6e3 3aBMCHMOCTH Cz K = [(13K) Henb311 npaaansao ysecrs yrrrosyio CKOPOCTbpbICKaHbH Wy. Ilpa ,I1,BH)I(eHHH sepronera, BbI3BaHHO~ 60nhWHM H pe3KHM OTKJlOHeHHeM nenana, AHana30He IIpH OTKa3aX

CZK(f3<1>,Q<p)

=
-

cZK(f3<1>; 1341 =

(1:<1>0) +
[(1341)

+ ~CZK(Q<fI
B

G:q,o;

const)

.
aro 3aBHCHMOCTbz C
K

(2.69)
OT

scex

nsararenea

HJlIi

pyrresoro

BHHTa B03MO)f(eH H3

3TOM Bblpa)f(CHHH nepaaa yrne aTaKH

CpbIB 1I0TOKa aa KHJle. ll03TOMY

yrnos

CKOnb)f(eHHlI.

Ero

Cz K

,Il,on)f(CH MOAenHpoBaTbCH B WHPOKOM onpenenars

pexostennyerca

acrrsrra-

npH

(1:41

COCTaBnHlOlI)aH npa

13<1> B

G:<Po'

KOTOPOM OTCYTCTByeTKflM HMeeTCH OlleHb

HHH B a3poJJ,HHaMH'IeCKOH rpyfe

nnaaepa

C KHJIeM H fie3 Hero.

Ilpa

"cnafoe
.xasecrse

BJlHHHHe aa KHnb JJleMeHTOB nnanepa,

pacnonoxeaaerx

snepena.

3TOM YllH-

TaKOH 3aBHCHMOCTHMO)KeT 6bITb npanara

KpMBaII, cooraercrayio-

TbIBalOTCH oco5eHHOCTH 05TeKaHHH KHJIlI B npHCYTCTBHH npyrax

-mcTeH JUIaaa pHC.

aepa.
Xapaxrepasni uanpaaneaaoa cymecraenayio TeJIbHbIX yrnax aoro BH,Il,3aBHCHMOCTHCZK a OT

1341 H (1:41

npaaenea

2.25.

OH OTHOCHTCH KHJI10 Y xoroporo K , BbmYKJIOCTblO BneBO, 3aBHCHMOCTbCz

K.

HecHMMeTpHlfHblH nporpans rajose <pI03enH)IQ\. I'parpax

C KPHBH3HOH, YCTaHOBKH HJlJIIOCTpHpyeT MaKCHMaJIb-

HeHYJIeBOH:yron

OTHOCHreJIbHO nnOCKOCTH cHMMeTpHH

OT

Q<I>. Hanpasrep,

-uiaa G:q, = 0°. Bo BTOPOM cnaraevora <PYHKUlUI ~CZK OIU1CblBaeT BJUUIHHe .0:<1> aa Cz K npa HeK01OpOM 3HaqeHlIH yrna CKOnb>KeHHH(HanpHMep. npn 13<1>= ;::: 150), a <PYHKlI.liH [(1341) xapaxrepasyer crenens JTOro BJlHHHHHnpH npyrnx (3<1>. Bonee rcxnoe MO,Il,enHpoBaHHe KpHBblX MO)KeT GblTb ,Il,OCTHrHYTO .aa ClIeT pa36HeHHH AHana30Ha H3MeHeHHH KpHBblX no (3$ ua Y'IaCTKH, Ha.Ka)K}~OM H3 KOTOPblX BJlHHHHe G:<I> onacsrsaerca arrrrpoKCHMalUlOIiHOH¢OPMYJ10H,
\noAo6Hoi1 BTOPOHCOCTaBJIHlOlI)ei1 blpa)KeHHH B 06blqHO, KaK o TMeqanOCb,

BHADO, nro npH nOJIO)((H-

(2.69).

aTaKH npoHcXO,D,HT 3HallHTeJIbHOe YMeHbweHHe ll03TOMY K03<P<PHUHeHT z C

K

acnsrranaa

nnanepa

B a3po)J,liHaMH'leCKOH MOAeJlHpoBa(eM.

3HalJeHHlI Cz

DHo Bbl3BaHO "3aTeHeHHeM" KJiJIH JJIeMeHTaMH nnanepa, ,Il,OJI)f(eHMOAenHpo6oJIbUIHH-

rpytie
HHH pHC.

npoBOAHTCH B IUIoCKOnapaJIJIeJlbHOM nOTOKe B orCYTCTBHHJ1,eHCTBHH H XBOCTOBoro BHHTOB. Ilpa yser

nHX

paCnOJIOlKeHHblMH anepena.

BaThCH KaK <PYHKlJ,lUI,I1,Byx nepesaemnax CTBa 3aACl'l ,D,HHaMHKHnonera

i3<p

H~

Ilpa peuieaaa

.HHAYKTHBHbIX n01OKOB necymero

05cToHTenbCTB rrpoH3BO,l1,HTCH3aMeHOH

ua

rpa<pHKe

,Il,OnYCTHMOnpHOOH)f(eHHOe OIlHcaHHe JTHX aa-

2.25)

napaxrerpa

f3<l>'

IIpH KOTOPOM B HCnbITaHHHX6bllH

onpenenensr
109

108

KOJ<P<PHUHeHrbInonepesaos CKOnb)KeHHH KHJIH na yron

CHJIbI KHnH CZK' na I( ({3~ OTnH'IaerCH or yrna I CKOca I10TOKa, cosnaaaeraoro nnaaeposr, 13K =
Wy (XK

13K + A{3~JI).

Yron

{3~ pasen {31P +

+ xT)1 V - A{3~ - A{3~B.

A(3~, A(3~B

YrnbI

apamenas aecyuiero BHHra onpenensesroa aacrpoiucoa peryrraropa

cxoca, coanaaaeeasre necyutaea H pyneasrsr BHHraMH 5bITb onpeneneasr no <pOPMYnaM1npHBeneHHbIM B [5 ].

, MorYT

- HOMHHaJIbHaH sacrora (yrnonas HBnHeTCJI nOCTOHHHOHBeJIH'nrnoii:, cBo60AHon ryp6HHbI. Bropoe cnaraeMoe AnH(AwH) - JTO H3MeHeHHe 'laCrOTbI BparueHHH uecymero BHHra or HOMHHaJIbHOro 3Ha1JeHHJI. HO HaxOAHrCH 11 peaynsrare HHrerpHpoB<lHHJI ypasO lIeHHH (2.10) H IJ,OJI)KHO TaK)Ke ysnrsrsar» yrnonyio cxopocrs psrcxansa sep-

rne nepsoe CKOPOCTb)

cnaraevoe

~.HOM (WH.HOM)

ronera

2.5. MATEMATHlfECKAJI MO,aEJIhlIBHrATEJIJI C PErYJIJlTOpOM CJACTOThIBPAIIJEHHJI HECYIIJErO BHHT A

2.5.1. Y'IET H3MEHEHlUI '1ACTOTbl BPAIIlEHIUI HECYmErO BlIHTA nPH MO,uEflllPOBAHHH JnlHAMHKH nOJ]ETA qaCToTa apameHHH necyuiero BHHra nH (nH = 30wH/rr) cyuiecraeuao nnaaer aa CHnbI H MOMeHThI necymero H pynesoro BHHTOB. Haafortee Ba)KHbIM oticroarenscraoea, rpe6ylOmHM ysera npH MOnenHpoBaHHH AHHaMHKH rrone ra l!aCTOTbIapauienaa, HBnHerCH ro, xro ee cymeCTBeHHbIH pOCT HnH YMeHbureaae HBnJleTCH OAHHM H3 OrpaHHl!eHHH npH MaHeBpaX aeprone ra, a TaK)Ke npa OTK!l3flX omroro HJIH scex nsararenea. Kposre roro , npn MaHeBpax B03MO)KHO BbIKnlO'IeHHe H ynapaoe BKnlOlIeHHe MY<pTbI caofonnoro xona (MCX) , 'ITO TaK)J(e nOn)KHO 6bITb onpeneneuo npa MOlJ,enHpoBaHHH. Hnorna npencrasnaer nnrepec onenxa BnHHHHH na pe)KHMbl nonera seprone ra neico ropsrx CTaTH'IeCKHX H AHHaMHlIeCKHX napaxrerpon nBHraTeJIH H perynaropa 'IacTOTbI BpameHHJI aecyuiero BHHTa. Peaynsrarsr raKHX nccnenoaaaair, nanpasrep, MorYT I10rpe60BarbCH rrpH BbIpa60TKe IeXHHlIeCKHX Tpe60BaHHH aa paspa60rKY JTHX cacreja, Cnenyer OTMeTHTb, \lTO B pane cnysaes npH Hccnep,oBaHHHX MorYl HCnonssoaarsca MareMaIH'IeCKHe MOnenH, conepxcautae ycnoane rrOCIOHHCIBa lIaCTOrbI apauienaa aecyuiero BHHTa nH = const. 3IO nonYCTHMO npa 6bICTPOneHCTBYlOmeM perynarope lIaCTOTbI epamenaa, npn paCCMOTpeHHH 3ana'l ua rrpHMommeiiHbIX pe)KHMaX norrera una ua nepexorntstx pe)KHMaX C OTHOCHrenbHO nJIaBHbIMH H ManbIMH nepeMemeHHHMH opraHOB ynpaanenaa sepronerow. B 06meM cnyxae ycnonae nH = const cyuiecraemro cyzcaer B03MO)KHOCTH accnenoaanaii li He n03BonHeI CMOlJ,enHpoBaTb MHorne pe)KlfMbI nonera BepTOJIera. 113JIaraeMaJl HH)Ke MareMaIHlIecKaH MOnenb onncsiaaer pafory raao ryp6HHHOro nsararena aa pe)KlfMe aBTOMarH\leCKOH cra6HnH3aUHH 'IaCTOTbI spameHHJI necyuiero BHHTa (npoueccsr sanycxa ABHrareJJH II pacxpyrxa aecyuiero BHHra )],0 HOMHHanbHOH sacrorsi apauieaaa He paCCMarpHBaIOTCH). 3ro noasonaer npencrasars nH (WH) B BHne CYMMbI, cocroauteii H3 ABYX cocraanHIOll\HX

(2.71)
r)],e Ne, N, Np.B - MOmHOCTHnaararens, secymero H pynesoro BHHTOB, COOTBercrBeHHO; ~o - K03<p<pHUHeHr Hcnonh30BaHHJI MOIUHocrH; k e - 'lHCJlO p;BHrareneH. Mcuutocrs, norpetinaesaaa pYJIeBhIM BHHIOM, nonxaa Y\J.HThIBarbCH, rax KaK OHa MO)J(eTnocrarars 3Ha'IHreJIbHbIX BeJIH'lHH, nanpnssep aa Manon nsicore H npH HH3Kon resmeparype HapY)KHOro nosnyxa, IIpH 60nblIIHX OTKJlOHeHlfJlX nenana - no - 25 % MaKCHMaJIbHOH MOmHOCTH acex ABHra-

renea.

Ecna a3poAHHaMH'IeCKHe xapaxrepacraxa aecyuiero U pynenoro BHHTOB peaJIH3YlOTCH B MaTeMaTH1JeCKoii:MOnenlf B pa3MepHOM Bu)],e np" OKpY)KHOH cscopocra wHR = const, paBHO" (wHR)HOM' TO U3MeHeHHe 'l3.CTOrbI spameHHJI Y'lHThIBaerCH YMHO)KeHHeM CHlI H MOMeHIOB na ornoureaae
(wH/wH.HOM)2, MomHocrH ten BHHTOB- na WH.HOM/WH' na (WH!WH.HOM)3, OTHOCHreJIbHbIX CKOPOC-

2.5.2. MO)lEJIHPOBAHliE cr ATH'IECKHX H AHHAMH'IECKHX XAPAKTEPlICTHK ABHr ATEJUI Ilaararens sepronera HBnlleTC1I: cnO)I(Hon AHHaMHIJeCKOH cHcreMoH. Mop,enHpoBaHHe paforsr nnararena (ero pa601Jero npouecca, pa60TbI perynaroplB rypooxosmpeccopa H CBo60ll,HoH Typ6HHbl, npyrax arperaros] H Il,flHaMIIKIf sepronera HBnHerCH 3ana'leH, xoropyio He npencraanaerca B03MO)KHbIM pemars na YHHBepcaJlbHbIX ABM. Ilpn Mo)],enHpoBaHHH B peamao sr BpeMeHH Pa aHarIOrO-lI,H<l>poSOM KOMImeKce rpeoyercs 6bICTpoAeHCTBYIOmaJl UBM. 01JeBHIl,HO, xro MOneJIb, IIonpo6HO orpaxcaioutas <pH3HlJeCKHenpoueccu, neofiIkOAHMa npn CneUHaJIbHbIX Ifccne)],OBaHHHX CHJIOBOH ycraaosxu, aanpassep IIpH Bbl60pe CXeMbI If JJIeMeHrOB perynapyrourax ycrpoiicra. B accnenoaaanax AHHaMHKH nonera MO)KeT nparaenarscs ynpouieanaa t.mTeMaTH'IeCKaH MOlJ,enb CHnOBOH YCTaHOBKH. llOCTaTO'IHbIM rpe60BaHHeM k HeH HBJIJlerC1I:nocrouepaoe socnpoaasenenae MOmHocrH naararena na ycraHOBliBlillIXCH H nepeXOAHbIX pe)KlfMaX I10JIera. B H3JIaraeMOM Mero)],e MOAeJIHpoBaHHH HCIIonb3YIOrCH cnenyiourae nanasre: JaBHClfMocrb OTHOCHrenbHOH MOmHocrH nBHraTeJI:I Ne NelNemax DT OTHOClireJIbHOH '1aCTOThI apauienaa aecyuiero BHHra (caooonaoa rypoaIbI) npa pa3JIH'lHblX 3HalleHHHX sacrorsr spauieana rypfoxosmpeccopa HJIH pacxo)],a ronnasa (pHC. 2.26) ;

(2.70)
110

III

N~.(J

rAe Neo - 3aBHCHMOCTb Ne utero BMHIa nH = nH•HOM; HeHHeNe OT

(nH nH•HOM

OT

nTK

npn -

HOMHHaJJbHOH 'IaCTOTe spaureaaa

necyM3Me-

BTopaH
).

t:.Ne - nonpasxa,

Y'lHTbIBaIOlll.aH

o.B~--~--+---+---~~~

Xapaxrepasnr BMA 3aBMCMMOCTM N; 0 = [( nTK) lIOKa3aH aa pHC. 2.27. Cnenyer MMeTb B BHAY, 'ITO xapaKTepHCTMKH cepHHHhIX naararenea MMelOT paatipoc, xoropsni OC06eHHo 3Ha'IHTeneH rrpn MaJIbIX nTK ua peJKHMaX, finH3KHX K MaJJOMY rasy. Ero He06xoAMMO ysarsmars lIpH MCCJIeAOBaHHM MaHeBPOB, CBH33HHbIX C 60JIbIIIHM H3MeHeHHeM yrna YCTaHOBKH nonacrea aecyutero BHHTa HnH yrna aTaKH Be pTOJIeTa, KorA3 B03MOJKHO 3Ha'IHTenbHOe YMeHb.UIeHHe MOlll.HOCTH J1,BHrareJIH, TaK KaK ara otinacrs xapaKTepMCTMKH HaH60JIee cyweCTBeHHO BnMHeT aa ysseasmenae 'laCTOTbI apauieaas aecymero BHHTa.

Ilpa

MOAeJIHpOBaHHU

AOJIJKHO BbIllOJIHHTbCH

ycnosae (2.73)

rAe

Nemin
H

Nemax

MOmHOcTM

npu

nH

nH•HOM'
MOJKeT 6bITb 3aBHCHmaH

cooraercrnyrourae onacana armpoxnayx napasre rMOAeJIH perynHTopa BHHTa H

nTKmin

nTKmax

COCTaBmlIOmaH OlMaUHOHHblMH

2.26). <PoPMYJIbI (2.72)

(CM. pHC. KaK B03MOJKHO

Me

BblpaJKeHHHMH

<PYHKIVfH,

OT

0,7
PRC.

o,B
oTHOCHTeJ1bHOH Typ6HHbl MOIUIIOCTR ABRraTeJUI

poa nH
B3

nTK•

OAHaKO

ynporueaae
B

MaTeMarn'leCKOH YCTaHOBKe

CJIeAYIDI.QHX

COO6paJKe HHH. 06pa30M

Hanauae

CHnOBOH

2.26. 2.27.

3aBRCHMOCTb

Ne
Ne

?_T 'faCTOT nT.K

Bpa~eHHlI

He-

IOrrpeAeneHHblM MOlll.HOCTb

CBH3bIBaeT

lIaCTOTY

apauteuaa
ABHrareJIb

aecynrero
He BbIXOAMT paCXOA

cyurero
PRC.

BKUTa nH

(csOOOAHoii

ncr)

H Typ60KOMnpeccopa

)l.BHraTeJIH.

Ilpa
Ne

3roM

3aBHcHMocTb

OTHOCHTellbHOH

MO~HOCTH

ABHraTeJUI

OT nTK

npa

nH := nH.HOM

!Ibm

aa

lIPOUeCce peJKHM

perynapoaamra.
pa60TbI MOlll.HOCTH

11 TOJIbKO

yser l1Ne
KorA3 HJIH

rrpaKTHlIeCKH

CKa3blBaeTCH

na npenensTOllJIHBa), COCTaBCHHJK3eTCH

(MaKCHMaJJbHbm

MHHHMaJJbHhIH

(ncr.HOM)

~BHCHMOCTb "UIIOlll.eH

OT 'IllCTOTbI 3Ha'leHHHX

apaurenaa
310H

nH otiycnoaneaa
ABHraTenH xapaKTepHCTHK

t:.Ne'

Ilpa

60nblllHx (eM. pHC.

MOlll.HOCTb

3aBHCHMOCTb MaKCHMaJJbHOH BpeMH

MOmHOCTH ABHr3Temi H Bbl60pa

Ne max
c6poca

OT

nonaoii

H 'IllCTH'IfIOH

npHeMHCTOCHf

Hp rasa;

to, C;

.83-3a

YMeHhweHHH He06xoAlfM

Me

nH
ATlH

2.26). B
npH

ofinacrn

yser
lIpH

rrpaBHnbHOrO HalIpHMep

MOAenHpoBaHHH OTKa3e

AMHaMHKH

nonera

BenWIJm3

CT3TH3Ma perymnopa;

sanucs
TaHlHIX.

nepexorursrx

pe)I(HMOB

)l.BHr3TenH,

norrynennstx

llpH

ero acnu-

MaTeMaTH'ICCKOH pa60Tbl

MOAenH

pe)lGfM

ABHraTenH,
,

rrpHHHTa no a

n TK'

3ro ,.., Yrro6HO xapaxrepacnnca

TaK

KaK

)l.BHraTenH,

napasterpa, xapaxrepasyrouiero npaureuaa Typ6oKoMllpeccopa aenaxnue n TK MOJKHO onpenerrars CTaTH'IeCKHe _ TaKJKe B CBH3H C TeM, 'ITO onaa H3 BaJKHeHlllHX
B 'IaCTOTa ABMraTenH KaK BpeMH llpHeMHCTOCTM rrpH ~aKcHManbHaH CKOPOCTb H3MeHeHlfH

xasecrae

}1,HHaMH'IeCKMX

xapaKTepMcTMK

sxcnepasrearax rorsr apauienaa

onpenenaerca
Typ60KOMflpeccopa cramqecKHx

xac-

nTK•
xapaxrepacrax p,BHrareJUI 6bITb onacana )l.ByMH <PYHK-

onnoro )l,BHraTenH. TIpH MaJIOH J(Olll.HOCTM 3Ta COCTaBJIHIOlll.a.ll TaKJKe YMeHblllaer Ne, HO llpM paCKpYTKe BHH)<1. llocJIeAH.II.II oco6eHHOCTb onpenenaer OAHO H3 YCJIOBHH BbIKnlOlIeHHH MY<P"fbI CB060AHoro XOA3: Ne = 0 (npyroe Heo6xoAlfMOe YCJIOBHe BbIKJIIO'IeHHH ""'lll.HOCTb aecyuiero BHHTa llO BenH'lHHe orpauarensna, N < 0). TaKHM 06pa30M, t:.Ne AOCTaTo'IHO MOAeJIHpoBaTb npa MaKCHMaJIbHOH IiJIlOlll.HOCTH, eCJIH npoacxonar YMeHbllleHHe 'IaCTOThI npautenaa necyuiero BHHra, ~ cpaBHeHHIO C HOMHHallbHblM 3HalleHHeM, H npa MHHHMaJJbHOH, - ecnn 'Iac.orn npaurenaa YBenH'lHBaeTCH. B CBH3H C H3nOJKeHHhIM npeofipaayexr asrpa.HHH (2.72) H (2.73) K BHAY
~<pHlI,HTe MOlll.HOCTH,

Ne
MOACJIHpoBaHHe 3aBHcHMoCTb lUlHMH:

= Neo + ANe1)
..;;

N;

[(nTK'

nH)

(Nemin
tAe

MOJKeT

Ne ..;; (Nemax

+ l1Ne2)
3aBHCHMOCTii

(2.74)

ANel

(2.72) 112

IIIfCHHO npa

H ANe2 - annpoxcaraauaa nTK min H nTK max:

ANe (n

H)

COOTBeTCT-

113

ANel

(2.75) (2.76)

r)],e

tnp

tnpqaCT

YKa3aHHble

B reXHHqeCKHX

}l,aHHbIX }l;BHraTeJ1H COOTBeT-

CTBeHHO npamenaa

BpeMH

1I0nHoH

H tJaCrn'IHOH

IIpHeMHCTOcrn;

(nTI<) I<pei'tc KpeHcePCKOH

tJaCTOTa

rypfoxor-mpeccopa,
c6poca

cooTBeTcTBYlOlUaH

MOIUHocrn

}l,BHraTeJ1H. BpeMH

rasa

TaK)I(e

IJ,OJI)l(HO MO)],eJIHpoBaTbcH 'ITO 06bI'lH0

na

OCHOBaHHH

IJ,aH-

npHHHTaH MeHeHHH npH

nHHeHHaH

annpoKCHMaUHH

3aBHCHMOCTeH

CnpaBe)J)1HBa

necyuiero BHHTa ua 15 ... 20 %, 'ITO }l,OCTaTO'lHo sepronera. no <popMYJ1aM (2.75) H (2.76) AN = 0 ecrm n H .;;;;n H.HOM' H 0~Ne2 = 0, ecna nH > nH•HOM· 3aBHcHL.l. el' N HN . OT H H t C OnHCbmalOTCH HecnQ)KHbIMH annpOKMOCrn emax emm ~'p • 60 CHMaUHOHHbIMH <p0pMYnaMH. MHHHMaJ1bHaH MOIUHOCTb IJ,_BHraTenH npn nsWOH paCKpYTKe necyutero BHHTa aa CtJeT COCTaBJ1HlOlUeH ~Ne 1 MO)l(eT CTalJaCTOTbI BpalUeHHH HccnelJ,OBaHHH }l,HHaMHKH HOBHTbCH CMblcny. OTpHuaTenbHOH n03TOMY BenHtIHHOll, 'ITO He COOTBeTcTByeT 6blTb <pH3HtJeCKOMY

npa

H3-

HbIX

HCnbITaHHH

nsararena.
npHHHTb

OTMernM, B

OHO

MeHbllie

BpeMeHH

1I0J1HOH rrpHeMHCTOCTH }l,aHHbIX TbI )],OllYCKaeTCJI

)J,BHraTeJIJI.

cnysae
c6poce

OTCYTCTBHH 3KcnepHMeHlaJ1bHbIX CKOPOCTb

MaKCHMaJlbHylO

npauteuaa

BeJ1HtJHHe,

rypfoxoxsnpeccopa npa paBHoH (2 ... 1,5) n r x.np .

rasa

nTI<.c6p

YMeHbweHHH

'IaCTO-

no

a6COJllOTHOH

asrpaxeaae ~ O.

(2.74)

nonzoro

}l,OnOnHeHO

ycnosnera

(Nemin + ~Nel)

2.5.3. MOAEillIPOBAHHE PAIiOThl PErYIIHTOPA BPAlIlEHHH HECYIItErO BHHTA

PerYJ1HTOp 'IaCTOTbI ~

lfACTOTbl

MOAeJIHpOBaHHe BpeMH orpaaasenae 6oKoMllpeccopa TepHbm xax

npHeMHCTOCTH

.lI,BHrareJ1H npH MOlJ,enHpoBaHHH peanasyerca BpalUeHHH npasenea KaK TYPxapax-

)J,BHraTeJ1H IIpH 3aKoH tJaCTOTbI pHC.

<

apamenaa
M

necyuiero
aaofopor,

BHHTa ysreasmaer

YBeJ1HtJHBaeT npn

~.HO

H,

nu > n

MOmHOCTb
H•HO M.

npHeMHCTOCrn Ma~CHManbHoH

}l,BHraTenH

peryJ1HpoBaHHH,

lJaCIO ocymeCTBJ1HeMbIH Bhlpa)l(eHHeM

B }l,BHraTeJ1HX

6e3

ysera

npo-

CKOpoCTH

H3MeHeHHH

H3BO}l,HOH ~,

OllHCbIBaeTCH

nTI<

rr p

B .KatJecTBe

BH)], 3aBHCHMOcrn yxaasmaerca MOIUHOCTH OT

nTI< np

npaxepa
[(nTI<)'
ero

ua

2.28

OTMernM, m ax' rax

tJTO B xapaxrepacra3TO BpeMH 3K3eMllJ1Hpbl TaK HeM

nTI<

nTK.HOM

[kcT

(nH

nH•HOM)

+
(2.79)

nsararena

BpeMH

nOJ1HOH npaexorcrocra. OT)],eJlbHble npa H

YBeJ1HtJeHHH }l,BHrareJ1H XO}l,HMO HY

Ne M.r

)],0

0,95 Ne

OTJ1HtJaIOTCH no

npHeMHCTOcTH.

n03TOMY

HCCJle}l,OBaHHHX He06MHHHMaJ1bHYIO BenHtJH}l,aHHbIX Bbl6HpaeTnpa nccneKaK CKOPOCTb H3MeHeHl-IH H c6poca pe)I(HMa pa60TbI )J,BHraTeJ1R orpaaaseaa 3TO aper-tc

paCCMaTpHBaTb

KaK

MaKCHMaJ1bHYIO,

BpeMeHH

npHeMHCTOCTH. rrOJlb30BaTbCH

Ilpa

OTCyTCTBHH BeJ1HtJH~OH pemaessoa

3!<cnepHMeHTaJ1bHbIX

IIpHeMHCTOCTH

raaa,

n03TOMY

asrpascesae

)],OJ1)1(HO 6bIl h

IJ,OnYCKaeTCH CH B

Cpe}l,H~H

3aBHCHMoCTH

OT KOHKpernOH sepronera

nTI< n£~ xo ropaa aanasa, rtanpasrep,

}l,OllOJ1HeHO

ycnosaew (2.80)

}l,OBaHHH MaHeBpoB

MO)l(HO npanars

nTl<np

[(nTK)O,9S

max

(nTI<)

M.r)/t

np

>

(2.77)
}l,BHraTenH,

(2.79)

llpHHHThI

cnenyronrae

0603Ha'leHHH:

kCT -

K03<p<pHUHeHT nepenacrpoiixy

CTaTH3M.1 pery spc

peryJlHTOpa; a rrpH HCCJ1elJ,0BaHHHX, CBH3aHHblX C OTKa30M onnoro J1>1TOpa o'r

kn yrna

K03<P<PHUHeHT, JlOnaCTeH

xapaKTepH3Y1OlUHH necymero BHHTa;

YCTaHOBKH

T-

nOCTOliHHaH

nTKnp

[(nTK)O,9S

max

MeHH

nepenarosnoa

<PYHKUHH.

OTMernM,

perynapoaaaae nepeMeHHYIO nORCHeHHH

pacxona

TOlIJ1HBa C'lHTaTb,

GT,

GT

6Y}l,eM

'ITO

<pH3H'IeCKOH BHHTa, a TaK)I(e pHC.

CymHOCTH llOHCHeHHH npaseneaa

[(nH), HO 'lT06bI He BBO}l,HTb HOBYIII perynarop B03)],eHcTByeT na nTI< . .uJl II pa60ThI perynaropa sacrorsr npauiennu
napaverpoa 3aBHCHMocrb TOM, H K03<p<pHUHeHTOB, nTK or nH . BXOI(II n. p.i

'ITO

<jlaKTH'IeCKH

ocymeCTBJ1HeTCIi

(2.78)

aecymero mHX B

(2.79),

na

2.29

Ocofiennoc
perynaro phI'lar(lM

cra6HJ1H3aUHH He npoasnaerca,

tJaCTOTbI spaureaaa ecna pe)I(HM

COCTOHT B

tJTO CTarH3M
ycraHaBJ1HBaeTCR

pa60TbI

}l,BHraTeJ1H

PRC. 2.28. 3aBHCHMOCTh CI<OPOCTHH3MeH& Z

HIUI '1aCTOTbIBpameHIUI ryp60KOMOpeccopa

yrna tea

YCTaHOBKH

J10llaCTeH

necyuiero ecna

BHHU,

Ii rrpoHBJ1HeTCH necyuiero

(B03HHKaeT

OWHf, IIpli

0.75
114

0,8

nTK.np OT nTK: 1 - pelKHM MaJIOrO raaa;

<50

perynapoaaaas const

tinH)'

MOmHOCTb

BHHTa H3MeHHerCH

, T. e. xorna

H3MeHHIOTCH

napasaerpsr

}l,BH)I(eHHH BepTOJ1eTa, nanpn

2 - 0,95 Nemax

Mep yron

aTaKH.

II ~

IIpH

MOACnHpoBamm TOqKH pe)IGIM (CM. pHC.

CTaTHKH

perynaropa

XapaKTepHbIMH

C'lHTalOT

cne-

IIocToHHHaJl paeTCJI

BpeMeHH

nepenaroxaoa

$YHK~H

<t>oPMYJIbI no

(2.79)
H

BbI6HB MaTe-

nyrounre a_ nansnoii

BHceHHH

MOI1lHOCTH

2.29) : sepronera HnH Ha60pbI BbICOTbI ua V = 0 npa HOMHABHraTenH (Hp """0, to, C """15°), npH 3TOM nH = nH.HOM ;

H3 ~crrOBHH MOAeJIH

COBnaAeHHH H

nepexonasrx npoueccoa
MH JIeTHOM

MamqeCKOH

npn

Ha3CMHOM

sxcnepasreare
,IUJImlTeHJI nOJICTa

nH

nTK

(pHC.

2.30).

nTK

nTK.HOM; 00 50HOM; _ pe)IGIM ABHraTenH,

Ynpo~1IHhIA )lJIH TOpbIX JIH,

MeTOp; MOp;eJDfPOBaJDIJI MO~OC'11l

HeKoTOpbIX

_ cooTBeTcTBYlOIIlHH

paeore

yrne YCTaHOBKH nonacrea aecyutero BHHTa 00 = 00 min rareneii aa sesote npa CTOHHKe sepronera), npa 3TOM TaK)Ke TaKHM ofipasost, npH 50 = const aa YCTaHoBHBIllCMCH pe)I(HMe

npa MHHHManhHOM (paeora ABYx ABHnH

petueaaa

He npoHCXOAHT

sanas cyutecraeaaoe

roIHaMHKH YMeHbweHHC

aepronera,
pa60TbI

npH

KO-

pe)lGlMa

)J,BHrarC-

nH.HOM·

pacceao rpeaasni asmre MeTOA MOJ],eJIHpoBaHHH MOlllMOCTH ABHrareJIJI MO)!(er ynpomea, 3ro B03MO)!(HO aa cser HHHeapH3aIVIH 3aBHCHMOCTH Ne = = f(nTK), qrO n03BOJIJleT B (2.79), (2.80) napasserp nTK 3aMeHHTb aa N e •
6bITb

B
3AeCb rAc K03<i><llH~eHT ~nHmax -

pe3YJIbTaTe

cooTBeTCTBYlOlllHX

npeoopaaosaaaa
)J,BHraTeJIH;

nOJIYIJHM

cne)JylOI1IHC

kCT

BbIpa)!(CHHH paBeH OTHoweHHlO ~nHmax/(nTKmax nTK.M.r),

WIH MOJ],eJIHpoBaHHH

MOlllMOCTH

pasnosecaoro snaxeHHH n npa H3MeHeHHH MOmHOCTH ]J.BHraTcnH OT NeM.r AO Nemax' Ecna o o > H0 c rn m : npoacxonar nepeaacrpoaxa perynaropa (cnaraesroe kn50 B . <i>opMYne (2.79» TaK, qr06bI ]J.BHraTenb 06eCne'IHBan npamenae BHHTa aa pe)lGlMaX a H b C oJl,HHaKOBOH qaCTOTOH, nH = nH.HOM• IIpH N > Ne max xacTOTa BpaI1leHHH uecyuiero BHHTa YMcHbwaeTcH H3-3a Ae<i>HI1.}lTa MOI1lHOCTH. PC)IGIM )J,BHraTenH 60nec HH3KHH, qCM b, B03MO)l(CH ronsxo B nonere, rne npa 0 m in nOTpe6HaH MOI1lHOCTh aecyuiero BHHTa MO)!(eT CTaHoBHTbCH MeHh0 WCR, qCM Ha 3eMnC. COqeraHHH nH H nTK ' COoTBcTcrBYlOIIJ,He Ne = 0, MO)I(HO onpenenars H3 pHC. 2.26. 1-13 nero cnenyer, qrO npH nH = nHO M = 1,0 H n . (G .) MOI1lHOCTb ]J.BHraTCnH 60JIbwC nyna. OHa MO)l(eT CTaTb paBTKmIn T rrun HOH HyJIlO TOJIbKO npH nH > 1,1 nH.HOM . IIpH 310M B03MO)!(HO, KaK OTMeqaJIOCb asnue, BbIKJIlOqCHHe MY<i>ThI caoforiaoro XOAa.
CTam3M T. e. H3MCHCHHe

perynaropa,

o ~ s, ~ [Nemax
Nemax Ne

+ NenH [(nH - nHO) 1\

OJ};

(2.81) (2.82)

f(Hp, -

to, C); [kCT(nH

-

= NeHoM -

nH.HOM)

+
(2.83) (2.84)

+ knUlo

00HOM)]/(rp

+ 1);

rne Nenp

Nec6p -

MaKCHManbHaH

CKOPOCTb H3MeHeHHH H YMeHhweHHH.

MOI1lHOCm

ABHra-

reJIH COOTBeTCTBeHHO

rrpa

ee YBeJIHlIeHHH

",1(..--......,,------....,
"Dxl--~_..r;..__

2.6. MOj!EJIHPOBAHHE CHCTEMhI YllPABJIhIllfJl. ttnnot:AJKHhlfl CTElIJ!

UeJDI
HO" MbIM YmoM

MOAeJIHpoBaIDfJl.
ynpaBJIeHHJI YCTaHOBKH

Onpeneneaae
ynpasnaer

cpak'lH'leCKHX

OTkJIOBemm

opraaos

JIOnaCTeH

JIeTlD1.K H CAY.

Me)!()Jy

aanasae-

HCnOJIIDfTeJIbHbIM

MexaHH3MOM

(mJ],poYCHJIHreJIeM)

H $aKmqeCKHM

yrna YCTaHoBKH nonacrea B03MO)I(HO HeCOOTBeTCTBHe. OHO 06ycnosneao ynpymMH Ae<t>oPMa~HMH ClfCTeMbI ynpaBJIeHHH H aBTOMaTa nepexoca BcrreJ],CTBHe J],eHcTBHH mapnapsux MOMeHTQB JIOnaCTeH (CM. pasn, 1.5). Illapnnpaste MOMCHTbI raiose BJIHHlOT aa CKOPOCTb nepeMemeHHH WTOKa rHAH3MeHeHHeM

10

tZ

t.c

POYCHJIHTeJIft. HBJIHerCH H

UeJIhIO

MaTeMamqeCKoro

MOJ],eJIHpoBaHHH 3aBHCHMOCTH

CHCTeMbI ynpaBJIeHlUI Me)!()Jy 3aJ],aBaeMbIMM opraHoB

YCTaHOBJIeHHe

<i>YHKQHOHaJIbHOH

nOJIY'IaeMbIMH

<i>aKmqeCKH

ynpaBJIHIOI.QHMH

OTKJIOHeHHHMH

YIl-

PHC. 2.29. CTaTll'lecKlUI xapaKTepHcTHKa perynaropa caOOQAHoii Typ6HHbl: 1 _ 6el nepeaacrpoaxa; 2 - c nepeaacrponxoa OT ofituero wara PHC. 2.30. "q>exOAHble IIpO~ecCbI 110nH H nTK IIpH HlMeHeHHHyrna YCTaHOBKH nonacrea:
__ MOlleJ1HpOBaHHe; - lKcnepHMeHT

paBJIeHHH.

Ilpyroii
HbIX yser KaqeCTB

Ba)I(HOH

uensio
Ha

MOJ],eJIHpoBaHHH

UpH

HccneAoBaHHHX CTeHAllX

nanoraxcHBJIHeTCH ynpaBJIeHHH 117

BepTOJIeTa

rpeaaxepax

UHJIOTa)!(HbIX npoBOJ],KH

xapaKTepHCTHK

MeXaHHqeCKOH

qaCTH

CHCTeMbl

116

)J,O rnnpoycarrarena (yCHnHii aa psrsarax ynpaanenaa OT 3arpY30'IHhlX npyX<HH, mOcpTbl, rpenae H np.}. IIpH 6e36YCTepHOM ynpaaneaaa BepTOJleTOM YCHJlHH OT mapaapasrx MOMeHTOB )J,On)l(Hbl BOCnpoH3BO)J,HTbCHHenOCpe)J,CT' psrsarax ynpannenaa. Ynpouteaaaa CXeMa u,u:KJIHIJeCKOrO ynpaBJleHHH yrnosr yCTaHoBKH nonacres aecytnero BHHra rroxasaaa na pHC. 2.31 (norrpofiasre CBe)J,eHHHno KOHCTPYKUHH CHCTeMbl ynpaBJIeHHH MO)l(HO HaRTH B [ 12 ] ). C nHJIOTa)I(HOrO CTeH)J,a ua Bbl1JHCJIlnenbHhle MalllliHbl nocrynaror 3neKTpHIJeCKHe CHrHaJIhI, rrponopnaonansmae OTKnOHeHHHM PyqKH npo)J,OJIbHOrOH nonepesnoro ynpaaneHHH XB, XK, psrsara ofimero urara Xo H nenanea XH• IIepeMellleHHH llITOKOB m)J,poYCHnHTeneii 0B.ry, 0K.ry' Dory H 0H.ry Bbl3hIBalOTCH neperaeuieHHHMH psrsaros ynpaanenaa neT1JHKOM H COOTBeTCTByroIl\HMH nepesremeuaHMH 0BCAY, 0KCAY, 00CAY, 0HCAY, Bblpa6aThlBaeMbIMH cHcTeMoii aaroMaTHIJeCKoro ynpaBneHHH. TaKHM o6pa30M:
0B.ry 00 ry

IIHJlonlKHWil CTeH;D;- Ilonysarypsoe MO~poBaBRe MexaBR'leCKOH npoBO,IUal ynpaBJleBBJI

BeHlIO

aa

= =

!(xB)
Xo

0BCAY

0K.ry 0H.ry

=!(XK)

0KCAY;

(2.85)

00 CAY;

= !(XH) +

0HCAY'

Ilepnsre

cnaraestsie B cpoPMYJIax npe)J,CTaBJIeHbI B BH)J,e CPYHKUHOHaJIbHblX 3aBHCHMoCTeii, TaK KaK B 06meM cnysae 3aBHCHMOCTbMe)l(Jzy nOJIO)l(eHHHMH llITOKa ranpoycanarena H psrsara ynpaBJIeHHH MO)l(er 6blTb HenHHeiiHoii. <l>aKTHIJeCKHeynpaBJIHIOIl\He B03)J,eUCTBHHira BepTOJIer 00, DB' DK, DH OrJIHIJalOTCH or sanaaaesrstx rH)J,poYCHJIHTenHMH Bcne)J,CTBHe )J,eq,OPMalUlii ynoxraayrsrx asnne JIleMeHTOB KOHCTPYKUHH sepronera. Ha pHC. 2.31 OHl!: ycnOBHO noxaaansr B BH)J,enpYX<HHbJ. HanOMHHM, 'ITO q,opMYnhl )J.JIH onpeneJIeHHH a3pO)J,HHaMHIJeCKHXxapaxrepacrax necyuiero BHHm H', S', aI, b «, , a raiose yrna araxn QH' npHBe)J,eHHble B npensmymax pasnenax, conepsar cpaKTHIJeCKHe nOnO)l(eHHH yrnoa aaroraara nepexoca, COOTBeTcrBYlOmHe asmJIHryll,3M UHKnHIJeCKOrO H3MeHeHHH yrna ycraao axa nonacreii B 3<J:>q,eKTHBHOM ceIJeHHHnonacrea aa panayce = 0,7. To )l(e orHOCHrCH K yrnasa ycraHOBKH nonacreii necyuiero H pynenoro BHHlOB, 3a)J,3.BaeMblMpbllJarOM ofimero mara H ne)J.3JIHMH.IIpH 3TOM OTMeTHM, 'ITO ecnn paCIJeTHbIe a3po)J,HHaMH'leCKHe xapaxrepacraxa BHHra 6hIJIH nonyseasr 6e3 YIJeTa ynpyrHx )J,ecpopMaIUIH JIOnaCTH aa KpytreHlie, TO B H3MeHeHHe yrna YCTaHOBKH ua = 0,7 )J,OJI)l(HhI 6blrb BBe)J,eHbI nonpaaxa, Meron (Y1JHTbmaIOmHH rrepsyio rapMOHI!:KY )J,ecpoPMaUHH) onpeneneaaa norrpasox, BhI3BaHHblX ycraaosxoa 3aKpbIJIKOB aa JIOrraCrHX, H3nO)l(eH B [5]. JlecpopMau,u:H CHCTeMbI ynpaaneaaa, KaK noKa3aHO B pa3)J,. 1.5, onpe)J,eJIHeTCH OTHOllIeHHHMH PO.ill/CO.ill, Mia.n/cv; H

Ilpa Hccne)J,OBaHHHX )J,HHaMHKH nonera 06hI'lHO B03HHKaer npo6neM3 ocymeCTBJIeHHH ynpaBJIeHHH MaTeMaTH1JeCKOU MO)J,eJIbIO,a HMeHHO, KaKHM 06pa30M aanaaars OTKJIOHeHHJIOpraHOB ynpaBJIeHHH, 'IT06bl nonysars )l(eJIacMhle 3BOJIIOUHHseprorrera - rpaeKTOpHIO nonera, H3MeHeHHe yrnonoro nono)l(eHHH BepTOJIeTaHIlH xaxoro-nabo npyroro napaMerpa. O)J.HHMH3 nanfonee 3!l>cpeKTHBHbIXpellIeHHif 3TOH 3a)J.3.'lH HBJIHerCH BKnIOIJeHHe IJeJIOBeKa B xoaryp ynpaBJIeHHH, T. e. HcnOJIb30BaHHe mmorazcaoro CTeH)J,a. Ilpa 3TOM finaronapa HHCPOPMaIUlH, nOJIyqaeMoH IJenOBeKOM no xaHanaM BOCnpHHTHH (3pHTeJIbHbIM, axcenepauaonasrsr, cnYXOBbIM), nOHBJIHeTCH B03MO)l(HOCTh uenpepsraaoro KOHTPOJIH aa MHomMH napaeaerpaser )J,BH)l(eHHH nerarensaoro annapara If oneparanaoro BMewareJlbcma nocpe)J,CTBOM psrsaron ynpaaneuaa B BhI'lHCJIHTeJ1hHhIHnpouecc. TaK )J,OCTHraerCHofimeHHe IJeJlOBeKa H MaTeMaTHIJeCKOHMO)J,eJIHB peaJIbHOM (uarypanhHOM) Macnrrafie BpeMeHH. Ilocnenaee 3aMelJaRHe Ba)I(HO raiose ress, 'ITO nO)J,06HaH anyalI,HH npH6nH:lKaeTCH K 06meHHIO IJeJIOBeKa H neTaTeJIbHOrO annapara B peansHOM nonere. Ilpn 3TOM Y oneparopos nOHBJIHerCH B03MO)l(HOCTb OueRHTb rrernsre xasecraa MO)J,eJIHpyeMOro 061>eKTa. Kporee roro, B 3aBHCHMOCTHOT COBepllIeHCTBa nanorascaoro CTeH)J.aMOryT 6bITb peuiemr TaKHe 3a)J,a1JH, KaK onpe)J,eJIeHHe nHIlOTa:lKHbIX KaqeCTB npoexrapyessoro nerarensnoro anna para, paapafiorxa peKOMeH)J.3.IUIHno )J,eHCTBHJlMnersaxa rrpH nonanaaaa sepronera B KpHTHIJeCKHe caryanaa, accnenosaaae peX<HMOB nonera, nerasre acnsrTaRHH xoropsrx conpazcensr C nOBhIllIeHHOU onaCHOCTbIO. OCHOBHbIM 3JIeMeHTOM nanoraxaoro CTeH)J.a HBJIHerCH Ka6HHa, BKJIIOIJaIOmaH psrsara ynpasneaaa sepronera, rrarroraxno-naaararmoaasre npafopsr, nyrrsr ynpaaneaaa Bbl'lHcnHreJlbHOH MaIIIHHOH H peracrpapyiomea armapa-

Mia.n/cV! .

PHC.

TaKHM o6pa30M, q,aKTHIJeCKHe (HCTHHHbIe) OTKJIOHeHliH opraaos ynpaBneHHH HecYmHM H pynessnr BHHTaMH Moryr 6bITb HaH)J,eHbIcYMMHpoBaHHeM OTKnOHeHHH, 3a)J,3.BaeMhlXpblIJaraMH ynpasneaaa H CAY, a raxzce COCTaBJIHIOIUHX, 06ycnOBJIeHHblX )J,ecpoPMaUHHMH KOHCTPYKIUIH sepronera aa ranpoYCHJIHreJIeM.

2.31. YCJlOBHIUI CXeMa CHCTeMbl ynpaBJleHHH: I - pysxa ynpanneaaa; 2 - ranpoycanarens; 3 - aBTOMaT nepexoca;
6 - HCnOJlHHTeJlbHbIRMexaHH3M CAY

4 - norracrs;

5-

BbI'lHCIlHTenb CAY (aBTOnHJlOn);

Pac. aoro

2.32.

3aBHCHMOCTb OTKJlOIIeHHH aBTOMaTa nepexoca ynpaBJleHHH: pe)KHM

OT nepeMeIQeHHH PY'lKH npOAOm.-

1 - KpeRcepCKHR

118

119

TypoH.

Ba)KHOH HH<pOpMaII,HeH, BnHHlOmeH na OIl,eHKY ynpaanaesiocra

BepTO-

Pac,

2.33. K

onpeAelleHHIO

MaK-

rrera, HBJIHIOTCHouiymeaaa, ron ynpaaneaaa. II03ToMY

ynpaBJIeHHH JlnH (TaK 11,0

rronysaesrsre

neT'IHKOM

MOp;eJIRpoBaHHe

npa nepesreureaaax psrsaMexaHHtIeCKOH nposozuca uenn

CHMaJlbHoii HHH WTOKa

CKOPOCTH nepesseuterHAPoycHJIHTeJUl:
XapaKTepHCTH-

m/l,poYCHJIHTeJ1H )f(eJ1aTeJ1bHOBbITIOJ1HHTb rrOJ1YHaTypHbIM.

sroro na

IIHJ10Tll)f(HOM CTeH,lJ,e YCTaHaBJIUBalOTCH cacresru, rr03BOJIHIOlllHe

a - HarpY30'IHlllI xa; 1 - aarpysxa

MaKCHMarrbHlllI

aa

IlITOK;

2IlITOMaK-

z
Q

-J~\
-~~~
i1
COOTBeTCTBeHHO

CKOPOCTb

CMO/l,eJIHpOBaTb YCHJ1UH aa

psrsarax

ynpaBJIeHHH, MexaHH3M CHHTUH YCHJ1UH TpeHue

xa; 3, 4 CHMarrbHoe JIeHHH B

COOTBeTCTBeHHO H MIiHHMaJIbHOe

uaasraaessoe

TpHMHpoBaHHe),

nposornca

ynpaanenaa,

naanasoa
tITO 3aBRCH-

UaB-

OTKJIOHeHHHPhIqaroB qaCTO CRCTeMa

ynpaanenaa, ynpaaneuas

ranpocacresre;
Hacoca;

(j 5 -

xaUaB-

paKTepHCTHKa

BbIIIonHHeTCH TaKHM 06pa30M,

nepexoca H yrna ycraHOBKH nonacreii pynesoro BRHTa) or OTKnOHeHHH psrsara ynpaaneHHH aenaaeiiaa (puc. 2.32). TaKaH KOHCTPYKIl,HH ofiycnoanena CTpeMJIeHHeM o6ecrrequ:Tb MU3KHe K aearpansnsn« nonozcenaa psrsaron ynpaanenas na IJlIUTenhHbIX pe)KHMaX nonera, a raiose )l(enaeMYIO 3<p<peKrnBHOCTb ynpaBneHHH, U n03TOMY p;on)I(Ha 6bITb orpaxeaa npu Mop;enRpoBaHHu. Ilnanason OTKJIOHeHHH psrsaroa ynpannemra YCTaHaBJIHBaeTcH na nanoTa)l(HOM crenne. O)J,lIaKO 3TO He CHRMaeT Heo6xo)J,HMOCTb OrpaHHtIeHHH B MaTeMarntIeCKOH Mop;enR neperaeuienaa lllTOKOB rnnpoycanarenek (yrnoa naxnona aarovara nepexoca H YCTaHOBKH nonacreii BHHrOB). 3TO Bbl3BaHO TeM, 'lT0 aa MHomx sepronerax )J,Harra30HbI neperaerneaaa psrsaros ynpasnenaa IJlIH KOMIleHcaII,HU rrOCJIep;CTBHHOTKa3a CAY nenaiorca 60nblllHMH, tIeM Heo 6xo)J,HMhl IJlIH nonnoro OTKJIOHeHHR: nepexoca, HanpHMep, Ix~ lm ax =
HaKnOHa aBTOMaTa

MOCTb rrOnO)l(eHHH llITOKa rnp;poYCHJ1UTeJIH (yrna

neaae B rHUPOCHCTeMe; 6 - nonasa scex opraaon ynpaBJIeHHH

aacoca;

7, 8 -

pa60ra onnoro

nepewreuienaa
Ma. II03ToMY
CH

psrsara ynpasnenaa
'IaCTO raxoe

MO)J,eJ1HpoBaHHe P;OJI)f(HO6bITb nOJIYHaTYP-

HbIM C YCTaHOBKOH rnp;poYCHJIHTCnH HJ1H

xaxoro-aafiyrrs npyroro
l!T06bI oneparop

MexaHH3-

orpannsenae
A

BbITIOJIHHCTCH MaTeMarntIeCKH: BBOp;HT-

yC1IoBHe I 8ry'

~ 8ry max'

IJlIH

roro,

CTeH}J,aHMeJI HH<PopMaIl,HIO 0 p;OCTH)I(eHHHMaKCHMaJIbHOii

ua npafopnoa /l,OCKe ycraaaanasaerca Ta6JIo, npeasnueaaa 5ry max' T. e. (5ry max - I 5 ry I) > B HCCJIep;OBaHHHXe)KHMbI p p;omKHbI asmonaarsca C TaKHM reMrrOM OTKJIOHeHHH psrsaron ynpaarreaaa, 'IT06bI caruan npeasnnenaa He B03HHKaJI.

nanoraxaoro cxopocra IlITOKa, na xoropoe nO/l,3eTCH caraan

o.

= 16B lmax

lOB CAY

Imax . CJ1e)J.yeTTaK)I(e HMeTh B BHAY, tITO HHOrAa, B uesepronera RnH rro KOHcTpYKrnBHhlM 0006-

MO,lJ,eJIHpoBaHHe 8BTODHJIOT3 MareMaTH'IeCKaH THK ynpannaesrocra. Mop;enb aBTOnHJIOTa p;OJI)f(Ha aocnpoaaaonars BbIIIonHHxapaxrepac-

JIHX ynymuenaa MHpoBaHHe KnOHeHHH BHHr) [

ynpaanaesaocra

pa)KCHHHM, B CHCTeMe nenaneii H

ynpaaneaas )J,O ranpoycanarens rrpOH3BOp;HTCHCYMnepeeaeuieaaa pa3J1HtIHhlX psrsaroa ynpanneaaa, nanpaxsep, OTofnuero urara (TaK

eMbIC HM <PYHKII,HH no cTa6HJ1H3aIl,HH pe)I(HMa nonera H ynynuenaio

aassraaexraa

cacresra

urar

12].

3a/l,3'1aX )J,HHaMHKH nonera

paoora

aBTOrrHJIOTa MO)l(eT

onacsrsarsca

J1HHeHHbIMBbIpa)l(eHHCM, nanpasrep

IJlIH xanana

raaraxa

MOAeJIHpOB3HHe I1I)J,POyQlJDfTeJIH MaKCHMaJlbHaH HarpY3KH na urrox CKOPOCTh ranpoycanarena raxosa, tIro npH oTcyrCTBHH opranoa aaeumea yrrpaBrne

6B An

= (-

i{j

i} -

iwzWe

+ iKoMn

x~

+
(2.86)

o6ecrrCIJHBaCT nepesiemeaaa c. C yaenaseuaesr (pHC.

JIeHHH aa sees p;Harra30H 33 MOCTb

1,0 ... 0,5

p;eHcrBYIOIIIeH aarpys-

KH CKO{lOCTb llITOKa YMeHblllaercH

0ry max

or

Pry

nasneaae

onpenenaerca

2.33, a) BIIJIOTb /l,O HYJIH. Ha 3aBHCHBnHHeT AaBJIeHHe B ranpocacrerae. B CBOIO o tIepe)J,b , (pHC. 2.33, 6) rrOAatIeH aacoca H n03TOMY 3aBUCHT
U HHTeHCHBHOCTHHX pa60TbI. yrrpasneHHH, 3TO npH MO)J,eJIHpoBaHHH cacresrsr OC06eHB ranpo:::: f(Pry)

i,'}, iwz'

iKOMIT

rrepc)J,arOtIHbIClJHCJIaaBTOrrHJIOTa; B pe)I(HMe

0corn

-nOJIO)l(CHHC

urroxa nora

cepaonpasona XO)J, llITOKa

Ha sepronerax nepexoca nonaoro

C Il,eJIbIO ofecneseaaa cepaonpasona II03roMY

cornacoaaaaa, orpaaasen.

TAn - rrOCTOHHHaH BpeMeHH.

npa OTKa3ax aBTOnHOTKJIOHeHHCaBTOrrHnOTa

6e30rracHocrn 06bI'lHO

OT IJHCJIa BKJIlOtIaCMbIX ranpoycrpoacrn He06xo)J,HMO

ysarsrsars
Ilna

HCIIOJIHHTeJIbHbIM MCxaHH3MOM aBTOrrHJ10Ta He nnanasoaa. BbIpa)l(eHHe

npeasnuaer

20 %

HO MaHeBpeHHbIX BepTOJ1eTOB, TaK KaK npH urae HarpY3KH. npa ynpouieuaa

MaHeBpaX B03HHKaIOT HaH60JIb-

MaTeMarntIeCKOH MO/l,enH

nasneaae

CHCTeMeMO)f(HOHe MO)J,eJIHpOBaTb, rrpHHHMaTb 33BHCHMocrb brymax a

YCJIOBHCM lOB An ~(OB Pe)I(HM corrracosaaaa IIpH Ha)l(3TOii KHonKe

CH CHrHaJI. paBHbIH

(2.87)

)J,OJI)f(HO 6bITb /l,orrOJIHeHO

An)

max'
B MaTcMamtJecKoH MO)J,eJIH<popMHpyeT-

aBTOnHJIOTa MOp;eJIHpycTCH CJICAYIOUUiM06pa30M.

cpenaera

p;aBneHHH, coOTBeTCTBYIOmeM peuraessoii

sanase.

IIocroHHHaH sana-

cornacosaaas

BpeMeHH mp;poYCHJIHreJ1H Mana, .JlnH BocnpoH3se)J,eHHH aa

0,01 ... 0,025

c, H rr03TOMY BO MHomx

'lax )J,HHaMHKH nOJIeTa MO)l(HO ee He Y'IHTbIBaTb. nHJ10Ta)l(HOM crenae OrpaHHtIeHHH CKOPOCTH

(2.87)
5 - 631

120

121

MexaHH3M anrorranora pearapyer TOnbKO aa CHr= wz. B MOMeHT orrrYCKaHHH KHonKH senaz tnlHa 8corn 3anOMHHaerCH (8corrr = const), H OTHOCHrenbHO aroro 3HalleHHH aBTOnHnOr npoaasornrr perynaposaaae pe)!(HMa nonera. AHanorHtnlbIM BHn HMelOr Bblpa)((eHHH, onHCbIBalOIQHe pa60ry npyrax KaHWOB aaronanora, B orrnrsae or paccssorpeanoro xanana OHH MorYT He conepzcars KOMIIeHcaUHoHHbIM ,narqHK HnH, KaK 3TO aaorna nenaerca B xasane ynpasnenax yrnosr psrcxaasa, nepenarosaoe qlfcno no yrnoaoa CKOPOCTH B 3aBHCHMOCTHOT pe)!(HMa pa60TbI aBTOrrHnOTa MO)((eI H3MeHHIbCH (BKnlOIJeHHe pe)!(HMa cornacoaanaa xaaana psicxaass npoH3BOp;HTCH KOHIIeBbIMH BblKnlOlIaIenHMH, pacnOnOJKeHHbIMH aa ne)J,aJIHX)•

Ilpa 3TOM acrromrarensasra Han yrnosoa cxopocru 8B

An

t;

Ha MHornx sepronerax YCTaHaBnHBaeICH cacressa ynysmeaaa ynpasnaeMOCTH H YCTOHqlfBOCTH (Cyy), HnH aBTOnHnOr HBnHeTCH cocrasaoa lIaCTbIO CHCTeMbl anrosrarasecxoro ynpaaneuas. B srax CJIyqaHX BbIpa)((eHHe (2.87) nononnaerca CJIaraeMbIM, nponopmronansmasa carnany, C«p0pMHpoBaHHoMY BbIqlfCJIHTenHMH 3THX CHCTeM.

Macmra6e BpeMeHH. Ha npax nnce qaCTO no 3KOHOMH'IeCKHM H ,lJ,pyrHM coofipaJKeHHHM B AUBK acnonssyior Manhle H cpemrae UBM. B 3TOM cnysae IJ:1lH YMeHbmeHHH BpeMeHH csera B cOBMecTHYIO napannensayro pa60TY BKJIlOqalOTCH nse H 60nee UBM, peutemre 'IaCTH 3ana'lH BblIIonHHeTCH na ABM, npHMeHHlOT MaWHHHo-opHeHTHpoBaHHble H3blKH H onepaQHOHHble CHCTeMbI C BblCOKHM 6h1crpO,lJ,eHCTBHeM,B KOTOPblX pafora tpaHCITHTOpa assnca asrcoxoro yponHH sanaerca B OnTHMH3HpYlOmeM pe)!(HMe. K nononaarenuuna cpencrsass rrOBbIlIIeHHH 6h1CIpOnei1crBHH pemeaaa 3a,lJ,a'IH MOJKHO OIHeCTH paanasaue npaerasr nporpaxeaaponaaaa, uanpxsiep npencraaneaae TpHrOHOMeTpHqeCKHX H npyrax «PYHKUHH, a raiose H3BJIeqeHHe KOpHH B rafirrHtnlOM BHne H nanacanae nO,IJ,IIporpaMM Bbl60PKH H HHTepnOJIHUHH 3THX )l,aHHbIX aa MaWHHHo-opHeHTHpOBaHHOM H3bIKe. MOnyJIbHaH crpyxrypa nporpaseasr n03BOJIHeT BhI,lJ,eJIHTbfirrOKH MO,lJ,eJIH, H3MeHHlOIUHeCH npH HccnenOBaHHHX, H peanH30He aars HX CTaHnapTHblMH nonnporpasoaasra.

Onpeneneaae Kol<l>«pHUHeIITOB annpoKCHMaUHOHHLIX 4»oPMyII

KOJ«p«pHUHeHTbl annpOKCHMaUHOHHbIX «PoPMyJI MoryT 6bITb BbltnlClleHbl no yrnaja HaKJIOHOM OT,IJ,enbHbIX OTpe3KOB rparpaxon a3pO,lJ,HHaMHQeCKHX xapaKTepMCTMK aecyuiero BMHTa. Bonee uenecootipasno pafory no OThICKaHHIO 3Ha'leHHH K03«P«PHUHeHTOBasmonaars aenocpencraeaao aa ABM. Ilna 3TOro no Bbl6paHHoH «popMYne He06xo}J;HMO COCTaBHTbMOnenb annpoxcasraUHMKpHBbIX. K03«P«PHUHeHTbl MonenMpyeMoH «popMYnbI HMHTHpYlOrcH nOTeHUMOMeTpaMH (,IJ,enHTenHMH) HanpH)((eHHH, xo ropste nonxmoxarorca K BblXOlJ:HblM onepanaouasrx YCHnMTeneH (,lJ,JIHnapsaponaaaa 3HaqeHHH apryssenroa «PYHKIIHH) HnH K MCTOqHHKYonopnoro HanpHJKeHHH. Meroruuca onpeneneana K03«p«pHUHeHTOB annpoxcasrauaoansrx «PoPMYn COeTOHT B cnenyiouiexs: na «pHKcapoaaansrx CKOPOCTHX norrera nOn6HpalOTcH nOnO)((eHHH no reauaosserpoa, npa KOroPbIX aarrpaxenae na ssrxone onepauaonuoro YCHIIHTenH ,lJ,JIH pasnsrx 3HaqeHHH aprysreuroa H, 50, WZH, WXH 6Y,lJ,eT HaH6011ee TOt{HO COOIBeICTBOBaTb 3Ha'leHHJlM «PYHKUHH na rpadnncax. no pesynsrarar-r nponenannon pa60TbI na «pyHKUHOHanbHblx npeofipaaoaarensx Ha6HpalOTCH 3Ha'leHHH KOJ«p«pHUHeHTOB«popMYnbl, xoropsre 3aBHCHTTOnbKO OT O,l1,HOH nepesrenaoa - CKO' pOCTH nonera. 3aTeM 3TH 6nOKH nO}J;KlllO'laIOTCH K BXOnaM onepauaouanx YCHnHTeneH BMecTO COOTBercrBYIOIUHX norenuaosaerpoa. OrMerHM, 'Iro no M3JIOX<eHHOHMeTO,lJ,HKeK03«pqmUHeHIbI annpoKCHMaUHOHHblX «popMyn onpc,lJ,ellHIOTCH HOpMHpoBaHHOM IJ:1lJlMOneJIHpoBaHHH BH,IJ,e,H npa 3TOM ysan,rB BalOTCHHHCTpYMeuranbHble OIUH6KH BblllHCJlHTenbHOH MaIlIHHbl.

2.7. OCOEEHHOCTH PEAJJH3AIlHH MATEMATHrJECKOil HA BbIlfHClIHTEJIbHhlX MAlIIHHAX

MOJ!ElIH

Ha ABM 6naronapH IOMy, sro BblqlfCJIHrenbHble 3JIeMeHTbI paforaior O,l1,HOBpeMeHHo,ofipafo nca nocrynamurea HH«PoPMaUHH npoacxonar C npaxTHlIeCKH aeorpanasenaoa CKOpoCTblO. OCHOBHbIM nOCTOHHCTBOMABM HBnHeTCH B03MOJKHOCTbHaH60nee rrpocroro conproeeaaa C IIHnOTa)((HbIM creH,D,oM H npyrnM o60pY,lJ,oBaHHeM. K nenocrancaea ABM OIHOCHTCH rpYnH0CTb peanH3aUHH CJIOJKHbIXMaIeMaTHIJeCKHX MOneJIeii: H3-3a He06xo)1,HMOCrn acnons30BaHHH 6onbmoro o6DeMa BblqlfCJIHTenbHbIX cpencra. TaK, aanpasrep, IJ:1Hi MOnenHpOBaHHH npocrpaacrseaaoro nsHX<eHHH sepronera rpefiyerca He MeHee nayx BbIlIHCJIHreJIbHbIX MaIIIHH rana MH-17M (fonee 300 onepauaonaux yCHJIHTeJIeii:). Ilansaeauiee YBenHlIeHHe o6'beMa MOnenH HBJIHeICH aeuenecoo6pa3HbiM H3-3a YCJIO)((HeHHH KOHTponH ee paforo cnocofiaocra. Cnenyer OIMeTHTb, lITO IJ:1IH3«P«PeKTHBHOrOnpHMeHeHHH YHHBepcaJIbHbIX ABM MHorne BblqHCJIHrenbHble 3JIeMeHTbi nOn)((Hbl 6blTb nopaforansr B ooorBeTCTBHHC OC06eHHOCIHMHMareMaTHqeCKoi{ MOnellH. OCHOBHblM nocrOHHcIBOM MO,lJ,enHpoBaHHH na UH«PPOBOHBbJllHCllHrellLHOi{ MaIIIHHe (UBM) HBnHerCH B03MO)((HOCTbYBenHqeHHH 06'beMa MaTeMaTHlIecKoH MOnenH, a TaK)((e 6hlcrpoH ee 3aMeHhI. Ilna pa60Tbi C nHnOraJKHhlM cIeHnOM HH«PoPMaUHH B nenpepsranoil «popMe, nocrynaiouiaa aa UBM, nOllJKna npeofipasossraarsca B ,lJ,HcKperHyIO «P0PMY, a HH«pOPMaUHH, norrysennaa C U,BM, - B aenpepsranyso, r. e. nOnJKeH 6blTb C03,naH aHanoro-UH«pPOBOH KOMnneKC (AUBK). OC06eHHOCTblO BbIqlfCJIHTenbHoro npouecca aa UBM HBJIHerCH nocnenosarensnoe asmonaenae onepaumi, 3TO onpenenaer TpeOOBaHHe BKJlIOqeHHH B AUBK nOCTaTOtnlO 6hICIpO,l],eii:CTBYIOIUeif UBM. "Halle B03HHKalOT TPYIJ:HOCTH o6ecne'leHHH MonenHpyeMhIX npoueccoa B peansaosr B 122

V;

TO'IHOCTbH Ha,ne)lQlOCfb Mo,neJIHpOBaIDlH aa ABM

Ilorpeumocra MO,lJ,enH 06YCITOBlleHbi HaJIH'IHeM nepeasasix MeTO,lJ,HlJCe· KHX H HHCTpYMeHTaJIbHbIX ourafoic. Ilocnenaae HBnHIOICH CITe,nCTBHeM ncco BeplIIeHCTBa ABM: npeH«p nyneaoro ypoana YCHnHTeneH, norpelIIHOCTH MII()IV

)IOneJIbHbIX

YCTpoHCTB

H T. lJ,. 3JIeMeHTapHbIe

MareMaTHlIeCKHe

onepanaa

H HH-

Pac,

2.35.

CpaBHeHHe Pe3YnbTaMO~OCTH annpOKCHC BHlfTa no

rerpaposamre BbmOJIHHIOTCSl na ABM MH-17M C norpeIIIHocTHMH 0,1 .,. 0,3 %, rparouoreerpasecxae onepauan H AfJIeHHe - 0,8 '" 1 %. TO'lHOCTb pemeaaa aanau na ABM 3aBHCRT TaK)I(e OT rrpHHHThIX npH MOlJ,eJIHpoBaHHH naarraaoaoa H3MeHeHHH rrapasaerpos, or TlllaTeJIbHOCTH perYJIHpoBaHHH anexrpasecxoa
CXeMbI MOAfJIH,

TOB M~eJJHPOB8HHJl

aeeyutero

MaUHOHHblM cJIopMynaM

pae-

'1eTHbIMH 38BHCHMOCTJlMH:

ecna
3TOM

HcnOJIb3yeTcH YBeJIHlIeHHe

6oJIblIIoe

'lHcrro

YCHJIHTeJIeH H He

np,

VH = const;
3THX

WZH

=0

HafiJIIOee H3 AHarra30HOB TaKHe TaK He 01lIH6KR KaK npHAOOHH OTTH-

naioureeca

rrpa

lJ,OnYCTHMbIX

AJIH MOlJ,eJIHpoBaHHH

norpeumocra, npenenos.
BHHTa Op;HOH ABM

Op;HaKO,

BblBOAHT

XapaKTepHCTHKH IJ,HeHTbI KOTOPblX

necyuiero
HBJIHIOTCH

MOlJ,eJIHpYIOTCH

<Po PMYlIaMH,
MO)l(eT

KOJ4J¢HOHH

eenenu).

¢YHKIJ,HHMH

nepejaenaoa.
MeTOlJ,OM

l103TOMY

nYCKaIOTCH,

lJ,OCTaTO'lHO

npocro

BocnpOH3BOMTCH OTpe3KOB

na

KYCO'lHO-JIHHeHHOH 6bITb paBHO

COOTBeTCTBYIOT 60JIbllIHM pHU3TeJIbHbIM 3Ha'leHH.IIM

annpoKCHMaUHH. BoceMHaMaTH, HOCTbIO

lJBcrro

pa36HeHHH

KPHBOH

'ITO naer B03MO)I(HOCTb BocnpOH3BO,n;HTb ¢YHKIJ,HH C norpenr0,3 '" 0,5 %. CJIep;OBaTeJIbHO, TO'lHOCTb aocnpoaaaeneaaa asponaaaMHlIeCKHX xapaxrepacrax aa ABM 3aBHCHT B OCHOBHOM OT nplfHHTOH annpoxCHMaUHOHHOH ¢OPMYJIbl. Ee MO)I(HO ycnozonrrs lJ,nH YMeHblIIeHHJI norpeuraocrea, HO :lTO npHBO}J;lfT K YBeJIHlIeHHIO aeotixorrassoro OoopYlJ,OBaHHH. Pe3YJIbTaTbi MOlJ,eJIHpoBaHHH xapaxrepacrax necymero BHHTa no ¢OpMYJIaM, OIIHCaHHblX B pasn, 2.3, HJIJ1iOCTPHpYIOTC.II pHC. 2.34 H 2.35, aa KOTOPbIX nOKa3aHbI B

ra

xasecrse

npassepa

HaH60JIee

CJIO)I(Hble

aaponanasorsecxae
E YlJ,eM

3aBHCHMOCTH. TOliHOCTb OTHOCHTeJIb01lIH6KOH rAe

necyutero BHHTa (aepTHKaJIbHOH neperpysxe ny< < - 0,5). Ilpaasre lJaCTH ypaBHeHHH J],BH)I(eHH.II BepTOJIeTa (2.8) ... (2.10) npe,J:(cTaBJIHIOT co60H Bblpa)l(eHH.II, ATUI onpeaeneana xoropsrx rpefiyerca BbIlJHCJIeHHH. Ouenxa TO'IHOCTH MO,J:(eJIHpOBaHH.II
Be cpaBHeHHH 6anaHCHpOBO'IHblX KpHBblX

\
npoasaecra
BbmOJIHHeTCH ueJIbIH PH,J:( OCHO-

na

HI

oueaasars

pe)l(HMOB

MOp;eJIHpOBaHI1.II HOH npHBep;eHHoH

nera,
HHH,

aafiopa sucorsr nonyxeaasrx aa

nOKa3aJI,

na
lITO

B3JIeTHOH

Morn;HOCTH

IJ,BIIJ:raTeJIH H C

MaTeMaTHlIeCKOH

MO,J:(eJIH,

nocassoapaurepacserasra. Onsrr MOropH30HT3JIbHOrO

linp

a6COJIIOTHa.ll olIIH6Ka;

!1y Y m axMaKCHMaJIbHOe 3HalleHHe napasserpa, cooraercraysoutee U = 100 B. KaK BHlJ,HO H3 rpatpaxa, norpeumocra He npeasnuamr 2 ... 3 % OT
MaKCHMaJIbHOH EOJIbWHe lIeK Bemf'lHHbI. TOOTKJIOHeHH.II

!1Y/Ymax'

npn oDHcaHHoM MeTo,J:(e annpOKCHMaUHH KpH0 BblX OTKJIOHeHHH rosex OT pacuernux He rrpeasuuaior: 8B = 0,3 ,80 = O,So, 0 {) = 0,8 , T. e. OrJIH'IH.II B 3aBHCHMocrHX HeBeJIHKH. Jlysinero HX COBna,J:(eHHH WIH npaKTHKH He rpefiyerca. TaKHM 06pa30M, TOllHOCTb aanaraextoro MeTOlJ,eJIHpOBaHH.II

na

MO,J:(eJIHpOBaHHff

snorrae

,J:(OCTarO'lHa

AJI.II BbmOJIHeHHH

Hccne}J,oB3HHH

rpa-

eKTOpHH

none

ra.

Onsrr

paOOTbI

asropoa

C MO,J:(enbIO

B H

reseaae
AUBK.

HeCKOJIbKHX KOHTpOJ1b

p;OCTaTO'IHyro HOCTH Ml}J,eJIH MHlJeCKOM BO'lHble BO}J,HTb

Ha}J,e)«HOCTb ,nBH)I(eHHH

paforu
BepTOJIera

ABM

ner noxasarr paforocnocoriH AMRafianaHCHpo-

ocymeCTBJIHeTC.II KOHTpoJIe

B CTaTHlleCKoM
cpaBHHBaIOTCH )l{eJIareJIbHO

OTHOC.IITCJI K

yqaCTK3M

pe)I(HMax.

Ilpa

craTH'leCKOM

2.34), rne lio 2°,a'H - 100 H lio = = 90, a~ < - 170 (aa pHC. 2.35 3aBHCHMOCTH AJI}f
KpHBblX

(CM.

pHC.

xpassre
TaK)I(e

BepTOJIeTOB

C nonYlleHHbIMH ycr3HOBHBIIIHXC.II xpeaa B

npa ornanxe.
pe)I(HMOB He

rrpons-

xonrpons

yrrrossre CKOPOCTH raaraaca, npa sapaxax - CIIHPaJiHX.

30BaTeJIHX npyra, ABM 3Ha'leHHH KORrpoJIb

H pbICKaHbH

nonera, na paaasr HYJIIO,

:laBHCHT

KOTOPbIX nanpassep npeofipanpyr or

CBH3H C TeM, KpHBbIX

'lTO aa ¢YHKUHOHanbHhIX

TO'leK

(nanpaaceaaa)
na ABYX cxopocrax 6blCTpo

lJ,OCTaTO'lHO npoH3BeCTH

nonera.

B cny-

PRC.

2.34.

CpaBHeHHe
BlOlTa

pesynsrano
an-

'lae

OTK330B CM,

HenOJIalJ,KH MOMeHTOB, KOHTPOJIb npa

MO,J:(eJIH lJ,OCTaTO'lHO yrnoa aTaKH

Haxo)J)lTC.II AJIH

cpaaaeaaexr

TOB MOAelIHpOBaHHR npOAOJJbHOii CHJIL[ HecylltEl"O npolCCHMaUHOIIHOii cJIopMyne paC'le11lblMH 3aBHCIIMOCTlIMIC C

3Ha'leHHH

C 3alJ,aHHbIMH nYTeM

MOlJ,eJIHpoBaHHfl.. J],BH)I(eHHH BepTO-

,IlHHaMH'leCKHH JIeTa

npoH3BO}J;lfTCH HMIIyJ1bCHOM

cpaBHeHHH PYtIKH

C 3TanOHHbiM 3TOM

OIKJIOHeHHH

ynpaBJIeHHH naanaaoae,

aasan. BKJIIOnnanepa.

VH

= const;
WZH

WZH

= 0;
WZH

Ilpa

napasserpu
cpsiaa

lJ,BH)I(eHHH H3MeHHIOTCH noroxa aa aecyuiesr

B 6oJIblIIOM BHHTe

o
124

10

<0

>

0; _.

<

'IllIOrn;eM

ofinacra

H 3JIeMeHTax

125

2.8. llPHMEPhI MO)JEJIHPOBAHlfJl TPAEKTOPHii HEKOTOPhlE OCOEEHHOCTH llHllOTHPOBAHHJI OJ(HOBHHTOBOrO BEPTOJIETA

ttonsr A.

Pe3YJIbTaTbi HCCJIeAOBaHHH,npaaenenasre B HaCTOHllI,eM pasnene, HJIJIIOCTPHPYIOT 3aAa'IH AHHaMHKH nonera, peuraexssre MeTOAoM MOAeJIHpoBaHHH aa IIHJIOTa)KHOM CTeHAe. C oco6eHHOCTHMH MaHeBpoB, BbIIIOJIHHeMbIX seprorreTaMH, MO)l(HO03HaKOMHTbCH B PYKOBoAcTBax no neTHOH sxcnnyarauaa, a TaK)f(e B nareparype no npaxrasecxoa a3pOAHHaMHKe, aanpasrep B [11, 19]. MeTOALI H3YlleHHH MaHeBpeHHOCTH aepronera, a raiose pesyrrsrarsr HCCJIeAOBaHHH npaseneasr B [ 1, 23]. O;!l;HaKO B 3THX paforax sonpocsr, xacarouiaeca rpaexropaii ABH)f(eHHH npH MaHeBpax, paccsrorpensr necsxra xparxo. Hanaraesrsre HH)f(e MaTepHaJIbl lIaCTHlIHO BOCnOJIHHIOT:nOT npofiert. I1x uens raxzce n03HaKOMHTb C OC06eHHOCTHMHMaHeBpoB H HX OT;o;eJIbHblX 3JIeMeHTOB, noxaaars 3aKOHOMepHOCTHH3MeHeHHH napasierpoa ;O;BH)f(eHHH BJIHHHHe MeTO;O;OB H nHJIOrnpoBaHHH aa ornensnsre YllaCTKH H TpaeKTopHIO ABH)f(eHHH B lIeJIOM. IIpHBe;o;eHbI accnenoaanaa pa3JIHlIHbIX qmryp rranorazca, B TOM 'IHcne KOCOH nonynerna, neTJIH HeCTepOBa, paCCMOTpeHO BJIHHHHe BeprnKaJIbHOH rreperpyaxa na xapaKTepHCTHKH rpaexropaii.

PHC.

2.36.

3aBJlCHMOCTI>KOOpAJlllaT ICOIIe<IIIoi TO'IKH TpaeKTOpHH

t.H, L

H BpeMeBH ropxa

OT H3MeHeHHH yr JJI TlHrlUKl

Vo

= const;

VIC1

<

VIC2

<

t. {) BpeMeHH At: H

VICJ

2.8.1. rOPKA. nOJIET no PEJIbEClIYMECfHOCfH H OEJIET nPEn1lTCfBHA I'opxa - 3TO MaHeBp 6bICTPOro aafopa BbICOTbI, npHMeHHeMbIH rarose AJIH HHTeHCHBHoro TOpMO)f(eHHHBepTOJIeTa. B 3aBHCHMOCTH xapaxrepa H3MeHeHHH BO BpeMeHH yrna raarasa 6YAeM OT paanasars ABa rana ropxa: C npHMOJIHHeHHblM (noura) yqaCTKOM rpaexropaa (CM. pHC. 2.38, a), aa KOTOPOM yron raaraxa nexoropoe BpeMH nsmepsomaerca nOCTOHHHbIM, Ll {) = const; 6e3 raxoro Y'laCTKa (Llt = 0), AJIH xparxocra 6y;o;eM naasrsars ee S -06pasnoa roPKOH. X a p a K T e p a C T H K H T P a e K TOp H H r 0 p K H. 113MeHeHHeBhICOTbI npn ropxe onpeAeJIHeTCH, B OCHOBHOM, TpeMH napasserpasra: CKOPOCHIMH nOJIeTa BepTOJIeTa npn BBOAe H BbiBOAe B ropH30HTaJIbHhIii: nOJIeT, a TaK)f(C BeJIH'IHHOH H3MeHeHHH yrna raaraxa aa Ka6pHpoBaHHe. IIpH 3TOM npen1I0JIaraeTCH, sro BBOA H BhIBO;o; H3 ropxa (YBeJIH'IeHHe H YMeHbllIeHHe Ll {)) npoH3BOAHTCH aa MHHHMaJIbHOe BpeMH. Ha60p BbiCOTbI npa MaHeBpe TeM 6oJIhllIe, lIeM 60JIbllie Vo H 60JIbllie TOpMO)f(eHHeBepTOJIeTa na ropxe. HanpnMep, rrpa CKOPOCTRXBBOp,a B ropKy 300 KM/ll H BbWOAll 100 KM/lI, B 3aBHCH0 MOCTHOT yrna Ll{), Ha60p BbiCOThI COCTaBJIHeT 370 ... 500 M (npa Ll{) 10 AO 1000 M), a npH Vo = 150 KM/q H TOH )f(e CKOPOCTHasrsona - TOJIbKO

C pa3HbIMH yrnassa Ll{) npa 0 AHO" H TOH )f(e CKOPOCTH Vo, naer rpadnnc (pHC. 2.36). TOllKH aa npencraaneansrx KpHBhIX HBJIHIOT~HKoopAHHaTaMH KOHe'IHbIX TOlIeK TpaeKTOpHH nonera LlH, L. B03Jle Ka)f()J;OHH3 HHX yxasansr Llt (nepsaa IIHcppa) - BpeMJI Bbmep)lQmaHHH Ll{) = const H t (IIHCPpa B cK06Kax) - BpeMH MaHeBpa, BKnlO'IllIOIIlee, KpoMC Llt, BpeMH BBOp,a H BblBOAll H3 ropxn, IIYHKTHpHhle nHHHH aa rpaq,HKe COOTBeTCTBYIOT OAHHaKOBhIM 3HalleHHJlM KOHe'IHOH CKOPOCTH ropKH, aa KOTOpoH BepToneT nepexoznrr B roPH30HTaJIbHbJH nOJIeT. 113 npHBeAeHHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK TpaeKTOpHH cnenyer, 'ITO AJIH nafopa BhICOTbl npH orpaHHtJeHHOH AHCTaHIIHH L ropxy cnenyer BhlIlOJIHHTb C MaKCHMaJIbHbIM yrnosa raaraaa. Yron Ll{) orpaaasea IIpH JII060M nafope BbiCOThi TOpMO)f(eHHeM sepronera AO MHHHMaJIhHO AonYCTHMOH CKOpoCTH. Hanpnssep, 0 B cnvsae V . "" V IIpH LlH = 200 M Ll{) "" 40 (npa 3TOM Llt = 0, T. e. THn ropxa S -o6pa3HbIii:) • ,UnH nafopa BhICOThl 3a MHHHMaJIbHOeBpeMH HeT Heo6xoAHMOCTH BbIIIOJIHRTb S -o6pa3HYIO ropxy C Ll max' HanpHMe;, AJ1H yseJIHlIeHHH BbICOT~ na 165 M ropKy MO)f(HO BbIIlOJIHHTb C Ll{) 40 npH Llt 0 HJIH C Ll{)= 200 IIpH Llt = 5,7 C. Ilpa 3TOM BpeMH MaHeBpa COOTBeTCTBeHHO pasao 13,5 H 15 c. YMeHbllIeHHe yrnon Ll {) ynpouiaer nHJIOTHpoBaHHe H necyuiecrBeHHOYBenH'IHBaeT BpeMH MaHeBpa (He Gonee, 'IeM aa 1 ... 1,5 c). TaKHM 06pa30M, B 3aBHCHMOCTHOT Ha3HaqeHHH MaHeBpa, ropxn na CKOpocra VO, }1.JlH KOTOPblX npaseneasr naaaue TpaeK~opHK (CM. pHC. 2.36), uenecoo6pa3Ho BblllOJIHHTb C yrnaMH Ll{) = 20 .., 40 . I1ccn;AoBaHHH ropxa I10KaJaJIH, xro npa CKOPOCTHVo = ·300 KM/q Ll{) = 30 ... 50 . O;!l;HaKO,eCIIH
J'

m in

ICI

<

40 ... 50

M.

HaH60JIee

nOJIHYIO HH<P<>PMaIIHIO TpaeKTopHHX ropxa, 0

BbIIlOJIHeHHhIX

126

127

Heo6xo.u,HMO YBenH'lHTL BblOOTY nOJIeTa aa !:!.H';;;; 100 M, TO H3MeHeHHe yrna He nOJI)!(J{Onpeasnuars 10 '" 200•

neperpysxoa.

B BOn B r 0 p K y. TIpH BBOne H3MeHeHHe yrna raaraxa npoH3BO.u,HTCJI C TeMnOM, npa KOTOPOM He npensnnaerca nonYCTHMaJi HnH pacnonaraessaa BepTHKaJIbHaJI neperpysxa (3TH TepMHHbI nOJlCHJlIOTCHB pasn. 3.1 H 3.2). ~PH lBeJIHlleHHH !rna raarazca ua OTHocHT~nbHo aefonsnrae 3HaqeHHH (!:!.19 = 10 npa Vo - 300 KM/q HnH !:!.19 = 20 npa Vo';;;; 250 KM/q) MHHHMaJIbHoe~ BpeMH BBOna onpenenaerca B03MO)!(J{OCTblOTO'IHOrO BbIXOna na sananHbIH yron, H noaroxry BBOn ocymeCTBJIHeTCH C OTHOCHTeJIbHOHe60JIbiliOH

TaKHM 06pa30M, ynenasenae BpeMeHH BBO.n,ano CpaBHeHHlOC MHHHMaJlblllolM aa --2 C (1£[0 cymecrnenao, UK KaK npH 3TOM Ilny "'" 0,2), npaxnrsecxa Ill' CKa3bIBaeTCJIaa rpaexropaa }1.BH)I(eHHH sepronera. Be p T H K an s H a JI C K 0 po C T b Vyg nOCTHraeT MaKCHMaJIbHOro :.111.1 qeHHH cpasy nocne BbIBO,u,a seprorrera na MaKCHMaJIhHbIH yron raarasca 11 YMeHbiliaeTCH no Mepe TOpMO)l(eHHH BepTOJIeTa. OHa orrpenenaerca, T3KHM 06pa30M, HaqaJIbHoii: CKOPOCTblOropxa, Hanpnstep, npa Vo = 300 KM/q VI''!; OOCTaBJIHeT 35 M/c, ecna 1119 = 40 ... 500, H 24 M/C, ecrnr !:!.19 = 20° . TIpl1 0 ropxe C Vo = 200 KM/q B cnysae !l.19 = 20 MaKCHMaJIhHaH BepTHKaJIbH3H CKOPOCTbpanna 15 M/C. B bl BOn H 3 r 0 p K H. Ecna ropxa BbtnOJIHHeTCJIrrpH nOCTOHHHOM 06· meM mare, TO nocrre YMeHbIlIeHHH yrna raaraxca no HaqaJIhHOrO 3HaqeHHR BepToneT IIpOnOJI)l(aeT Ha60p BbICOThI. OH rrpOHCXO.u,HT aa cxer npeBblIIIeHHR pacnonaraessoa MOmHOCTH Han IIOTpe6Hoii:. Ilns npexpaureana nafopa He06· XO.u,HMOYMeHbllIHTb 06mHR urar HnH H3MeHHTb yrOJI ranrasca ua nHKHpoB3' HHe. Ha60p BblCOTbI IIpH ssrsone H3 ropxa He cyurecraenao 3aBHCHT OT CKOPOCTH VBbIB, H npH 00 = const OIIpeneJIHeTCH, B OCHOBHOM, VO H 1l19.
nymin

TIpHMep 3aBHC"MOCTH MaKCHMaJIbHoii: neperpysxn nymax H rrapajaerpon rpaexropaa IlHBBOll H LBBoll OT BpeMeHH BBOna B ropxy t o npasenen aa pHC. 2.37.113 rparpaxa BH)J,HO,xro npH !:!.19 300 H Vo 300 KM/q MaKCHMaJIbHaH neperpysxa ny max = 2,0, ecrra t {} = 3,6 C. TIpH 3TOM H3MeHeHHe BblOOTbl COCTaBJIHeT!:!.HBBOA = 36 M, a nyrs LBBOl1. = 280 M. JlrrH BbIllOJIHeHHH MaHeBpa C nymax = 1,6 BBOn B ropxy nOJI)I(eH 6bITb ocytuecrsnea C MeHbUlHM TeMnOM, To e. aa 60nbillee BpeMH, t o = 6,7 c. B 3TOM cnyxae !:!.HBBOll = 82 M H LBBOA = 500 M. O)J,HaKOcnenyer OTMeTHTb, 1£[0 BbIllOJIHJlH MaHeBp C 60nbilieH MaKCHMaJIbHOii: neperpysxoii, seproner 6blCTpee YBenH'lHBaeT yron rpaexropaa, y Hero 60JIbIlIllH Vyg, H n03TOMY 3a BpeMJI (t {} !:!.t) = const Ha60p BblCOTbl B nepBOM cnysae 6y.n,eT na 10 ... 20 M + 6onbUlHM.

M H H H M a JI b H 3 H II e per p y 3 K a. TIPH nsrsone H3 ropxa BenH'IHHa 3aBHCHT OT VBbIB, a TaK)I(e OT BenHqHHbl H BpeMeHH H3MeHeHHH yrrra
O)J,H3KO aa CKOPOCTJlX, MeHbIIDlx

ranrazca.

150 KM/q,

nymin

3aBHCHT B oc-

naer

B paccssorpeaasrx npassepax pa3HHIIa BO BpeMeHH BBO.n,aB ropxy COCTaB-- 3 C. TIPH pa3HHIIe B 1 ... 2 C rpaexropaa OTJIHqalOTCHeuie MeHbille.
!JNI6O/l,H

HOBHOM OT !:!.19, H oseas cna60 OT BpeMeHH ero H3MeHeHHH. Bonee nonpofiHO 3TOT sonpoc paccraorpen B pasn. 2.8.2. Cyuiecrsyer pasnaxae Me)K,lJ,ypeanH3aIIHeii: n ymin npn BbIBOne H3 ropxa H BBOne B IIHKHpoBaHHe. HaIIpHMep, npa ropxe C VBblB = 120 KM/q H !:!.19 50° ~ y min 0,55, a IIpH BBOne B nHKHpoBaHHe C Vo 120 I(M/q n ymin 0,4. Mensuree H3MeHeHHe BepTHKaJIbHOii: neperpysxa, tsn ; = (1,0 - nymin), npa ropxe ofiycnoaneno TOpMO)l(eHHeM aepronera (narrpajaep, B MOMeHT BpeMeHH, xorria n l' = n y m in > npa ropxe V = 110 KM/q, a npu IIHKHpoBaHHH V = 150 KM/q). Pa3HH1(aUK)l(e BbI3BaHa TeM, qTO napHpYlOmee OTKnOHeHHe pyl:J.KHynpaBneHHJI "na cefia", icoropoe rpefiyerca nna npeKpameHHH YMeHbIlIeHHH yrna raaraxca, cyuiecrBeHHO 60nbIlle (B ABa pasa) npH nsmone H3 ropKH. B 0 3 M 0)1( HOC T H non e r a no pen be¢> y MeCTHOCTH nOCTOHII' C HOH CKOPOCTblO HaXO)J,HTCH npa a3poJJ:HHaMHqeCKOM pacxe re nepronera: 8max = arcsin Vygmaxl V. B6JIbIIIHe yrnsr rpaexropaa, B 1,5 ... 2,0 pan, B03'

1M 1JL66oil
bOO
nl/tI1tl•

1Z0

500 Z,O 100 WO 300 200 1,/} /}O 1,5 60

!,It

40 20

100 1,2

o
Puc. 2.37.
B ropxy

1,0

O';---;---;---7-~---::-_~

j'

tJ

_ __jL_J
9

MO)[(}JbI, ecnn ofiner npoHCXOJJ:HTC TOpMO)l(eHHeM BepToneTa. Onnaxo npn 3TOM 8max 3aBHCHT OT npOTH)I(eHHOCTHpenserpa. PaccMOTpHM xapaxrepncraKH rpaexropaa TaKHX MaHeBpoB (pHC. 2.38,6) . TIo H3BeCTHblM napasierpaja rpaejcropau ropxa IlH, L, !:!.Ho H Lo xapaKTepHCTHKH penserpa MO)[(}JOHaRTHno ¢>opMYnaM:
DpH BBOAe

t~.c

3aBHCHMOCTb MaKCHM3JJbHOii neperpysxa OT BpeMeHH H3MeHeHHH yr na raarll)l(a:

H napaMeTpOB

rpaexropaa

V = 300 KM/'1; - - - 250 KM/'1; - • - • - 200 KM/q 129

128

r)1,e HcC' ~~~:

Lp'

Op - .COOTBeTCTBeHHO asrcora,
ro

nponl:lKeHHOCTh H yron

HaKJIOHa

lIHHa 0

B:Pr:~:~~TH~a;~p~

paCCTOJlHHeIIepe)1, penheq,OM, Heo6xo)1,HMoe una

pKH )1,0 MOMeHTa BbIXO)1,asepronera Ha nO'lTH "PHMOJIHHeHHhIH Ha60p BhICOThI (IIpHMOJIHHeHHbIM }"IaCTKOM ropxa 6yrreM ClIHTaTh ysacrox IIpH 0 ~ II {) ( 238 ,_., BBO)1,a- llH t II V CM. pHC. . llapaMeTpbl rpsexropan (}". (}, aa HCKJIlOqeHHeM L(J, cna60 3aBHCHT OT Ha,,.,nhHOCKOPOCTH MaHeBpa V H =.0. H = 20° 6 o· anpHMep,)1,JIH H3MeHeHHH TpaeKTOpHH nOJIeTa na _ 50 M/ rpe yeTCH BpeMH -6 C, IIpH 3TOM BeprOJIeT 33.TOPM03HTCH na K 'I, H3MeHeHHe BblCOTbl COCTaBJIHeT 40 60 320 V 2 '" M, a nyrs B)1,OJIb3eMJIH M npH 0_= 00 KM/'I H 460 M npn 300 KM/'I. B )1,aJIbHemueM, ecnn nOJIeT npoH3BO)1,HTCHC II {) = const yrOJI TpaeKTOpHH yseJIHlIHBaeTCH (CM 2 38 ) ,HaKJIOHa . pHC. . ,a. OH )1,OCTHraeTMaKCHMaJIbHO ro 3Ha'leHHH aa yqaCT xe BbIBO)1,a ropxa npH CKOPOCTHX nOJIeTa H3 V. HanpHMep, IIpH TOpMO)I(eHHH BepTOJIera ITO _ 100 •• 1 BbIB ... min' ,_., K1V1f'lMaKCHMaJIbHaH BeJIH-

Ha HatJaJIhHOM vxacnce _ _ J•

paBHa ll{) + 10° IIpH ropxe, BbmOJIHeHHOH C Vo = 300 KM/'I, H 0 II {) + 5,0 IIpH Vo = 250 KM/q. Ilpa CKOPOCTHX BBO)1,a Vo = 200 H 150 KMjq nocne nsraona na .rpaex'ropaic 0 = II {) yron HaKJIOHa TpaeKTOpHH He H3MeHfieTCH.

,a».

v:

Hccnenoaamra nOKa3aJIH, 'ITO fie3 yseJIH'IeHHH MOrn;HocrH ABHraTeJIH (60 = const) IIpH Vo = 300 KM/'I B03MO)l(eH ofiner pensedia Cyrnosr 0 = 30°. Ilpa 3TOM H = 405 M, Lp = 635 M, llLp = 390 M. ECJlH YKJIOH penserpa pao BeH Op = , aero asrcora Hp = 500 M (oTClJHTbmaH OT BbICOTbl none ra seprofrera) , ro o6ner 6e3 YBeJIH'IeHHH ofimero mara B03MO)l(eH npa Vo = = 300 KM/'I H llLp = 285 M. 06neT raxoro )l(e pensedia, HO MeHhIUeH asrCOThIHp = 240 M B03MO)l(eH IIpH Vo = 250 KM/'I H llLp = 225 M.OKa3aJIOCb, 'ITO IIpH Vo = 300 KM/'I noner C ll{) > 30° npaKTH'IeCKH He ysenasaaaer Op H TOJIhKO ysseasmaer L I!.' l103TOMY ysemrseaae yrna raaraxa aa TaKHe aaaxeHHH neuenecootipaaao. JTO )l(e orHOCHTCH npH Vo = 250 KM/'I K yrnass 60nee 25° . Iloner no HaKnOHHOH TpaeKTOpHH C yrnaMH ~ 20° B03MO)l(eH na OTHOcarensno He60nbIUHe paccroaaaa - 1200 ... 300 M (B 3aBHCHMOCTH HCXO)1,OT HOH CKOPOCTHMaHeBpa). Ilnarensasra noner Heo6xo)l:HMO asmonaars C yse-

!a

mpol'lrmupuu

L6

nHqeHHeM MOrn;HOCTH)1,BHraTenH H TOpMO)l(eHHeM BepTonera sa ropxe )1,0CKOpaCTH, IlpH KOTOpOH B03MO)l(eH ycraHoBHBIUHHCH noner no )1,aHHOMY penserpy. Pacceaorpnra, KaKOBbl B03MO)I(HOCTHsepronera IIpH 0 6 n ere He B bl CoK H X n p e II fI T C T B H H. Ha pRC. 2.38, 6 noxasansr ABe TpaeKTOpHH o6neTa. Tpaexropna 1 coorsercrsyer ofinery npenHTCTBHH 6e3 npeasnuenaa uafopa asrcorsr nan HHM (llHnp = 0), r. e. cne)1,OBaHHIQaa perrserpoxs, a rpaex'ropHH 2 - C npeasnneaaera, 'IT06bl MaHeBp HalJHHanCH na HaHMeHbIUeH )l:HCTaRUHH OT npeIIHTcTBHH. Cnenonarerrsuo, nocrre)l:HHH MaHeBp onpenenaer MHHHMaJIbHOe paCCToHHHe,npa KOTOpaM eure B03MO)l(eH ofiner npenHTCTBHH. B xasecrae npHMepa B rafin. 2.1 npHBO)1,flTCH rpefiyesrsie paccroanna )],0 npenHTcTBHH B 3aBHCHMOCTHOT CKOPOCTH nonera Vo H nonycxaeraoro llHrrp IIpH ABYX ssrcorax npenHTCTBHH 25 H 50 M. OHH cooTBeTCTBYIQTBBOAY B ropxy C n y max = 1,6 ... 1,8 (60 = const), IIpH 3TOM seproner H3MeHHeT yron raarasea na BenHlIHHy, YKa3aHHYlQ B Ta6JIHue. 113 npaaeneaasrx ,1],aHHbIX BH,l],HO,'ITO npH Vo 300 KM/'I MHHHManhHOe paCCTOHHHe,1],0npenHTCTBHH

T a 611 H u a 2.1

VO, KM/'1 0

A {J,o

VO, KM/'1

A{),o

200

0 30 0 60

320 240 520 360

20 20
8

200

0 50

355 260 600 440

27 30 15 30 131

PRe.2.38.K nOJIeTyno peJibetPy MecTHOCTH 06J1ery npeIUlTCTBIUI: H

~o~e~:M::e;::;;:~:::~;:~a :~n:XHa rpaexropan npa ropxe c {) = eonst;{j - cxesea BLIooTbIHao HUM; 2 _ c npeBLI~eHHeM B~:T~5neTa npeIUITCTBUH;1 - 6e3 npeasnuenaa

300

130

20

300

0 130

cocrasnaer 4~ M, eCIII1 Hnp = 50 M, H 360 M, ecna Hllp = 25 M. YBenHlIeHHe BepTHKaJIbHOH neperpysxa no cpaaaemno C YKa3aHHblMH ssuue 3Ha'leHHHMH 00. xpatnaer He06xo)J;HMYIO nacraamno. OWIaKo npeasnueune n 2a 22 ,lJ,aeT Manb:!H Bbrnrpbllll. y m ax , ... ,

06'bHCHHerCJI resr, 'ITO BeP!OneT HMeer B MOMeHT uasana BbIBO,l],a 60JlbllHH' sepraxansaoe YCKopeHHe Vyg, nanpaanennoe 8HH3, H OTpHIJ,aTenbHYIO YfJIO-

ayto cxopocrs raurasca. Maxcassansaoe H3MeHeHHe yrna ranrasa, C KOTOPbIM B03MO)!(H0 IlHKHpoaanne C I:::. iJ = const, onpenenae rca Heo6xo,[(HMbIM BpeMeHeM BbI,lJ,ep)l(J1BaHHH

2.8.2. nHKHPOBAHHE. BblBO,!:{H3 nHKHPOBAHHH C PA3BOPOTOM

ero nOCTOJlHHbIM, ,[(Hana30HOM CKopOCTeH MaHeBpa H neperpyaicoii npn BbIBO,lJ,e. Hanpasrep, ecnu V max = 300 KM/'I, TO npa Vo = 100 KM/q lliJmax = 40°, npa 200 KM/q - 20°, l1 npa 250 KM/ll - 10°. IIpH raKHX yrnax TaHra)1(3 MaHeBp ,lJ,OCTaTO'lHO 6blCTPbIH (naneaeiiuree ero YBenH'IeHHe nae r MaJIbIH asnrrpsnn BO BpeMeHli) H nosaonaer naxapoaars C I:::.{) = const He MeHee 4 ... 5 c. PaCCMOrp"M OC06eHHocrn ,lJ,BH)l(CHHJI epronera s aa paamomsrx ysacncax rpaexropna nHKHpoBaHHJI. B B 0,lJ, B n l1 K H P 0 BaH li e conposoaciaerca YMeHbllleHHeM yrna araKH, sepraxansuoa neperpY3KH H poCTOM CKOPOCTli noriera. IIpH :nOM rara HeCYII1,ero BHHTa H3MeHJIerCJI B nHHeHHoH (,lJ,OCPbIBHOH)o6nacrn xapaxrepacTHK. Ha MallbIX CKOPOCTJlXnonera 3TO naer B03MO)KHOCrb oneaasars li3MeHeHHe BepTliKaJIbHOH neperpysxa sepronera no <P<>PMYrre Ilny == n; 1:::.0' (BeJIH'lHHOH npoli3BO,lJ,HOH n V MO)!(HO npenefipexs}. IIpoH3Bo,lJ,HaJl n= C YBeJIH'leHHeM CKOpOCTHB03pacralT_ IIPH Vo 150 KM/'I, uanpaxsep npl MaJIOM reM' ne H3MeHeHHJI raarasca, MbI nonYllHM Manoe npapauierme yrna aTaKH, HO sa cxer npapocra cxopocra rronera yseJIH'lHTCH BeJIH'lHHa caMOH npoH3BO,lJ,HOH n IIOJTOMY npli ssone B nliKlipoBaHHe sepraxansaaa neperpyaxa B OCHOBHOM onpenenaerca BeJUf'IHHOH li3MeHeHHJI yrna raaraxa I:::.{). Hanpaesep, npH Vo = 100 KM/'I O,lJ,Ha ra )l(e neperpysxa nymin = 0,5 nonysaerca npa H3MeH HeHHli yrna raaraxa na - 40° aa 5 H 8 c. Ha cxopocrxx nonera Vo 200 KM/q 3a~liCl1Mocrb ~ y m in or resma 113MeHeHHJIyrna raaraxa ;raHOBHTCH 3aMeT' HOH. TaK, npH Vo = 250 KM/'I BbIXO,lJ, a 3 C aa I:::.{) = - 15 npoacxonar a C neperpysxok n ymin = 0,5, a aa 7,5 C aa rOT )l(e yron - C 0,7. I'parpax n j- mln = = f(Il{)) npasenea ua pHC. 2.40. Kpasaa, cooraercrayicuras Vo 100 KM/q, He 3aBHCHTOT TeMUa BBO,lJ,a MaHeBp, a roIJI Vo B 200, 250 KM/'I - HaH60nee 6blCTpoMY li3MeHeHHIO yrna raarazca, r. e. TaKOMY resmy, npn KOTOPOM eIIIe B03MO)I(H0 ,lJ,OCTarO'lHO TO'IHOBbIHTII aa 3a,lJ,aHHblH yron raaraxa. Kposre 3aBliCliMOCm OT BpeMeHH t", CHH)I(eHHe sepronera aa ysacnce BBO,l],a B naxapoaauae raxxe onpenenaerca Vo H I:::.~. IIpH Vo = 100 KM/ll BbIXO,lJ,na 11{) = 40° sa 6 C conposoaciaerca H3MeHeHHeM BblCOTbI ua 37 M, a aa 5 C - na 22 M. IIpH Vo = 250 KMj'l, raxae xe IlH nOJIY'l3IOTCH npH Il~ =

Ilaxapoaauae - 3TO MaHeBp 6bIcrporo norepa asrcorsr, 6blCTPOro pasrona sepronera.

l1cnonb3yeM poBaHHH; cnertyioume 0603Ha'leHHH:

CHH)I(eHHH a, ecna

,lJ,OnYCTHMa

Vo, Vmax'

VK

aasansaaa,

MaKCHManbHaH H KOHellHaH cxopocrn

nHKH.

VBMB - CKOPOCTb,npa KOTOPOH Ha'IHHaeTCHOTKnOHeHHe pyqKH "sa cefia" npa BbIBO,lJ,e TIHKHPOBaHliH; H3 IlHBblB - H3MeHeHHe BblCOTbl aa BpeMH BbIBO,l],aH3 nHKHpoBaHHH. 113MeHeHHe nsrco rsr nonera npa nHKHpoBaHHH C 80 = const 3aBHCHT B OC. HOB~M OT HallaJIbHOH H MaKCHMaJIbHOH cxopocrea MaHeBpa. HanpHMep, npH Vo - 100 KM/ll B cnysae pasrona sepronera no 200 KM/'I CHH)I(eHHeaepronera cocraanaer 120 ... 170 M, a npa Vmax = 300 KM/ll - 350 ... 420 M. IIapaMeTpbI rpaexropaa ,lJ,BH)I(eHHH seprorrera IlH, L, Vmax H t npa nHKlipoBaHHHX C p33HbIMH lliJ H Ilt HnnIOCTPliPYIOTCH pHC. 2.39. TOllK" KpHBbIX rpadnnca HBnHIOTCH KOHe'lHbIMH TOlIKaMH rpaexropnn nHKHpoBaHHH: IlH, L. B03ne Ka)l(,lJ,oH H3 HHX YK33aHO naa 'lHcna. Ilepsoe sacno - BpeMH nHKlipoBaHHH C ,lJ,aHHbIM lliJ (0603HalleHHoe, KaK npa ropxe, Ilt), aropoe, B cK06Kax, - ofnnee BpeMH MaHeBpa. Ecna Ilt = 0, TO 3TO naxaposaane, cccroauiee H3 YMeHbllleHHJI yrna raarazca H nocnenoaaaiuero Cpa3Y ero YBe. nHqeHHJI (S -ofipaaaoe IlHKHpoBaHHe) . II ysxra paste nliHHH COOTBeTCTBIOT Y O,[(HHaKOBbIM 3HaqeHliJlM MaKCliMaJIbHOH CKOPOCTli npa BbIBO,lJ,e seprone ra H3 nHKHpoBaHHJI.
113 npencraaneuasrx 3aBHCliMOCTeH BH,lJ,HO,ITO nHKHpoB3HHe C li3MeHeHH. ' 0 eM BbICOTbl aa IlH 200 oM npa lliJ = 20 " I:::.t = 6 C npOHCXO,[(HTsa 15 c, a S-06pa3Hoe C l:::.iJ 31 - sa l3,8 c. IIpH nOM napannensaeni 3eMJle nyrs COOTBeTCTBeHHO OOCTaBnHeTL = 980 H 890 M.

<

y.

>

= =

IIocneWIHH BH,lJ,naxapoaanna HMeer pan ocoeeaaocren, ,lJ,enalOmHXnor MaH~p 60nee cnO)!(HbIM no cpaBHeHHIO C npHMonHHeHHbIM, na xoropoxr 11iJ - const. KaK 6Y,l],eT nOKa3aHO B pasn, 3.3, aa-sa pe3KoCTH MaHeBpa B03MO)!(HO C6nH)I(eHHe nonacreii necyurero BHHra C OrpaHH'lHTenHMH MaxoBoro ,lJ,BH)I(eHHJI XBOCTOBOHsacruo nnaaepa. QT06bl nonyxars O,[(HHaKOBoe H3MeH HeHHe asrcorsr, S -ofipasaoe nHKHpoBaHHe Heo6xo,[(HMO BbITIOnHHTb C 60nbllll1M yrnoss raaraxa, qeM IlpH npJlMOnHHeHHoM. O,lJ,HaKO no BpeMeHH CHH)I(eHHH HnH no BpeMeHH pasroaa aepronera OHOnpeHMYmecrB, npaxrauecxa, He HMeer. Oc06eHHOCTbIO raxoro TIHKHpoBaHHH HBnHlOrCH B nsa C nl1l1lHHM paaa 6onbIIlHe, 'IeM npa Ilt 0, no repn BblCOTbI npn BbIBO,lJ,eaa IlHKHpOBaHHH. 3TO

>

'I aCT K e rpaexropaa (e ~ 11{)) neperpy3Ka 3aBHCHTronsxo or yrna ranrasca: n y == cos ~. Y sepronera C KPblJIOM canst, C03,lJ,alOIIJ,Heepraxansayio s neperpysxy, C POCTOMCKOPOCTHnonera nepepacnpenenmorca rax, 'ITO aa cser YBeJIHlIeHHJI nO,lJ,'beMHOK canst xpsrna THra aecyuiero BHHTa YMeHblllaeTCH. B 1.1B 0 ,lJ,II 3 n H K H p o BaH II JI. qT06bl YMeHbIIIHTb norepa BbIcorbl npn BbIBO,lJ,e,He06xo,[(HMO OrKJIOHJlTb pymcy ynpasnenxa aa ce6J1 C reMIlOM, o6ec-

20°, ecna t" cooraercrseaao 5 H 4 c. Han p HMO n H H e it HOM Y

132

133

PHC_

2.41.

TpaeKTopHH H3 Hero:

nHKBpoB3-

l,1f 800

HHH H BhIBOAa TOM; -

(!!.1fIf/'I <, I'.

C nOClJellYIOIlU1M pa3BOpOTOM

pa3BOpO-

c ollHoBpeMeHHblM

\245

MOM BepTHKaJIbHOM neperpysKO" (V> 250 KM/q - 1,5 '" 1,6), O/l,HOBpeMeHHo C BbIBO/1.0M H3 naxapoaaaaa nst-

400

nonnars

paasopor

neueneco-

~~1S~KH/~ ~O ~ 800 V6b18=265KH/'I

/ 185)
"",/

!!2f'\

_,... V

12~0

L,M

PHC. HOK

2.39.
TO'IKH

3aBHCHMOCTb TpaeKTOpHH

xoopnaaar

KOHe<Inil-

I!J.H, L H BpeMeHH

KHpOB3HHH

OT

H3MeHeHHH

yrna raarasea

I!J.{J H BpeMeHH

I!J.t:

Vo = const; Vmax,

>

Vmax1

PHC.

2.40.

3aBHCHMOCTb

MIDfHMam.HoK

nepe-

rpYJKH

OT CKOPOCTH

BBO,!:{a B nHKHpOBaHHe TaHr3)l(a

Vo

H H3MeHeHHH

yr na

I!J. ()

nelfilBalOllUfM yaemrseaae neperpysxa /1.0 MaKCI{MaJIbHO nonycrassof aa MUHHMaJIbHOe BpeMH, I{ aarera nonnepaoraars neperpysxy na YKa3aHHOM yponue /1.0 YMeHbIl1eHHH BepTUKaJIbHOMCKOPOcrU /1.0 -- 3 M/C I{nl{ /1.0 U3MeHeHHH yrna Ta~a)J(ll na xafipapoaanae. IToTepH asrcorsr ilHBbIB 3aBI{CHT or BepTUKaJIbHOH CKOPOCTHnasana BbIBO/1.aU3 nUKHpoBaHHH VygBbIB "'" VBblB il!9 . ECJIn n _ U

06pa3HO. 3TO 06"bHCHHerCJi -'l00 ~"'-?..r<,,~~UU/(H/1{ :r ~ He)1,OCTaTO'IHOCrblOneperpys---;;;: KH )1.JIH3HeprHtlHOro UCKPHB-400 neHHH rpaexropna non era 0)1,HOBpeMeHHO B seprmcansLJH,H HOM H ropU30HraJIbHOH IIJIOCKOCTHX. IToTepH' BbICOTbI H panayc pa3Bopora 6Y/l.YT MeHbIIIHMH B cnysae, eCJIH paasopo'r Haq}fHaTb B MOMeHT, xorna neprmcarrsnaa CKOpOCTbCHU)f(eHHH sepronera YMeHbIIIHTCH llpH6ml3l{TenbHO)1,0 - 3 M/ C, T. e. nocne roro, KaK seproner, rrpaKTHqeCKI{, BbIH)1,eTH3 nHKHpoBaHHH. 3TO CJIe/l.YeTH3 cpaBHeHHH naparaerpon )1,ByX TpaeKTOpHH )1.BH)I(eHHH BepTOneTa (nanaue, OTHOCHIIl,HeCH K IIHKHpoBaHHIO C O)1,HOBpeMeHHbIMpa3BOPOTOM, IIpHBe)1,eM B cK06Kax). Ha pHC. 2.41 BH)1,HO,'ITO MaKCHMaJIbHbIH nyrs, npoH)1,eHHbIM napannensno HCXO)1,HOMyHanpaBJIeIDIIO, COCTaBJIHeTLmax =::: 1580 M (1320), CMeIIl,eHHe 0 aeprone ra BOOK npa pasaopore aa 180 Z = 560 M (930), 06111eeH3MeHeHHe BbICOTbI - ilH = 340 M (490), norepa BbICOTbI IIpH BbIBO)1,eH3 nHKHpoBaHHH - ilHBblB = 180 M (330), Vmax = 183 KM/q (276), apeMH MaHea-

~ ~l

r!fi~

--==-

pOB, npaKTHqeCKH, O/l,HOH TO)!(e -35 c. TaKHM 06pa30M, rrpH pa3BopoTe C O)J,HOBpeMeHHbIM BbIBO)1,OMH3 nHKHpoBaHHH aeproner 3HaquTeJIbHO oonbIl1e H3MeHHeT BbICOTY (ilHBbIB ynenaquBaeTCH noxra B)1.BOe) pasronaerca, , a npH 3TOM asmrpsuu B L max cocraa-

1,7 ... 1,8, ilHBbIB cocrasnser 25 ... 40 M npa V.!' BbIB = -10 M/C, 6 ... 80 M rrpH - 20 M/ C, H 100 ... 120 M npa - 30 M/ c. ltaHHbIe OTHOCHTCH K npHMOJIlmeMHOMy IIUKHpoBaml1O C ilt ~ 2 c. 3aBHcHMocrb y/1.06Ha /l,JIH
Omax -

naer 17 %.
2.8.3. PA3rOH II TOPMO}KEHHE. BEPrHKAJIbHblR HAIiOP BblCOTbi ITpHMep 3aBHcH~oCTeH, no KOTOPblM npH pa3HbIX ycicopeaaax (3a~e,[l,neIDIHx) sepronera V MO)!(HO B 3a,[l,aHHbIX ycnOBHHX nonera (m, Hp' t , C H V) onpenenurs Ne, (J H 19, nOKa3aH na pHC. 2.42. BH)1,HO,IJ.TO npH nonere no ropaaoaransnofi TpaeKTOpHH (8 0) BepToneT MO)l(eT pa3BHTb aa CKOpoCTH V YCKopeHHe V =::: ~,4 M/C2 aa MaKCHMaJIbHOH M()IllHocrH ,[I,BHrareJIeii: (TO'IKa a) H 3aMe)1,l1eHHeV=:::2,4 M/C2 npa YMeHbIl1eHHH MOIIIHOCTH)1.BHrareneti ,[1,0pe)!(HMa Manoro rasa (TO'IKa b). Ecna pasron H TOpMO)!(eHHeasmorrHHTb aa HaKJIOHHOH TpaeKTOpHH, uanpassep npa 8 = -5°, MaKCHManbHbie

3alloMUHa~uH, O/l,HaKO, H3-3a HeCOBepIl1eHCrBa sapaosrerpa (aanaansraaaaa nOKa3aHHH) OHa MO>Ker llpHMeHHTbcH B cnysae BepTHKaJIbHbIX YCKOpeIDIH sepronera B MOMeHT BbIBO/1.a naxapoaanaa. U3 Ilocne aasana asmona H3 rrHKHpoBaHHH seproner npononxaer nexoropoe BpeMH yaemrsaaan, cxopocrs. 4ro6bI He npeasrcars MaKCHManbHYIO cxopocrs rrHKupoBaIDIH V max' :HOr npapocr Heo6xo/l,UMO YqI{TbIBaTb ITpH n - 1,5 .., 18 OH npHUJIH3uT~nbHo paBeH H3MeHeHHlO yrna ranraaca B rpa/l.Ycax. ""_ . ymax , Hanpassep, ecna il!9 =::: 30 , npapocr CKOPOCTHcocrasnser il V ~ 30 KM/q. IT H K H P 0 BaH H e cpa 3 BOp 0 TOM rr p H B bI B 0 /1.e. MO/1.em{pOBaIDle nOKa3aJIO (pHC. 2.41), 'ITO na sepronerax C OTHOCHTeJIbHO MaJIOH/1.0nycTH-

134

135

PHe. 2.42. 3aBHCHMOCTbYCKopeJIHH (33MeAneHHII) aepronera H3 V = const or yr'non H3KnOHa rpaexropHH H raHralKa:
MaKCHMaJlhHaH PClKlfM MaJlOro raaa

MOlllHocrb

/l,BHraTeJIH;

2-

)lIfana30H

cxopocrca,

Paaron t, c

To pwoacenae

KM/q

3HaqeHlffi

= - 1,6
8, a
razca, HOCTb xro

ycxopeaair 2 M/C . B nonere

V=
=

M/C2

a ... ( Vmax

- 30)

MO)l(er

rroTpe6oTaH-

100 ... (Vmax - 30) II p

a Me q a H He:

BaTbCJI KPaTKOBPCMCHHO

M3MeHMTb yrOJI const

41* 35** 30* 27** *-

L,M 2250* 1800** 1830* 1620** ** pacser.

t, c 39* 28** 25* 20**

L,

1600* 1200** 1350* 1100**

coxpaaas
rpaexropnn. npH

npu

ropM30HTaJIbcnenyer, yron a npa

1-13
-

MO)J,eJIHpoBaHHe, Ha60pa

rpadnnca

MaKCHMaJIbHOM paBCH

ranrasca

9,5

YCKopeHHM (TO'lKa

BpeMH KaMH

BepTHKaJIbHOrO

BbICOTbI

onpenenaerca pa31J,.

He TOJIbKO M36bITHO H BCPTHKaJIbHbIM

MaKCMManbHOM xa

3aMCIJ,JICHMH npyroa

+ 15,8° + 10°.

a),

MOlllHOCTH

IDIJi1 BCJIH'IHHOH

(rosMoryr I1pl1

b).

Ilpn

U,CHTpoBKe

BCprOJIeTa

IJ,eMn<pHpoBaHHcM rrH'IeHHJl BO

-vY, Y

T/C

(CM.

4.2.2),

a TaK)KC

npHCMHCTOCTbIO CKOPOCTlf nepexormoro

)J,BHraTCJ1J1.

Xapaxrep
-

yse3KCIIO-

yrnsr
6bITb MaHeBpc H3 () , 6e3 ~3MCHCHHJI ofnuero urara na

ranrasca paBHbIMl1 (MOmHOCTH pe)l(lfM

COOTBCTCTBCHHO -

BpeMcHH

BepTHKaJIbHOH BpcMeHH

IJ,O MaKCHMaJIbHOH pe)l(lfMa

18°

HCHlJ,HaITbHbrn.

Ilocroannaa

TB

= 1/ Y

V Y

=
OT-

rosxa 0 (V. = () If npH 3TOM V =1= 0

IJ,BHrareJIeH)

seproner
{J,
npHMbIM npaKTH'ICC-

0)

= (l/cfYWHR)
HOCHTCJl K BMHTa). rensao noii. TaKHM

(16mjtlF)
06pa30M, a

COCTaBJlJlCT C MaJIOH

3,3 ... 5,0

HarpY3KOH: aa

C (McHblllee na

snasenae

nepeXOIJ,HT

C C IJ,pyrlfMlf

3HaqeHHJlMM

(npassaa

0 - c,
yron

nerxossy

BepTOJIeTY

oMcTacMyIO npoMcxO,D,HT MCHbWC ecna

nnouram, OTHOCH-

npHOOH31nCJIbHO araica a

naparrnerrsnaa war

2,

B Ka)l(lJ,OH: rO'lKC

KOTOPbIX

H 06mlfH

Do

asrxon
CKOPOCTh

BCpTOJIeTa

Vygmax
BblCOThl

KH rrOCTOJlHHbI). I1pH6JIH)I(eHHo HaHlJ,eHbI, ra npa MaKCHMaJIbHbIe YCKopeHHH If

Me)J)leHHO, llPH'ICM

cpeznrax

CKOPOCTh nafopa ClUC 60nbIIIc

MaKCHMaJIbHa60p BbI-

yrnsr

cpennaa

YMeHhIIIaeTCJl,

ranrazca cxopocrn H yron

Moryr

6bITb

COThI nOJI)l(CH HOH sacra nanpasrep.npa

HJiI

COCTaBJIHTb If

eCJIH lf3BCCTHbI

MaKCMMaJIbHbIe nafiope BblCOTbI nOJIeTe:

BCPTH)(aJIbHbIC H anroporanna

sepronerrpH

nyra

10 ... 30 M. 3m BpCMeHJil (2 .,. 4 c) na

M

ofiycrroarreao

3aTpaTaMH

3Ha'IHTeJIb1103ToMy, BO BpeMC-

TOPMO)KCHHC sepronera.

ycraHoBHBWeMCJl

raarazca

ycraHoBHBWeMCJl

ropH30HTaJIbHOM

H = 20

Vygmax

60JlcC

M/C HC IJ,aCTasiarpsnua

H3MeHeHJilJl BbICOTbI. MaKCJilMaJlbHOe paC'ICTHOe BCPTHKaJIbHOC OiJ,HHaKOBhIX 60JIbIllee no ycxopeaae onpCIJ,CJIJleTCJI C 60JlbIIICH KaK

V~

-gVygjV

-gO;

{J

{Jr."

VygjV.

(2.88)

Vygmax/TB.
HJile

CJICnOBaTeJIbHO, MOr 6bl

npH

TB

seproner

CKOPOyCKOPCpacser-

110 3TlfM

IJ,aHHbIM MO)I(HO HaHTH aper-ra

a nyrs:

IIOA"bCMHOCTbKl

pa3BHTb

ycxopenae.

<l>aKTlflleCKOC MCHbllleH

nafopa
TaK

JlBJIJleTCJI KaK 06lIU1H a sa

rrepexseanoa IIIar If rara

speraena

BeJIH'lHHOH:,

t B
:nI1X

=J

V2

Vl

(1 / V) d V;

=J

V2

vl

(VjV)dV.
rrCpeXOIJ,HbIC pe)I(HMbI, 11 BbIBOlJ,a 113 Hero. MaKCHMaJIbHbIC T. e. pe)l(lfMbI

HOM,

aecyuiero

BMHTa ysemcmsaiorca OT npHcMMcTOCTH

neT'lHKOM IJ,BHraTeml.

(2.89)
BBOner(sa-

He MTHOBeHHO,

0,5 ... 2,0

C, B 3aBHClfMOCTH

<p0pMynax

He Y'IHTbIBaIOTCH (ropsaozcenae) BbIIJ,Cp)I(HBarb naanasoue

IJ,a sepronera 'IlfK He MO)l(Cr

B pasrou rOqHO BCCM

Kpor-re

roro,

2.8.4. KOCMI nOJ1YnETJUI

3Ha'lCHHJl nonera.

YCKopeHHH

MC}J.JIeHlfH) 3Ha'lCHHJl <popMyJIaM K crcopocrass,

BO

H3MCHcmUI

CKOPOCTH

<l>aKTH'IeCKHe nonY'IeHHbIC no

Kocaa
6opoM MaHeBp 6oBaTbcJl,

nonynerns

3TO pasaopor, xoroporo rrpM

BhmOJlHJlCMhIM nexorr B

OiJ,HOBpeMCHHo

C naTaKoM

BpCMeHH

(t) H (2.88), (2.89)

MCHbWHM

Il,HCTaHu,lflf 3Ha'lCHHJl

MaHCB pa

(L),
IJ,O

a raroee

BbICOTbI, HaXO)lJilT

TpaCKTOpHJl npHMcHcHlfC

OiJ,HOH IlJlOCKOCTH.

rrpanenensr
Pa3rOH

B ra611.

2.2.

OHM OrHOCJlrCJl

cnopTHBHOM no

nHJlOTa)KC, B roPHOM

OH MO)KCT rtorpe-

MaKCJilMaJIbHoH. aa

V max

H3-3a YMCHbWCHJilJI O'lCHb

HanpJilMCp

IIpH pasaopore KOCOH

penserpy

MCCTHOCTIf. KOOPKOHC'IHOH o603Ha-

YCKOpeHJilJl MC}J.JIeHHO.

BnJIOTb

IJ,O HyJIJl

MaKCHMaJIbHOH

CKOPOCTH npOHCXO)lJilT

Paasiepsr
TO'lKH 'IlfM

rpaexropaa

nonynerrra

6YlJ,CM xapaxrepaaonars

IJ,HHaTaMM MaKCHMaJIbHO pasaaua Me)l(Jl,)' paC'ICrOM K H MOlJ,eJIHpOBaHHCM MO)KCr 6blrb

ylJ,aJICHHOH TO'lKJiI

Lmax

H KOOpiJ,HHaTaMH HaKJlOHa

BMIJ,HO, 'ITO 3Ha'IHreJIbHoH.

L K' Z K' tlH

(pHC.

2.43,
B

TO'IKa

c). Yron

IlJlOCKOCfH

OC06eHHO

na MaJIbIX crcopo crax

(V

< 100

sro

orHOCHrCJl KM/'I).

MaHeBpaM,

CBH3aHHbIM

C nOJIerOM

X.
.1lnJl IJ,BH)I(CHJilH BepTOJICTa HaKJIOHHOH: nJIOCKOCTJiI BCPTJilKaJIbHaJi

~'g

136

137

I",!!
'fUUO

F~=170KI'fA t=85c

0)l,H0M:

H TOH :lKe Ha'laJIbHOH BMHTa 00 3Ha'leHHIO

aecyuiero
crnYIOT

\
,

= =

80 r.n
const,

CKOPOCTH

t:.H,
r15

Heo6xo,lJ,HMO KaK

KOOp,lJ,HHaTY

Vo H npH nOCTOHHHOM oOllleM nrare const, Cnnounme JIHHHH na rpa<pHKe COOTBeTnymcrapusre - 'Y = const. qT06bl onpenennrs ZK YMHO)KKTb na yron X· Lmax HaXO,lJ,HTCH X CKOPOCTb BepTOJIeTa 3Ha'iHrCJIb0 0 "I = 45 B crrysae X = 10 CKOCOCTaBJIHeT VK = 190 KM/'1, a npa
C KOCYIO IlOJIyneTJIIO B llJIOC6oJIbllIoii: )J,OJI:lKeH 6bITb

]000

x=o--100

1 /(0
,,66

OpHMM)I(eHHO

L K + 0,3 Z K Hanpasiep,

113 rpaqnnca
HO YMeHbllIaeTCH.

BH)1,HO, 'ITO C YBeJIH'IeHHeM OpH MaHeBpe rrOJIeT tIT06bI

PRC. 2.43.

Tpaexropas

KOCOK nonynerna

2000

<,
/

II

peers BbIXO,lJ,a B roPH30HTaJIbHbIl1 0 X = 20 - 140 KMj'l. IIo3ToMY,

KOCTH C 60JIbllIHM yrJIOM Ha

BbmOJIHHTb

\
~.

HaKJIOHa,

MaHeBp

260
If]

"'JO
~

CKOPOCTH const

norrera.

MaJIblX

CKOPOCTHX

HeBeJIHKH. eCl1H MaHeBp

Hanpaxtep, npn Vo
BbmOJIHHCTCH

1000

flO 25
;r459~

"F<!
0o

3TOM,

IO°

~~05
110

CJIenYIOIUHe:

= 18 c,

t:.H
OT C

= 70

M,

BepTOJIeTa npH 80 = 200 KM/'I Xmax ~ 10 ... 12°; npn C 'Y 45 0, xapaKTepHCTHKH TpaeKTOpHH Z K = 390 M, Lmax = 470 M.

aaxar na

B03MO)Kl{OCrH

~~X-25O

"If

B IlOJIeTa

3aBHCHMOCHf B rrJIOCKOCTH

HCXO)1,HOii: CKOPOCTH

MaHeBpa

,lJ.JIH ocymeCTBJIeHHH

Xmax yron ranraxa

KM/tt,

,lJ,OJI:lKeH yseJIH'IHBaTbCH: npH

t:.1J

PRC. 2.44. XapaKTepllcTIlKH COKnonyneT JIll! 1 -ny= nymax

TPaeKTOpKK KO-

700_ '~ 1--1 21

33 115 27
lOUD

30° lTpH 200 KM/tJ.

B snecs

Vo

300

20 ... 25°
yrna

250

KM/'I

10 ... 150

IlpH

Heofixorurjaoe
sepronera nennaa

K3MeHemre

raaraxa,
MO)Kl{O

otiecne-raaarouiee
H3 pHC.

ABH:lKeHHe

K aosnyumaa )],OJI)K}{bI YCJIOBKe HbIX

V
~g
tg

°
B npouecce 06PaJOM, lIoJIeT no passopora 'IT06bI TaKO" oCYllleCTBHTb TPYAHO. )],BH:lKeHHH BepTOJIeTa, HCnOJIb3YH urrarasre

soo
BepTOJIeTa OT B Ka)l(,lJ.OH TO'IKe TpaeKTOpKK 6e3

aanaanoa

IlJIOCKOCTH,

onpenemrrs

2.45.
npa

IIpHBe06pa30M MaHeB-

:lKe 3aBHCHMOCTb

CKOPOcrn

1/;= 0

)],0

1800

t:.1/;-y = [(X,
yrOJI HaKJIOHa

"I)

rrOHCHHeT,

KaKHM

no pe

yrny

psrcxansa

,lJ,OJI:lKeH H3MeHHTbCR yrnora

H3MeHHTbCH

TaKKM

BbIDOJIHHJlOCb Bhl'lKCJlKTeJIb' aaxoaossepnOMOtIb npH60PbI:

B nJIOCKOCTH C MaJIblM

X = V sin 1/1.
napasserpoa

JIHqHBaTbCR yron xpena

,lJ,OCTaTO'IHO 6b1CTpO, AOJI:lKeH aoapacrars

t:.1/;'Y

(X = 10°) 0 15 ... 25 •
TeMIIOM, 'IaCTb

xpena.

Hanpasrep,
yrOJI B xpeua

YCTPOHCTB H KH)l,HKaIUIH

Onpe)]'eJIKM xoropsie

C TaKHM

'lT06bI

cnyxae X = 20 ... 25 ° npn I/; = 90° nOC'

BbmOJIHHerCH yrna rasrazca

MO:lKeT YBe-

HOCTH K3MeHeHHH JIeTlIHKY

MoryT

rHrHYTb

MaKCHMaJIbHOrO yrJIOM

3HaQCHHH. xpena H

BTOpaH

paasopora

oCYllleCTBHTb YKa3aTeJIH C 1)0

MaHeBp,

nHJIOTa)f(HbIe

C nOCTOHlflfbIM C TaKHM

l10CTeneHHbIM

YMeHbllIeHHeM ranraxc

aBHaropH30HT,

pa3sopoTa, const TaK yron KaK

CKOPOCTH nOJIeTa. KpeHa

paCQeTOM, saaueaae.

'I1'06bl

K OKOH'IaHHIO yr-

MaHeBpa

npHHIDI

fianaHcHpo-

Ilpa
HeHHe HbI

nOJIeTe

'Y

nOJIHOCTblO onpenenaer

rpaexroH3Me-

BO'lHOe JIa xpena pa

YMeHbllIeHHe

pKIO ,lJ,BK:lKeHHH BepTOJIeTa,

BbI,lJ,ep:lKHBaHHe yrna

orrpenenaer

,UJIH npexpauienaa aasaro

0

MaHeBaafinaro-

raaraxa
xpena

1J

K,

CJle,lJ,OBaTeJIhHO, CKOPOCTH npa MaHespe

V.

3aBKCHMOCTH MaKCHM}'M

OT SeJIHlIKBhICOThI, MeHbOT HyJIH

,lJ,OJI)!(HO 6blTb

yrna

BepTOJIeT paasopor

MO:lKeT natipars BpeMH,

JIH60 IIleH

SbIllOJIHHTb BhICO!bI.

B xparsaiuuee B npouecce HaKJIOHa

O)l,HaKO

C Ha60poM

Yron
paaaoro

rpaexropaa yrny

paasopora

H3MeHHeTCH pasnopore ua

)],0 3Ha'leHHH, [aa pKC.

2.43

B TO'IKe

b0

CTaTb pasHblM HeHHH :lKa. MaHeBpa

HyJIIO OpH

X), K I/; = 1800

nJIOCKOCTH npa

I/;

90°

apesrenao npa 1/1 ~ 180 - ("1m ax ... "1m ax /2) . Ilpa MaHeBpHpOBaHHH na CKOPOCTRX nonera Vo = 300 ... 250 KMj'l
,IJ..J1HblIlOJIHeHHH B 60JIbllIKM KOCOii: nOJIyrreTJIH BblCOTbI C

.1t1,O fo ljr---~~~---+--~~~
'1.5

B ,lJ,aJIbHeHllIeM (1'O'lKa

YMeHbllIaeTCH, ofipaaosr, yrnsi

'1T06bI

CHOBa

c).

TaKHM

,lJ.JIHBbIllOJIH ranra-

He06xo,lJ,HMO yrnos a

O)l,HOBpeMeHHo orpamrsen raxzce

H3MeHHTb

tcpeua

Ha60poM M) xpena

(tlH

400 ... 700

Heo6xo,lJ,HMO no

TeMII

H3MeHeHHH

POCTOM

BepTHKaJIbHOH

oeperpy3KK, ,lJ,BH:lKeHHH S

HeHHe yrnoa

"I

= 15 ... 30°;

H3Me-

YMeHbllIeHHeM

CKOpOCTH,

TO'lHOCThIO

Bhl,lJ,ep:lKKSaHHH

3a,lJ,aHHOH llJIOCKOCTH. XapaKTepKCTKKH H!>IX TO'leK TpaeKTOpHH TpaeKTOpHH KOCOH K nOJIyneTJIH: KOOp,lJ,KHaTbl KOHe'lMaHeBpa

Pac,

KOCOl! rll)Ka

VK
138

K BpeMH

t,
aa

K'

ZK
OH

t:.H,
aa

CKOPOCTb nOJIeTa B xapaicrepusni

xoane

2.45. nOTPe6Hoe ,1lIIJI BbIROJlHeHHJI nonynerna YBeJlH'IeHKe yr JIa TaRt.,'}max H yrna psrcxansa !Ji'Y' ua KOAOlDKeH AOCTHraTb 3Ha'leKHii:

MO)Kl{O npencraaars pHC.

rparpaxe,

BH,lJ, KOTOPOro OpH

TOPOM 'Y

npe,lJ,CTaBJIeH

2.44.

OTHOCHTCH K

MaHeBpaM,

BbIllOJIHeHHblM

15°; - - - 30°; - . - 45°; = const

Vo =

10

15

2D

;{,o

139

= 340 ... 140 M.

AlBl

6blCTPOro

paasopora

(t = 28 ... 20

c)

'"1

45 0,

rrpH 3TOM

D.H

PRe. 2-46.

TpaeKTopHH

neTJIH Hecreposa

H,H

Ilpenensasre rrnOCKOCTH KOCOH norrynerna pe3JIH3YIOTCll rrpH MaKCHM3JIbHOH MOlllHOCTH naararena. Maaesp asmonaaerca cnenytonnea ofipasosr. 06lllHH mar aa 3 ... 4 C YBenH'IHBaeTCH no 3HaqeHHJI,npn KOTOPOMnaxner YMeHburarsca qaCTOTa apaiuerraa aecyurero BHHTa (3TO csanerenscrnyer 0 TOM, 'ITO MOIlUlOCTb nBHTaTenH nocrarna MaKCHM3JIbHOH BenH'lHHbI), aa 3TO BpeMH yron KpeHa H3MeIDleTCH no 10 '" 15°. B nanbHeHllleM MaHeBp rrpOnon)l(aeTCH YBenH'IeHHeM yrnon xpeaa H raarasa O)l;HOBpeMeHHO.TeMII H3MeHeHH~ ymos '"1 H ~ BblfiHpaeTCH TaKHM, 'lTOfibI pa3BOpoTY sepronera na t/I 90 COOTBeTCTBOB3JIO YMeHbllleHHe CKOPOCTlt 1I0neTa no 150 ... 120 KM/'1. TaKoH 3aKOH ynpaaneaas asrronea TeM, 'ITO MaKCHM3JIbHbIH yron H~KJJOHaTpaeKTOpHH nonera (KaK OTMelJ.3JIOCb asnue, paasopory na t/I = 90 ~ COOTBeTcTByeT 8 = 8max = x) seproner oyneT npeononesars na uaaasrronaeaurax 110CKOPOnOnDeMHOCTH CKOPOCTHXnonera. CneAYeT OTMeTHTb, 'ITO npH 6onbllloM 06llleM mare BO BpeMH MaHeBpa B03MO)l(}lO pesxoe rrOBb11IleHHeypOBHH BH6paUHK sepronera H 3HalJ.HTenbHbrn POCT HarpY30K B CHCTeMe ynpaaneans (CM. pa3n. 3.1). II03TOM)' Ha'!HHaTb ysenasaaars urar peKoMeunyeTcH aa CKOPOC-

pa. 113pHC. 2.46 BHAHO, 'ITO BO scex cnynaax nerna HMeeT !}lopMY nsrTHHYToro no BepTHKanH Kpyra. 3TO CBH3aHO C HHTeHCHBHbIM TOpMO)l(eHHeM sepronera na BOCXOMllleH 'IaCTH nerna H pasroHOM sepronera aa ee HHCXOMmeH 'Iacrn

11 il
ZOO

z-'

l/ V V
r~OO

k"

~~

~rL,N

ZOO

bOO

(npn 8 = .90° - CHJ1aRxa nartpasneua snepen, nxa = 0,15 ... 0,25; cnenosarensao, Vjg = -0,85 .;. 0,75; npa () = 270 - Rxa aanpasnena aaaan, nxa = - (0,3 ... 0,4), a Vjg = (0,7 ... 0,6). tl>opMa nerna TaK)Ke 3aBH' CHT OT BeprnK3JIbHOH neperpyaxa B BepXHeH TO'lKe rpaexropaa. Hanpasiep, rrpH n y = 1,6 paccroaaae Me)l(,lJ;y TO'lKaMH, COOTBeTCTBYIOmHMH() = 90 H 270°, COCTaBl1HeT M, BMecTO 150 M B cnysae neperpysxa ny = 1,0. B sepx90 HeH TO'lKe rreTJIH MO)l(HO coanars neperpysxy 0,8 '" 0,6. 3TO nOCTHraeTCH 33MenneHHeM apameaaa BepToneTa no raaraxy. Onnaxo OHO npHBeneT K cymecTBeHHOMY pocry CKOPOCTRR 60nbllleMY YMeHblllellHlO BblCOTbl [npaxrnlJeCKH, seproner MO)l(CT He Bbrnrn H3 MaHeBpa). TaKHM ofipaaosr, HaH60nee paUHOHaJIbHbIM HBnHeTCH rrHJ10THpoBaHHe, npa KOTOPOM B BepXHeH TO'l' xe rrerna seproner HMeeT n y 1,0. MHHHManbHYIO CKOpOCTb nonera Vmin seproner HMeeT npa yrnax rpaexTOpHH 155 ... 160°. Qepe3 0,3 ... 0,7 C aeproner nocraraer aepxaeii TOqKH nerna (TOqKa TpaeKTOpHH, rne V = Vmin aeCbMa 6nH3Ka K aepxneji}. B HeH cana Rxa HanpaBneHa snepen (nxa = 0,3 ... 0,5), H cnenoaarensuo, seproner nerar C YCKopeHHeM. Paccsao rpara ocooeHHOCTH BBOAa H asisona H3 nerna, BocXOMIUYIO xacrs MaHeBpa He06xo)];HMO BbIDOJJHHTb C BepTHK3JIbHOK neperpyaxoa n j-rn axnpH KOTOPOK TeMIl yaeJIHqeHHH yrna ranrasca H resm TOpMO)KeHHH sepronera H3MeHHIOTCHTaKHM 06pa30M, 'ITO BbIXO,lJ,aa ~ ~ 90° (8 == 90°) npoacxo)];HT npa HaHBblronueKllleH no cscoponorrsesrsocra CKOPOCTHnonera. B 3aBHCHMocrn OT HCXOnuOH CKOPOCTHMaHeBpa Vo nymax cocrasnaer 1,7 ... 2,2, npHqeM MeHblllee ee aaaseaae OTHOCHTCH fiOJJbllleH Vo (n03ToMY aa pHC. 2.46 K npa Vo = 300 KM/lJ !}lHrypa paCTHHYTa no roPH30HT3JIH). BeJIH'lHHa n ymax 3aBHCHT TaK)Ke OT ofanero mara 60, npa KOTOPOM BblIIOl1HJleTCJIaocxonsuras 'laCTb rrerna. IIpH 60nbllleM 60 MO)l(}lO nOrrYCTHTb 6OnLlllYIO n y m ax' Cyutecrayer onrasansaoe 3HaqeHHe neperpyaxa. OHO ofiycnoaneao TeM, 'ITO nponyJIbCHBHaH CHJ1auecyutero BHHTa, aanpaaneanaa no TpaeK1'OpHH nOJIeTa (TaHreH~H3JIbHaJI neperpY3Ka n xa)' C03.u,aeTCJIKaK BenH'!HHOH, TaK H opaeuraUHeH BeKTOpa BepTHK3JIbHOK neperpysxa n xa == - n y sin a. pH pe3JIH3aUHH 6oJIblllOH neperpysxa ny 2,0 ... 2,4 rpefiyerca cyurecrneuao yaemonrn, yron aTaKH, n03ToMY nxQ' CTaHOBHTCH JIn60 MaJIOH, l1H60 oTpH~aTeJJbHOK BeJJH'!HOOK. B pesynsrare Bep1'OJIeTHHTeHCHBHOTOpM03HTCH H, He nocrarays sepxHe" TOqKH TpaeKTOpHH nernu, npaxrasecxa nOJ1HOCTbIO repaer CKOpOCTb.

THX He fianee V Vmax - (70 ... 100 KM/'1). ~ MaKcltM3JIbHbrn HaKnOH nnOCKOCTH, B KOTOPOH B03MO)l(eH paasopor C YBenHqeHHeM ofimero mara, He 3aBHCHT OT Haq3JIbHOH CKOpOCTH MaHeBpa [npa V 200 KM/q). OH onpenenaerca 3Hep[OBoopY)l(eHHOCTbIO sepronera H COCTaB1lJleT )l;11H pasnsrx seproneros 35 ... 50°

>

2.S.S. nETJUI HECTEPOBA. nOJ1OlKEHHE YPOBIUI lKH):U<ocrH B 6AKAX BEPTOJ1ETA UPH MAHEBPAX Ha pHC. 2.46 npaaeneasr pesynsrarsr MOAeJ1HpoBaHHJITpaeKTOpHH nonera npa BbIIIOJ1HeHHH rreTJ1H Hecrepoaa. TgaeK1'OpHJI 1 (Vo 300 KM/q) OT~' HOCHTCHK ycnoBHHM nonera (m, Hp. t ), B KOTOPblX npa MaKCHM3JIbHOH MOlllHocrn nsurarena na HaHBbIronueHllleH CKOPOCTHnpH YCTaHoBHBweMCH nonere cxoponorrsesmo cm sepronera COCTaBnJleT Vygmax = 17 M/C. OHa nonyxeaa rrpH MaHeBpe C yaenHtleHHeM ofiuiero mara no 3HaqeHHH, npH KOTOPOM N IIYHKTHpHblMH nHHHJlMH noxasaaa ne Tl1H, nasaraa TaK)Ke emax' . aa CKOPOCTH 300 KM/q, HO BbIDonHeHHaH fie3 yaenH'IeHHH urara, Ne Nemax'

<

IIeTJUI B03MO)I(Ha H B ycnOBHHX, cooTBeTcTBYIOIUHX MeHbllleH Vygmax, HarrpHMep, '"'"' 11 M/C (rpaeKTOpHJI 2 - Vo 200 KM/q) - Onnaxo B 3THX ycnOBHHX Vmm = 80 ... 70 KM/'I (BMecTo 120 KM/q npn TpaeKTOpHH 1), H B pe3ynbTare yMeHblllaIOTcJI paassepsr 3aMKHYTOH 'Iacrn nerrra. 3aMKHYTaH 'laCTb TpaeK1'OpHH npencraanser HaH6011ee 3pel1HlllHblH HHrepec. IIo~ToMY, 'I1'06bl nerns He asrpoacianace B nepesopor sepronera npaxTHqeCKH ua MeCTe, MHHHM3JIbHaH CKOPOCTb MaHeBpa non)l(}la fiblTb He MeHee 100 .,. 70 KM/'I, TaKHM ofipaaoxt, <PopMa nerna HBl1HeTCJIO)l;HHM H3 Ba)l(}lblX ycnonaii, onpenernnouiax nernsie naHHble BepToneTa nna asrnonaeaas MaHeB-

>

140

141

AJlH nanoraxa HBJIHerCH nropaa - HHCXOAHmaH 'liCn Ha Hen Ba)KHO He npeasrcars MaKCHMaJ1bHO AorrYCTHMYIO cxopocrs nonera, Heaaaxarensaoe 3aMe)J;JleHHeB AeHcrBliHX nemaxa rrpHBO,IJ;Hr K CYmecrBeHHOMY HapaCTaHHlO cxopocra nonera, Ilpa :HOM TaK)J(e HHTeHCHBHO pacrer BeprHKaJIbHaH rreperpY3Ka_ Ilonsmca rrpercparars ee YBenHlleHHe YMeHbllIeHHeM yrnosoa CKOpOCTHraarasca rrpHBO,IJ;HT erne 60nbllIeH HHTeHCHBHOCK TH pasroua sepronera. MOAeJlHpoBaHHe rrOKa3aJIO, '-ITO ocyuiecraan, BbIXOA H3 nerna C n ymax 2,2 rrpaKTH'IeCKH HeB03MO)KH0. lJro6bI He AorrYCTHTb npa MaHeBpe C Vmin> 100 KM/'I CKOpOCTeH:, 0nb6 IIJHX 200 ... 250 KM/'I, HY)KHbl rreperpysxa 2,4 ... 2,7. Erne 60nblllaH BenHqJ1na nymax """: ,0 Heo6xo,u;HMa AJ1HHCKpHBneHHH TpaeKrop~iH raKHM o6pa30M, 3 'IT06bl BbIXOA o cyme CrBnH1lCHna ssrcore, He HH)J(C aasansnoa. TaKHM ofipa30M, CnO)lQIOCTbrrHJIOTHpoBaHHH ua HHCXO)l,Km.eH'laCrH <PHrypbI COCTOHr B rOM, 'ITO He06xo)J;HMO B ycrrOBHHX nareacaaaoro pasrona Bepronera COH3McpHrb ysenH'leHHe BeprHKaJIbHOH rreperpY3KH C BenH'lHHOH rreperpyaxa.onpenenaessoa rrpOlJHOCTblO sepronera. HarrOMHHM, 'lTO C ysena'IeHHeM CKOPOCTHnorrera n norr YMeHblllaerCJl. Ileperpysxa B MeHbllleH ere0 nena aapacraer, ecna YMe~lllHrb 06UJ.HH mar na 2 '" 4 • PeKoMeH)J;yeTcH :no nenars B BepxHcH TO'lKe nerna, a esue nY'Ulle B MOMeHI aaxana aapacta0 HHH cxopocra nonera, r. e. npa 150 • Bemoraaa YMeHbllleHHH urara orpaHH'lHBaerCH AonycrHMOH: pacxpyrxoii aecymero BHHra. Bo BpeMH nerna BepTHKaJIbHble cxopocrn nepronera nocraraior + (30 ... 40) M/C H - (40 ... 60) M/C; yrnoaue CKOPOCTH0,5 ... 1,0 l/c. Ilpn Vo = 200 KM/'l BpeMH nerna ~ 14 c, a npa Vo = 300 KM/'l - 25 c. BpeMH BblXOAa B BepXHlOlO rOqKY cocrasnaer 60 ... 70 % OT ofiniero BpeMeHH nerna, Ilono xenae ypoaaa )J(H)J;KOCTH B 6aKax oraocarensao crpoarensHOH ropasonrana <plO3enH)J(a (CreI» onpezrenaerca BenH'IHHOH yrna nerna.

Haafonee rpynaoa

2.8.6. BEPTHKAJIbHblE nEPErPY3KH, nOTPESHblE ,WUI 34M11EKTHBHOro BLlIIOJIHEHHH MAHEBPA K Ba)J(HbIM napasserpaw, OnpeAenHIOIUHM MaHeBpeHHbie xapaxrepacraKH aeprcrrera, orHOCHrCJI: BpeMH nafopa asrcorsr H rrorpe6HbIH ,nrIH aroro nyrs napannensno 3eMHOH rronepxaocra (uanpasaep, AJIH ofinera npenarcrBHH, CM. pasn, 2.81); BblCOTa, rpe6yeMaH nna asmona H3 flHKHpoBaHHH; BpeMH pasaopora na 3a,l1;aHHhIH yron (npa MaHeBpe B60K) H np. Paccsrorpnea BJIHHHHe na 3TH napasserpsr BepTHKaJIbHOH neperpysxa. 1I0)J, 3Q><peKrHBHOH: 6YAeM nOHHMaTh neperpysxy, npa YBenHt(eHHH xoropoa Ba)KHhle napaeaerpsr rpaexropna MaHeBpa (t, t:.H, L) H3MeHHIOTCHHe3HallHreJIbHO. 06bl'lHO nBH)J(eHHe sepronera paccssarpaaaerca B OCHX HopManbHoH 3eMHOH ClicreMbI KOOp}J.HHar. B OCHX 3.0M cacresrsi yrrOMHHYTble napasierpsr rpaexropaa H BpeMH HX H3MeHeHHHonpenenaiorca c03AasaeMhIMH BeprOJIerOM ncpe:pY3KaMH "ve- nxg H nzg. Ha sepronerax 6e3 nonornrarerrsasix )J,BH)IQfrenea n yg H n xg B CBOlOouepens onpenenaiorca BeprHKaJIbHOH neperpysKO" n y: n yg ~ n y cos tJ; n xg """:- n y sin tJ (npa aHaJIH3e nBH)J(eHHH,T3K npononsnoii neperpyaicoa MO)KHO npenefiperars}, 1-:13 nepaoro cnenyer, 'ITO npapocr n yg MCHhwe, 'leM ny, ecnn MaHeBp rrpoHCXO)J.HT C yseJIHt(eHHeM ranrasca ua 6onbrnylO BenHqJ1HY. Kpose roro, npn BbIXO)J,e na 6oJIbwOH raarazc seproner Ha'lHHaer TopM03HrhCJI, H B pe_ 3YJIbraTe YMeHbwaerCH caMa senasaaa n y' B ro )J(e BpeMH HHTeHCHBHOeyaenHt(eHHe yrna rpefiyerca, 'IT06hl )J,ocrHlJb 3Ha'lHTeJIhHhIX neperpysox (OCO6eHHO, aa V 250 KM/t() . KaK

<

nx

e """:

cooraomeana

-e

ny,

<

arcsin nx/"; n~ + n~ + n~ - €zIP' IIpH nerne Hecrepona )J(H)J;KOCTbpacnonaraercs rax )J(e, KaK npH BblIlOJIHeHHH rHIlOBbIX MaHeBpoB. AHanH3 B03MO)J(HbIX aenpenaasrepeaao OIlIH60'lHbIX AeHCrBHH: JIeT'lHKa rrpH MaHeBpe noxasan, sro nonozceuae ypOBIDI )J(HAKOCTH3aBHCHr OT BeJIHqJ1HbIBepTHKanbHOH neperpY3KH. IIpH ny 0,3 ypoaeas )J(HAKOCTHHaXO,u;HrCHK CreI> non yrnosr 0 0 +20 ••• -20 B 3aBHCHMOCTHOT roro, rrpOHCX0nHr pasroa HITH ropMO)J(eHHe sepronera. B cnysae orpanarensasrx 3Ha'leHHH neperpysxa n J! )J(Hn,KOCTb npnrexaer K BepXHeH qaCrH 6aKOB. Ha-aa ornocarensno uebonsuioro AHana30Ha cxopocrn norrera seproneroa C03AaHHe neperpysxa MeHbweH nyrra B03MO)KHO KparKOBpeMeHHO, B rexemre He 60JIee qeM 3 C (npa V 300 KM/'l). Ha sepronere 6e3 nonomraremaux nBH)J(HTeJIeH neperpysxa n x H ny C03AalOrCH TonbICO aecyurasr BHHrOM H nnaaeposr. 1I03roMY cHryaIIHH neseCOMOCTH,xorna n y = n x = n Z = 0, HeB03MO)KHa. IIpH n y = 0 )J(Hn,KOCrb nOA AeH:CrBHeM CHIT conporaaneaaa nparexaer K nepennea t(aCTH 6aKOB, n x oF O.

>

<a
<

TaKHM 06pa30M, cYIIIeCTByer senanaaa sepraxansnoa neperpysxa, npeasnueaae rcoropoii HeIIeJIeco06pa3Ho. KPOMC roro, npn OTHOCHrenhHO ManblX )J(eJIaeMbIX H3MeHeHH}{X rpaexropaa nonera nCT'lHK He ycnesaer ee peanasoaars :J4J4JeKrHBHO. Onpenenass nymax npH pa3HhIX MaHeBpax. OrMeTHM, '110 BhI60p BepTHKanhHOH neperpysxa B xaxecrne napasierpa, xapaKrepH3YIOIIIero MaHeBp, YAo6eH reM, qro OHa 3aMepHeTCJI I{ BhIBO)J.HTCJI JIeTqJ1KY na IlpH60p H, cnenoaarensao, MO)KeTKOHTponHpoBarhCR. 0 p K a. 3a HaqanbHYIO rOt(KY na puc. 2.47 npaaara ropxa C nymax = 1,3 (Vo 300 KM/'I, 00 = const). II pH raKOR neperpysxe BpeMH YBeJIHt(eHHH BblcorbI, nanpajaep na 100 M COCTaMHeT 12 ... 13 c; na 300 M - 20 '" 22 c, a nyrs - 900 H l300 M COOTBerCTBeHHO.Ha pHcYHKe noxaaano, KaK coxpauiaercs BpeMH ropxa, BhIIlonHeHHOH C 60nbllleH neperpysxoa. BH)J.HO, lITO B crryqae n y max = 1,6, BhlHrphllll BO BpeMeHH ropKH COCTaBlIHer 2 c, ecnn t:.H = 100 M, H 3 C - npa 300 M. IIpH neperpyaxax.fonsurax 1,7 ... 1,9,BpeMH ropxa YMeHbwaercH He3HalJHreJIbHO (MeHee, qeM aa 0,5 c), a npH t:.H = = 100 M )J,a)J(eHeCKOJIbKO B03paCTaeT. Bsnrrpsnu B COKpameHHH )J.HCTaHIIHH MaHeBpa npa 3rOM raiose Man: -60 M.

MOAenHpoBaHHe noxasano, xro npn He06xo)J.HMOCrH H3MeHeHlUI BblCOThI ua 100 '" 200 M B cnyxae Ha'IanbHOH CKOPOCTHropxa 250 KM/q uenecoofipasso asmorraars MaHCBP C neperpysxasor He 60nee 1,6 '" 1,7. HaH)J,eHo, lITO neperpysxa 1,7 sootnne He MO)J(er 6hITb peanasoaaaa H3-3a speasrepnoro 143

142

TOPMOX<eHHHaepronera, ecna CKOPOCTbasona B ropxy 200 KMjq, a 3aAaHHblH npHpocT BbICOTbI nonzceu COClaBnHTb oonee 120 M. TaKHM 06pa30M, C YMeHbmenaesr CKOPOCTH nonera nOTpe6HaH neperpysxa YMeHblllaeTCH. Ha Vo = 300 '" 250 KM/"q OHa COCTaBnHeT 1,7 ... 1,9, a na Vo 200 KM/q - 1,5 '" 1,6. Ha pHC. 2.48 B03ne KpY)l(OqKOB YKa3aHbI BpeMH BbIAep)l(HBaHHH npH MaHeBpe MaKCHManbHOH neperpysxa n y m ax = const. BHARO, lITO ropxa na AH = 100 M BbIDonHHeTCH C nymax = 1,6 B rexenae 2 C HnH C 1,85 - 0,9 c. TaK KaK MeHblllaH neperpysxa Aon)l(Ha Bbmep)l(HBaTbCH nonune, TO AnH onpeAeneHHH naafonee npeAllOlITMTenbHoro (C roqKH 3peHHH npOqHOCTH) MaHeBpa neprorrera Heo6xoIJ,HMO B OooHX aapnanrax oueaars nOBpe)l(JJ:aeMOCTb KOHCTPYKIJ.HM. B bI X 0 A H 3 n H K H P 0 BaH H H. B OTnHqJ{e01 ropxa npn nuxone H3 IIHKHpoBaHHH yaennsenae BepTHKanbHOH neperpysxa npoHCXO/I,HT B ycnoBHHX, xorna B TeqeHHe nexoroporo BpeMeHH CKOpOCTb nonera napacraer, a He ysreasuraerca. Kposae roro, npH YBenHQeHHH neperpysxa yron raarasca no aticornoraoii aenaxaue ystensurae'rca. 3ro CBHAeTenbCTByeT 0 TOM, lITO npH BbIBOAe H3 IIHKHpoBaHHH aeprmcansnaa neperpysxa oonee 3Q>Q>eKTHBHO HCKpHBnHeT rpaexropmo, qeM npH ropKe. BnHHHHe neperpysxn na ysseasureaae norepa BblCOTbI npa BbIBOAe seprone ra M3 nMKMpoBaHHH rrOKa3aHO aa pMC. 2.48. 3aBHcHMoCTH, COOTBeTCIBYIOIIlHe nHKMpoBaHHIO C yrnassa A & 20 M 30°, npaseneasr ,ll)IH neperpysox, fonsnrax 1,3, a C A& = 60° - ,ll)IH 60nbIllHx 1,7. Ha nocnenaax YKa3aHbI MaKCHManbHble CKOPOCTH nonera, nocraraesme npH BbIBOAe H3 naxaponaHHH. BHARO, sro npn A {} = 20 H 30° rpanaenr HaKnOHa KpHBbIX pesxo YMeHburaerca npH neperpysxax, oonblllHX 1,7 ... 2,0. 3Aecb OH cocraanser MeHee 10 M na Any = 0,2. 3ro ManbIH asrarpsnn. Cnenosarensao, B AaTIbHeHllleM YBenHqeHHH n y max aer Heo6xo)J,HMOCTH. CYll.\eCTBeHHo B03pacTaIOT nOTpe6HOCTH B 60nbllleH neperpysxe rrpH yrnax IIHKHpoBaHHH 30°. TIpH 3TOM xpojae 6onblllero CHH)l(eHHHBblCOTbI npoacXOIJ,HT HHTeHCHBHbIR pasrou sepronera. HanpHMI?P, npa VBLIB = 200 KM/q H n max 1,7 CHH)l(eHHe COCTaBJ1HeT AHBLlB 260 ... 300 M, Vmax = = KM/q; npa VBLIB = 250 KM/q COOTBeTCTBeHHO40 '" 500 M H 330 KM/q. 4 113 rparpaxa cnenyer, qTO }J,11Hsnasarerrsaoro YMeHbllleHHH norepa BbICOTbI H pasroaa Heo6xoAHMbI neperpY3KH 2,3 ... 2,5. B nOR CBH3H cnenyer OTMeTHTb, \ITO nHKHpoBaHHe C TaKHMH oonbIllHMH yrnaMH MO)l(eT HaHTM BeCbMa orpaaaseaaoe npasseaeaae, TaK KaK OHO B03MO)l(H0 KpaTKOBpeMeHHO (Me· nee 1 C). TIpH 3TOM nOIlTH see CHH)l(eHHe sepronera rrpHXOIJ,HTCH na ysacrox ssraona H3 nHKHpoBaHHH. B pasn. 2.8.2 6bInO OTMelleHO, qTO nHKHpoBaHHe C yrnasra raaraxa, 60nhIllHMH rro a6COmOTHOHsenaxaae 30 '" 40° , He nae r ssusrpsnua B BenHqJ{He H3MeHeHHH BbICOTbI H BpeMeHH MaHeBpa. TaKHM ofipa30M, 0pHeHTHpYHCb na V 300 KM/II H A&";;;; (30 ... 40°), nOTpe6HoH nna asrsona sepronera H3 rrHKHpoBaHHH, MO)l(HO CqJ{TaTb neperpysxy He 60nee

-b~
1,]
PHC. rpY3KH

__ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ 1,

_
nepe-

1,9

2,1 "vmax
BpeMeHH

1,7 tr

1,9

2/

2,3

",max

2.47. ua

BnHJIHHe

MlIKCHMaJIhHOii

)'MeHbUleHHe

npoimeHHOrO POM BbICOTbI:

nyra 6Lr npa ropxax

C Ha60-

M; - - - 300 M; VO = 300 KMjq; const, JJ.H<pPLI KpHBLIX -JTO apesra Y BLIIlep)f(HB3HHlI neperpysxa ny = const

-, -

Ii 0

100

PHC. 2.48. rpysxa ua

BnHJIHHe

MaKCHManbHOii

nepeBbICOTbI

)'MeHbUleHHe H3 nHKapoBaHHJI:

norepa
= 250

s (AHsLIB
PHC. rpyaxx

npa

BbIBO.lle );

- - - 200

VBLIB

KMj'l;

KMjq BnHJIHHe MaKCHManbHOii BpeMeHH nepe-

2.49.
na

>

aa 120"

YMeHLWeHHe

paasopora

27S

<

HHH nonera. PaAHYC KpHBH3Hbl rpaexropaa 3aBHCHT B 60nbllleH Mepe OT CKOPOCTH nonera, qeM OT BepniKaTIbHOH neperpyaxa. TI03TOMY, )l(ellaH nere n, no rpaexropaa C HaH60JlbllleH KpYTH3HOH H C HaHoonbllleH yrnoson CKOPOCTblO, KOTOpaH otecnesar pasnopor B xparsaamee BpeMH, He06XOAHMO BbIITOnHHTb MaHeBp C YMeHbllleHHeM CKOpoCTH nOJ1eTa H C MaKCHMaJ1bHbIMH3HaqeHHHMH yrna xpena H neperpysxa. Oco6eHHO JIO OTHOCHTCH BepTOJleTaM, Y KOTOK psrx AonYCUIMaH seprurcarn.uan neperpY3Ka OIHOCHTeJlbHO nesenaxa, IIpH'leM paapeurennaa AJlH nnarensaoro I1CrIOJlh30BaHHff neperpysica MeHbllle, qeM AorrYCTHMaH KpaTKOBpeMeHHO (I. e. rro cyuiecray orpaunsea yron xpeira}. HHTeHCHBHOCTb TOpMO)l(eHHH neprorrera 3aBHCHT OT roro, HaCKOJlbKO YBeJlHqJ{Bae-:CH yrorr ranraxca. lIro6bl He )J,orrYCTHTh Ha60pa BbICOTbl, YMeHburaior 06l.UHH urar aecyurero BHHTa.

2,0 ... 2,2.

P a 3 BOp 0 T. Kpoxse BpeMeHH Ba)l(HbIMlf xapaKTepHCTHKaMH TpaeKTO' pHl1 passopora HBnHIOTCHL max H csseureaae BOOK Z OT HCXO)1.Horonanpanne-

yron pasaopora.

B 3TOM cnyxae H3'3a I1HTeHCHBHoro TOpMO)l(eHI1H peaJIH30BaTb 60JlbIllHe neperpysxa MO)l(HO IOJlhKO AJlH paanopora na Manble yrnsr. OIMeTHM liTO paaaopor C AJlHTel1hHbIM Bbl)J,ep)l(HBaHHeM YCJlO)l(HeH B03MO)l(HOCTblO C~bIBa nOIOKa ua BHHTe, npH 3TOM TaK)l(e YCJlO)l(HHerCHTO'IHbIH BbIXO)J,ua 3a)J,aHHblH:
145

144

Monenaposanae noxasano, xro YMCHblllCHHC BpeMCHH BBOna aa 2,5 C naer nsrarpsuu B paasopore na 1,5 '" 2,0 c; Lmax coxpauiaerca aa -150 M (Vo = 300 KMj'l), Z - ocraercx rCM )l(C. OrMCTHM, xro MHHHManbHOC BpCMH
BBOna sepronera B KpCH OrpaHH'lCHO ycnoaaera BblnCp)I(HBaHHH asrcorsr nonera, Ecna B TC'lCHHCuexoroporo BPCMCHH nonYCKaCTCH YBCnl1'lCHHCBblCOTbI na 5 ... 15 M, TO uenecoofipasno nna COKpamCHI1H BpeMeHH BBOna sa C'ICT 6blcrporo 113MCHCHHHpCHa YBCnl1'lHBaTb yron raarazca Cortepexcesxera. K Ha pac, 2.49 nOKa3aHO, KaK BmUICT na BpeMH paasopora na 120 cpenHHH rrpM MaHCBPCCKOPOCTbnonera Vcp H MaKCI1ManbHaH BCpTHKanbHaH neperpyaxa n y max' Bnnao, 'ITO B cnysae , xorna passopor C Vcp = 300 KM/'I BbIrronHHCTCH C n y max = 1,8, BMCCTO 1,4, BpeMH MaHCBpa COKpaIllaCTCH aa 6,5 c. 113 rparpaxa cnenyer, 'ITO rpanaenr HaKnOHa xpnasix, COOTBcrCTBYIOIllMH YMCHblllCHl110 BPCMCHI1 aa 0,5 C npM .1n y m ax = 0,2, nOCTHraCTCHnpa cnenyioruax CO'lCTaHHHX Vcp 11 Ilymax: 300 KMj'l - 2,3; 200 KM/'I - 1,9; 150 KM/'I - 1,7. TaKHc 3Ha'lCHHH MaKCI1ManbHblX neperpysox npHMeM aa norpefinsie )J)IH pa3Bopora. OHH npeaocxonar COOTBCTCTBYIOI.llI1CHa'leHHH 3 rrpH ro pxe H BbIBOnC ll3 naxupoaaaaa.
0

pacKpyTKC BMHTa H ManOH np"CMHCTOCTlf nBHraTCJJH (CM. paan, 3.2). BCTpe. '1aIOTCH CJIyqaH, xorna H3MCHCHHC'1aCTOTbI BpaIllCHHH COCTaBJJHCT ± 20 (ir. HBJIHCTCHcnCAcrBHCM cpsma rrOTOKa na BHHTC npa cneziyiouurx Hc6narorrpHHTHbIX a3poAHHaMH'leCKHX 11 KOHCTPYKTHBHblX xapaxrepncTHKaX BCpTOJICTa: pe3KOC YBCJIH'lCHHe HarpY30K B CHcrCMe ynpasnenaa, xoro pste H3.3a Ac!l>oP~IIHH sa r anpoycanarenexr yraensuraror !l>aKTH'lCCKOC (COOTBCTCTBYIOIllCC r == 0,7) IIHKnH'lCCKOC H3MCHeHHe yrna ycraHOBKH J10naCTeH; OAHOBpeMCHHO OHH ysreasmaior CKOPOCTb oTpa60TKH ranpoycanarenea BMOTb AO 3aKJJHHHBaHHHnpn HeAOCTaTO'lHOHHX MOmHOCTH, To e. nomroii OCTanOBKH B HCAOBeAeHHOMAO KOHCrpYKTHBHOrO OrpaHH'leHHH rrOJIO)!(eHHH; yaenaseaae xafipapyromero MOMeHTa aecyuiero BHHTa BCJIeACTBHe3Ha'lHTCJIbHOrO OTKJIOHCHHHKOHyca norracTcH Ha3aA 11 YBenH'IeHHH rrpoAonbHoH CHnbI BHHTa; YMeHblIICHliC nnxapyrouiero IllHX yrrrax aTaKH "sarenennex," rrOnO)!(CHHbIMHnnepena; 60JIhlllaH 3annHH UCHTpoBKa MOMCHTa nnanepa, BbI3BaHHoe rrpl1 OOJIb' cTa6HJIH3arOpa :mCMCHTaMH sepronera, pac-

"IlOAXBaT"

sepronera,

A3PO,lI,I1HAMHIIECKHX XAPAKTEPHCIHK BEPTOJIETOB H OnPE)lEIDIEMbIE 11M" nPED.EJIhHbIE PEJKl1Mbl nOIIET A

3.1. PACJIOllArAEMblE BEITHKAllbHbIE H "JIOJI.XBAT" BEPTOllET A JIEPErpY3KH

r 11A B A

3. OCOEEHHOCIH

Pacrtonaraesroji 6yneM uaasrsart, Benl1'IHHY Hal160nblllCu sepraxansaoa neperpysxa, xoropaa OrpaHH'ICHa ycnosaeea B03HHKHOBCHHH xaxoro-nafo nenonycnoacro HBneHliH I1nl1 BhlXOnOM xaxoro-nafo napasterpa (CKOpoCTI1 nonera, 'IaCTOThl apauienas BHHTa H np.) aa nonycrasrsre 3Ha'leHI1H. 0603Ha'lHM ee n y pacn : K HCnonYCTI1MhIM OTHOCHTCHHBnCHHC "nonxsara" BCpTOnera, Ilpynie npH'lHHhI, ofiycnaanaaaiouure 11 pacn , paccxro rpensr B paan. 3.2 j H 2.8. OrpaHl1'1CHHC MHHHManhHOH BCJ1H'lHHbI sepnncansaoa neperpysxa 6ynCM 0603Ha'laTb n j/ m m ' "Ilonxaar" BepToncTa MO)!(CT npoaaoara rrpl1 HHTeHCllBHOM MaHeBp"poBaHHH C OOJlbl.lll1MH BepTHKaJlbHbIMI1 neperpyaxaser. UpoHBnHcTcH OH KaK PC3KOC 113MeHeHHCyrna rauraxca na xaopupoaaaae, xoropoe nafimonaerca B TC'IeHHe 1 ... 2 C H fionee, necjao rpa ua ero napaponauae MaKCHManbHbIM OTKnOHCHHeM pysxa ynpaBncHI1H. Xapaxrepusna nna "nonxsara" JiBnHeTCH B03HHKalOmaH TeHnCHUHH aa xpenenae sepronera na 30° H OOncc. B cnysaax, xorna npu "no nxsare" , CTPCMHCb BbIBeCTH seproner 11.3Ka6pHpoBaHHH, nCT' 'lHK YMCHblIlacr 06Illl1H urar na 5 ... 10° (peKOMCHnyCMOC YMCHblllcHHe mara 2 ... 3°), HCCYI.lll1HBI1HT pacKpY'lHBaCTCH, a 3aTCM ero spameaae pe3KO saMelJ1lHeTCH H3-3a aBrOMaTH'ICCKOrO YMeHblIlcHHH MOIllHOCTI1 nsararena npa
146

PaCCMOTpl1M H3MCHCHHC napasierpoa ABH)!(CHHH BCpTOJICra npn ropxe C "noAXBaToM" (pHC. 3.1). Maaesp asmonaanca C pC)l(HMa ropH30HTaJJbHOro nonera aa CKOPOCTHno yxaaarerno VY K = 280 KM/'l. UCHTpoBKa BCpTOJ1CTa 6hma npenensno 3anneH, TCMncpaTypa napyaororo aosnyxa rrpeasnuana CTaHAaprHYIO. TaKHc ycnoaas rrorrera, KaK 6YAer nOKa3aHO HH)!(e, cnocofiCTBYIOT B03HHKHOBeHHIO "nonxsara". Bnzmo, 'lTO BO BpeMH BBOna B ropxy B cacreve ynpaaneaas 3Ha'IHrCJJbHO YBenH'lHnHCb HarpY3KH, 0 'leM CBHb // 8 nerenscrsyer paapsrs IIIJleH!l>a, pe(} V 7 racrpapyrourero yrorr ycraHOBKH 'J'\, J Llt,an 6 nonacrea 00. Ha-sa 3aMe)J;J1eHHH 5 CKOPOCTH oTpa60rKH rHnpOYCI1J1H. 06/ I"' b. \ IU rena (yxacrox ab) nCT'lHK HC cssor \J 6blCTPO orxnonars pysxy ynpas./ (Jz /' ~ ~ J1eHHHnrrepen no ynopa. B PC3YJ1b'['I.,. ~ / _L -5 20 rare BepTHKaJ1bHaH neperpysxa BCp.

///.

il

lIT

ronera

YBcnH'lHJ1aCb AO 3Ha'lCHHH

-70

./

TOPMO)!(CHHJI sepronera aa CKOPOCTHX, MeHbllIHX 200 KM/'1, C aanasnsraaHHCM .1t')an == 3 C YMeHblIIHJJCH

2.1, a yron raaraxa Tonsxo rrocne

}J,O

40°_

o r-- r240

.....

zJ

\ j I' I--!XV
1'\
I

r-,

~
I

zoo

Ic!'o i-"""

y
I

lt7y

PMC. 3.1. H3MeMeHMe no apeMeHM napaMCYpoa ABMlKeHHH aepronera IlpH ropxe C'nonxsar" M3'3a B03paeyaHHH HarpY30K a CHCYeMeynpaaJleHHH)

~'"
6 8

~--

!----I

Iy

---1
j

~l
10 t.t 147

yron

Ka6pHpoBaHHH. TICTlIHK K BaIT H<pHlI.l1 o BaIT 3TOT MallCBp KaK 3aMC]J)JCHP

HbIH BbIXOp,H3 rOpKH. Ilpyroii cnY'IaH "nonxsara", B03HHKllICrO BO BpCMH BBO)la B pa3BOpOr, IIpoHCXOp,Hn cnCp,ylOmHM 06.fa30M. lIa CKOpOCrH norrera 300 KM/'I JlCr'Il1K cosnan yron KpcHa 45 ... 50 . O)lHOBPCMCHHO JJllH <popcHpoBaHHH paasopo ra (sa cser rOpMO)l(CHHH sepronera) 6bill YBcnH'ICH yron rauraxca. Bneaanao PC3KO soapocna HarpY3KH B CHcrCMC ynpaanenas, na 'ITO, KaK H B IIpe)lblp,ymCM npassepe, YKa3bIBaIT pa3MbIB llITICH<pa CaMOIII1ClI.a yrna ycrauosxa (ofnuero urara) nOIIaCrCH HCCYW.Cro BHHIa. IIpoH30llITIO "3aKnH~HBaHHC" YIIpaBnCHHH. B pesynsrare pC3KO YBCnH'Il1JICHyron raaraxa (no ~30 ). TorrsKO IIOcnC YMCHbllICHHH nCr'IHKOM yrna ycraHOBKH nonacreii necyuiero BHHra H BbIBO)la BCpTOnCTa H3 KpCHa Ka6pHpOBaHHC neprone ra npexparanocs. CKOPOCThnOJ1Craaa 10 C YMcHbllIHnacb no 170 KM/'I. "Ilonxsar" raK)I(C B03HHKacr npH pa3Boporc C V = const , BbIIlonHCHHOM c MaKCHManbHO p,onycrHMoH neperpysxoii, xorrta HCnpC)lHaMCpCHHo nonylIICHHOC CHH)I(CHHCsepronera napapyercs OTKnOHCHHCM pyxxa ynpaanenas aasan BMCCTO YMCHbllICHHH yrna xpeua. TaKoH cnoco6 npexpauienaa CHH)I(CHHH npHBOAHT K BbIXOp,y aa OrpaHH'ICHHH no neperpysxe H "nonxaary". Pacceaorpara OAllY H3 THnOBbIX nCTHbIX cHryaIJ.HH, B KOTOPOH HCOp,HO· xparao npeasnuanacs pacnonaraexraa neperpyaxa. Ha ManOH Bblc~rc none ra BblIlOnHHnOCb nOJIOrOC nHKHpoBaHHc H 3arCM pa3BopoT na 180 . TIcr'IHK p,onYCTHJ1ollIH6KY, Ha'IaB pasaopor H YBcnH'IHB 06W.HH urar, HC BblBOJlH BCproner H3 lIHKHPOBaHHH. B pesynsrare aeproner lIpop;On)l(aIT CHH)I(CHHC,HO C YBcnH'ICHHbIMH neperpysxoii, KPCHOM H urarosi BHHra. Korna cxopocrs none ra npCBblCHJ1a 250 KM/'I, nCT'IHK YBcrrH'ICHHCM yrna raaraxa pCllIHn npeKpaTHTb P;aITbHCHllICC CHH)I(CHHC pasroa sepronera. OAllaKO ua TaKHX CKOPOCH rHX nonera pacnonaraeraaa neperpysxa orHOCHTCJlbHO Mana, n03TOMY p;a)l(c Manoro rerana H3MCHCHHH yrrra ranraxca OKa3blBaCTCH AOCTarO'IHO JJllH CC npensnueuaa H, cnenoaarensao, nna "nonxsara". Hc06xOp,HMO CHa'IaITa Bblaccra aeproner H3 nHKHpOBaHHH H ronsxo nocne aroro asmormars paaaopor. TIPH 3TOM nporue KOHTpoJIHpOBaTb BCnH'IHHY neperpysxa. TIo xapaxrepacraKaM TpaCKTOpHH nonera L HZ, a TaK)I(C lIO BpeMCHH BblnOJIHCHHHTaKOH MaHCBP HC3Ha'IHTcrrbHO ycrynaer OlIHcaHHOMY asnue, icorna BblXOA H3 rnncapoBaHHH nsnronnaerca Op,HOBPCMCHHO paaaoporora (CM. 2.8.2). C

KalOrCH nepesseutenaa nryro paabanaacapoaxy

psrsaron
BCpTOJICra

ynpaanenaa, ycyryfinarontae B03HHK(HCKOTOPbIC H3 HHX OIIHCaHHbI B paan.

3.1.3).

3_1.1.PACnOJIAr AEMAH BEPfHKAJILHMI nEPErPY3KA, 06YCJIOBJlEHHMI HArPY3KAMH B CHCTEME YnPABJlEHIDI TIpH 60nbIIIHx BCprHKaJIbHbIX neperpysxax H3-Ja cpsrsa nOTOKa aa nonacrax BHHTa pe3KO YBCJIH'lHBaIOTCH HarpY3KH, ACHCTBYlOlIIHC aBTOMaT neaa PCKOca H safiycrepayio 'IaCTbCHCTCMbI npaBJICHHH. Ilpenerrsasre neperpysxa, ony PCp,CJIHCMbIC npo'IHOCTblO 3JICMCHTOBBCpTOJICTa, 6y.nCM Ha3bIBaTb MaKCIfManbHo-.nonyCTHMbIMH H ofoanasarr, nyAOil' lJacTO npH 60nbIllHX CKOPOCTHXH asrcorax nonera npc.nCJIbHO-p,onYCTHMbIC neperpyaica MCHbllIC pacnonaraeMbIX, cnenosarensao, MaHCBpeHHOCTb sepronera orpaHH'IHBaCTCH cro npoxHOCTblO. Ho nOMHMO npo'IHOCTHbIX orpaHH'ICHHH B03paCTaHHC HarpY30K B CHCTCMCynpasneaaa npHBOp,HT K CC .nC PMaIUIH , H3MCHHIOlilCH MaKCHManb<Po HbIC MOMCHThl ynpaBJICHHH, H K YBCnH'ICHHIO YCHnHH, .nCHCTBYIOllJ.HX 1llT0aa KH m.npoYCHJlIfTCJICH. 113-3a aroro B HanpaBncHHH, npoTHBolIOnO)I(HOM p,cii:crBHIO CHJIbl, YMcHbIlIacTCH MaKCHManbHaH CKOPOCTbnepesreuteaua lUTOKOB H, cnenoaarensno, psrsaros ynpaBJICHHH. B03MO)l(Ha .na)l(C, KaK CKa3aHO BbIlUC, HX KpaTKoBpcMeHHaH OCTaHOBKa, Ha3bIBaCMaH nCr'IHKaMH "3aKJIHHHBaHHcM" ynpaBJICHHH. YMeHbIlIcHHc MaKCHMaJIbHbIX MOMCHTOB ynpasrreaas H B03MO)l.(HOH CKOPOCTHnepevemenaa psrsaroa ynpaanenaa rpefiyer OrpaHH'ICHHH pacnonaraesroa IIcpcrpY3KH. TaKJlM 06pa30M, H3-3a B03pacTaHHH HarpY30K B CHCTCMCynpaaneaaa aepronerosr rrpn MaHeBpax, BbIflOJIHHlOlllHXCH C ysena'ICHHCM BepTHKaJIbHhIX neperpysox, Hco6xop,HMO onpenenars KaK MaKCHManbHO-.nonYCTHMbIC, TaK H pacnorraracMblc neperpysxa. CBC.nCHHHno onpenerreHHIO MaKCHManbHo-/J:onycTHMbIX neperpysox CO.nCP)l(liTCH B nHrcparype no npO'IHOCrH BcpToncToB (nanpasaep, [1, 18]). Marepaan, H3JIO)l(CHHblHHH)I(C, nocaautea onpc.nCJICHHIOpacnonaraesnax neperpysox. 3aBHcHMoCTb HarpY30K B uenax ynpaBJICHHH or K03<p<plIUHcHTa THrH aecymero BHHTa (pKC. 3.2) xapaKTcpH3YCTCH HX PC3KHM yaenHIJCHHCM npH npcBbllUCHHJI nexoroporo 3Ha'ICHHH t H (neperpysxa}. YpoBCHb nonycxaeMbIX HarpY30K coorsercrayer 3Ha'ICHHHM, HaXOJlHlUHMCH aa aapacraioutea 'IaCTH 3aBHCHMOCTH.3TO caanerenscrayer 0 6oJIbIlIOH 'IyacTBHTcnbHoCTH aarpY30K K H3MCHCHHIO neperpyaxa, TI03TOMY 3aBHCHMOCTbnonscra onpeaenarsCH C BblCOKOH roxaocrsro. Ee nocrpoenne OcnO)I(HCHO HCrO'IHOCTblOonpenenemUI CKOpOCTHnOJICTa BO BpCMH MaHcBpoB H3-3a 60JlbIllHX yrnon araxa, BnHHHHCM aa HarpY3KH Typ6yncHTHoCTH aosnyxa, MaHcpoH nHJ10THpOBaHHHnCT'lHKa, rrposonsmero HCIIbITaHHH. CnCAOBaTeJIbHO, 3aBHCHMOCTb na pHC. 3.2 .noJl)I(Ha crpoarsca aa OCHOBaHHH 6onbIlIoro 'lHcna H3~CpCHHH. TpY)l;HoCTb B onpCp;CJICHHHpacnonaraesaoa neperpysxa aa MaTCMaTH'ICCKOH MOAcnH .no npoaenemra JICTHbIX HcnbITaHHii: COCTOHT TOM, 'ITO, KaK OTB Me'ICHO B pa31J;. 1.5, paC'ICThI HarpY30K B uenax ynpaaneaaa p,On)I(HbI KOPPCK-

aecymero

Cnenyer aepraxansnaa

OTMCTHrb, 'ITO "norixaar" B03MO)l(CH TaK)I(C :a cnY'IaHX, xorna neperpysxa MCHblUC n y p acn : Hanpnssep, npn ollIH60'IHb~ p,CHCTBHHXJICr'IHKa no napaposaumo OTKa3a nsararena aa MaKCHManbHOH cxopocra nonera: pe3KOM OrKJIOHCHHH pyqKH ynpaanemor aa 60nbllIYIO aena'lHHy npH HCX0roI0M (HCYMCHblUCHHOM) 06W.CM urare. TIpH 310M CpbIB nOTOxa na BHHTC B03HKKaCT BcnCp,CTBHCYMCHbllICHHH 'IaCTOTbl Bpaw.CHHH HCCYlllC-

ro

"Ilonxsar" B 60nbllIHHCTBC cnysaea He npaaonar K nCTHOMY npoacurecrBHIO. IIpK YMCHbllICHHH CKOPOCTHnonera no 150 ... 100 KM/'I seproner Bb180p,HTCH H3 aroro pC)l(HMa. TICTHoC npoacurecraae B03MO)l(HO ronsxo rorna, xorna B cnozcrsrx ycrrOBHHX HHTCHCHBHoro Ka6pHpoBaHHH BCpTOJICTaAonyc148

BHHTa.

149

/luntj[mllI'fOJ1

~MlI<I/IHa

CH_ Ilna aroro ua pe)l(I1MaX ropH30HTaJIbHOrO IIOneTa HaXOIJ}IT K03!f:J<lJHu;HeHThI THrH aecytnero BHHTa (tH 0) npH KOTOPbIX HarpY3KH "OC·Il n

wz=o'

THralOT
(tH.llon)

MaKCHMaJlb_!!o-AonycrnMoro

ypoaaa

IIpH

wz=o

= f(V)

(PI1C. 3.3) BBOJJ:HTCH MaTeMarnlJeCKYIO MOAenh (npaB

Wz

,_.,

O.

3aBHCHMOCTb

BeAeHHble na rpa<lJHKe 3HalJeHHH tH.)lon MoryT OTJIHlJaTbCH sa B 3aBHCHMOCTHOT napasrerpon BHHTa H nepronera) • IhMeHeHHe _ MaHeBpe 3~ C'IeT BnHHHHH
PHC.

lO ._. 20 %

3.2.

3aBHCHMOCTb MaHeBpax tH.)lon

HarpY30K OT

B CHCTeMe

ynpaBHe-

BOARaH

tH

Wz

Wz IlpHHHMaeTCH paBHbIM 6e peTCH no rpa<lJHKaM t H = f( O:H, Do, '

t';; z
W ZH

t H.llon

npa

WZ'
'W

npHlJeM npoasXH )

JlCBHH

npH

K034>4>HUHeHTa

TJlrH

cyniero

_BHHTa

H OTHOCHTe]lbHOH

CKOPOCTH

nonera V 3.3.
rara
3aBKCHMOCTb 1l0nyCTIIMOTO BHHTa tH.)lon OT K034>4>1fo

fi!lpnrn.:::::::::::::-

__::_---~
~

-- If
t

-_

-/u <,

PHC_ UHeHTa

aecyuiero
Wz

ji

H WZH:

1 - (tH.)lOll)
PHC.

= 0; 2 -

Wz tH

Wz
neperpysxa

cpsrsa Il~roKa na BHHTe (CM. pasn, 1.4). OTMeTHM, 'ITO CJIa60 3aBHCHT OT V, aH ' Do - BenHlJHHa n y pacn nna TOro HnH aaoro MaHeBpa HaxOJJ:HTCH B pesynsrare MOAenHpoBaHHH. HHTeHCHBHoCTb ero ssmonaeaaa ysenasaBaeTCH AO Tex IIOp, noxa K03<lJ<lJHl.I,HeHTHill aecyniero BHHTa t H AOCTHrHeT T 3HaqeHHH tH.non' Ilonysenusre TaKHM 06pa30M 3Ha'leHHH nypacn (pHc.3_4) HCIlonb3YIOT IlpH yro~eHHH PYKoBoACTBa no neTHOH 3KcnnYaTaIJ;HH H nporpasrMbI nerasrx HCnhITaHHHsepronera aa MaHeBpeHHocTb_ TIo peaynsrarasr nerasrx HcnhITaHHH na MaHeBpeHHOCTh ny acn onpe~enHeTCJI OK,Olf1larenbHO, a HarpY3KH B CHCTeMeynpaBJIeHHH P B' K' P o.ur - f( V. Do, aH, WXH ' wzy) YTOllHHIOTCH.Ho n y pacn He MOryT 6bITb onpeneneasr )l,l1H scex ycnonaa nonera H nonernsrx Mace, n03TOMY HeAOCTaIOIUHe AaHHbie HaXOMTCH na MllTeMaTHlJeCKOH MOAeJIH, YTO'IHeHHOHB lI3CTH onpeneneHHH HarpY30K. Cnenyer OTMeTHTb, QTO 06hl'IH0 npenaaparensasre 3HaQeHHH n y pacn MeHbllIe OKoasarensastx. 06'hHCHHeTCH aro TeM, 'ITO 3HaQeHHH

l;z

B o6naCTH

"
v

3.4.

3aBHCHMOCTb

pacnonaraesroa
BblCOTbI

nypacll

npa nOCTOJlHHoii:nOJleTHoii: Macce aepronera

OT CKOPOCTH

nonera V,
ISo

Hz

parypsr

> HI'

TeMne-

tOcr, - - - tOcr +

Hap)'lKHoro

B03JlYXa:

THpoBaThCH no AaHHblM nerasrx HcnbITaHHH. TI03TOMY onpeneneaae nypacn BbInOnHHeTCH B TpM srana. Ilo neTHbIX HCnhlTaHHH Hcnonh3YlOTCH nanaue no urapnapneisr MOMeHTaM nonacreii mill 0 ' milliS' millie nporo rana. 06bI'lH0 npororan HMeeT aexoropsie OTnHlIHH no reOMeTpHlJeCKHM, MaCCOBhIM xapaKTepHCTHKaM, yIlpyraCTM H u;eHTpOBKe nonacra. Hs-sa 3TOrO B xapaxrepacraxa npoTOTHIIa BHOCHT rronpasxa, xoropsie HaxOIJ}lTCH KaK pa3HOCTh pe3YJIbTaTOB paClJeTOB urapHHpHblX MOMeHTOB nonacrea "poTOTH"a H pacceearpasaevoro sepronera. 3aTeM OIIpeAeJIHIOT caMbIH He6naronpHHTHbIH )J,JUI paccxrarpaaaeraoro BepTOne ra BHA HarpY)l(eHHH H crpoar rparpax, nOKa3aHHbIH aa pHC. 3.2. HeMY H HaXOIJ}IT AOIIYCTHMoe 3HalJeHHe t H.no n B 3aBHCHMocm OT CKOPOCTHnonera. 3aTeM HaxOIJ}lT n y pacn f (V), rne

(tH.non)

wz=o'

HaHAeHHble aa pe)l(I1MaX roPH30HTaJIhHOrO nonera, lJeM npa MaHeBpax, yrnasr YCTaHOBKlI nonacrea

COOTBeTnecyuiero

CTBYIOT 6onbIUHM, BHHTa.

no

(3.l) B asrpaxeaaa (3.l) wH 6epeTcH C YlJeTOM pacKpYTKH aecyuiero BHHTa npa MaHeBpax. CKOPOCTb "pHHHMaeTcH panaoa HalJaJIhHOHcxopocra ropxn Vo, HnM HalJaJIbHOH CKOpOCTMBbIBO}J;a 113 nl1Kl1poBaHHH VOBbIB' HnH !f:JaKTHlJeCKOH IIpH pasaopore. TIPH TaKOM MeTOAe pac n OIIpeAenHIOT,!J)1H ccpenHeHHbIX Benl1l1HH ofiuiero urara BHHTa 11 yrnoasrx CKopOCTeH raarasca IIpH MaHeBpax, xapaxrepasix JJ:1IH npororuna. Ha HalJanbHOH CTa}J;HH neTHbIX HCIIbITaHHH sepronera n y pacn YTO'IHHet-

TIOHCHHM, IlOlJeMY n y pacn 3aBHCHT OT rana BblTIOnHHeMOro MaHeBpa. B TOM, lJTO HarpY3KH 3aBHCHTOT MHOrHX napasserpoa (V Do W W , , H' ZH' WXH ) ' xoropsre no-paaaossy H3MeHHIOTCH Ha pa3HbIX MaHeBpax. Hanpassep, npa n y = const aa YCTaHOBHBIllHXCH BHpa)l(aX WZH MeHbllIe, a 50 6onbllIe, lJeM npa ropxe. TI03TOMY aa ropxe n y pacn 6onbIlle, lJeM IIpH anpaxce. TIPH ropxe, KaK npasano, 60nhIIIHH 50' lJeM npH BblBOAe H3 IlHKHpoBaHHH, TaK KaK ropxa HallHHaeTCH IlpH 60nhIIIHx V H Do, a nHKHpoBaHHe - npa MaJIhIX. OAHaKO, npa V const pasaaua B n y pacn aa pasnsrx MaHeBpax He npesuuraer -0,15, H nns YMeHbIlleHHH tJHena AaHHblX, KOroPhlMH nonxea PYKOBOACTBOBaTbCHneTlIHK, aa scex MaHeBpax nonycxaiorca OAHHaKOBhle n Ii ypacn' onee TOlJHOe Bbmep)l(I1BaHHe neTlIHKOM HarpY30K na cHCTeMY ynpaaneaaa B nonycraxrsrx npenenax B03MO)I(HO na- sepronerax, HMelOlUHX yxasarens HarpY30K.

Ilene

"v

ISO

151

3.1.2. BEPTHKAJIbHAJI llEPErPY3KA, YMEHhIlIEHHEM PACllOJ1Ar AEMoro

OliYCJIOBJIEHHAJI MOMEHTA BEPTOJIETA

_

Hz,1/cZ
7,0 I

KaK 6bmo OTMelJeHO ssnue, IIPIi'll:IHOH "rtorrxaara" MorYT 6bITb xposre B03paCTaHIUI HarpY30K B CIICTeMe ynpannenaa npyrae a3poAlIHaMlIqeCKMe ocofienaocra aepronera. 3TO - YMeHbllleHlIe MOMeHTOB necyuiero BIIHTa H nnanepa IIpH 60llblllMX yrnax aTaKM. Hs-aa IDIX "IIOmmaT" MO)l(eT npoll30HTII B cnysae, xorna sospacraaae HarpY30K B CHCTeMe ynpasrrenaa He npenarcrnyer nersaxy 6bICTPO OTKJIOHlITb pYlJKY ,0,0 ynopa snepen, H rrefinaronpaarnsre Ae<l>opMall,HH CHCTeMbI ynpaanenaa HeBellHKH. TaKOH "noAXBaT" H 06YCllOB' neaaas 11M paCIIOJIaraeMaH neperpY3Ka paCCMaTpHBaIOTCHB HaCTOHllI.eM paa-

0,5
'II

~
17 -8

N
10

/
1

JH,H

-~~

12

-0.5. , -10 ,

V
I

I I I
./

-1,5 -2.0
PHC.

nene. Xapaxrepasre

I/"
aepronera

//
Mz

lO/ Y

(Jr,

0,4

1/c

100 0

(1',0

o
-0.4

v-: ./
t=

~
f--...

V .....

i.>
/"-.

06, °
0 4

K \
Z

zJ.,O 40
20

r
/

!) "1
/

fr \
V

V.
Mf/V

/ F'\

3aBHCIIMOCTH npononsaoro MOMeHTa sepronera, OTHeceHuoro K npononsno ay MOMeHTY ero aaepuaa (ilz = Mzl I z = MZT + MznJI) , OT yrna aTaKH (neperpyaxa) npaaeneasr na pHC. 3.5. Kpl1BaH 1 OTHOCHTCR K IIOllO)l(eHlIHM aBTOMaTa nepexoca H ofiuiero mara, paBHbIM 6anaHCHpOBOlJHbIM 3HaqeHl1HM (Mz = 0) IIpH rOpH30HTallbHOM nonere C Vo = 300 KMjq IIepe,o, ropxoii. Paccraarpaeaese.ra BeJlTOlleT "pl1 3a,D,HeHIIeHTpOBKe cfiananCHpoBaH IIpH Dl DB = 10,5°; 00 = 10 ,a = -4,5°. B paaone aroro yrna ara0 KII OH CTarnlJeCKH YCroHlJI1B. TIpH a 2,0 yrorr HaKlIOHa nportorn.aoro MOMeHTa H3MemieTCH 11 B03HI1KaeT nonozcenae HeYCTOHlJI1BOCTII, TO BbI3BaHO, q KaK OTMelJanOCb asnne, CPbIBOM rrOTOKa aa necyuiera BHHTe. HellHHeHHOCTb 3aBI1CIIMOCTH npa yrnax araxa a = 8 ... 16° 06'bHCHHeTCH YMeHbllleHlIeM rro,o,'beMHOH Cl1llbI cTa611ll113aTOpa ncnencraae CKOca rrOTOKa aoane Hero. Kpl1BaH 2 aa pMC. 3.5 nocrpoena AlIH naparaerpoa, COOTBeTCTBYIOIl.UlX BpeMeHH AOCTl1)1(eHl1H v m ax n (pac, 3.6): t = 3,7 c; V = 260 KMjq; Wz =

3.5.

3aBHCHMOCTb MOMeHTa

OTHOCHTeJIbHOrO

p;OJIbHOrO OT

yr na aTaKH: 1 - npM OB

npo= Mz/lz
OBmax

JOO 200 100

OBr.n;

2-

npM DB

=
B

o
nlJ

[I'<,
.../
nlJ V

Puc. 3.6.
p;BlDKeHHH 0'0

IbMeHeHHe
aepronera nOp;XBaT

no BpeMeHH napasserpoa
npa BBOAe ropxy, Bhl3B3H Hep;OCTaTO'IHbIM OTKJlOHeHHH

2,0 1,0

"r-...
'I

>

const.

nHKHpYJOIUHM PY'lKH

MOMeHTOM anepen

IIPH

ynpaBJIeHHH

../ o2

-............ 8

!--

...._
t.:

10

=0,21/c; DI-5B = 14°; 00 = 13°;ny 1,9;{)=30 .0HaoTHocI1TcHKropice, BbIITOllHeHHOH C npeasnuenae sr pacnonaraesroa neperpysxa, B pesynsrare lJero npoasomen "nO,D,XBaT". 113 PI1C. 3.5 BI1,D,HO,JTO HeCMOT~H aa MaKl cassarrsnoe OTKlIOHeHl1e PY'IK11 ynpasneaaa 11 Wz 0, rrpH a 23 rrpo,o,ollbRbIH MOMeHT sepronera HanpaBlleH na xafipaponanae. Cnenoaarensno, OTKllOHeHHH pyqKII ynpaaneaaa HeAOCTaTOlJHO,lJ106bl npeKpaTI1Tb ysenaseaae

>

>

yrna raarazca.
PaCCMOTpl1M BJlI1HHI1e na rrpo,o,OJlbHblH MOMeHT nepronera Mz YCllOBI1H nonera. 113 pac. 3.7 BI1,D,HO cyurecrneimoe YMeHblIIeHl1e MOMeHTOB na nuxapoBaHl1e na V 200 KM/lJ. C YBemIlJeHl1eM HalJaJlbHOH CKOPOCTI1MaHeBpa Vo cyuiecraenao B03paCTaeT CKllOHHOCTb sepronera K "nO,D,XBaTY" TaK)I(e BClle,o,CTBHeYBeJIHlJeHIIH norpefiasrx AlIJI ropaaoaransaoro nonera 3HalJeHHH ofiniero urara [jo r.n H, cnenosarensao, ero BeJlHlJI1Hblrrpl1 MaHeBpe. Iloxaaaanue 3aBI1CI1MOCTHOTHOCHTCHK nepronery, HMeIOmeMY KHHeMamqecKYIO CBH3b Me)l(,D,Y yrnora YCTaHoBKI1 nonacreii H crafsrnaaaropora, cnyscauiyio AlIH YMeHbllleHI1H paafianaacapoaxa aepronera rrpl1 113MeHeHHH pe)lG1Ma nonera. Ilpa 3TOM YMeHbllleHl1e 00 rrpHBOAlIT rarose K YMeHbllleHHIO npononsnoro MOMeHTa cratiannaaropa. TeM He MeHee, npu rnyfioxovr cpsrse npa YMeHbllleHI111 [jo H3MeHeHHe MOMeHTa uecyutero BIIHTa npesanapyer Han

>

H3MeHeHl1eM MOMeHTa cTa6HJ1113aTopa.Ha nocpsraasix pe)I(HMaX II nernytioKOM cpsme (a ,;;;; aa 2!'c. 3.7) npa ynpaanaexroxr CTa6HJIH3aTOpeysseasme0 HI1e [jo Mano snaaer na Mz . CKOPOCTb ranraxca Wz (puc. 3.8) yaenasnaae'r pacnonarae snaji MOMeHT BepTOJ1eTa na rmxapcaanne, IIPlIqCM ,o,eMrr<l>lIpoBallJ1eBepTOJleTa npH CPbIBC na necyurera BHHTe 60JlbWe, qeM no cpblBa. 3a}],HHH uenrpomca sepronera YMeHbillaeT :nOT MOMeHT (CM. puc. 3.8). Hs-aa aroro BO BpeMJI asona B neperpysxy rrpli 3a}],Heii uearposxe fonee 6blCTPO yneJIH~BaeTCH CKOPOCTbranrazca. Tpefiyerca HeMe)J.JleHHOeOTKJIOHeHHe pyqKM ynpaanenna or cefia AlIH napaponaana uapacranaa neperpyncn Myrna rauraxa. Taxoe nBH)I(eHMe sepronera aocnpnnaraaerca neTlJI1KOM KaK TeH)J,eHIIHH K caMonpoM3BOJIbHOMY H3MeHeHHIO neperpysxa Ii ranrasca. OnHaKO 3TO He "nO,D,XBaT", TaK KaK noxa neperpY3Ka neaernnca, npexpauienae Ka6pMpOBaHMH npoacxormr cpaay (Llt 3an 1 c) I10Clle OTKJIOHeHltH pysxn Bllepe,o,. .Ilna YCJIOBliH noriera, npli KOTOPblX nocrpoeu ua pnc. 3.8, "llO,D,XBaT" HeB03MO)l(eH npa nepenaeii uearposxe BepToneTa M B03MO)l(CII npn 3a}],HeH. OlJeBH)J,HO, qTO YBeJllIlJI1Tb pacnonaraesrsre MOMeHTbI necyiuero BHHTa MO)I(HO pacurapeaneja lll1ana30Ha OTKnOHeHIIJI aBTOMaTa rtepexoca snepen. O,D,HaKO )TO, KaK npaBIIJlO, HeB03MO)l(HO M3-3a YBenMqeHMH AeHcTBYlOlllMX na nonacra, aryrncy, rnanasni penyxrop HarpY30K upn AOBCnCHI1H pY4KH no ynopa, a TaK)I(e H3-3a ysreasureaaa aasopa MC)I(,D,ynonacraraa uccyuiero snnra H pacrrOJlO)l(CHHbIMH cnepena :mCMeHTaMH KO.!:!.CTPYKIIHI1 <l>1D3eJlH)I(a. BKJIaA MOMeHTOB. C03naBaCMbIX <l>I03eml)l(CM MZ$' KPbV)OM if;: Kp

<

152

6 - 631

153

)I(eHbI rOH)J,OJIbI,KOHTei1:HepbI, 6aKH. B xasecrae npajaepa BJIHHHHH a3pO)J.IfHaMH'IeCKHX XapaKTepHCTHK CTa6HJ1H3aTOpana MOMeHTbI IIJ1aHepa Mz nrr H aeproriera B IIeJIOM Mz na pHC. 3.1 0 I1pHBe)J,eHbIxpaasre )J.JIHI1JIaHepa C ,[(BYMfl BapHaHTaMH cTa5HJIl13aTopa: 1 - HeJ],OCTaTO'lHO 3<P¢eKTl1BHoro IIpH I10J10)I(HTeJIhHbIX yrnax aTaKH; 2 - 3<p<peKTHBHoro KaK I1pH OTpHIIaTenbHbIX, TaK II npH rtonoaorrensnsrx yrnax araxn. B nocnermew cnysae I1pll MaHeBpe Beproner I1MeeT ua 0,3 .,. 0,4 6onhlllYlO pacnonaraereyio neperpysxy. TaKllM o5pa30M, npll BbI60pe xapaxrepacTI1K cTa5liJIH3aTOpa II ero pacn0J10)l(eHHH HapHAY C Tpe50BaHHHMH, BbI,[(BllraeMbIMll 6anaHcHpoBKoi1: H YCTOi1:qHBOCTbKl epTOJ1eTa, Heo5xoAHMO y'IHB TbIBaTh Tpe50BaHHe 06eCIIelJeHHH AOCtaTOqHOrO MOMeHTa AlIH BbIBO)J,a nepronera H3 neperpyaKH. Bo MHOrl1X CJIYlJaHX aro Tpe60BaHHe MO)l(er 6bITb onpeAeJIHKlI.IWM, TaK KaK npaexotevrsre xapaKTepHCTHKH YCTOH'lHBOCTH H yrrpaBJIHeMOCTll Moryr nocrararsca aa cner YCTaHOBI(H ua sepPRC.

3.7. BnHHHHe aa
BHIITa.:
Ii 0
"'"

IlpQAOJlbHb'H

MOMeHT

sepronera

CKOPOCTH

nonera

H 06~ero

mara

aecyuiero
Puc.

ronere anroraarasecxax cpencra.

Pacnorraraexras
B pasn.

16°; - - - Ii '0

"'"

12°; - . - Ii~ == 9°
MOMeHT

3.1.1,

neperpysxa, 3aBHCl1T OT rana

KaK I10Ka3aHO MaHeBpa. Cpas-

3.8. Bnaaaae ua
aepronera;

npO,QOJIbHb'H

sepronera

yrnosok

CKOPOCTU T3Hr3lKa

H ~eHT'

aeaae

l1ypacn

(pac, 3.11) noxaasmaer, xro naa-

POBKH

3a,I:iHeii; - - - - nepcnnea Pac, 3.9.

3aBHCHMOCTb COCTaBJUlIO~1fX npo,QOJIbHOrO MI>" MeHTa Puc. aepronera OT yr na aUKH npO,QOJIbHblX IlpH aayx MOMeHTQB OapU3HTIIX sepronecrafianaL-_-~~~5L-_-L __
L_ __ ~

H craoanasaropov Mz CT B CYMMapHbli1: MOMeHT ITJIa_!!epa,a raxxce COOTHOmeaae Me)I()J.y Hl1MH l1 MOMeHTOM uecyuiero BHHra Mz T HnnIOCTpHpyeTcn: pHC. 3.9. BHARO, 'ITO na 50J1blllHX CKOPOCTHX nonera C YBemiqeHHeM yrna araxa sepronera (neperpysxa) l13-3a YMeHbllleHHH npononsnoro MOMeHra aecyuiero Bl1HTa MOMeHT nnanepa CTaHOBHTCHorrpenenaiounoa. <l>Kl3enH)I( C03)J,aeTMOMeHT, aanpannennsui tra xafipaposanae, a MOMeHrbI xpsina y paccsrarpanaejaoro sepronera H crafinnaaaropa nanpaanensr na ITHKHpoBaHl1e, T. e. cnoco6CTBYlOT asixony sepronera l13 neperpysxa. CTa6Hm13aTopoM MO)l(liO cyurecraeano B03AeHCTBOBarb aa MOMeHTHbIe xapaxrepacraxu sepronera. Ha pe)l(liMaX nonera, CBH3aHHbiX C ysenH'IeHHeM yrna araxa sepronera, MOMeHT cra6HJ1H3aTOpa onpenenaercx He TOJ1bKOero nJ10111a)J,b1O a3po)J.liHaMHqeCKHMH XapaKTepHCTl1KaMH, HO 11 MecropaCIT0J10Ii )I(eHHeM. Ilocrrernree snaaer na ropsiozcenae noroica y Cra6HJ1H3aTOpa Ii aa yron cxoca nOTOKa .1aCT' YMeHbIlI3KlIlI,liH yron aTaKH craounasaropa aCT' KaK 1I0Ka3aHO B paan. 2.4 (CM. pac. 2.24, YQaCTKl1 KpHBblX ab), pacnono)J(eHHe cTa6HJ1H3arOpa MO)l(eT 6bITb r3KHM, 'ITO ITpH HeKOTopbIX rr0J10)I(HTenhHbIX yrnax aTaKH <p103eJ1H)J(a ero 3<p<peKrHBHOCTb 3aMerHO ysreusuraerca. 3ro HBneHHe o6ycnOBJIeHO "3aTeHeHHeM" cra6HJIH3aTOpa HaX0,l.J)llll,HMHCH nnepenn 3neMeHTaMH IIJ1aHepa. B CBOIO o 'Ie peAb, ocpenaennsni yron CKOca .1aCT 3aBHCHr OT SCT H I CT (5). Oco6eHHO 3HalJHTeJ1bHO aospacraer CKOC noroxa, ecnn y aepronera fonsuraa IIJ10lll,aAb xpsina HJIH no 60pTaM pacnono154

3.10.

3aSHCHMOCTb

-Q,4t-----t---M:-"H

Ta H naaaepa

OT yr na aTaKH

3aTopa.: MOMeHT IlcprorrcTa;

- - - MOMCIIT nrraHepa

ISS

H3 0:*

BenJ11IHH npononsnoro MOMeHTa no cooraercrnytoutyro eMY neperpysxy n~ HCBpHpoBaHHH neprorrer BbIXO,lJ,HT na n m ax' 3THX H

pHC.

= R;/G.
O:m ax

3.12

o:*.ITo3TOMY

nymax>ny

H O:max>O:

yron aTaKH pesynsrare Mapansme, -qCM aa ny, *

HaHAeM B Ho H D:max MO)I(HO

(CM.pHC.3.1,3.6).

Monenaposanae
HaHTH no <PoPMYnaM ~

nOKa3aJIO,

xro

npH6nH)I(CHHO

n y max

ny

max

n]; +

0,3

(n]; At

1,0);

O:max

0:*

(2

•.•

4)

o.

(3.2)

v
PIle. 3.11.
coo --BBO)l CpaBHeHHe BeJlH'IHHbl = const: B ropKY; -

ITpH 0:*

nj"

COoTBcTcrBYIOlUcH 3aBHCHT

san

CYIIIccTBeHHo

OT cTafiHJIH3aTOpa

pacnonaraeraoa

neperpyaxa
.-

'flO IIpH UpH Pa3J1H'IHbIX MaHeBpaX .. - <POpcHpoBaHHblii pa3-

nepnosr sapaaare
-0,15

craoarmsaropa

(wz =

1/c2).
O:m ax YBcnH'lHTb

c, n ymax = n y p_acn' OTMernM, '!TO nepronera. 113 pHC_ 3.9 BH,lJ,HO, 0 0 - 0:* = 3,9 , a npH BroPOM - 10,4
BenH'lHHY lIeM A ~ max MO)l(-

- BbIBO)l H3 nJ1KHpoBaHHlI; -

ITo BenH'lHHe HO 6blcrpo

BOPOT
PHc.

nee "crpor" seproner

npH6nHlKeHHoMY

MO)I(HO oneaars, na K3KYlO yron raaraxa npn MaHCBpe. B max nHnoTHpoBaHHH. 3ro

OH 6onbIIlc,

TCM MCMa-

Ba)I(HaH

xapaxrepacraxa

3.12. K

onpeaeneame n ypacn
06YCJIaBJIHBaeMhIe MOMeHTa, " nOiJ.XBaTOM" H3-3a He)];OC-

HeBpCHHOCTH. Yron A~max r}l,C O:r.n TH ~

A~

HaXOAHTCH rro <popMYne O:r.n), (3.3)

60JIblllHe

3Ha'leHHH

neperpysxa,
B OCHOBHOM,

(1,5 ...

1,8)(O:max

TarO'lHOCrH KHpoBaHHH. pax,

Bem{'IHHhI 3TO,

rrpononsnoro

zrocrararorcs
MeHblllHM,

06bHcHHeTcH

ofiutero mara. I1pH paasopore (na rparpaxax sro TO'lKa MeHhlllHX CKOPOCTHX nonera, 'IeM npa npyrnx POCTHX I10JIen n y pacn I1pH pasaopore MeHbIIIe,
3Ha'leHHeM

onpenenars

nypacn

npn nsrsorte H3 IlHna npyrax MaHeBsepronera "nOiJ.XBaT" nasanaer ,noCTH)I(eHHH MaKCHMYMa) npa
'leM MaHeBpax. 'IeM Ha oonblllHx :ho CKO-

yron

aTaKH

npa

roPH30HTaJIbHOM

nonere

nepronera

aa

CKOPOC-

Vo.
MO)I(Ho C'lHTaTb, B 3aXOAHT

na ropxe.

CBH3aHO YBenH'Ie-

MeHee

HHreHCHBHbIM

3aMe,neJIeHHeM AJlH

sepronera

'lTO B MOMeHT ssrxona na 0:* neproner HaH60nee rrryofinacrs cpsrna nOTOKa aa aecyutesr BHHre, TaK KaK yrny 0:* COOTBeTcrByeT neperpysica, 6J1H3KaH K M3KCHMaJIbHOH, HO rrpH 3TOM Wz = 0, H n03TOMY HCT 6JIarOnpHHTHoro BnHHHHH yrrroaoii cxopocra Ka6pHpoBaHHH. 6oKo POCT

H3-3a

MeHbllIerO

peanasauaa neperpysxa. B CBH3H C )THM pa3BopoTa ua 60nbIIIHx CKOPOCTHX 1I0JIeTa xapaKTepl13yeTcH IIaHoonblllHM no cpaanemno C APYrHMH MaHeBpaMH YBeJIH'ICHlteM HarpY30K B CHCTeMC ynpaanemra sepronera. I1o:noMY ero peKoMeHAYCTCH BhIlIOJIlIHTb C 3aMc,[])1cHHeM CKOpOCTH nonera (no rnny <P0pCHpoBaHo aoro] If C YMeHbllIeHHeM ofiniero urara aa 2 ... 4 . Pacnonaraevan neperpysxa (n y pacn) MO)l(er 6bITb onpeneneua npafina)l(eHHO. TaKoH MeTO)]; MO)I(HO HcnOJlb30BaTb aa arane npoexrapoaaana, icorna MareManf'leCKaH MO)];enb eute He C03)];aHa, HJIH npH Heo6xo)J;HMOCTH 6hlcrpo oueuars BJ1HHIUlC napasserpoa nepronera na B03MO)l(HOCTb B0311HKHOBeHHH nonxsara. MCTO)]; OCHOBaH ua aHaJ1H3e 3aBHCHMOcrH npoAOJ1bHOrO MOMCHTa Mz If HOPM3J1bHOH CIfJ1bI BepTOJ1eTa R; OT yrna aTaKH 0: £IpIf MaKCIfMaJ1bHOM OTKJIOHeHHIf py'lKH ynpaBneHHH anepen H Wz = 0 (pHC. 3.12). Y CJ10BHe Wz == 0 COOTBcTcTByeT MOMCHTY BPCMCIUI, icorna npexpauiaerca xafipapo aaHHe aeprone ra. B 3TOT MOMeHT (pHC. 3.13) npn 3ana3AhIBaHHH At aa n == 1 C yrna ranrasca, no rpefiaoro cnenyer oTMeTHTb, 'lTO MaHeBp
IillH YCKOpeHHC ranrasca 0,4 W

nponopuaonanea pa3HOCTH Ao: = u* - 0:1 (CM. pHC. 3.12), rne 0:1 - yron aTaKH, npa KOTOPOM Ha'lHHaCTCH HX 3Ha'lHrenbHOe yaemrseHHC (CM_ pasn, 1.4.2, 2.3.3). Benasaaa Au xapaKTcpH3YCT yposens Harpy0 30K B CHCTeMe ynpasneaaa npa M3HeBpe. 06hI'IHO Ao: < 10 • Ilo xapaxrepHcTHKe ranpoycanareneii, a TaK)I(e pHC_ 3.2 H 3.12 MO)I(HO HaHTH AO:)lon = = O:AOIT - 0:1' B cnyxae, eCJ1H OKa)l(eTCH, xro O:Aon < 0:*, TO B nsrpasceaaax )J,JIH Umax H ~max yron 0:* AOn)l(CH 6hITb 3aMCHCH na UAon• Ilpa 3roMB03npHOnH3HTCJ1bHO MO)I(HOCTH 6bITb BeproneTa, COOTBeTCTBYWlUHC H 6onbIIlOH

cpennax aa ofopor

BHHTa

HarpY30K

CHCTCMC

ynpasnenaa

sepronera

aenmaae

0:*,

He

Moryr

Hcrr0J1b30BaHhI,

n y pacrr

06YCJ10Bm1BaeTCH

60nbIIlHMH

HarpY3KaMH

B CHCTCMe

ynpasneaaa,

a He MaJ1hIM npOAOJIbHhIM

MOMeHTOM

sepronera,

Cnoco6w onpeneneaas
neperpysxa

rre"NIKOM MaKCHM3JThHOH sePTHKaJILHOH na sepronerax, He HMelO~ yxasarena neperpysxa

He B HMeWT YKa3aTenH

Macrae
KaCT 'lCHHH MeTpaM.

sepronersr

neperpysxa,
no

n03TOMY

B03HHorpaaarrapayrnoea

~
At

1,7)
Jan >

AO

paTJ./c2

)];OJI)I(HO 6bITb (npa

B npenenax ~ 2,5~.

Or

0,1

(£IpH

ny

HC06XOAHMOCTb pacnonaraexsoa

onpeneneana HJIH

B03MO)I(HOCTH neperpyaox

BblACp)I(HBaHHH KOCBeHHblM

pacn

n y pacn
paBHbIM yqaCTOK

Cnenosarensno,
(orMcrHM, const, T. e.

)],onYCTHMOH

npo)],onbHblH ropxe C

MOMeHT

sepronera
1 C na

AOJI)I(eH 6bITb KPHBOH

Jz
C Wz

3 ecrs

Wz

Ilpa
a npH

ycraHOBHBIIIeMCH ropxe HIm BbIBOAe

sapaxe
OHH

neperpysxa
Moryr 6bITb

onpenenaerca

'ITO npH

==

Mz ==

0).

Hcxona

xpena,

H3 IIHKHpoBaHHH

0 nepcrpY3KC

MO)l(HO

cy-

,lJ,HTb no

nOKa3aHHHM

aBHaropH30HTa.

acnonsaosansr

ABy-

156

IS7

W~ __~
1.Z
Pac,

~ __~
1,6 1,8

-L __~

1,~

2,(J

f/'1ma~

3.13. lliMeHeHHe CKopOCTHT8Hrll)l(3 Wz no BpeMeHR npa ropxe 1 - nymax < nypacrr; dt3an = 0,5 c; 2 - nymax = nypacrr; dt3arr > nypacn, dt > 1 c

c pa3HbIMH

==

nymax: 1 c; 3 - nymax >

Pac, 3.14. 33BHCHMOCTbDpHp31l1eHHH yr JJ3raarasca a 1?max or MaKCRMaJlbHOii neperpyaxa

nymax MH cnocotiasra. B IIepBOM - OrpaHHlJeHHe TIO neperpysxe 3aMelUIerCH orpaHHlJeHHeM BenH~HbI YBenHlJeHHH yrna raarasa ~Omax C MaKCHMaJIbHbIM reMIIOM. COOTHOIlleHHe Me)f(AY nymax H ~Omax TIOKa3aHO aa pHC. 3.14. Harrpasrep, IIpH nymax = 1,8 na Ha'l3.J1bHOH CKOpOCTHropxa Vo = 200 KM/q yron ranraxca MO)f(HO yBenH~Tb He oonee lJeM na .1 ~m ax = 30°, a na Vo = = 300 KM/q - 180• Bonsuree yaerraxenae raarasca B03MO)KHO ronsxo C MaIIbIM TeMIIOM. HeAocTaTKoM CIIOCOGa RBnHeTCH Heo60cHoBaHHo MaJIaH SenHlJHHa AOIIYCTHMbIX yrnos .1~ na CKOpoCnIX 250 KM/q, Kpoxse roro, B03HHxaer He06xoAHMOCrb TaK)Ke orpaHHl{HTb yrnsr IIHKHposaHHH sepronera,

V>

0nHK

Bropoii crroco6 - orpaaauenne TeMIIa H3MeHeHHJI yrna ranraxa. HanpaMep, npa Vo = 300 KM/q H n y max:;: 1,5 CKOPOCTbraaraxa He AOn:lKHa npe0 0 BbIIIlaTb 5 / c, a npa n y max = 1,7 ... 8 / c. B 3TOM cnysae yrorr rairraxa He OrpaHlI.'lHBaeTCH. TIo MHeHHIO MHorll.X neTl{HKOB H IIO peaynsrarasr MOAeJIHposaaaa TaKOH MeTO,u.KOHTponH n y m ax B03MO:lKeH IIOCJle HeKOTopoH TpeHHpOBKH. TIpeAcTaBnHeTCJI, 'ITO OH AOn)KeH HCIIOJIb30BaTbCH H IIpH Hanll.lJHlI. YKa3aTenH neperpysxn, TaK KaK B CJIO:lKHbIXnonernsrx CHTyaIIHffx nersaxy npouie KOHTpoJIHpoBaTb TeMII H3MeHeHHH ranraaca, qeM CJIeAHTb aa IIOKa3aTenHMH YKa3aTeJIH neperpysxa.

~r.n

=-

.1~max·

3.1.3. BbIBO~BEPfOJIETAH3

"nOAXBATA"

Bsnne 6bI1IH paccsao rpensr nerasie CHTYaIIHH, npn KOTOPblX B03HHKaer "IIOiJXBaT" H AaHbl peKOMeH,IJ,aIIRHneTl{HKaM. Otipauieao BHHMaHHe na npenno CbIJIKH, crroco6cTBYIOIUHe B03HHKHOBeHHIO CpbIBHbIX HBneHHH na BHHTe,
158

a HMeHHO: pesxae ,lJ.BI{)KeHHH P}"IKOH ynpaBJIeHHH, \fT0 npHBOrorr K YBenH'JeHHIO resrna H3MeHeHHH yrna ranrasca H astxony neperpysxa aa nonycrasrsre npenensr; qpe3MepHOe yaenmenae ofiutero mara npa passopore sepronera H npyrax qmrypax IIHIlOTa)Kll. TIoKaJaHO, \fT0 npa B03HHKHOBeHHH reHAeHUHH nepronera K casscnpoaaaonsaoery Ka6pHpoBaHHIO He06xoAHMO HeMeAIIeHHO, O}J,lIOBpeMeHHO C OTKJlOHeHHeM pytIKH ynpasneaaa snepen, YMeHbIllHrb 06IUHH urar. Ilonornrasr 3TH CBeAeHHH oc06eHHOCrHMH )J,HHaMHKH aepronera, C KOroPbIMH nersmc MO:lKer BCTperHrbCH npn BblBOAe sepronera H3 "nonxsara". Kporae YKa3aHHblX AeHCTBHRnermoca YMeHbIlleHHIO xafipapyrontero MOMeHra aecyuiero BHHTa cnocoficrayer yrnosaa CKOPOCTbxpena BneBO. OHa raxsee HeCKonbKO ysrensuraer HarpY3KH, neircrayrourae aa CHCTeMY ynpasneaaa (CM. pHC. 1.29). TIHKHpyIOmHii MOMeHT sepronera MO:lKeT 6bITb ysenasea nnauepo M, eCJIH C0311.3TbCKOnb:lKeHHe (5 TaKHM 06pa30M, ecrs cpencrsa ornaneuaa "IIO/JXBaTa" H BbIXOAa H3 Hero. OAHaKO IIpH BbIpa60TKe peKOMeH,u.aUHHner-ancy CJIeAYCT ysarsraars, xro onaCHOCTb npeACTaBJIHeT He TOJIbKO carao HBJIeHHe, HO H 3Ha'IHTeJIbHaH pasfanancaposxa sepronera, 6b1CTPOB03HHKaIOlllaH H3-3a HHTeHcHBHOro TOpMO:lKeHHHBepToneTa. TI03TOMY AeHCTBHH neruaxa no napapoaarnno I10iJXBaTa He nonsctsr ycyry6HTb PaJ6anaHCHPOBKY, nanpawep H3-3a pesxorc OTKJIOHeHHH neAaJIH. B pe3YJIbTaTe TOpMO:lKeHHH BepTOJIeTa AO ManbIX CKopoCTeH norrera B03MO:lKH0 nonanaaae aa pe:lKHM "BHX0 peaoro xonsua" (CM. pasn. 3.4) HJIH B nnocxaii pasaopor aa 140 ... 180 , IIpH KOTOPOM B nOJIO)KeHHHXBOCTOM snepen seproner neTHT C He,u.onYCTHMO 6onbilloH CKOpoCTbIO. B :nOR CBJI3H paccMOTpHM nonpotinee aeraraansre JISneHHH, B03HHKaIOunie npa qpe3MepHoM OTKJIOHeHHH YKa3aHHbIX asnue opranos ynpaanenaa. 0 YMeHbIlleHHe ofanero mara 60nee lJeM na 2 ... 3 BbI3bIBaeT, KaK OTMelJanOCb, 3Ha~TenbHoe YBenH'IeHHe lJaCTOTbI spauieaaa aecyuiero BHHTa. He06xoAHMO y-nrrsmar», srro H3-Ja IIpeBbIIlleHHH ,u.onycTHMoH lJaCTOTbI spaineaaa csofonHOH Typ6HHbI B03MO)l(HO aBTOMaTHlJeCKOeBbIKJIIOlJeHHe ,lJ.BHraTeneH. 3a pacKPYTKOH BHHTa 06bltJHO CJIeAyeT ero TOpMO:lKeHHe. OHO ocotiemro aemnco, eCJIH B pesynsrare IIO/JXBaTa CKOPOCTbaepronera CHH:lKaeTCH 80 .,. 60 KM/q AO H MeHbIlle, xro Bbl3bIBaeT suasarensnoe ysenasenae IIoTpe6HoH MOmHOCTH aecyuiero BHHra. ECJIH 6bI1I cyuiecraeaao YMeHbilleH 06mHii mar sepronera, TO ero noccraaonneaae Heo6xonHMO nposomm, IInaBHO, B COOTBeTCTBHH C "pHeMHCTOCTbIO ,lJ.BHraTeJIH.Hecopasxsepnoe OTKJIOHeHHe nenana aa 60nbIllHx CKOPOCTHXnonera BbI3bIBaeT CKOnb:lKeHHesepronera, xoropoe HapJIAY C YBenH'lCHHeM nnxapytoutero MOMeHra YBeJIH~BaeT COIIpoTHBneHHe aepronera. B pesynsrare "POHCXOnHT OlJeHb HHTeHCHBHoe 3aMeAJIeHHe ,lJ.BH:lKeHHJI BepTO' nera, uro YCKopHeT H ysenauaaaer pa36anaHCHpoBKY. TI03TOMY HCTIOnb30sars CKOnb:lKeHHe AJIR napHpOBaHHH "TIO,IJ,XBaTa" He peKOMeHAyeTCJI. KpeHeHHe sepronera C Op,HOBpeMeHHbIM pe3KHM nepesaeruenaexr IIeAaIIH (no ruIIY BbillOnHeHHJI I10BopoTa na ropxe) nosaoraer BbIBeCTH seproner H3 xafipnpoBaHHJI; Op,HaKO ero CJIeAYer IIpHMeHHTb nocne TOpMO)f(eHHJI AO cxopocreii, MeHbIllHX 200 '" 150 KMjlJ, He ,u.OIIYCKaH 6onbIllH)" CKOnb)f(eHHH H1IH pa3BOpora soxpyr BeprnKaJIbHOH OCH.

1.

159

BbIXOp, H3 "nO)J,XBaTa" MO)f(eT COrrpoBOiK)J,aTbCHpe3KHM H3MeHeHHeM yrna raaraaca sa nHKHpOBaHHe, TaK KaK JIeT'!HK CTpeMHTCHOTKJIOHHTb pyxKY ynpaBJIeHHH snepen na MaKCHMaJIbHYIO BeJIH'!HHY_ IIpH ero napnponanaa cnenyer ysarsrsars, qTO npH qpe3MepHOM OTKJIOHeHHH pyqKH ynpasnenaa aasan B03MOiKHO (CM. paan, 3.3.2) onacaoe COOH)f(eHHeJIOIIaCTeH necyuiero BHHTa CXBOCTOBOH6aJIKOH.

PHC_

3.15.
O)

BJlHJllIHe

CTaTH'lecKOH

YCTOH-

'1HBOCTHnnanepa
Q

<

(no

)TJIY

aTaKH npa

i-;__-/+ __

+--t--O,Zfl-----It----1

N", flc

aa 3aTJlrHBaHHe aepronera

IlHKHpoBaHHe:

saaacasrocrs Mz OT Q upH OTKlIOHeHHH pYQKH ynpaaneaaa: 1, 3 - nnepen; 2 -

Ha3a,D.

Ilpenynpexoienaexr

nersmcy

npeasnuemru

nonycraeroii

neperpysxa
IIpoHBJIeHHeM TeHp,eHIJHHK saTHrHBaHHlO B llHKHpoBaHHe HBJIHeTCJI norpeaaocrs B 3HaqIfTeJIbHOMOTKJIOHeHHH pysxn ynpaBJIeHHJI nasan npa ssrsone nepronera H3 nHKHpOBaHHH. Taxoe HBJIeHHe BocnpHHHMaeTCJI JIeTqIfKOM KaK HeooaronpHHTHaH aJpo)J,HHaMHqeCKaHOC06eHHOCTbsepronera. OHO MO)f(eT B03HHKHYTb B pe3ynbTaTe YMeHbIIleHHH yrna raaraxca C Qpe3MepHO 60JIbnrnM TeMnOM npH asrsone BepTOJIeTa H3 fOpKH HJIH asone B nHKHpoBaHHe, OC06eHHO na MarrbIX CKOPOCTHX nOJIeTa. Heo6xo)J,HMOCTb B ysenHqeHHOM OTKJIOHeHHH pyqKH yrrpaaJIeHHH aasan 06YCJIOBJIeHa YMeHbIIleHHeM 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTH ynpannenaa BCJIep,CTBHeYMeHbIIleHHH THrH aecyuiero BHHra (BepTHKarrbHOH neperpY3KH), a TaK)I(e MaJIOH CTaIHQeCKOH YCTOHqHBOCTblO aepronera no yrJIY aTaKH. 113 pHC. 3.1, 3.6 BH)J,HO,qTO npa nsone B ropxy ~OB = DB - DB Gan coc;,TaBJIHer 1 ... 2°, a npa asraone H3 ropxa HaMiIOrO 60nbIIle - 4 ... 6 . )J,JIH roro qT06bI yron raaraxa H neperpyaxa He BbIIIlJIH aa npep,eJIbI p,onYCTHMbIX 3HaqeHHH. TeHp,eHIIHH na 3aTJlrHBaHHe B nHKHpoBaIrne B03MO)I(Ha, ecnn rrpH nepexone na peiKHM caMOBpameHHH na CKOpOCTHXnOJIeTa, 6JIH3KHX K MaKCHMaJIbHOH, JIeTqHK 6b1CTPOYMeHbIIlaeT 06mHH urar (CM. pasn. 4.5). 3TO OTHO~CHTCH oco6eHHo K BeprOJIeTaM, HMelOIIIHM qmKcHpoBaHHo YCTaHoBneHHbIH

HBJIHeTCH pesxoe nossnueaae yponaa BH6paIIHH sepronera. B 3TOM cnynae cnenyer He3aBHCHMO OT roro, ecrs HJIH HeT TeHp,eHIIHHK "nO)J,XBaTY", YMeHbIlIHTb 06mHH urar aecynrero BHHTa, yrOJI xpena npa passopore H reran YBeJIHqeHHH yrna ranrasca p,o npeKpameHHH BH6paIIHH. Cpsransre HBJIeHHH na BHHTe MOiKHO OTp,aJIHTb, ecrs yrOJI raurazca npa anone B ropxy yaenasanars O)J,HOBpeMeHHo C YMeHbIlleIrneM ofiuiero mara. TaKoH MeTOp, UHJIOTHpoBaHHH n03BonHeT YBenHqHTb n y pacrr na ~ 0,2. TeMII YBenHqeHHH f) p,OJI)f(eH 6bITb TaKHM, qr06bI He npensnnanacs MaKCHMaJIbHOnonycnoaaa qaCTOTa apauienas aecyuiero BHHTa. YBeJIHqeIrne urara no HCXOp,aero nOJIO)f(eHHH MOiKHO naxaaars, xorna yrOJI ranrasca npH6JIH3HTCH K CPHKcapyexsoxry 3HaqeHHlO. K 3TOM)' npesrena neperpysxa nOCJIe p,OCTH)f(eIrnH MaKCHMaJIbHOrO 3HaqeHHH YMeHbIIDlTCH no 1,2 ... 1,0 H, CJIep,OBaTeJIbHO, YMeHbIllaTCH HarpY3KH B CHCTeMe ynpaBJIeHHH, a raxzce B03paCTeT MOmHOCTb necyutero BHHTa H p,BHraTeJIH (CM. pasn. 3.2). IIocJIe)J,Hee 06CTOHTeJIbCTBOBaiKHO )J,JIH npenornpaurenaa UpH YBenHqeHHH ofiruero urara YMeHbIIleHHH qaCTOTbI apamenaa BHHTa.

3.1.4. YMEHLbJEHUE MOMEHTA ynPABflEHUH U 3ATHrUBAHUE B nUKUPOBAHUE CHTyaIIHJI, IIop,06HaH "IIo)J,XBaTY", HO C 3aTHrHBaHHeM BepTOJIeTa B IIHKHpoBaHHe B03MOiKHa, B npHHIIHIIe, npH oTpHIIaTenbHbIX yrnax aTaKH. 3aTHrHBaHHe B IIHKHpoBaHHe HBJIJleTCHcnencraaesr YMeHbIIleHHH rrpo)J,OJIbHOrOMOMeHra YIIpaBneHHH UpH MaJIbIX BepTHKaJIbHbIX ueperpy3Kax B cnysae nefinaronpaHTHbIX aJpO)J,HHaMHqeCKHX xapaxrepacrmcax nnaHepa. Ha puc. 3.15 CIIJIOlIIHbIMH JIHHHHMH UOKa3aH npasiep He6JIaronpl1HTHOH 3aBHCl1MOCTH npononsrroro MOMeHTa BepTOJIeTa OT ero yrna aTaKH npa npenensnsrx OTKJIOHeIrnHX py~H ynpaBJIeHHH. 113 rparpmca BH)J,HO,qTO IIpH a (25 ... 30°) H3-3a MaJIOH BepTHKaJIbHOH IIeperpY3KH MaKCHMaJIbHbIH Ka6pHpYlOIIUlH MOMeHT BepTOJIeTa Man. Paccsearpnaaesaaa 3aBHCHMOCTbOIlIOCHTCH K sepronery C HeycTOfiqHBbIM no yrny aTaKH nnanepor-r (TaKaH caryaJ.J;HH,HaIIpHMep, MO)f(eT B03Hl1KHYTb npH nOBpeiK)J,eHHH cTa6HJIH3aTopa B nonere}. IIYHKTHpoM na pHC. 3.15 IIOKa3aH npononsnsra MOMeHT BepToneTa C YCTOHqIfBhIM nnaaepora. Y Hero p,a)f(e IIpH OTKnOHeHHOH nasan pyqKe yopaBJIeHHH H a 20° nponorrsnsni MOMeHT CTaHOBHTCHKa6pHpYlOIIUlM, IIOJlOMY 3aTHrHBaHHe B uHKHpoBaHHe HeB03MOiKHO. TaKHM 06pa30M, UpH OKOJIOnyneastx IIeperpY3Kax BeJIHKa pons nnanepa B C031J,aBaeMOMBepTOJIeTOM MOMeHTe.

(neynpaanaesasni]

cTa6HnH3arop.

3.2. 113MEHEH11J1CfACTOThl BPAIIJEHHfl HECYblErO BHHT A 11CKOPOCT11IlOflETA

3.2.1. nPHqUHbl 60nLIIIUX

IlP11 MAHEBPAX
H3MEHEHHR: qACfOTbI BPAmEHWI

<-

<-

Perynaropsr, H3MeHHlOIIIHe MOlllHOCTb D;BHraTeJIH npH H3MeHemm qaCTo: TbI Bpallll'IrnH necyuiero BHHra, He cTa6l1JIH3HpYlOT ee C YIJ,OBJleTBOpHlOIIleH KOHCTpYKTOpoB TOqHOCTblO rrpa HHTeHCHBHbIX MaHeBpax sepronera. OrpaIrn'leIlHH aa upeAenbI H3MeHeHl1H qaCTOTbI BbI3BaHbl KaK Tpe60BaHHHMH aapo)J,HHaMHqeCKOfi JcpcpeKTHBHOCTH BMHTa (TaKHX KaK OT/J,aJIeHHOCTbpeiKHMa pa60TbI BHHIa OT cpsma IIOTOKa, YMepeHHaH aernrsaaa qIfCJIa Mo, OOH30CTb KOJcpcpHIIHeHTa THTH BHHTa K OIITHMaJIbHOMY 3HaQeHHlO), UK H Tpe60BaHHHl\1H rrpOqHOCTH H YPOBHH BH6paUHH BepTOJIeTa B uenora, ero arperaros Hn~ IJ,BMraTeneH. KpOMe roro , rrpH Qpe3MepHOH paCKpYTKe BHHTa (cBo60IJ,HOH Typ6HHbl) rrpoHCXO)J,HT aBTOMaTHqeCKoe nsncmosenae ABHraTeneH.
161

160

PRC. 3.16. H3MeHeHRe no BpeMeHR napasrerpoa ABlDKeRHHsepronera npR ropxe; c MrHOBeHHbIM BLIXOJlOM na A t)max ; - - - c q,HKcau,Hefi yrna TaHralKa, A t)max =

3.2.2. PACnOJIArAEMAH BEPTHKAflbHAH nEPErFY3KA H BPEMH TOPMOIKEHIDl BEPTOnETA, 06YCflOBnEHHbiE )l,OIIYCTHMOA 1[ACIOTOA BPAtnEHIDl IhMeHeHMe 'IaCTOTbI Bpautemta BHHTa H npyrnx napasserpoa npn ropxe nOKa3aHO na pHC. 3.16. BH,D,Ho,'ITO MaKcHMYM 'IaCTOTbI spameaaa no npeMeHH npH6JUi3HTenhHo coorsercrayer MaKCHManhHoH aepraxansnoa neperpysxe. 113 CpaBHeHJ.iH,D,BYX MaHeBpoB BH,D,HO,'ITO IIpH 60nbIIIeH neperpyaxe aecyuraii BHHT pacxpysaaaerca HHTeHcHBHeH. 3aTeM, xorna neperpyaxa nasaaaer YMeHbmaTbCH, MOmHOCTb yaenauaaaerca H IIpH ny ="" 1,0 CTaHOBHTCH npH6JlH3HTenhHo pasuoii HCXOAHOH. TIpH 3TOM 'IaCTOTa apaurenaa H3-3a HeAOCTaTO'IHOH "pHeMHCTOCTH ABHraTenH npononscaer YMeHbIII3TbCH. Topxa C Y'IaCTKOM BbIAep)I(HBaHHH IIOCTOHHHoro yrna raarazca (THIIa IIoKa3aHHoH na pHC. 3.16 nyHKrnpHbIMH nHHMHMH) IIpoHCXO,D,HTC 60nbIIIHM TOpMO)!(eHH' eM aeproriera. TIpH 3TOM B03HHKaer 60nbIIIaH pa3HMUa B MOmHocrHX necytuero BHHTa. Hanpnsaep, npn BBO,D,e ropxy Vo = 250 KM/'l H BbIBO,D,e ropxa B H3 na CKOPOCTH 100 KM/lJ. npH Do const MOmHOCTb YBenH'lHBaeTCH na 20 %. 3TO 06MlcHHeTcH BblXO,D,OMsepronera aa orpauarensnsre yrnsr araxa, a TaK)!(e reM, 'ITO IIpH cxcpocrax, MeHbIIDIX HaHBblrO,D,HeHIIIeH, MOmHOCTh IIO Mepe TOpMO)!(eHHH BepTOJIeTa sospacraer. TeM He MeHee, npa TOpMO)!(eHHH BepTO' nera na ro pxe 'IaCTOTa spamenaa BlIHra YMeHblll3'eTcH rOJIbKO na -1 %, T. e. He3Ha'lHTeJIhHO. HH)!(e, B OCHOBHOM, GY,D,YTpaCCMaTpHBaTbcH S -ofipasasie ropKH (CM. pa3,D,. 2.8.1) runa nOKa3aHHOH na pHC. 3.16 CIIJIOIllHblMH nHHHHMH. Jlonymrn, 60JIbIIDIe rreperpY3KH H, Cne,D,OBaTenbHO, MeTb 3Ha'lllTenbHOe H3MeHeHHe 'lacH TOTbl npaurenaa MO)!(HOronsxo IIpH TaKOM MaHeBpe. , Paccrao rpara BJIHHHHe na H3MeHeHHe 'IaCTOTbI spaurenna aecyuiero BHHTa Pa3JIH'IHbIX napasaerpon. 3aBHcHMoCTb llnH max f(nl'max) IIpH pasnaxHblX CKOPOCTHXaaona B ropKY Vo rrpasenena aa pHC. 3.17. Ha rpadnuce nono)l(HTenbHble 3Ha'leHHH lln Hm ax OTHOCHTCHK paCKpYTKe BHHTa, orpauarensnsie - K TOpMO)!(emno. BH,D,Ho,'ITO MaKCHMaJIbHOe H3MeHeHMe 'IaCTOTbl apauieHHif 3aBHCHTor HallaJIbHOH cxopocra ropxn H C ee yaeJ1HlIeHHeM YMeHbIIIaeTCH. 3ro 06bHcHHercH 60JIbIIIeH MOlllHocrbJO uecyuiero BHHra ua HCXO,D,HOM pe)I(HMe ropasonranssoro nonera H MeHbIIDIM norpetinsnr H3MeHeHHeM yrna araxn BHHTa ,D,JIH nOJlY'leHHH neperpyaxa. HaH60JIbIIIee YMeHbIIIeHHe xacrorbl apaureiraa npoacxonar npH neperpY3Kax, npeasnnaromax n y = 2,0. 06y' CJI0BJIeHO OHO H3MeHeHHeM MomHOCTH nnararena ,D,OMaJlblX 3HalleHHH H3-3a pacxpyrxu BHHTa. Ilpn 60JlbIIDIX neperpyaxax ysrensuteane xacrcret apauienaa MO)!(er upeB30HrH ee ysenaseaae. Ocorienao HHreHCHBHO pacxpysnaaerca BHHr IIpH MaHeBpax, asmonnaeMbIX C YMeHbIIIeHlleM ofnuero mara. 06mHH urar YMeHbwaeTCH npH <P0PCHpoaaunora paaaopo re ('IT06bI He AonYCTHTb nafiopa BbJCOTbI), npH ropxe ,D,JIH ItHTeHCHBHoro TOpMO)!(eHHH aepronera C ManblM Ha60poM asrcorsr HnH rrpH Heo6xo,D,HMOCTH 6blCTPO ynernourrs yron raarasea 6e3 nafiopa nstcorsr. 0 Hanpnsrep, npn ropxe C n Y HI ax = 2,0 YMeHbweHHe mara ua 2,5 aa 1,0 ... 1,5 C

= const

IlpH'lHHOH 6onbIIIoro H3MeHeHH» sacapaureaaa aecyuiero BHHra IIpH HHreHCMBHbIX MaHeBpax BeprOJ1eTa HBnHeTCH pesxoe YMeHbIIIeHHe IIorpe6HOH MOlllHocrH BHHTa na 6onbIIIYJO BeJIH'lHHY IIpH H3MeHeHHH ero yrna araxa, ofintero mara H CKOPOCTHranraxa (pHC. 3.16). TaK, IIpM Do = const MOlllHocrb BHHTa MO)!(eT H3MeHliTbCH OT KpeHcepCKOH AO ayneaoii aa 1,5 ". 3,0 c, Ii erne 6blcTpee IIpH YMeHbllIeHHH oouiero mara. Ilpa YBeJ1H'IeHHH yrna araxa (nepoZ THKaJIbHOH IIeperpY3KH) 'IaCTOTa npaweHRH YBenHlJHBaeTCH. 3areM H3.3a YMeHbllIeHHH perynaroposr MOmHocrH nsnrarena BIIJIOrb )],0 Manoro rasa, a raiose, B CBH3H C resr, 'ITO B cooraercrBHH C 3aKOHOM pervnaposaaua (CM. B paan, 2.5 Bblpa)!(eHHe 2.79) ysenn'leHHe MOmHocrH ABHrareJIH HallHerCfl rOJIbKO IIOCJIe roro, KaK B03HHKHer ycnoaae I1H I1H•HOM' sacrora BpameHlifl BMHra anasarensno YMeHbillaerCH. To )!(e caxioe IIpoHcXOAHr IIpH 6hlcrpoM YMeHbllIeHHH yrna YCr:lHOBKIi BHHra. HarrpHMep, eCJIH na sepronere C ,D,BlirareJIeM, HMeJOIll.HMMaKCHMaJIbHblH reMII c6poca MOllIlIocrn Ne";; 15 %/c, npn nafiope nsicorsr na MaKCHManbHOH MOmnocrn aa I C YMeHbllIMTb yron YCTaHOBKH AO MHHRManbHOrO, ro xacro ra spauremrs YBeJlH'IlIrCH na 10 ... 15 %, a eCJIH BMecre C YMeHbllIeHHeM yrna ycraHOBKIi YBCJlH'!Hrb rasrax sepronera, TO pacxpyrxa MO)!(er nocrnruyrj, IS ... 20%.

rorsr

<

na Beproner coapevremn.rx perYJIHTOpoB nernaxa OT Heo6xo,D,HMOCTHlfa6JIJO,D,elmH aa sacrorou BpamCHRH BO BpeMeHli IiHreHCHBHoro MaHeBpHpoBaHIiH. Bo MHOrHX cnysaax H3McueHHe sacrorsr apauteaaa onpenerrser MaKCHMaJIbHbIH resm lIepeMemeHliH psrsaroa ynpaaneana eepronerosr (HanpHMep, IIpH BbIXO,D,e 113 lIJIaUHpOBaHHH), BenHlIl1HY paCIIOJIaraeMOH neperpyaxa H BpeMH YMeHbIIIe. HIiH CKOPOCTI1 nonera.

TaKIiM

06pa30M,

ycranonxa

sacrorst B~ameHRH He ocaofoaoiaer

162

163

L!nNn""~

Wz,1/t: 00,°
10 O,f 0 0,0

M, H tOf!

o U
rJQ,
0

.- V
I

J...--

lfO- t----

/ ...... v
Wz

-0,+

I/

V\ \/J 1\
dB

[\

I/'-.._l
_L

20

0 -10
fly V,KHf q

""- j!JflH

A(\ 1/'0 \
>.. \

'1 V

\ r--...I
V

r<z,r

'- ...... ~

2f!0 tOO

2,U 7,U
(J

v-.f-/
.L""'"
1

--,..:.

,...

\""--\ -,...._..........
b

t.c
He-

PHC. 3.17. 3aBHCHMOCTb MaKCHMaJlbHblX YBenH'leHHH H yMeHbWeHHJI ..aCTOTbl epaureaas cyutero BHHT3 .1.nH.max OT nymax H Vo ropKH PHC. 3.18. Fopxa c pacnonaraessoa BepTHKallbHOii neperpysxok, 06ycnoBneHHoii MallbH()-AonycTHMbiM H3MeHeHHeM ..aCTOTbI Bp3.l1leHHJI aecyuiero BHHTa

M3KCIt-

Bbl3bIBaeT yaenaseane lIaCTOTbI spameaaa na ~ 10 %, npOTHB ~ 4 % B cnyuae const. YBenHlIeHHe neperpyaxn npH asixone H3 nnanapoaanna C 00 const COTIpoBOJK)J,aeTCH fionbIlloii pacxpyrxoii BHHTa. rI03TOM)', aanpajaep TIpH Va = 250 KM/ll H Vyg -10 M/C I1pH AonYCTHMOH paCKpYTKe 5 %, MaKCHMaJIbHaH neperpyaxa MOJKer 6blTb He 60JIee 1,4. TaKHM ofipaaoxr, OIl;HHM H3 OCHOBHbIX orpaHHlIeHHH na TaKHX MaHeBpax HBml.eTCH YBenHlIeHHe lIaCTOTbl spameuaa BHHra.

Hccnenosaaae BJIHHHHH noneraoa MaCCbI na YBeJIH'leHHe lIaCTOTbl spauieHHH npH ropxe nOKa3aJIO, lfTO TIpH 60JIbmeii MaCCe BblXOIl; na _TY )I(e BeJIH~MY neperpY3KH, lITO H npH MaJIOii, COl1poBO)l(ll;~eTCHOOJIbIlleH_paCKpyrKOH. 3TO OfibHCHHeTCH TeM, lI10 BepTOJIer p;OJIJKeHBblHTH aa 60JIbIllHH yrOJI aTaK~ . To, lITO npa OOJIbIlleH MaCCey BepTOJIeTa 60JIblllHH yrOJI YCTaHOBKHJIOrraCTeH, B MeHbllIeH Mepe BJIHHeTna An H m ax' lIeM YBeJIHlIeHHe yrna aTaKH. Ha H3MeHeHHe lIaCTOTbI spauieaaa necymero BHHra BO BpeMH MaHeBpOB BJIHHIOT xapaKTepHCTHKH ilBHraTenH H perynHTOpa lIaCTOTbI BpameHHH CBO6op;HOH TypfiHHbI. Ilpa YBenHlIeHHH craraasia perYJIHTOpa (CM. paan, 2.5) paCKpYTKa YBeJIHqJ.IBaeTCH(pHC. 3.19). Hanpassep, I1pH ropxe C nymax = 2,~ paCKpYTKa COCTaBJIHeTAnH max = 3,9 % rrpH CTaTH3Me 10 %, H AnHmax 2,5 % UpH CTaTH3Me 4 %. Ha rparpxxe naaeceaa rpa~I1a (A), cooTBeTcTBYtouiaa pacxpyrxe cBo60p;HoM ryp fiHHbI, rr~H KOTOPOH MOlll,HOCT~ naararens YMeHbIllaercH P;O HYJIH. Ecna npa 60JIbllleH neperpysxe HeCYllI,HH BHHT npoAOJI)I(aeT pacxpysaaarsca, TO paCIIennHeTCH MY<Pra csofonnoro xona (MCX). Cpaoarsraanae MCX rrpHBOAHT K ee H3HOCY, nOJToMY TIpH MOp;eJIHpOBaHHH HY)l(HO raxne cnysan BbIHBJIHTb. 1-13 pHC. 3.19 BHABO, lIr~ TIpH MeHbllleM eraTH3Me perynHTOpa pacuenneaae npoacxo rrar rrpa MeHblllell BeJIllqJ.IHe paCKPYTKH BHHTa. no rpatpaxy MO)l(HO onperternrrs pacTIoJIaraeMYlO neperpyaxy H3 ycnonaii paCIIerrJIeHHH MCX. BHIl;HO, lITO OT BeJIHqJ.IHbl craraasra OHa 3aBHCHT He3HaqJ.ITeJIbHO.Hexoropoe ee YBeJIHlIeHHe TIpH 60JIbllleM CTaTH3Me OfibHCHHeTCH pacxpyncoii BHHTa. BJIIlHHHe TeMTIa aaroraamxecxoro YMeHbIlleHHH MOlll,HOCTH )];BHrareJIH (rrpa I TK I 3 %/c) ua BeJIHqJ.IHYpacKpYTKH necyuiero BHHTa npa ropxe MaJIO. TaKJKe MaJIO BJIHHHHe aa nee MOlll,HOCHf MaJIOrO raaa ,!J.BHraTeJIH.3TO OfibHCHHeTCH xparxoapexreaxocrsro 60JIbllIllx neperpysox n y m ax 2,0. TaKHM 06pa30M, TIpH ropxe pacKpYTKa 3aBHCHT, B OCHOBHOM,OT CTaTH3Ma perynHTopa. 3TO OTHOCHTCH CJIYlIalO, xorna B03MOJKHO perYJIHpoBaHHe MOlll,HOCK

>

>

00

MaKCHManbHaH neperpysxa, 0 rpanaseuaaa nonycrnr-rsn« H3MeHeHHeM lIaCTOTbl BpaU)eHHH, TaKJKe Ha3bIBaeTCH pacnonaraesioa. 06bllIHO JTO orpanaxeaae npoucxormr TIpH MaHeBpax na CKOPOCTHX 150 ... 250 KM/ll. I'opxa, nOKa3aHHaH aa pHC. 3.18, HJIJIIOCTpHpyeT npenensnsre B03MOJKHOCTH MaHeBpHpoBaHHH npa HalIaJIbHOH CKOPOCTH 200 KM/q. Ha ropxe aa cser HHTeHCHBnoro YBemfqeHlHI yrna raarasca (wz ~ 40° / c) AOCTHraeTCHrreperpY3Ka 2,6. Ilpn nOM aanasnsmanae yrna raarazca sa OTKJIOHeHHe PyqKH ynpaanemra snepen He3HaqJ.ITenbHO, Oll;HaKO H3MeHeHHe lIaCTOTbI BpaIIIeHllH HeCYIIIero BHHTa COCTaBnHeTAnHmax 7 % H AnHmin -8 %. l.ITo6bl He )].onYCTHTb paCKpYTKH BHHTa P;O 60nbllIHx 3HalIeHHH, ropxa BblTIOnHIDlaCb C YBenHlIeHHeM

ra J];BHraTenH, r.e. Ne 0 (06b1lIHO AnHmax COCTaBJHleT 5 ... 8 %). Ilpa auxone na Ne 0, nansaeinuee ysenaseaae qaCTOTbI npaurenna onpenenaercs TOJIbKO MOlllHOCTblO uecyutero BHHTa, KOTopaH, KaK cnenyer H3 pHC. 3.16, MOJKer p;OCTHraTb 3Ha'IHTeJIbHbiX orpanarensasrx 3HaqeHHH. KaK orxsesanocs nsnue, npH nsrxone H3 TIeperpY3KH yaemonrsaerca nOTpe6HaH MOlllHOCTb necyutero BHHTa. BpeMH, B reuenae xoroporo MOIUHOCTb nsararenea MeHbllle MOIIIHOCTH necyuiero BHHTa, TeM 6onbIlle, qeM 3HaqJ.ITenbHeH 6bma pacxpyrxa. Bapsn-

>

PHc. 3.19. BnHJIHHe CTaTK3Ma peryrurropa

apauieaaa BHHTa upH Ha MaKCHMallbH}'1O pacxpyrxy ropxax C pa3HblMH

..aCTOTbI uecymero

otiruero urara.
164

MaKCHMallbHblMH

3Ha'leHHJlMH neperpysxa

1,0

1,0

165

pOBaHHe MaHeBpoB BhI3bIBaeT

BpeMeHH

npHeMHCTOCTH 'ITO

nsararena npa
C

HCCne}l,OBaHHH HIITeHCHBHhIX

nOKa3aJIO,

yaernrxenae
qaCrOTbI

C, (MaKCHMaJIbHaH

HHH qaCTOThI spameaaa

rypfoxor-ntpeccopa

npameuaa 11 %. IIpH BpeMeHH npHeMHCTOCTH 3,3 C (9 %/c) maercs ronsxo sa 6 %, H nansaetnuee YMeHbmeHHe

ysrensnreaae

TK•I1p

6 necyuiero

CKOPOCTh H3MeHe-

%/ c)

BHHTa

qacrOTa )TOrO

nbIH

asmrpsnn
yaenaseaae

YMeHbmeHHH (Ha

.,

nHm in I. Yaernorerrae

9 C (3,5 %/c) na 15, BMeCTO spaureaaa YMeHbBpeMeHH naer Mano pe:lKHMa no a6cOmOTHOH

MaJIOrO

rasa cymecrneaao
YKa3aHHbIe

~nl1

MOIUHOCTH

3 ...

6%)

YMeHbmaeT

BeJIH'lHHe 30M,

3HaqeHHH

H3MeHeHHH

qaCTOThI TOIIJIHBa, II03BOnHer,

MHHHMaJIbHOrO

pacxona

apaurenaa. TaKHM ofipaT .e. MaJIOrO raaa , (no

He H3MeHHH BpeMeHH

OTHOCHTenbHO

HeCJIO)KHOe }l,BHraTeJIH

MeponpHHTHe) HJIH 3aKOHa qaCTOTbI

rrpaexracrocra
3HaquTeJIbHOrO MaKCHMaJIbHOH BpeMeHeM YBenHqeHHH

perynaposaans
Bpalll,eHHH IIpH

(2.79),
BbIBO}l,e

He }l,OnYCKaTb

YMeHhmeHHH

aepronera

83

neperpysxa.
npHeMHCTOCTH mara H,

ofiutero

naararena onpenenaerca MaKCHMaJIbHbrn reran cnenoaarensao, asicora, rpefiyeraaa }l,JIH BbIBO}l,a

XapaKrepHCTHKH }l,BHraTeJIH TaKOBbI, 'ITO }l,OIIYCHH)!(e pe:lKHM

o
he. 3.20.
H3MeHeHHe

Z4

8 10 IZ f.f 15 16 10 ZZ Z+ Z5 ZlJ t,{ napasserpoa

ABmKeHHR

sepronera
THMbm

no

BpeMeHH

aepronera

npH

TopM())KeHHIC

H3 nnaHHpOBaHHH. MeHbme,

paforsr nsararena. HccnenoaaHHH nOKa3aJIH, 'ITO He cnenyer O}l,HOBpeMeHHO C 06mHM urarora 3Ha'IHreJIbHO YBemt'IHBaTb yron ranraxa }l,JIH COKpaw:eHHH norepa BbICOTbI sa cser YBenHqeHHR yrna aTaKH (BepTHKaJIbHOH neperpyaxa). IIPH raKOM IIH1IorupoBaHUH (ocobeano B cnysae, ecna B JIO BpeMH nsararens 6hll na pe:lKHMe Manoro raaa) HeCYlll.HH BHHT cnauana paCKp)"IHBaeTCH, a 3aTeM npa YMeHbweHHH yrna aTaKH MO)!(eT npoH30HTH 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOe ysseasureaae xacrorst spaureaaa reran resr
qeM BHHTa.

c pacxpyrxoa

aecyuiero

BHHTa aa AnlLmax

= 7 ... 12,5

%; - - -

AnH.fIIax = 2 ... 6

nanrarena
BpaIIIeHHH.

}l,0

MHHHMYMa

nocraronasrx

npe}l,eJIax

IIOMep)!(HT

naerory

MHIDfManbHOe BpeM1l TOpMO:lKeHHJI sepronera, ofiycnoanenaoe H3MeHelDfeM lfaCTOTWapameaaa necyutero BHHTa

Ha pHC. TOpMO)!(eHHH

3.20
IIO

nOKa3aHbI

napasrerpsr

}l,BH)!(eHHH

sepronera

IIpH BbIIlonHeHHH CKOPOCTb MaHeBpa

ropH30HraJIbHOn

rpaexropaa.

HCXO}l,HaH

KOHe'lHaH - 100 KM/q. BH}l,HO, xro BpeMH MaHeBpa 3aBHCHr or pacnecyutero BHHTa. Ecna paCKpYTKa COCTaBJIHeT 6 %, TOpMO)!(eHHe IIPOHCXO}l,HT aa 27 c, ecna 13 %, TO BpeMH TOpMO)!(eHHH coxpauiaerca no 24 C. IIpH TaKHX pacxpyrxax MOruHOCTb necyutero BHHTa }l,OCTHraeT oxononynensrx H OTpHuareJIbHbIX 3HaqeHHH H B03MO)KH0 pacuenrrenae MY~TbI caobozmoro xona, Cnenyer orjaerars, 'ITO rOpMO)!(eHHe sepronera C MaKCHMaJIbHhlM TeMIIOM 6e3 H3MeHeHHH asrcorsr HBnHerCH nocrarosao CnO)KHbIM MaHeBpOM. Jlerasre HCCne}l,OBaHHH H MO}l,enHpoBaHHe IIOKa3bIBaIOT, 'lT0 neofixortasrocrt, KOHTpOna sacrorsr spaiueaaa necyuiero BHHTa cyuiecrseaao sarpyxaer nersaxa. II03TOMY uenecoofipasno aa MaJIblX BbICOTax, na KOTOPblX CHH)!(eHHH seproKM/'l, KpyTKH nera er He}l,OIIYCTHMbl, He BblXO}l,HTb ua MaJIblH nOM raa Il,BHrarenH, 'ITO o6ecIIe'lliBaMOIIIHocrb paCKpYTKY He Gonee

300

IIOnerHOH MaCCbI BepTOJIeTa aa TeMn ropseoxepacxpyrxy BHHra nerxe nOJI)"IHTb IIpH fionbIIIHX Maccax. IIpH ManbIX ee 3HaqeHHHX (85 ." 80 % or HOPMaJIbHOi1:) necsrorpa na YMeHbureuae ofiuiero mara no MHHHMYMa qaCroTa spaureaas YBeJIWIImaercH He3Ha'lHrenbHO. 3ro 06bHCHHerCH reM, 'ITO IIpH yrne ycranosxa BHHTa &0 min H yrJIe aTaKH a, npH xoroposr T =:: G, BHHt He BbIXO}l,HT na orpauarern.nsre snaseHHH MOmHOCTH (T. e. aH < aH cajaospautenna). B 3TOM cnysae BpeMH TOPMO)!(eHHH 3aBHCHr ronsxo or yrna TaH raxca, BeJIH'lHHa xoroporo onpenensercs ycnoaaeja nonera no ropH30HraJIbHOH TpaeKTOpHH. II03TOMY BpeMH TOpMO:lKeHHH npa MaKCHMaJlbHOH H MHHHMaJIbHOH nonerasrx Maccax OrJIHqalOTCH He fionee qeM na 10 %. O}l,HaKO npa ManOH Macce MaHeBp BbIIlonHHTb 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO nerve. YMeHblillirb BpeMH TOpMO)!(eHHH IIpH ManOH nonernoii Macce MO:lKHO aa cxer YMeHbmeHHH MHHHMaJIbHOro 3HaqeHHH yrna ycraaosxa nonacrea. .1lnH TOpMO)!(eHlI.H no ropH30HTaJIbHOH rpaeicropaa Heo6XO}l,HMO, Ha'IHHaH co CKOpocrH, rrpHMH3HTeJIbHO paanoa cxopocra HaHBblro}l,HeHmerO Ha60BJIHHHHH HUH nOKa3aJIO, 'lTO pa (3KOHOMHQeCKon), IIJIaBHO YBeJIlI.'lHBarb MaHBpa 06mHH mar. IIPH 3TOM BJIHHHHe

Hccnenonaaae

npHeMHCTOCTH

}l,BHraTeJIH

aa

BpeMH

He npoHBJIHeTCH

(V

< 80

KM/q).

3.2.3. PACnOJ]Ar AEMAS BEPI'HKAJ1bHAH nEPErI'Y3KA, OBYCJ10BIIEHHAH TOPMOlKEHHEM BEPTOJ1ETA

IIpH po repser BbIIIonHeHHH cxopocrs. noner MaHeBpa C YBenHqeHHeM yrna ranraaca neproner 6blcr-

3 ... 2

%. IIpH

perymlTop

He YMeHbWHT

TaJIbHbrn

Hanpassep, ecna asrson nonxea 6bITb oCYIIIeCTBneH

nepronera

H3 ropxn

B ropH30H-

aa CKOPOCHI

He MeHee

50

KM/q,

166

167

TO npn HalJaIIbHOH CKOpOCTH Vo = 250 KM/'l BbIllOJIHeHHe ropxn C Bbl,ll,ep)I(HBaHHeM yrna ranraxa {} = 600 B03MO)I(H0 B revenue He 60JIee 1 c, a C yrnosr {}= 300 - B renenae 6 ... 8 c. KaK nOKa3aHO B paan. 3.4, npH MaJIbIX CKOPOCTHX BepTOJIeT MO)l(eT rronacrs ua onacm.ni pe)I(HM aaxpeeoro KOJIbua, TaK)I(e HMelOTCH Apyme npH'lHHbI (HeYCTOHllHBbIe nOKa3aHHH YKa3aTeJIH CKOPOCTlf, ynenasenae YPOBHH BH6paUHH, aa MaJIbIX BbICOTax onacaocrs OTKa3a )J,BHrareria H T. A.), H3-3a KOTOPbIX MHHHMaJIbHaH CKOpOCTb BepTOJIeTa BO BpeMH MaHeBpoB He AOJI)l(Ha 6bITb HH)I(e 50 _.. 70 KM/lJ.. 3TO orpauaseaae 06YCJIaBJIHnaer pacnonaraerayto neperpysxy, ocofieuno, ecnn BBOIJ,B ropxy ocymecrnnaeTCH co CKopoCTeH, MeHblIIHX 150 ... 170 KM/q. 06'hHCHHeTCH)T0 MeHblIIeH 3aBHCHMOCThlOTHrH necyinero BHHTa OT yrna aTaKH npn ,YMeHhlIIeHHH CKOpoCHI (uanpar-rep, aa V = 170 KM/'-I, no cpaBHeHHIO C V = 300 KM/'-I, rrpoH3BOIJ,HaH tif - YMeHhlIIaeTcH 60nee qeM B )J,Bapasa) . II03ToM}' BbIXOIJ,na 6oJIbIIIYIO neperpy3Ky rpefiyer 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOrO H3MeHeHIIH yrna raaraaca, '-ITO npaso)J,HT peaxosry TOpMO)l(eHHIOBepTOJIeTa. K QT06bI rrpH BbIIlOJIHeHHH MaHeBpa CKOpoCTb He YMeHblIIaJ1aCb IJ,OBeJIH'IliRbI, MeHblIIeH 1J,0nYCTHMOH, e06xo)J,HMO BbmOIJ, BepTOJIeTa 113 Ka6p"pOBaHHH H rrpoH3BO)J,HTh C 60JIblIIIIM TeMllOM, a 3TO rrpIIBO)J,HT K rraAeHHIO neperpysxa IJ,O MHHHMaJIbHOH. 11 naofopor, npn MeHblIIeM revme BbmOIJ,a H3 ropxa nerue C06JIIOCTHorpanasenae rro neperpyaxe, OlJ,HaKOrpynaee no CKOpoCTH. TaKHM 06pa30M, OrpaHH'-IeHHH Vm in II n y m in B3aIlMOCBH3aHbl. MIIHHMaJIhHaH aepnrKaJIbHaH rreperpy3Ka rrpll MaHeBpe OrpaHH'-IHBaeTCH,'-IT06bl ofecneuars pafo rocnOc06HOCTh rIf}]'pOCIfCTeMbI If nonaxy TOIIJIIfBa B )l,BIfraTeJIH, a TaK)I(e B CBH3H C YBenHlJ.eHHeMMaXOBOrO IJ,BH)I(eHHH ncnacreii (CM. pasn. 3.3) . 3aBHCHMOCTLpacnonaraessoa OT CKOPOCTllnonera BepntKaJILHOH neperpysxa

he.

3.21. 3aBHCHMOCTl>pacnonaraeseoa,
MaHeBpHpoBaHlUl

norpeeH I\onyc-

HOH 1\l1H ~$eKTHBHOI'O

THMOH BepTHKllJlbHLIX neperpysox

OT nnOCKOCTH

nonerar
-BepToneT;
0 ;

- BHHTOKPhlJl; 1 - pa3BopoT

ua 120

2 - ropxa

l1TaK, pacnorraraeM}'1O BepnlKaJ1hHYIO neperpy3Ky BepTOJIeTa 06YCJIOB' nHBalOT "nOIJ,XBaT", yaenaseaae IInH YMeHhlIIeHlle '-!a CTOTbl spaurenaa aecyutero BHHTa AO 1J,0IIYCTHMbIXnpenenoa, TOpMO)l(eHHe sepronera IJ,OMHHIlMaJIbHO-nOnYCTHMOH CKOpOCTH.DpH nOCTOHHHbIXnOneTHOH Macce, nasnenaa, TeMnepaType aapyxnoro B031J,yxa II CKOPOCTHIIOJleTa pacnonaraexraa neperpysxa 3aBHCHT OT BbIllOJIHHeMOro MaHeBpa, a TaK)I(e OT ueHTpoBKH seprone ra, 'lTO aa npastepe "nOIJ,XBara" IIOKa3aHO B paan. 3.1. B PYKOBOIJ,CTBaxrro nerHoil JKCIInyaTaUUH iJ.lIH YMeHhlIIeHHH HHCPOpMaullH, He06xo)J,HMOH JleT'lHKY, 06bI'-IH0 BHOCIITCH OIJ,HO, HaHMeHblIIee H3 nepesacneansrx BbIlIIe 3Ha'leHHH ny paw; nnorna }].JIH KaKOrO-TO rana MaHeBpa 3TO aaaxenne YKa3bIBaeTCR. CneUHaJIhHO. Paccerorpasr 3aBHCHMOCTh ny acn OT V (pHC. 3.21). 06hI'-IHO Y BepTonera C MaJlbIM KpbmoM (S Kpl F 0,03) n pacrr MaKCHMaJIbHaHna CKOPOCTHX 180 ... 250 KM/q H paaaa na ssrcorax SOb Mil HH)I(e 2,0 ... 3,0. OHa orpaHH'lHBaeTCH BbIXOAOM aa 1J,0nYCTHMble npenensi '-!aCTOTbl apaurenas BHHTa. Ha CKOPOCTHX,6nH3KHX K MaKCHMaJIbHbIM, ny pacll = 1,5 ... 2,0. YMeHblIIe,., HHe ny pacn npoucxomrr H3-3a " nOIJ,XBaTa. B rex )I(e npenenax, '-ITOH "» pacn , HaXO)J,HTCH .0rpaHH'leHHaH npounocrsro arperaro s IJ,OrrYCTliMaH neperpyaxa

0...

Y seproneros C 60JIblIIHM Kpb~OM H IJ,BH)I(lfTerreM (BHHTOKPbillbl) npa coornercrayromesr BbI60pe rrapasrerpos MO)I(HO IIMeTb "» pacn II nl' 11,01l , paBHbIMH 2,0 ... 3,0 II aa Vmax' Ha CKOPOCTHXMeHee 150 ... 200 KM/q pacnonaraesiaa neperpysxa YMeHblIIaeTCH H3-3a OrpaHHlJ.eHHHMHHHMaJIbHOH CKOpoem nonera npa MaHeBpax. Ha CKOPOCTHX 100 KM/'-I neperpysxa C031J,aeTCH sa cser YBenHlJ.eHHHyrna YCTaHOBKH nonacrea (aa cpemnrx H 60JIblIIHX CKOPOCTHX - B OCHOBHOM H3MeHeHHeM yrna aTaKH) H onpenenserca MOIUHOCTblO IJ,BllraTenH. OHa TaK)I(e 3aBHCHT OT AeMllcpHpOBaHHH BepTHKaJIbHOrO nepesserneaaa BHHTa H np"eMHCTOCTH IJ,BHraTeJlH. Ha CKOPOCTHX 100 ... 200 KM/1J.MaKCHMaJIbHaH rsra Tmax H, CJIeIJ,OBa· rensao, R y m ax' Ha'lHHaH C neicoroporo yrna aTaKH (cooTBeTCTBYIOIijerO CPblBY nOTOKa aa aecyuiesr BHHTe), npH ncex yrnax YCTaHOBKH 00 nepecraer YBenH'lHBaTbCH. TaKHM ofipasoxr, na V = 200 KM/q Y aepronera lIMeIOTCH MaKCHMaJIhHO B03MO)I(Hble nOADeMHaH CHJIa H neperpysxa. CneAYeT CTpeMHTbCH, '-!T06bl Y seproneros He fibillO OrpaHHqeHHH )J,JIH HX peaJIH3alJ,HH. Ha 60nblIIHx CKOPOCTHXnon era B o6naCTH cpsisa nOTOKa rara necyurero BlIHTa nponorosaer YBeJlH'-IHBaTbCH.O)J,HaKO B 06naCTH cpsma rpa)J,HeHT 3aBHCHMOCTH t{: cymeCTBeHHO YMeHhlIIaeTCH. 3TO, KaK OTMetIaJIOCb,rpefiyer nrrH peaJIH3aUUH Rymax BbIXOIJ,aaepro.nera na 60JIhlIIHe yrnsr raxraaca. D03TOMY. eCJIH HeT "nonxsara", TO ny pacn OrpaHH'-IHBaeTCR.TOpMO)l(eHHeM sepronera no Vmin' DpH 3TOM 3cpcpeKTlfBHOCTb MaHeBpa B03paCTaeT rorrsxo aa cuer lIHTeHcHBHoro YMeHblIIeHHH CKOPOCTH nonera, a pacnonaraessaa neperpysxa B03paCTaeT He3Ha'lHTenbHO. Ha pHC. 3.21 noxasansr xapaxrepnsie no CKOPOCTHnonera aepraxansnsre neperpysxa, rpefiyewsre IJ,nH JcpcpeKTHBHoro asrnonneaaa MaHeBpOB sepronera. OHM nOHCHHIOTCH pasn, 2.8.6. BH)J,HO, lJ.TOIJ,O CKOPOCTHa IIOTpe6HOCB TH aeproriera B MaHeBpHpoBaHlIH o6ecne'-IHBaIOTCJI ( no CKOpoCTH a' npn BblnOJIHeHHH ropxa}, Ha 60JIhlIIIIX CKOPOCTHX nonera JcpcpeKTHBHoe M~HeBpllposanae HeB03MO)I(HO: IIpH nHJIOTHpOBaHHH neT'-IHK PYKOBoACTByeTCR.orpaHHtIeHHHMH, a He KalJ.eCTBOM nsmonasexrorc M3HeBpa. ECJIH BepTHKaJIbHaH neperpysxa HMeeT orpaaaseaae no npo'-IHOCTIf, TO 3cpcpeKTHBHOe M3HeBpHposaaae B03MO)l(HO AO CKOpOCTlf b (b'). TaKHM 06pa30M, na BepTOJIeTe norpefiHble H B03MO)I(Hble sepraxansasre neperpysxa HaxO)J,HTCHB nporaacpenaa. C yseJIH'-IeHHeM CKOPOCTlf nonera norpefiasre neperpysxa pacryr, a B03MO)l(RbIe - YMeHblIIaIDTCH.

"» AOIl'

° ...

° ...

168

169

3.3. YMEHblIlEHHE 3A30POB MEX<Jl.YJIOIlACTJlMH HECYlI!ErO BHHT A H 3JIEMEHTAMH KOHCTPYK[]JfH IlJIAHEPA

3.3.1. 3A,llA'IH MO,l.(EIIHPOBAHIDI H nPHWlTbIE .llOnYIllEHIDI

Illapaapnoe HJlH yrrpyroe aaxpennenne JIOnaCTH na BryJIKe necymero BHHTa HecMoTpH aa 60JIbIIIHe uearporexasre CHnbI 06ycnaBJIHBaIOT B03MO)l(HOCTb onacnoro rrpHOOH)I(eHHH nonacrea K 3neMeHTaM KOHCTPYKlUfH sepronera. Hanpasrep, KOHll,bI nonacreii Moryl: saners XBOCTOBYIO6anKY MH ynapHTb cpenaea 'IaCTbJOno BbIcTyrraIOIIIHM 3neMeHTaM aa HOCOBOR'IaCTH <l>J03eJIH)I(3. Y MHoroBHHTOBbIX seproneroa B03MO)I(H0 coynapeaae C JIOnaCTKMH npyrax BHHTOB, TaK aaauaaessoe cxnecrsmamre, paccsrorpeauoe B [20]. Jleraue HCnbITaHHK O,lJ,HOBHHTOBblXBepTOJIeTOB nOKa3bIBaIOT, 'ITO npa nanoraxe, BbIDOJIlUIeMOM OrrbITHbIM neT1JHKOM, nalKe npH HaH60nee HHTeHCHBHbIX MaHeBpax saaopsr Me)l()zy nOnaCTHMH H nnaaepoxs 6oJIbIIIHe. TeM He MeHee, KaK 1I0Ka3bIBaeT npaxrnxa nm:POKOR axcrmyaranaa seproneros, cnyuaa onacnux C6JIH)I(eHHii, XOTb H KpaRHe pernco, HO BCTpe'laIOTCH. IIpH npOeKTHpoBaHHH sepronera ora npofinessa nOJI)l(Ha aaysarsca raiose )1)1H Bbl60pa KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX napasrerpos (uanpaxrep, BbICOTbIBaJIa necytuero BHHTa, )J;Hana30Ha OTKJIOHeHHH aBTOMaTa nepexoca) H AJIH paapafiorxa YCTPOHCTB, ofecrrenasarounrx 6e30nacHble 3a30pbI. IIOMHMO onpenenenaa 3a30poB MaKCHMaJIbHOe MaXOBOe )J,BH)I(eHHeJ10naCTeR nonaoro H3yqaThCH AJIH onpenerreHHH HanpHlKeHHH B 3JIeMeHTax KOHCTpyKlUfH JIOnaCTeH H BTyJIKH necyuiero smrra npn 6ecIIIapHHpHOH ee KOHCTpYKIIHH HJIH "PH ynapax 06 ynopsr Maxosoro )J,BHlKeHHH rrpH BTYJIKe C ropH30HTaJIbHbIMH urapnapasor. Ilpnseneansie B HaCTOHlIleM pasnene peaynsrarra accrrenosanaii nonyxeHbI H3 MaTeMaTH'IeCKOii MOnenH npH nonymeana, 'ITO nonacru a6COJIIOTHO )l(CCTKHe H ynopsr, orpaHHlJHBaIOIIIHe MaXOBOe IJ;BHlKeHHe,He BJIHHIOTua 1I0JIO)l(eHHe KOHIIeBOH 'IaCTH JIOllaCTH. Ilensio MOneJIHpoBaHHH HBnHJIOCb onpeneneHHe MaHeBpeHHbIX pe)l(llMOB C HaH60JIbnm:MH yrnasnr B3Maxa BHM3 KaK y XBOCTOBOH,TaK H y nepermeii '1aCTeRsepronera, a TaKlKe na 6oKOBblX a3HMyTax BRHTa, ecna, aanpaxep na BepTOJ1eTe ecrs o fopynos aane , xoropoe He AOJI)l(HO 3aTeHHT~H JIOnaCTHMH. YrnbI B3Maxa JIOnaCTeH Ha asasryrax BHHTa 1/In = 0, 180, 90 H 2700 B OCHX cBH3aHHoH CHCTeMbIKOOpAHHaT HaXO)J.HJIHCb (c TO'lHOCTbIO nepsoa rapMoHHKll) no <l>opMyJIaM 11.0

BeJIH1JHHaMH.Y'IeT 3ana3}J,blBaHHH YCTaHOBJIeHHHMa.xOBoro IJ;BH)I(eHHHrronacTeii npoasno )];HTCH npHOOH)I(eHHO (CM. pasn. 2.1). CpaBHeHHe MaKCHMaJIbHbIX yrJIOB B3MaXa JIOnaCTH, nOJIY'leHHbIX na OCHOBaHHHTaKOro norrymenaa, C pac'IeTaMH, B KOTOPbIX MaXOBOe )J,BH)I(eHHe Ka)l()],oii JIonaCTH necytuero BHHTa Mo)],eJIHpoBaJIOCb OT)],eJIbHOC yserosr ee HHeplUfoHHoCTH, nOKa3bmaIOT, 'ITO HeCXO)];HMOCTbMaKCHMaJIbHbIX yrnos B paiioae XBOCTOBOii 6aJIKH CO CTaBJIHer ~0,5°. BJIHKHHe ynpyrax ne<l>opMaIlHii JIonaCTH H ynapa rronacrea no ynopy ropH30HTaJIbHOrO IIIapHHpa, KaK CKa3aHO asnue, aa nOJIO)l(eHHe KOHIIa J10naCTH He Y1JHTbIBaJOTCH. ccnenosaaaa, H BbIDOJIHeHHbIe IO.A. MHrKOBbIM H M.r. PO)l()J,eCTBeHCKHM,nOKa3aJIH, 'ITO scnencrsne ynapa no OrpaHH1JHTe]HIM B3Max norracra BHH3 OT nnOCKOCTH BpalIleHHH MO)l(eT YBeJ1H1JHBaTbCH npHOOH3HTeJIbHOaa 10. TaKHM o6pa30M, npH npHHHTbIX nonyurenaax 01lIH6Ka 0 COCTaBJIHeT~ 1,5 , H OHa nonxaa Y'lHTbIBaTbCH npa onpenerreana 3a30pOB Me)l()J,y JIOnaCTHMH aecyurero BHHTa H nnaaepora, II03TOMy feaonacnsre aa30PbI noo pe3YJIbTaTaM MOneJ1HpoBaHHH nOJ1)1(HbInpHHHMaTbCH paBHbIMH He MeHee 3 . 3.3.2. YrflbI B3MAXA nonscrsa B pAAOHE XBOcrOBOA IiAnKH Ha YCTaHOBHBIIIHXCHpe)l(llMax ropH30HTaJIbHOrO nonera JIOnaCTHHaXO)J;HTasnue nnOCKOCTH spauieaaa necyuiero BHHTa npn acex uenrposxax sepro0 JIeTa, {3rro = 1 ... 7 (Ha BepTOJIeTe C 60nblllHM KPblJIOM B03MO)KeH cnyqaH, xorna na pe>KHMe cassoapameaaa na 60JIblllHX CKOPOCTHX/3rro = 0 '" _20). IIpH rrepexornrsrx pelKHMax, BbIDOJIlUIeMbIX nnanno, H npa napaposaaaa arMoc<l>epHblx B03MymeHHH npoH3BO)J.HMble JIeT'lHKOM nepesreutenaa pyqKH ynpaBJIeHHH H3MeHHIOT aMrrnHTYAY MaXOBOro )J,BHlKeHHHnonacrea He 60JIee 0 qeM na 2 ... 4 • 3TO oaaasaer, 'ITO aa TaKHX .relKHMax nonacrs OT nnOCKOCTH spaurenaa He orrYCKaeTCHHH)I(e (3rr0 = 0 '" - 3 . MaHeBpbl BepTOJIeTa C y se e n s ur e u a e sr BepTHKaJIbH 0 H n e per p y 3 K H. MaHeBpaMH, na KOTOPblX HaH60nee BepoHTHbI COOHlKeHHH nonacreii C XBOCTOBOH6aJIKOH, HBnHIOTCH BBOn B nHKHpoBaHHe H BbIBO)); H3 ropxn. OCHOBHaH rrpH'l1fHa onacnsix C6JIH)I(eIDfH aa TaKHX pe)l(llMax - xpeaMepHO 60JIbIIIHe H pesxae OTKJIOHeHHHpyvxa ynpasneuaa uasan, npensnnaioIIIHe rpetiyexrsre )1)1H MaHeBpa. IIpennOCbInKOH K HHM MO)l(eT HBHTbCH nonylIIeHHOe neTlJHKOM HHTeHCHBHoe YMeHbllleHHe yrna raaraxca H neperpysxa. MOAeJIHpoBaHHe rrOKaJaJIO, 'ITO rrpH napapo aanaa B03HRKllleH CHTyalUfH He06XO)J;HMO6bITb oc06eHHO BHHMaTenbHbIM, TaK KaK acnencrsae YMeHbIIIeHHH neperpyaxn YMeHbIIIaeTCH J<l><l>eKTHBHOCTb ynpaBJIeHHH. YMeHbIIIeHHe yrna TaHra)1(3 MO)I(HO npexparars nalKe B cnysae OKOJIOHYJIeBblX 3Ha'leHHH neperpysxa OTKJIOHeHHeM pynxa ynpasnenaa naaan He 60JIce qeM Ha 2/3 XOAa OT ueiirparm. IIpH 3TOM yrnsr B3Maxa BHH3 no a6COJIIOTHOH BeJIH'lHHe He npe0 BbIIIIaIOT 4 ... 6 • KaK 6YlJ,eT nOKa3aHO, OTKnOHeHHe py'lKH aasan no ynopa naer He3Ha'lHTeJIbHbIH BbIHrpblIII B MaHeBpe, HO npllBOIJ,HT K cYlIlecTBeHH0My YBeJIll'leHHIO yrna OTKnOHeHHH JIOrraCTH BHH3. DOJIbIlIHH, qeM Heo6xoAHMbrH
CH

tJri'

0•180

= ao :;: (al cos/3H + bl sin /3H - DISg

= ao :;: (hi cos/3H -

+ D2SK);
-

/3;.90,270

al sin/3H + DISB

D2SK),
0

(3.4)

rAe BepXHHe 3HaKH nepen cK06KaMH OTHOCHTCH a3HMyTaM 0 H 90 , a HHlKK 0 HHe - K 180 H 270 • HHlKe, )1)1K ynpourenaa o603Ha'leHHH HHAeKC "*" rrpa 13n He ynorpefinaerca, KOJ<l><l>HlUfeHTbI ao, a I H b 1 , onacaaasre B pasn, 1.3 H 2.3 na HeYCTaHOBHBIIIHXCHpe>KHMaX nOJIeTa HBJIHIOTCHKBa3HCTaTH'IeCKHMH 170

171

,IJ,TUI smona H3 nHKHpoBaHHH, yron HaKnOHa aBTOMllTa nepexoca naaan KOHa crpyxrop BbIHY)((JI,eH nenars Jl)IH OOeCne'leHHH B03MO)J{HOCTH napaposanaa aTMOcq,epHbIX B03Myll(eHHH na pe)I(HMe BHceHHH npa nOnYTHOM serpe H npa npenerrsno nepenneii ueurpoaxe BeprOnera. 113MeHeHHe napaMerpoB ,Il,BH)KeHHH npH MaHeBpe, na KOTOPOM OTKnO0 HeHHH nonacrea n;OCTHra1OT 12,5 , rrOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 3.22. Bson B naxapoBaHHe ssmonaanca aa CKOPOCTHnonera 150 KM/'I. Ileperpysxa yxsensuianace 11.03Ha'leHHH nymin -0,15, CKOPOCTh ranraxa - AO - 0,6 l/c. B MOMeHT AOCTHX<eHHH n ymin pysxa ynpaBJIeHHH pesxo (sa - 0,8 c) OTKJIOHHeTCH Ha3aA 11.0ynopa. 3a sro BpeMH neperpysxa sospocna ronsxo 11.0ny 0,1, a yrnosaa CKOPOCTbcrana pasaoa - 0,46 1/c. Ilpa 3THX ycnOBHHX yron B3Maxa JIonaCTH p;OCTHr MMHHMaJIbHOro 3Ha'leHHH. OTMeTHM, 'lTO xorzia SepTOJIer HMen MHHHManbHyro neperpyaxy H aBTOMllT nepexoca 6bIn HaKnOHeH snepen, f3no COCTaBnHn 2,50• TaKI.fM o6pa30M, B3MllX nonacra BHH3 B 3Ha'll.fTenbHOR 0 Mepe BbI3BaH OTKJIOHeHHeMPY'lKH HaJap; (D. LlbB = -17,3 ). TeM He MeHee, aa YMeHbIlleHHe yrna f3no BnHH10TH npyrae napasrerpsr. Ilpoaaanaaapyesr cocraansnourae, BXOTJ,HIll,He cpopMyny B

=-

fJllo=1,5° ~=2,5°

(3.5)
rAe 0B = x~ + 0B CAY; OK x~ + OK CAY (6e3 ysera 11.e<l>opMaUHH) . 3aBHCHMOCTb or ny, V, 00 nepsoro cnaraeraoro cpopMynbI (ao ~ a'l), orpaacaromero BnHHHHe ao H a~ (HanOMHHM, 'lT0 at = a~ npa DB = OK = WZH = Wx 0), npaaeneaa aa pHC. 3.23. TIpH orrpenerreaaa (ao ~ a~) no rpadnncy cnenyer HMerb B BHAY, 'ITO f3no MHHHManeH npn n y 6onbIlleH, '1eM nymirr(ny nymlO + Llny). Pa3JIH'lI.fe 06bHCHHerCH reM, 'lT0 nazce aa KOpoTKoe BpeMH nepeMemeHHH PyqKH ynpasnenaa aasan /1,0 KOHCTPYKTHBHOro ynopa neperpysxa ycnesaer YBenH'lHTbCH aa cymecTBeHHYIO aeruraury:

o
0

5t,r
Hero OTKnOHeHHeM P)"IKH ynpaBneHHH Ha3~

PHC. 3.22. BBOA B nHKHpOB3HHe H BLIBOA H3 no ynopa: 00 = 8,2 nymin == - 0,15; 1 -- MOMeHT 13no = - 12,2°
;

spewenn

MaKCJlMaJIbHOro

B3Maxa

norracra

Puc. 3.23. 3aBHCHMOCTb ny, 00 II. V: -= 300 KM/IJ; - -

COCTaBJIlIIO'''eH

...

yrna

B3Maxa

nonacra ( ao 100
I<M/q

a') I

np H

Wz = 0

OT

200

I<M/IJ;

.-

.-

.-

Llny=0,7

... 1,0 na V=250

... 300KM/'lHO,05

... 0,4HaV;;:;:;100

... 200KM/'I.

KaK cnenyer H3 rparpaxa, 3aBHCHMOCTb (ao - a~) or n y aeaenaxa. OnHaKO MOp,eJlHpoBaHHe noxaaano aasreraoe BnHHHHe neperpy3KH na yrOJI B3Maxa nonacra. 06ycrroBneHo OHO TeM, 'ITO BBOA sepronera aa oxononyneasre H orpauarensasre neperpY3I<H npmfCXOlJ;KT npH 6om,IllOH no a6con1OTHoH BeJIH'lHHe CKOpOCTHraarasa (pHC. 3.24), 11OTI<JIOHeHHe nOrraCTJI.BHI.f3 yaenn'lHBaeTCH H3-3a YBeJIH'IeHHH cnaraesroro WZH' Ha pHC. 3.25 TIOKa3aHa 3aBHCHMOCTb MaKCHMaJIbHOrO yrna B3Maxa nonacra or neperpyaxa npa pa3HhIX Ha'laJlbHblX CKOPOCTHXBBOlJ,a B nHKHpoBaHHe MH BhlBOlJ,a 113 ropxa. BHTJ,HO, 'ITO I ~no I MaKCHManeH rrpa CKOPOCTHnonera 100 '" 200 KM/1J. 3TO 06bHCHHeTCH 60nblllliMH rro a6conIOTHoH Benl.f'IHHe Wz TIpH YMeHbweHrm neperpysxa H ManbIM rrpHpoCToM Lln y aa V 200 I<M/q. Kpnnsre )J,J1H = 100 H 150 I<M/'I VO npnaeueasr 1l.lHI nymin 0 ... +0,4, rax KaK MeHburne neperpY3KH He 11.oCTH0 ralOTCH Aa)Ke npH IIHKHpoBaHHH C yrnaMli TaHra)K3 - 60 '" _70 • TaKI1M 06Pa30M, Y sepronera, nna xoroporo no peaynsrarav MO,ll,enHpoBaHHHnocrpo0 0 ex rparpax, ~n 0 11 IIpH n y 0,6 '" 0,4 H (3n 0 12,7 TIpH n y O. YrnbI (3no' npnaeneaasre Jl)IH ny = 1,0, orHOCHTCH K MaHCBpy, xorna

-O,61--~:---~:>k---+---\ iJj3l1,o
If, 0 -O,'II----t--~..-I'--~.,______1

a':z

-5
-0.2
PHC.

(J.Z

a«

o,b

0.8

flljmtn

>

<

3.24. Yr nossre

CKOPOCTH HM

H COOTBeTCTB}'lOlI.IHe

Wz. He06xOAHMble AM peaJIH3a~HH ocpeaaeaasre 3Ha'leHHH COCTaBJIJllOlI.Ieii yrna

M8KCHMaJ1bHoro OB yrna B3Maxa H

nymin = 0
B3Maxa

H-

0,5,
ll.{3n

nonacra
>Ii

=-

=-

PHC.

3.25.
C

3aBHCHMOCTb

MaHeBpe

00

14

DI

=-

nonacra ua

113HMyre

8,8

OT

nymln

Vo

=0

IIpH

172

173

pY'lKa

OTKnOHHeTCH

naaan

P;O ynopa

na

pe>IOiMaX

roPH30HTaJIbHOrO

IlOJIeTa. MaxoBoro

ITOp;po6HO )],Bl-DKeHllH

oco6eHHOCTll

raxax

MaHeBpoB Hll)l(e.

II rrplltfi1HbI

yaenaseaas
OTMeTHM,

na

HllX 6YAYT paCCMOTpeHbI

ITpO)],On)l(aH

auanas

3aBHCHMOCTell:

na

pHC.

3.23,

'ITO

B3Max

nonacra

sa ClJeT cocraanaromea (ao ~ a~) MaKCHManeH rrpH 60JIblilllx none ra V H 6onbllloM yrrre YCTaHoBKH JIOrraCTeH 00' Taxoe IlOJIO)l(eHlle MO)l(eT B03HllKHYTb, eCJIH na Vo = 300 KM/lJ neruax )],JUI yaennse aaa CKOPOCTH rrorrera H3MeHHT C 60JIblilllM TeMIlOM yron raaraxa na naxuposaIDle a 3aTeM OTKJIOHHT pYlJKY )],0 ynopa naaan )JlIH npexpanieaaa paaro aa. B 3~OT MOMeHT HCCMOTpll na TO, 'ITO nocne yeaeasureaaa neperpysxa _YBCJIHtfi1TCH P;O n == 1,0, B3Max JIOllaCTH BHll3 BCJ1HK. COIJCTaHHH MaTIOH neperpY3KH H ~JIbllIOrO yrna YCTaHOBKH JIOnaCTCH necyuiero BHHTa 60JIee aepoHTHbI na cxopocrxx nonera V == 100 ... 200 KM/IJ, na xoropsre seproner rro~anaer llpH BblXOAC H3 ropxa, HalJaTOM na Vo == 300 KM/'l H BbJIIOJIHHeMOH C 00 = const. Hanpasrep, npH MaHeBpe C V = 200 KM/IJ, na KOTOPOM aBToM~T nepexoca OTKJIOIDIeTCH )],0 BeJIH'IllHhI, cooraercrnyromea D', 0B == _ 9 , yron B3Maxa nonacreii I (3n 0 I B cnysae 00 = 14° (raxoe anaxenne ofintero nrara
BHll3 CKOPOCT1IX B03MO)I(H0 npa nepexone ne BepTOJIeTa M3 ropxa) poBaHMe na B IIHKMpoBaHHe llOCJIe nafo pa BblCOT~I llJIM rrpa BhIBOc 1 ... 2 60JIbllIe, 'IeM npM 00 9 (BBO)J, B llMKH-

==

C ropM30HTaTIbHOrO na (3n 0 TeMIIa

nOJIeTa). OTKJIOHeHHJl aBTOMaTa nepexoca,

BJIH}lHHe KII ra II na

CAY,

QeHTpOBneprone-

YCTOHqJlBOCTH naxapoaaaae

sepronera.

Ecrm WJH
py'lKH

rrapapoaanaa y"paBJICHMH MorYT

)J:BH)I(eHllH Ha3aA

PRC. 3.26. HJMeHeHHe no BpeMeHH napasserpoa nonacra na aJIIMYTe '#n = 0 B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT os:

ABHlKeHHH

aep ronera

H yrna

BJMaxa

nepexretuenae

IIpoH3BOiJ:HTb (CTaTb 60JIce nOlIaCTH BHU3

-_

lc; -

20

[c

Me}J,TJCIIHO, TO rreperpyarca nOJIO)l(lUeJIbHblMH

H CKOPOCTb ranrasca

B03paCI'll

BCJIH'IlfHaMH). npyroii CTOpOllhI,

B
rtpn

pe3YJIbTaTe 'Ipe3MepHO

OTKnOHeHMC MaJIOM TCMllC qero

PHC.

3.27.

BJlHHHRe

CTaTll'leCKOH

YCTOHttHBOCTH U

no

yrny aTaKH

A?;

aa H3MeHeHHe

no Bpe-

ysreasurarca.
pyqKM TeM

neperaeuieuaa
KOHUbI JIOIlaC-

MeHU napasrerpoa

ABHlKeHHH

sep ronera

i3no :

neper pyaxa

CTaHOBHTCH eiue XBOCTOBOH 6bICTpble

MeHbllIe,

B pesyrn.rare

-~~=-351/e2. ~ z
)l(e npa nepenaea TaK)I(e

, - --ij<1=ll/e' z
neurpomce BepTOJICTa, npn qCM np" 3aAHeH. UCHTpoBKe IIp" MaHCBpax na noTO, 3IO

npH611H311TCH K H

fiamce.

I103TOMY

B HCCJIep;OBaHI1HX )J,OJIJKHhI pyqKJiI.

paCCMaTpI1BaTbC.H MOCTb (3 liHepUJilH HO.

11 Me}J,TJeHHble OTKJIOHeHHH

H~

3aBJilCHMOMCHT 3aMCT-

nO

OT

8s

OKa3bIBaeT

BJlIUIHMC nOJIeTHaH l\-facca JiI npononsasm sepronera 3aBl1Cl1MOCTb npOHBJIHeTCH

naCTH sro

OTKJIOHHlOTCH HH)I(e

nepenaefi

aecsrorps

BCpTOJIera. IIpH

JICrKOfO

PYIJK3 OTKJIOHJleTCH AO ozmoro 60nee H, H 6nH3KHM K

H roro ynopy

)l(C npezrensxoro Ha3aA

1I0JIO)l(eHllH.

10000 H B cnyxae OTKJIOHCHliH aBTOMara nepexoca co CKOPOClblO 8° [c, BMCCTO 20° l c, yron B3Maxa JIOllaCTH YMeHbiuaerca 110 a6COnlOTHOll: nenH'lHHe na 25 ... 30 %. Y TH)I(CJIOrO sepronera HIIHHIDle TeMIIa Mano (pac, 3.26), pa3HHua B (3no npa 0AHHaKOBbIX 0B m ax He npensruraer 7 %. CHcTeMa aSTOMa1'JilI.JCCKOrO ynpasnenaa (CAY) YMCHbIllaCT 3a30p ):(0
Maccc sepronera XBOCTOBOM 6aTIKH, xoca MJI Ha33)J,. 3TO IIepeMemeHHH eCJIl1 ce B03AeHC1'BJilC YBCnl1l1HB3eT icorna ynpaBJICHHH ranrazc HaKJIOH aBTOMaTa nepenponcxonnr, PY'lKH ysrensuraerca T3Hra)l(3 xapax 6bIC1'PO, H 33 ape"po)J,OJIJKaeT repna OCTa-

Hanpnsaep,

06bHcHHeTCJI HHCM BOH pyqKI1 CKOPOCTli

6anaHCHpoBO'IHbIM neperpysxa, \fI0 npa

lIOJIo)J(eyrnonpn npe-

cnenoaarensao, P:PYfHX

MeHbllIllM

YBenHlJeHl1eM TOfO,

napar-rerpoa. BepTOJIeT3 no ynopa,

Kposse
MCHee KaK TaK

oTMeTHM, qeM

)J,CJIbHO 3a)J,HcH UeHTpoBKe OTKJIOHeHHH Ka6pHpYlOIlIHll: pysxa nasan

aepoarasr,

nepennea, 6oJIbwoii

c03)J,3eTCH 'Ipe3MCpHo

MOMeHT pysxn. npa

Be pTOJIeTa , 'lero

JIeTqJlK He AonYCKaeT noneneaa )],0 ynopa,

"pCKp3IUeHHeM TO 003)J,3eTCH ua xafipapona-

neperaeuieaaa
OOJIbWaH, HUe, H 31'0 meHHH. qCM

Ecna
nepenaeii

BCC )l(C pysxa uearpoaxe, MeHbllIllH yrOJI

CKOPOCTb raarazca nonacra BIDI3

CKOPOCTb

06YCJI3BJIHBaeT

OT IlJIOCKOCTJiI npa-

BanCH

OTpHuaTCJIbHoH.

TaKaH

CJilTyaUHH oc06eHHO

WJH

1'H)I(eJIbIX

BepTonCTOB. PaCCM01'pH.M )I(llMaX none ra BJIHHHHe ueHTpoBKH sepronera. necymero Ha aa YCTaHOBHBlillIXCH 33HMj'Te PCHM-

Bnaanae
pasmnreii paB Ha B

)J:HHaMIIlleCKOH

YCTOMtIHBOCTH BepTOJICTa yrnosoa

Ha

(3no

06ycrrOBIICHO rtapasrer-

npeasnueaaa
nOKa3aHO

neperpysxa,

CKOPOCTH H npyrux yrna TaHr3)J(a

nOJIO)l(CHHe nonacreii

BlIHTa

I/IJI == 0

)J:BH)I(eHHH npa pHC.

napaposaaaa

Jil3MeHeHHH

aa IlHKHpoB3HHe. BepTOJIe-

3.27

M3MeHeHHC napasserpoa

)J,BH)J(CHUH JICfKOro

174 175

ra ra

npn no

)],BYX yrny

3HaqCHHHX aTaKH

Mf

K03¢¢Hll,HCHTa (paansre IIJIOma)],ll

0

CTamqCCKOH

YCTOHqlfBOCTH BCpTOnC-

crafianuaaropa}. C MaKCHMaJlbHblM nonsrnca

Jler-nnc
TCMnOM,

CTBHH JICTqHKa. ra, 6n:H3KHX

OHH

HaH60JIce

onacnsr, H,

CCJ1H nponcxonar npa

aa CKOPOCTHX noneyrne B3Maxa YCTa. JIO-

H3MCHHJl

yron

raarazca

BCpTOJlCTa na npn

1l. () = - 40

ny

min =
orpa-

K _ MaKCHMaJlbHOfi, IIpH {3no 3TOM,

OC06eHHO, na

YBcnmCHHoM yrnsr 11

= - 0,3.
IIHqCIIHC K

HOBKH nacra MorYT Ha

rionacren. nocrnrarr, BCnHqHHY

nanpasrep npa

BH,lJ,HO, xro

BBO)],C B nHKHpoB<UIHC Y )l,HHaMHqCCKH raaraaca

HC IIpcB30Mm

ny

in

= - 0,4

BHH3 OT IIJIOCKOCTH

HCYCTOHqlfBOrO H BbIXO)l.y sa

BCpTOJICTa IIpHBCJla

= - (12 ... 14) o.

rairraaea. pe3KO qCM

spameana

V = 300 KM/q Dt 5B = -10,5°

(CM. pHC.

n
y

= 2,0 ... 2,2

cymccTBCHHOMY

YMCHbllJCHH]Q

ny m m
IIpH

HCCMOTPH na 310M B3MaX

{3no

B CPblBHOH 06JIaCTH Wz

1.12)

CYW,CCTBCHHO BnHB3Maxa nonacra

OTKnOHCHlIC norracreii

PYqKH ynpaBJlCIIHH

)],0 KOHCTPYKTHBHoro

yllopa.

HCT BCJIHqlfHa MCHbUlC. ry, xorrta Ho

cxopocra

6oJIbUlc,

TCM yron

BIIH3

YSCJ1HqHnCH 110 CpaHCHH]Q C YCTOHqHBbIM

0 •

BCPTOJICTOM npH6J1Hnpeasnuenaa ranraxca

3HTCJlbHO na H neperpysxa

CCIlH nCTqHK AO~HrHCT

OTKIlOHHeT

pysxy ynpaanenaa, z
ronsxo

TO K MOMCHaasanaer pas-

ECJ1H }l.I1H roro HeycroHqlfBOM

, qT06bl

He AOilYCTHTb YBenHqHTb

5B
B

MaKCHManbHoro

3HaqCHHH, W

na

BcpTOneTe,

5B max'

TO npoH30M-

BHBaTbCH. BcpTOnCTa.

3TOH CHTYall,HH CHnbHO npoHBnHCTCH TO 6blCTPO B03HHKaCT BCpTOJICTa CpbIB na

BJIHHHHC MOMCHTa HHCPll,HH CKOPOCIb raarasca. IIpH forrsaa

AYT eute 60JlburnC

OTKnOHeHHH nonacreji. b H bl C Y r n bI B 3 M a x a JI 0 II aCT Bpaw,CHHH MaHeBpaMH, C H H e C y W, C r 0 c p sr-

ECJIH OH Man, HHCPll,HH yrna

M
BHHTa Ban TOKa

a K C H Man BHH3 0 TO K a. OT

UlOM

MOMCHTC

HCCYW,CM BHHTC B03HHKaeT 6oIlbUloro

IInOCKOCTH

BCJ1eACTBHe

CqCT YBeJIHqeHHH aBTOMaTa

aTaKH BHHTa TOJIbKO BcneACTBHe TaK KaK yrrroaoe

OTKJIOHeHHH aasaua-

Xapaxrepnsoaa
na pe)J(lfM

rrpH KOTOPbIX B03MO)J(eH CpblB 110neperpyaxa scex npn BBoAe

nepexoca,

ABH)J(eHHC BCpTOJIeTa

ronsxo

aa

BHHTC,

HBnH]QTCH YBcnHqClIHe

BCPTHKaJIbHOH IIpH

CTCH. HanpHMep, APyrll*

YBcmlqCHHC

MOMeHTa HHCpUHH B TpM paaa YBCJIHqlfBaCT

(npa

O)l,HHaKOBbIX JIonaCTH BHH3

B ropxy

H nepexon

caMoBpaw,clIHH

OTKa3e

ABHraTCJ1cfi.

PaCCMOTpHM MaXOBOC )],BH)J(eHHc nonacreii IIpH YBcnHqCHHH BepTHKaJlbHOH

rrpH HX BbmonHCHHH. HCCYllJ,llH BHHT HaxO)l,HTCH HJ1H BbIBO-

aa 1,5 .
Ha

napasserpax

BCpTOJIeTa)

OTKJIOHeHHC

neperpY3KH BBOna

OCHOBaHHH

H3JIO)J(CHHoro

B ycnonaax, na H3 ropxa, B nCHHH,

OTnHqa]QIUHxCH aa KOroPbIX

ny

< 1,0, a HMeHHO :

neperpysxa

OT PC)J(lfMOB

B IIHKHpoBaHHe

UlHX

CKOPOCTHX rronera urare ~H C ero

> (V max

PCKOMCH)l.yCTCH:

BBOA

ro pxy npn

na

60JIb-

30

KM/q)

BbIIIonHHTb BCJIHqlfHy. 60nburnc

nOCTOHHHOM pes-

06W,CM 3¢¢eKTHBHoCIb ynpaBpyqno

YMCHbUlCHHCM Ha ynpaBJICHHH

2 ... 4°;

cnCAYCT HC nonycxars

npouecce n03ToMY

YBenHqeHHH

soapacraer

KHX OTKJlOHCHHH pysxa IIpM OTKaJe acex

na 6oJIblllY]Q speasrepuo

COOTBCTCTBCHHO YMcHbIIIa]QTcH }l.I1H C03AaHHH

rpefiasie (wz
qTO

OTKnOHeHHH

KH ynpaaneuaa yrnosaa yrorr B3Maxa

xatipapyrouiero
np"

nsararenea

OTKJIOHCHHR pysxa nponons-

MOMcma;

CKOPOCTb raarazca nonacrn; yrort

Ka6pHpoBalIHH

>

ynpaBJICHHH

B03MO)J(Hbl

Bcne,D,CTBHC YMcHbUleHHH npoHcXO,D.IIT BHHTa. M3-3a

J¢¢CKTHBHOCTM 3HaqHTeJIbHOrO pysxa

0)

ysrensuraer

aoro

ynpaBJIeHHH, Bpaw,cHIIH 6nH3KHX Ourn6KOH Era

KOTOPOC aecyuiero

YMeHblIIeHHH aa CKOpOC(qTO necyyrna BpCMH 3HaqCcpsma

yscnHqHBaCTCH XBOCTOBOH 6aJIKH; aBTOnHJ10r nCHHH aa (CAY)

KOHYCHOCTH

BHHTa

ao,

sacrorsi
OT rax HBJIHeTCH

TaKHc npn

OTKJlOHeHHH

OT)l,aJlHCT nonacrn

nonera,

K MaKCHMaJlbHOH, nerxaxa)

HeYMeHblIIeHHoM CpbIB nOTOKa na

06W,CM urare JIOnaCTHX

BbI3bIBa]QT

yvrensuraer

OTKJlOHCHHC aBTOMaTa

nepexoca

B HaIIpaB-

uiero aT:,KH

BHHTa. npa c,

B~3HHKHoBeHMe

HBJIHeTCH

cnencraaexs

cefia,
06pa30M, npn Ka6pHpoBaHHH BCpTOJICTa ycnonaa TCM napasrerpsr H3MCHH]QT3a30poB yrnax qTO C03Aa]QTCH 6narorrpHHTHbIC )],fIH 06ccrrCqCHHH

TaKHM CH TaK,

= 1,5

6onbilloH

OTHOCMTenbHOH

CKOPOCTH

= VI wlfR
B
asuue,

YBeJIllqeHHH (sa

B TeqCHHe KOTOPblX nonera,

wlfR

YMCHbUlaCTCH )],0 MHHHManbHoro HC H3MeHHeTcH). 6bUlH yxasaasr peaynsrare

HHR, yrnsr

CKOPOCTb no TeM B3Maxa

npaKTHqCCKH,

MC)J()l,y nOnaCH!MH aTaKH BHHTa

H XBOCTOBOH 6aJIKoH. neperpysxe)

HC MCHCC, lIP" cpsma (CM.

60JlbIIIHX

nOTOKa

)J(C npHqlfHaM,

xo ro psre

B03pacTa]QT

(BepTHKaJlbHOH

H3-3a

nOTOKa

3HaqHTCnbHO Maxonpouc-

nonacrea

{3n 0

. TaKHX )],eHCTBMfi nersmca IIpHBCneHHblc KOTOPOH aa npa pHC. nepexorte aa pc. Ha

YBenHqHBaCTCH soro

OTKnOHCHHC KOHYca

nonacreii IIpH 310M

Ha3aA pocr

K03¢¢Hll,HeHT

ABH)J(CHHH ManOH (CM.

at

na

pHC.

2.13).
HaH60n B

yrna

KOHYCHOCTH

ao

Hcnorn.syexr
)J(lfM pHC. mara

}l.I1H aaanasa

caMoBpaw,CHHH

3aBHcHMoCTH, cHTyaUHH, )],BHraTCJleH B

3.28
50

3.29.

XO)l,HT B TH BHH3

CTcrrCHH. B pesynsrare

B03paCTa]QT no

yrnsr

OTKJlOHCHHH nonacyrnsr (3n0

pHC.

1.12).
IIpH

3.29
nocne

noxasana OTKa3a

3a)],ep)!(Ka

YMCHbUlCHHH

otnuero

bIIIHC

a6COJI]QTHOH BenHqHHC nOTOKa rrpH

COCTaBnHJla pyxxa

1,3

c. YMeHbUlcHH]Q

npemuecrHa3aA )],0

COOTBCTCTBY]QT yrnytineamo yrne YCTaHOBKH 50.

ofinacrs

cpsrsa

MaKCHMaJlbHOM MO-

BOBaJlO

6blcTpoe

nepesreureaae

JTOM B03HHKaCT 06bIqHO )J(C, KaK IIpH

3lJaqHTCnbHblH

Ka6pHpY]QW,HH

3HaqCHHH, COOTBCTCTBY]Qw,cro IIHH aTaKH yron 6bmc npeKpa~eHo.

MCHT BCpTOJIeTa, KOM

KOTOPbIH

HOPMaJIbHOM

rrHJlOTHpoBaHHH

nersa-

Dt 5B
~

=-

npOAOJIbHOrO

ynpaBJIeHHH xacrorsr

5,3 0.

YMeHbUleHHe

BpaW,Cyrorr

HC )],OIIYCKaCTCH.

11 Bee

OAHaKo

I1pH

3TOM

nOKa3bIBaCT naaart

MOACJIHpoBaHHC,

B03MO)J(HO

BHHTa aTaKH

1l.IXIf

DJ (5B
IX

KpaTKOBpeMCHHOC HbIX poe caryauna,

OTKJIOHCHHC pyqKH

)],0 ynopa.

CYW,CCTBYCT PH)], nCTHnH 6b1CIH3-3a ACH-

5B

Gan)

3H!qlfTCJIbHO (3a

YBenHqnJICH

10,1
ycnen

BpeMH

OTKJlOHeHHH KaK

BCpTOJleTa

I1paKTHqCCKM IIpM
0'

He

H3MCHHTbCH).

BH)J.H~ JIOnaCTII

HaIIpHMCp yrna B

HCO)J(lf)],aHHaH BCTpCqa nocne ero

C IIpcnHTCTBHCM

yaerncreaae

113 pHC.

raarazca

H3MCHCHHH na MorYT

nHKHpoBaHHC 6bITb TaKHC

OTKa3a

aBTOIIHJ10Ta,

KOTOPblX

HeIIpeAHaMcpCHHO

(ao - a~) H3-3a YMeHbUlCHHR wR BMCCTO - 4 50 CTaJIa =( ') ao - al - DJ 5B = -13,5 . IIpH MOAeJIHpoBaHHH

3.28,

BHHT B cpbIBe.

310M

COCTaBnH]Qw,aH yrna paaaoii

B3Maxa -

8 2°
,

(CM. pHC.

3.29)

'no

{3

norry-

176

177

-20

-16

-12

-8

-4

(J

Pac.
naCTH

3.28.

3aBHCHMOCTb

COCTaBJIlUO~eH

yrna

BJMaxa

JlOKM/'1

(ao - a',)

OT cXH H

wR

npH

Wz

= 0, V = 300

H, cnenoaarensao. YMemIIIaerCR BepTHKaJIbHaR neperpysxa. Yron B3MllXa MaKCHManeH, e cna npa n v m i n aarosrar nepexoca OrKJIOHeH aa 8B m ax' B03MO)l(HOCTh COBrral1:eHHH BO BpeMeHH 3THX napasserpoe ofiycnonnena crarasecKoii ycroiisaaocrsro Bepronera no neperpysxe na pe)I(HMaX, xorna ny 1,0. 0 3ro BH,nHO,nanpasrep, H3 pHC. 3.1 0 npa - 25 G 50. B xasecrne npaxrepa na pHC. 3.30 nOKa3aHO H3MeHeHHe napasrerpos ,lJ,BH)l(eHHH aepronera npn BBOl1:eB nHKHpoBaHHe C orpauarensaoii BeprHKaJIbHOH rreperpysxok. l1cXOl1:HaH CKOPOCTb Vo = 200 KM/q. BBOAY B nHKHpoBaHHe npel1:IIIeCrBOBaJIO neperaeuieaae BHH3 psrsara ofimero urara necymero BHHTa, a ratose (MH YMeHbIIIeHHH I1HTeHCHBHOCTH pasrona nepronera npn nnxapoBaHHH) He60nbIIIoe YBeJ1HqeHHe yrna raarazca. B pesynsrare MaKCHMaJJbHOro OTKJ10HeHllH py'IKH ynpaanerrna seproner asnnen na n y min = - 0,4, yron B3MaXa J10naCTHCOCTaBHJ1 (3JI180= -11,2°. Ilpoauqnxanpyesr nonyqeHHhIH pe3ynbTar If paccsrorpasr BJIHIlIllie na Hero pa3JIH'lHbIX naparaerpoa. BOCnOJIb3yeMcH cpopMYnOH

< <_

<

(3.6)
PRC. 3.29. H3MeHetiHe no BpeMetiH napasserpoa ABIDKeHHH
BepToneTa H

(;lJlO npH OTKll3e

scex

ABHl'aTeneH:

1 - BpeMJI OTKa3a ABHraTeJlel!

qeHO (3JIO

-13,30;

OTnH'II1e He3Ha'IHTeJlbHO, TaK KaK CKOPOCTb ranrasca

K arosry BpeMeHH Marra. TaKHM o 6pa30M, ysenaseaae j3no Bbl3BaHO B03HHKHOBeHHeM aetinaroIIpHHTHOrO COqeraHHH napasrerpon: 6oJ1blllHX V, 00 H DI 0B' MaJIblX - wz, wHR (oTMernM, 'ITO npn 3TOM necxrorpa ua cpsrs rrOTOKa, ny ~ 1,0 H3-3a MaJIOH W H R). lJro6bl H36e)l(aTb TaKoH CHTyalJ,HH, npn nepexone aa pe)JG{M __ cajaonpaureaaa na CKOPOCTHnonera, MH3KOH K MaKCHMaJJbHOM, MemIIIeHHe Y ofimero uiara nonsoio onepexcars OTKnOHeHl1e pysxn ynpaBneHHH "na cefia" HJ1H, no KpaHHeH Mepe, np()J{cXOAHTh O}J,HOBpeMeHHo.OI1:HOBpeMeHHoe OTKJIOHeHMe 3TllX psnaron unorna MO)I(eT IIoTpe60BaTbcH. HaIIpHMep, IIpH OTKase acex romraTeneit sa ManoH BblCOTe OHO n03BOJIHT YMeHbIIIHTb CHH)I(eHl1e BepToneTa H HHTeHcHBHO YMeHblllHTb CKOPOCTb WlH BbInOJIHeHHR nocamcn. B 3TOM cnysae WlR 06eCneqeHHH 6e30nacHbIX 3a30poB 11:0XBOCTOBOH6anKH nocrarosasna HBnHerCH OTKnOHeHHe py'IKH npononsnoro ynpaanenua naaan na BellH'II1Hy He 60JIee 0,5 ... 0,7 xona OT HeHTpaJlH.

BnHHHHe BeJIHqHHbl OTKJ10HeHHR aBTOMaTa nepexoca Ha yrOJI B3Maxa 60nee cyuiecrseaao, 'leM npyrax napaxierpon, DloB = 120• Ilepsoe cnaraexsoe CPOPMYJIbI 3aBHCHT OT BepTHKaJ1bHOH neperpysxa ny, yrna YCTaHoBKH J10rraCTeH 00 If CKOPOCTHnonera V. 3TH 3aBHCHMOCTH nOKa3aHbI na pHC. 3.31. BH).1,Hacyuiecraeuuaa 3aBHCHMOCTb 3TOH COCTaBJIRIOlll.eH yrna B3MaXa Or neperpysxa. ECJIH oopararsca K aarmca napaverpon na MaHeBpe, ro BHI1:HO,'ITO aa ysacnce t = 3,9 ... 4,8 c, xor-na aBTOMaT nepexoca HaX0l.lHTCR Ha nepenneja ynope, yron B3Maxa JlOnaCTH npononxaer H3MeHHTbCH. OA0 HaKO no H3MeHeHHe 11{3Il180 = - 3,2 MeHbIIIe, qeM onperrenaessoe H3 pHC. 3.31 0 0 npa 00 = 2 , no KOTOpoM)' llj3Jl 180 = - 4,3 , TaK KaK npa MaHeBpe cxopocrs TaHra)l(a o rpauarensna. TaK 'ITO BJIHHHHe neperpysxa na yrOJI B3Maxa MeHb-

norracru

IIIe, qeM no 3aBHCHMOCTH(ao + a~). BnHHHHe Wz ocobenao 3aMeTHO aa MaHeBpax, BbIIIOJIHHeM:bIXna MaJJbIX H cpennax CKOPOCT}lX non era (CM. pHC. 3.24). BHAHO, 'ITO aa CKOPOCTH V =

3.3.3. vrnu B3MAXA JlOnACfER B PARoHE HOCOBOR\fACf" (JI103EJ1H)KA !/In = 180 J1on3CTb MO)f(eT onYCTHTbCH HH)I(e IUlOCKOCTH apauierraa npH MaHeBpax, npa BbIllOJIHeHHH KOTO~blX py-nca ynpasnenna OT_KlIOHHeTCH anepen AO ynopa, YMeHhlllaerCH 06mHH IIIar AO MaJJbIX 3HaqeHHH.

= 300 KM/lJ cocr3BJIJlIOmaH ¢OPM)!JlbI (3.6) a WZH panna 0,6 , a Ha V = = 100 KM/q OHa cymecrnemro 60JlbIIIe -- 30. B aHaJJH3HpyeMoM HaMH MaHeBpe H3-3a yrnoaoii CKOpOCTH Wz yron B3Maxa J10rraCTH Ha 1,'7 MeHhwe, qeM npa wz::::: O. OTMernM, 'ITO ira pilC. 3.31 aa V> 200 KM/q npa n == const H DloB 0 = J 2 BeJII1'111Ha (ao + a~) npaonusnrensno aa 0,5 ... fonsure, qeM CyMMa cocrasnmoumx (ao + a~) npa 0B = 0 H DI 0B' 3Ta pasnaua 06nHCHHercH BnHHHHeM nOllneMHoH CHJIbI nnanepa, TaK KaK npa lly = const H paatrsrx DJ 0B Y nnaHepa pasnsre yrnsr aTaKH. TaKHM o6pa30M, na' yrnsr B3Maxa no0
0

Wz

oi'a

Ha a3HM)'re

naCTH BJIHHIOTraxxce xapaKTepHCTHKI1 nnanepa. OqeBHp,HO, qro qeM MeHbIIIe yron YCT3HOBKli BHHTa 00, TeM JIOnaCTb naxoAliTCR HH)I(e. Hanpuxeep, npn H3MeHeHHH 00 OT 9 no 2° yron B3Maxa nonacrefi YBenH'lHBaeTcH na 2°. I103TOMY MaHeBp, BbInOJIHCHHbIH npa MeHbIIICM 00, l19

178

MaKCHMaJIbHOM HO OTKJIOllliTb y»eJIH'leHHH poaanae OTKa3a

OTKJIOHeHHH aBTOMaT B3MaXa

PY1JKH ynpaBJIeHHH nnepen

CAY

MO)l(er

p;onOJIHJUeJIbBQ3MO)KHOCTb BBOAe B nHKH-

nepexoca

CJIeAYeT )"IDTblBaTb OTKa3a B

yrJIOB npH

JIOnaCTeH H3-3a

CAY. Ilpa
B3MaX B3Maxa

HcnpaBHo

pa60TalOIUaH KOTOPOM

CAY
max'

YMeHblllaer

nonacra.

cnysae BHH3

CAY,
na ua

YBeJIH'lHBaeTCH C KOTOPOH 'ITO

o

liB'

yrOJI

JIOnaCTH

B03paCTaeT nOKa3aHO

......, 2DI (l>BCAY) CKOPOCTH pHC.

BJIHHHHe

Vo,

BepTOJIeT IIpH

BBOAHTCJI 11 nHKHpoBaHHe, aa CKOPOCTHX BHHTa' 'leM na

3.32.

BH}].lIO, npa

MaHeBpax YCTaHOBKH pasnana BeJIH'lHHe, pHC.

150
~JIl80

KM/'l,

ocymeCTBJIJleMbIX

yrnax

lio 300

aa

Vo

OTnHtIalOTCH

MeHee '1eM ua 60JIbWaH

1 . Manas
(CM.

300

8 ... 10°,
TeM, '110 coc6onb'

06bHCHHeTCH KOMIIeHcHpyercH

150

KMj'l

no a6comoIHoH

KM/'l,

raBJIHlOIUaH IIIHM

yrna

B3MaXa

(ao + a'l) Ilpa

IIpH

3.31)

3Ha'leHHeM na

a'(Z

WZll'

MaJIbIX

lio

BeJIH'lHHa

(ao + a'l)
ware

He 3aBHCHT BBOA B OHOOJIbC

OT CKOPOCTH nonera. KHpoBaHHe TaKHM 311eMeHTaMH XOJ1llT aa 0113,,]678 PHC. 3.30. 8BM B IlHKHPoBaJUle py'lKH ynpaBlleIllUI. BnepeA AO ynopa:
OTKllOHeHHeM

l103TOMY l<M/q

YMeHbweHHoM

o6meM

V = 300

coIIpoBOJKAaeTCH CMH)I(eHHe aa

OTKJIOHCHHHMH JIOIIaCreH nOlIaCTeH BHHIa yrnax aecyurero

WHMH 'leM na

150

l<M/'l. HaH60JIbWeC sepronera nonera aa cKOpOCrJIx BCpTOJICTa YBeJm'lHTb a3HMYTe

o6pa30M, 6oJIblI1HX BbIX0ml

KOHcrpYKiJ,HH

»«

= 180
OTKa3

BHHra
0

npoacB

H MllJIbIX

YCTaHOBKH

nonacren

BO

BpCMS

MHHHMllnbHble

neperpysxa.

CAY

MO)l(eT cyutecraenno

cfinH)KeHHe.

1 - M31<CHMMbHhlA B3M3X = -11,2 nymin = -0,4

0 ,

non3CTM

PIT 180

3.3.4. yrnbl 83MAXA nonACTEi4

HA liOK08b1X A3HMYTAX HECYl1{ErO 8U.HTA 'ITO K pe)fQfMaM, aa KOTOPbIX a3MMYTax B naxapo-

PRC. 3.31. 3aBHCHMocrr. cocraSJIIIIOlI(eH yrna S3M3xa nonacra tao + a', ) npa Wz = 0 OT ny, 00 H V:

-100
PHC.

300
KMfq

KM/'1;

200

KM/'1;

.-

.-

Maressarauecxoe
S03MO)KHO BHHra 1#n

Mo.n;elllfpoBaHHe MaXOBoe OTHOCHTC.lI:

0 ,

nOKa3aJJo,

3.32.

3asHc_ocTb

MaKCKMaJIhHOrO
0

yrJJ3.
Vo:

= 90 H 270

HaH60JIbwee

p;BH)I(eHHe 1IeprnKaJIbHOH

JIOnaCreH

Ha OOKOBblX (BBOp;

B3Maxa nonacra

aa a3HMyTe I/i IT = 180

npu Ma·

MaHeBpbl BaHMe, asrson

C YMeHbllleHHeM H3 ropxa, nepexon

neperpysxa ;

ueape C nfmin = 0 HD,/oB:

1 - 10,4 ; 2 - 14,2° (oTKa3 CAY), 300 KM/'1; - - - 150 KM/'1
OT

na nnaaaposanae) Hnll

0 Ii

BSOP; B xpen npexpauienae

nna BblflOJ1HeHHR Pa3BOpOTa; pesxoro C KpeHeHH.lI nepeson MoryT BepTOJIeTa BOOK. AOCTHraTb B npoTHBOPY'lKH ynpasneHHH

nOJIO)KHbIH KpeH OOnblI1HM OrKJIOHeHHeM

60nee
H

He6narOlIp'UITeu.

Kposse

roro,

IIpH at

MaJlOM ner se

lio

H3-3a

MeHblllHX sars

3Ha'lCHHH
Wz,

IIpH MeHeHlfe yrna H

MaHeBpax MaXOBOrO

n y min

=0

yrnsr B3Maxa

2 .., -1 °

K03<p<pHUHeHTa 'ITO raK)KC reft 6blTb

MaXOBOrO

p;BH)!(eHHH

peanaso

oKonoHy~eBble BBOAe nonac-

T. e. nonacra,

npaKTH'leCKH, nonacreii.

He onYCKalOTCH IIpH scnencraae JIeT'lHKOM 3TOM

HH)I(e nnOCKOCTH xonyca

apauieaaa. JIOnaCreH

lb·
B60K

orpauarensnue 3Ha'leHHR neperpysxa. OHH p;OCTHraIOTCH MeHbilleH cnocobcrnyer 60JIbUIHM OTKJIOHeHHHM nonacra BHH3, Ilpa
Hnll asmone 113 ropxa npn 6onbwoM yrne MO)I(er HTaK, oxaaarsca, 'ITO 3HaqeHHH npHMepe neperpyaox

I1,BH)f(eHHH npoucxornrr

B OCHOBHOM aa C'IeT YMeHbllleHlfJl OrKJIOHeHlIe Ko3<j>qnnlHeHra py'lKH ynpaaneuna. neperpysxasnpaso. yrna OTKJIOHHrbCH MaXOBoro

I<:OHYCHocm xpeaesae

B IIHKHpoBaHHe

ny

<0
yrna

ycraHOBKH aoofiute B3Maxa o

BepTOJIeTa,

H3MeHeHHH OTKnOHeHHeM

He Moryr nonacra

)J,BH)KeHHH TIPM MH H3-3a

I , napapyiorca nOTOKa

peanasoaanu.
B aHanH3HpyeMoM

BbmonHeHHH

MaHeBpoB KOHYC napapyiomax nonacra

C OOnbIIIHMH nonacrea AeHcTBHH

BepTHKaJIbHblMH neT'lHKa

COCTaBllHlOlll,He

f3IT180o=

_11,2

CJIeJ1.YlOmHe: (ao y KOTOPbIX

al)=

90 -0, ,

o.s; =

12 ,al

wz

_ WZHIIpH

cpsraa

CTpeMHICH

OAHaKO DHHTa.

H 3ACCb H3'3a BHHTa

H YBenH'leHH.lI

::::1,7 . Y seproneroa, 180

KOHYCHOCTH BbUlOJIHeHa UK, 'lIO

ao

He orrYCKalOTCH

HM)f(e IlJ10CKOCTH spamesas

CHCTeMa ynpaBnellliH

181

PRc. 3.33.
TaX

H3MeHeHHe

no
11p1f

BpeMeHH

napasserpoa

ABH·

)l(eHHlI BepTOJ1eTa H yTJ1a B3Maxa

ljIrr =

9ff

zt«

J10naCTH na

a3HMY-

B JIoil. CBH3H B03HHKaeT sonpoc 06 onpeneneaaa MHHHMaJIbHO B03MO)I(HOH BenH'lHHhI 0B max . Ilna sroro paCCMOTpHM ormy H3 Ba)I(HeHllIHX xapaxrepacTHK MaHeBpeHHoCTH l1HBLIB •

eaoae

H Bl>IBop.e H3 KpeHR

BhlCOTy, IIOTpe6HylO JI,JIH ssraona

H3 IIHKHpoBaHHR,

PaCCMOTpHM MaXOBOe )].BH)I(eHHenonacrea npa fiOKOBbIX MaHeBpaX C oonbIlIHM OTKnOHeHHeM P}'llKH BOOK. IIpH 3TOM nano HMeTh B snny cnenyromee. D,Harra30H rrorrepesaorc OTKnOHeHIDI aBTOMaTa rrepeKoca cyurecrseaao MeHbIlle npononsaoro. IIo3ToMY yrnsi B3MaXa nonacreii aa ooKOBbIX a3HMYTaX MeHbwe, 0 qeM rrpH 1/1 rr = 0° H 180 • CymecTBeHHbIM _ HBnHeTCH TaK)I(e MeHbIlIHH, rro cpaBHeHHIO C npoztonsustsr, rronepe'IHbrH MOMeHT HHepUHH BepTOJIeTa. l-13-3a sroro IIpH MaHeBpe npoacxoJJ.HT 60nee HHTeHCHBHoe aapacraaae yrnosoa CKOpOCTH H, CJIe,uoBaTeJIbHO, YBeJIHqeHHOe ,ueMII<I>HpoBaHHe MaXOBoro ,uBH)I(eHHH rronacrea, XapaKTep H3MeHeHHH no BpeMeHH yrnoB B3Maxa nonacreii rr90 H f3rr270 npH HHTeHCHBHbIX asone nepronera B npansra KpeR H asraone H3 Hero IlOKa3aH na pHC. 3.33. nOCTHraesraa B npouecce KpeHeHHH yrnosaa CKOpOCTh J 4 t.c Wx COCTaBHna 1,6 l/c. OTKJIOHeHHe xoayca nonacrea (bl) BJIeBO ooJIbIIJe, qeM anpaao , 3TO 06'bHCHHeTcH TeM, 'ITO B MOMeHT xorna napnpyiouiee OTKHOHeHHe OK crano MaKCHManbHbIM, W no a6cOJIIO~HOHBeJIH'IHHe YMeHbIIIHnaCb ,uo ManbIX 3Ha'leHHH (rtpeicpautex HHe KpeHeHHH). IIonoMY HaH60nbIlIHe yrnsr B3Maxa JIOnaCTHBRH3 B03HHKalOT rrpH rrapHpOBaHHH KpeHeHMH BepToneTa 60nbLUHM OTKJIOHeHHeMpy'IKH ynpaBneHHR n 90 == - 3°. llnR cpaBHeHH~ OTMeTHM, 'ITO IlpH BBO)1.eB KpeH yron

B xasecrae HnnlOCTpaUHH, IlOHcHRlOmeH 3aBHCHMoCTh OT 0 B m ax napasrerpoB ,uBH:>IreHHH nepronera, B TOM 'lHClIe BhICOThI l1HBl>IB H yrna B3Maxa nonacTH f3rro' paCCMOTpHM nse 3anHCH ,uBmKeHHH BepTOJIeTa npa IIHKHpoBaHHH. Ha pHC. 3.34, 6 BbIBO,u H3 IIHKHpoBaHHH BbIIIOJIIDUlCR C OTKJIOHeHHeMaarossa0 ra nepexoca )1.0 3Ha'leHHH I8B = - 11,9 , Bbl6paHHoro H3 ycnOBHH ofiecrre'1eHHH pe)KHMa BHeeHHH. Ha pac, 3.34, a noxasaa MaHeBp, B KOTOPOM Dl lOB 1max 6bIJIO YMeHbIlIeHO ua 6,6°. BBO)1. B IlHKHpoBaHHe BbIIIOnHHnCR O)1.HHaKOBO: seproner BbIXO)1.HJIaa OTpHuaTenbRYIO rreperpy3Ky H 6onblllOH yron raaraxa: nymin = -0,25, l1~min = _70°. BbIBO)1. H3 rrHKHp(lBaHHH npoH3BOAHTCR YBenH'IeHHeM neperpY3KH npHfinH3HTenbHo )1.0 O)1.Horo H TOro :>IreMaKCHMaJIbHOrO 3Ha'leHHH - 2,0. BH)1.HO,'ITO BbIC()Ta, IIoTpe6HaH WIH asrxona H3 nHKHpoBaHHR npH nsyx BapHaHTaX lOB Imax, OTJIHqaeTCRHe3Ha'IHrensno , a yrnsr B3MaXa JIonaCTH {3rro - CYlIleCTBeHHO.B ofonx crrysasx HeCMOTPH aa oxeas HHTeHCHBHhIU:BBO)1.B nHKHpoBaHHe yron ranraxa npexpaman ysreasurarsca 6bICTPO, sepea cexynny.

B3Maxa nonacra COCTaBHn rr27o = 0,4 f3 TaKHM o6pa30M, MaKCHMaJIbHble yrnsr B3Maxa aa 6oKOBbIX a3HMYTax necyuiero BHHTa y O)1.HOBHHToBoroBepTOJIeTa HeBeJIHKH.

3.3.5. MHHHMA11bHO ~OnYCTHMAH nEPErPY3KA. nPEJ:\EJIbHbIE OTKJ10HEHHH PbI1fArOB YnPABJIEHHlI

Bsnue 6bUlO noxasairo, 'ITO npn MaHeBpax C YMeHbllleHHeM BepTHKaJIbHOil. rreperpysxa B03MO)l(HbI aaasarensm.re OTKJIOHeHHHnonacrea aecyuiero BHHTa BHH3 OT IIrrOCKOCTHspauieaaa. IIo3ToMY, a TaK)I(e rro npH'lHHaM, H3JlO)l(eHHbIM B pa3n. 3.2.3, YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCHMHHHMaJIbHO nOIlYCTHMaH neperpysxa. TeM He MeHee, onnoro sroro YKa3aHHH neT'lHKY He,uOCTaTO'lHO. IpHBeneHT asre B pasn, 3.3.2 nanasre CBH,ueTenbCTBYIOT TOM, 'ITO HaH~nee ,ueil.CTBeH0 HblM cpenCTBOM YMeHbIIJeHHH MaXOBoro ,uBH)I(eHHH nonacrea aa MaHeBpe HBJIHeTCH OrpaHH'IeHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOrO OTKnOHeHHH aBTOMaTa nepexoca. 182

fpa<l>HKH 3aBHCHMoCTeil. l1HBhlB H f3rro OT leSBmax I na Vo = 150 KM/'I H 250 KM/'I npHBe)1.eHbI na pHC. 3.35. OHH OTHOCHTCR HaH60nee cxoporenK HOMY H3MeHeHHlO rrapasserpoa: K S-ofipa3HOMY IIHKHpoBaHHIO (6e3 Y'laCTKa C IlOCTOHHHbIM yrrrosr rasraxa CM. pasn. 2.8.2), xorna cpaay nocne gOCTH)l(eHHH sanannsrx raarazca H neperpysxa pysxa ynpaanemta OTKnOHJleTCR naaan )1.JlH BbIBOna H3 nHKHpoBaHHH (CM. pHC. 3.34). Ilpa TaKOM MaHeBpe npaKTII'IeCKH Bee CHH)I(eHHe sepronera npHXO)1.HTCHna }'llaCTOK BbIBOlJil H3 IIHKHpoBaHHH. OTMeTHM, xro IlpH Vo 250 KM/'I seproner CHH)l(aeTCHna MeHblllYIO BbICOTY, qeM IIpH Vo = 150 KMj'l. 06bHcHHercH no re sr, 'ITO rrpa Vo 250 KM/'I MeHbllle H3MeHeHHe yrna raurazca, norpefiaoe JI,JIHnonysenaa onaoro H .roro )J(e 3Ha'IeHHH MHHHMaJIbHOH neperpY3KH. Ilpa Vo = 250 KM/'I TaK)J(e MeHbllle yrnsi B3Maxa JlOnaCTeH {3rro (na no Y)l(e ofipauianocs BUMMaHHe B pasn. 3.3.2) . TaKHM o fipa30 M, na)l(e 3Ha'IHTeJlbHOe orpamrseaae MaKCHMaJIbHOro OTKnOHeHHR aBTOMaTa nepexoca naaan [rrpa KOTOPOM 10 B Imax MeHbllle norpefiaoro WIH ofecnexeuaa 3anaCOB ynpasneaaa aa pe)KHMe BHeeHHH) aecyuiecrBeHHO YBeJIH'lHBaeT norepio BhICOTbI IIpH BbIBOne H3 IlHKHpoBaHHH. O)1.HaKO IIpH MeHbllleM 18B Imax B03pacT3eT npononaorrensaocre HaXO)l(,lJ;eHHH PY'IKH aa ynope, 'lTO MO)l(eT BbI3BaTb orpauarensrryro IlHJlOTa)l(HyIO ouenxy nerxaxa. KpHTepHHMH ynOBJleTBOpHTeJlbHOrO BbIXO}Jil H3 IIHKHpoBaHHH MoryT fibITb cneAYIOIIlHe: IIOClIe roro, K3K pY'lKa YIlpaBneHHH BCTaJla na 3aAHHH ynop, neperpysxa He non)I(Ha YMeHblllaTbCH Dance tfeM na 0,1 ... 0,2, a npexpauieane H3MeHeHHH yrna ranrasa non)I(Ho "POH30HTH He II03)1(e tfeM 'Iepe3 0,5 ... 1,0 c. TaKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH BbIBOna H3 IlHKHpoBaHHH nOn)I(HbI 06eCIle'IHBaTbCH "PH HaH60JlbIlleH nonernoa Macee H npa npertensno rrepennea uearposxe. HaHlJ,eHHOe IIO 3THM KpHTepHHM 18 B Imax' KaK Y)l(e OTMe'laJlOCb, oxassraaer-

183

CH HenOCTaTOlJHhIM IJ)1H orecrreseaaa

sanacoa

ynpasnenaa
yrna

aa MaJ1blX CKOPOCHaKIIOHa aBTOMa' BIIHTa

nIX nonera,
ra nepexoca Ha

II03TOMY

orpaeaseuae

MllKCHMaJIbHOrO Me)l()ly

)l;on)KHO 6bITb 3aBHCHIUlIM OT CKOPOCTH nonera, C MaIIblMH 3a30paMH yrna nOnaCTHMH aecyuiero MeHbllle yrna

sepronerax

H HOeoBOH 'IaCTblO q>103eJIH)!Gl (113]11801 HHMaTb Mepbl IJ)1H orpaHH'IeHHH nevars npa nYTeM YMeHbIlleHHH ca snepen, TaK KaK yron sepronera Ho

10 ... 13°)

Heo6xo,I],HMO TIpH-

B3Maxa JIOllaCTeH BHH3. 3TO HeJ1b3H o6ecHaKJ10Ha aBTOMaTa nepexoxorna HecYIUlIH BHHT nonanpenensH3 ynOBHH nOCTaTO'IHOCTH ynpasneuaa

MaKCHManbHOro

Bbl6HpaeTcH

usraone
B cpsm.

H3 oonhilloH

rreperpysxa,

naer
Hoe IIpH

yrnsr

B3Mllxa J10naCTeH BHH3 MO)KHO 3Ha'IHTeJ1hHOYMeHblllHTh,

eCJIH HCKJlIO'lHTb OTKJlOHeHHe

uefinaronpaarnsie
aBTOMaTa

coseraana
anepen

0B

00,

1. e. ecna npa

nepexoca

YMeHhlllHTCH

MaIIbIX

00'
npa

3TOM He06xo,I],HMO HMeTh B BHAY, 'ITO Bbl6paHHoe

anaseuae

0B max

MHHHMaIIbHOM C rrpenensno

00

nOn)!(HO o6ecne'IHBan

B03MO)I(HOCTb nepexona

sepronera

3a}J;HeHUeHTpOBKOH na pe)!(l{M

caeroapatuenaa.

IJ

12J

450

7 ~ t.c

IJ

t.c

3.4. PEJKHM "BHXPEBOrO KOJIbUA " H IIPEJ]EJIhHbIE B03D,YDIHblE CKOPOCTH

IIpH HnH CHH)I(eHHH sepronera B HeKoTOpoM 06TeKaHHH

Vy H

PIIC. 3.34. H3MeHeHHe no BpeMeHH napasserpoa ABItlKeHHH sepronera H yr na B3Maxa JlOnaCTH a3HMYTe ua = 0 DpH nHKHpOBaHHHB 3aBHCHMOCTHT MaKCItO ManJ>Horo OTKnOHeHHH P)"lKH yrrpaaneaaa H33lllJ.:

»«

llO BepTHKaJ1bHOR rpaexropaa

(6

C ManOR KM/'I,

rOpH30HTaJ1bHOH CKOPOCThlO aecyutero BHHTa 3TOro

a - D, /6B/max

-11 ,9°; 6 - D, /6B/max

_5,3°

30
aoro

Vxg'

=-

90°)
oco-

MeHhIlleH,

"PH6i1H3HTenbHo, nacrynaer pe)!(l{M "aaxpe-

HHTepBaJIe BepTHKaJ1bHbIX cxopocrea TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH

HBITHIOTCH

6blR pe)!(l{M cnena

KOJlbI~a". necyutero

Oeo6eHHOCTHMH

pe)I(HMa

<popMa saxpeaoro

BHHra, HeCTaUHoHapHoCTb saxpeii. )l(e BepTOJ1eT CHH)!GleTCH, HecymHii

Ha pe)!(l{Me BHceHHH BHXC03)l;aBaeMb1M HeCYlUHM BHHT noronaer no OTXO,wIBH3YaJ1H3a-

pH, COIllC}J;I1lHe C J10naCTeR, YHOCHTCH BHH3 noroxosa, BHHTOM.

Korna

IUlIe or Hero BHXpH. Hble CKOPOCTH na UHH aaxpeii,

Ha-sa

6nH30CTH aaxpea

K IDIOCKOCTH BpameHHJI HHAYKTHBllOKa3bIBaJOT orrsrrsr KOHUeBble BHXPH BblXOWlT 06pa3YH nnxpesaa BHHTa

HeR B03paCTa1OT. KaK rasr

aaxpesas nenena

CHCTeMll pacnrapaerca, 3aBOpa'IHBaeTCH K Ha

aa npenensr
CH,

IDIOCKOCTH apanienaa, nOBepXHOCTb rana H none

HX CKOPOCTb CHH)I(eHHJI ysrensuraerIDIOCKOCTH spaurenas, pHC.

BHXpeBaH 06pa30M

TaKHM neneaa

ropa,

3.36

noxasaasr

OT Op;HOH nonacra reopaa,

cxopocreii peaynsrar non

nocne

ABYX ofoporon

npa BepTHKaJlbHOM CHH)I(eHHH. 3TO UHoHapHoH cicero paapaforanaoa

paC'IeTa no HenHHeHHOH necra-

PYKOBOncrBoM

C.M. Benouepxoauapxynauaa BHX-

[3].

3TOM MeTO,ne O}J;HOBpeMeHHO onpenenaiorca

peH H HX nOIIO)KeHHe, CHIIbl H MOMeHTbl BHHTIl. BH3KOCTb H C)I(lfMaeMOCTb B03-

nyxa
PIIC. 3.35. 3aBHCHMOCTb H3MeHeHHftBblCOTbInpH nitKHpOBaHHHt;.H H MaKCHMaJlbHOrO yrna B3Maxa nonaoTH (jrro OT MaKCHManbHOrO OTKnOHeHHft )"lKH ynpaaP neHHfl H33lllJ. DpH Pa3HblX nymin(t;.~max) H Yo:

He Y'lHTblBalOTCJI. Pe)I(HM "BHXpeBOro xorna KOIIbua" necyuraa BCTpeqaeTCH He ronsxo

HO H B

cnysanx,

BHHT 06TeKaeTCJI CHH3Y, na MOAeoo BHHra,

VXH'

VYH

< 0,

npa

CHH)I(eHHH, npa ManOR

-150

KM/'I; - - -

250KM/'I

Onacsraas

pesynsrarsr

OllbITOB "naxpeaoro

E.C. Boosnaea

[2

OTMe'lllII,

'ITO aa pe)!(l{Me

KOJ1bua"

xouueasre

BHXPH cosepuraior

184

7 - 631

185

II II II II,,. "" 1111111""""""

IIIIII/~_._"

" ;t •• ,
t •••

I ~\",,,,,,"

"

,"

\\

npH6J11DKeHHOe onpeneneaae xapaKTepHC'DIK

a3POAHWlMlf1lecKHX

Jill!
"\,,
\ \ \ \,

11I11// __ ~\\

'1" •• ,'--", t • , "III~'-'" ... ~\\

,\\\\",\"\\\~\I

aeeymero

BHHTa

........ ,\\\,
\ \ \I

Ha pe>KHMaX "saxpeaoro

1""1" ''I
/1,'llItlll_I"

TepHCTHK BRHTa npoIf3BO)J,HTCH

~::
/1'111111

axcnepasseare 1011

~I

11~,Ht"
, •I "

II

aH,

80,

xonsna" onpeneneaae a3pOAHHaMH'IeCKHX xapaxna OCHOBe sxcneparaearansasrx AaHHbIX. B HaXOIJ,HTCH K03cp<pHIJ.HeHTbI y, CH, mK B 3aBHCHMOCTH C OT V ,

no HHM Bhl'IHCJIHeTCH Cpen,HHH no

VBHC'

nnouiana

BHHTa HHAYKTHBHaH CKO-

...."---, ,

\ \ \ \ \ \ , " • " , • , • , t • , , , , , , , ",,111111

\\\\\\\\\"\\""1"'",,/111111101
I\ I\\I \\ \\\\ \ \,
I•

'I' ,..
't' , I;
if

POCTb V, H OHa, OTHeceHHaH K

aaceaaa

TOB Cy

nplfHHMaeTCH H

1' , , ,

I,,,I

II
I

II

I I I II I III

K03cp<pHII.HeHTOM3allOnHeHHH, JIPOCPHJIbHhlMconporaanenaeja

::::::CR, mK

cpermea HHAYKTHBHOH: CKOPOCTHaa pe)lQfMe cnpaaennasoa )J.TIH onpeneneaaa KOJCPCPHIJ.HeHyrrros YCTaHOBKH 00 npyrax BHHTOB, OTJIH'IalOlIlHXCH
BeJIH'lHHa

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ III

,,,•

, , ; ••

111I

npenenax,

<popMon

nonacreii.

xa

pHA3 JKcnepHMeHTOB,

PIIC. 3.36. BlIXpeB8JI neneaa (a) H none cKopocyeii

(6) aa pe.HMe "aaxpesoro

KOJIb~"

YTJIa TH Me]I<ny paBH0.u.eHCTBYIOlIleHaJpoI»lHaMH'leCKHX ManblO K VH:

3aBHCRT OT 6e3pa3MepHoii:

v=

H, B KaKIfX·TO

V/VBHC'

KaK

noxasana

CKOpOCTH BHHTa

CHJI BHHTa RH H HOp-

..

o6pl!9<n-

VH

If

xonefarensnoe

(3.7)
ABH)l(eHHe, )J,HCPCP}'HAHPYIOT C03AalOT B nOTOKe HHTeHCHBH ryp6yneHTHOCTb. I1H/lYKTHBHble CKOPOCTHy

HYIO KpynHOMaCllITa6HYIO

nonacyc-

TeH H3MeHHIOTCHno BpeMeHH. 3KcnepHMeHTaropbl HHHoH CKOPOCTHnOTOKa B a3po}l;lfHaMH'IeCKOH TaHOBHBlillIHCH pe)I(HM.

'lHHbI

YKa3bmaIOT, lfl'O npH noCTOBHHT He BbIXO)J,HTaa

TaKHM

06pa30M,

aiccnepassearsr

noxasana, aa

'ITO TaKaH 3aBHCHMOCTb, cy(CM. cpoPMYJIY pe)I(HMRX ~

rpyfie

lIleCTBYlOlIlaH

na

pe)lQfMaX

CTpyHHOro

06TeKaHHH

06pa30BaHHbIH nOnaCTHMH, xasaerca, BeJIHxonefirnorca oxono nexoropsrx 3Ha'leHHH. "BHXpeBoe xonsuo", sepoaruo, eiue He HCCJIep,OBaHHbleaaroxonebaaaa, B03HHKalOUJ.He B pesyrrsrare nepaonasecxoro H3MeHeHHH HH,IzyKTHBHbIX cxopocreii, KOTOpoe npoacxonar H3-3a nepaonasecxoro H3MeHeHHH paCCTOHHHH Me)l(lJY KOHYc, con H MOMeHTOB BHHTa 113-3a YBenH'IeHHH HHJzyKTHBHhlX CKopoCTeH B nnOCKOCTHapaurenaa utero Tarn BHHTa ero npa rsra npH nOCTOHHHOM yrne necyuiero pacraior HHJJ.YKTHBHblenorepa BHHra, TaK 'ITO npa xonsua" aecy-

coxpanaerca
TH

C npHeMJIeMOn ro'IHOCTblO If

"saxpeaoro
aH;

(1.35»), xorrsna".

= arcsin(-XaH/RH)~aH

+ 2..j

arctg(cH/cT)
H

YBHC
VH

= VC;;; /2B =
VH/VBHC

m/ F f). / w

RB;

(3.8)

nOnaCTHMH H BHXPHMH. YCTaHOBKH YMeHbwaeTCH. B033ap,aHHOH cone uecyIlOTpe6ml.et&ul.

= VHB/2..jm/Ff)..

CpeAHHH IfHJzyKTHBHaH CKOPOCTb onpe}J,eJIHeTCHno cpopMYne

CHR)KeIDiR Ha pe)KRMax "BHXpeBOro pe)l(}iMe

UJ.HM BHHTOM MOmHOCTb npeBOCXO)J,HTno PHAY JKCnepHMeHTanbHhIX AaHHhlX MOlIlHOCTb ua AO uexoropoa ra) DpH BHceHHH. YBenH'IeHHe JIeT'lHKOM CKOPOCTH CHH)KeHHH BenH'lHHbI ( -

-v - -vR =

= mHHA aB 2/ CR H tl>,

(3.9)

npH'IeM KOJ$cpHlI,HeHT HH/lYKTHBHhIX noreps

(4 '" 6)

M/C B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ycnoBHH noneH3MeHeHHHMH B DOBeAeHHH

0 ... 40

KM/'I

He conpoeoxnaerca

BepTOJIeTa, HO npa }J,ononHHTeJIbHOM,He3Ha'IHTeJIbHOMaa yseJIH'IeHHH, aepraxansnaa ca, }J,OCTHraHVyg nnoxaa KHX npafopoa; CKOPOCTb caseonpoaaeonsao M/C. B :no~

A Vyg

0,5 ... 1,0

M/C

pe3KO YBenH'lHBaeTOTMeTHM, 'ITO cpoPMYJla 6hITb npa

= 12 ... 16
y sepronera

AHana30He cKopo~TeH y sepronera

(3.10) (3.9)
H

ynpaBJIHeMOCTb, rpacxa, H npononsnaa

HeycToH'IHBOCTb nOKa3aHHH faposserpaseccaMonpoH3S0JIbHO yaerrasaaaerca seprmcansopraTaKHM M DpH CKOpoCTH.

aaanorusasre
nOTepb na

CPOPMYJIblJTOro pasnena MorYT HJIH

HaH, 6oKoBaJi 06pa30M,

cocraanaiourae xonsua" -

HOB ynpaBJIeHHH HeBeJIHKH, DPOH3BO}J,HTCH nepHOAQM C pe)lQfM H-

Ilepeuemeaaa 0,7 ... 1,5 C.

BbICOTbI

yrouaeasr

B COOTBeTCTBHH Bblpa)ICeHHHMH (1.118) C

(1.118' ) .
xonsua"

K~Jcp<PHIJ.HeHT nporpnnsasix

pe)I(HMRX "aaxpenoro

"saxpenoro

3TO onacnsni

pe)I(HM C BHe3allHhIM

V ~ 1,5 npHHHMaercH TaKHM )ICe, KaK aa pe)lQfMe BHceHHH; OH 3aBHCHT TOJIbKO OT cT H HaxO]J,HTCH no 3KcneplfMeHTanbHhiM TO'lKaM, OTHOCH1IlHMCH
K pe)I(HMY BlfceHHH:

yseJIH'IeHHeM CKOPOCTHCHH)lCeHHH 6oJIbllIOH norepea H

(400

VXg = const
186

50

M - npH cBoeBpeMeHHoM ysenH'Iemm

VXg)'

(3.11) 187

Onaa
TaKHe npyra:

H3

3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHhIX

3aBHCHMOCTeii B nareparype OT

(3.7)

noxasaaa

aa

pHC.

3.37.
OT

JaBHCHMOCT!!_ HMeIOTCH MaKCHMYM

H 3aMeTHO

OTJIHqa~TCH

)J,pyr

v H3MeHHeTCH

I103TOMY pHMeHT

)J.JIJI nOBhIllleHHJI

1,65 )J,O 2,1 H HaXO)J,HTCJI aa V= 0,8 ... 1,5. TOqHOCTH pacseros He06xo)J.HMO nposecra sxcnenpHMHXGlIOmeHCJI BHHTa y)J,06HO K narype. BhIDOJIHJlTb no cneaecyuiero

C MO)J,eJIbIO BHHTa, MaKCHMaJIbHO xpyramero MOMeHTa

Pacser
mK

)J.yIOIUHM <P<>PMYJIaM.

Hcxonaoe asrpaxeaae

mIlpO«pG
B BH)J,e

cRH

(v4J/B2

VH sin

TH)

npe)J,CTaBHM

mK
r)J,e

= mIlpO«pG

+ v4J/B2

VHSinTH,

(3.12)

(3.13)
PHe. 3.37. 3aBHCHMOCTb 6e3pa3MepHoH cp~HeH CKOPOCTHaecyurero BHHTa HIIAYKTHBHOii CKOPOCTHOT 6e3Pa:JMepHOH

IDopMYJIa 3HTb

(3.12)
qepe3

npaofiperer

6oJIbrnyIO

onpe)J.eJIeHHOCTb,

ecna

asrpaBHceHHJI IDo~MYJIa 1lI011, a cH I!9JIb3YH cnpasenrraaa npa M3JIhIX CKOPOCTJlX nonera, xorna yron TH 6oJIb-

mIlpO«p
1'/0

oTHOCHTeJIhHhIH

KIln

necymero

BHHTa aa pe)KHMe

c~~

/2mK.BHC

c~~/2

(mIlpO«P.BHCG
nOJIYqHM

+ 4Jcif~/2B3).

-e

CT'

CJIe)J,OBaTeJIbHO,

I1PHHHMaJI

mIlpO«p

= mIlpO«p.BHC'
- 4J/B2.

VXH = VH

COSTIf...:,

3'Q!

COoTHOlIIeHHJI, )J.JIJI p~

nepecrpoasr 3HaqeHHH

mIlpO«pG
TaKHM

B/Tlo

VYH = f( VXH)
CMOTpeHHOM BepTHK3JIbHOM

06pa30M,

= ffiK/mK.BHC (pHC. 3.39). B pacnpaxrepe mK~ax = 1,23 rrpH VH =__,6 ... 0,7; TH = 70°; rrpH 0 CHH)KeHHH m Kmax' = 1 19 (npa VYH' = 7 .• , 0, 8) . IVll1 ~"'HHK

rpadnnc

mK

VYH

VHsinT . HeH B BH)J,e 3aBHCHMOCTH

=-

B/1'/o + 4J

(v -

1)/B2

H sin TH•

(3.14)
BHHTa

Bbl)J.eJIJlH nOJIYqHM

K034>4>HlJ,HeHT

MOmHOCTH

H)J,eaJIbHOrO

mHIJ.

v-

VH

sin TH,

0,97 aa CKOPOCTH VYH = -0,2 ... -0,3. B nasaJIe KOOp)J,HHaT ~m K = 1,0. Ha rparpaxe nponerten nys e = - TH ~ _ 35 3ro MaKCHMaJIbH~rn yrOJI HaKJIOHa rpaexropaa, npa KOTOPOM BO BceM )J,Hana30cxopocren IlOJ1e2"a mKmIn
0.

MaJIbHOe

~HaqeHHe

M~mHoCTH

rrpH BepTHKaJIbHoM,.£HH)KeHHH

B npenenax

MaJIbIX

He CKopOCTe~

(3.15)
Ha no pe)I(HMe BHceHHJI

npH

e = - 35
nnsr

MOIUHOCTb mK

= 0,87,

)J,BHraTeJIJI

He aospacraer

npOH3BO)J,HaH CKOPOCTb onpenenenaa

amK/a

VH

= 0.

C YBeJIHqeHHeM

CKOPOCTH;

BepTHKaJIH

eCJlH BepTOJIeT

... 1,5, K =J,3 (T H = 90°) Vyg = -__ H = - 1,7 V HMeeT BbICOKHR 1'/0, TO Vyg = - (3,5
(pHC.

3.18)

Cpe)J.HHH aa pe)KHMe asroporauaa 30BaHa

HH)J.yKTHBHaJi rrpl1MH)KeHHoro ~

(CM.

pHC. yrna

3.37)

MO)KeT

6hITb

HCIlOJIbB 3aBHreopan:

YCTaHoBKH <pOPMYJIbI -

BHHTa

00

-1.,9, cne)J,OBaTeJIbHO, 3,9) v' m] F D.. H3 rpaTH OT H3

CHMOCTH OT cT

cRH'

VH, ClH·

I1pl1MeHJIIOTCH

JIHHeRHOH

4>HKa BH.!lHO, qrO B ,rQiana30Hax YBeJIHqeHHH CKOPOCTH

"aaxpesoro xonsua",
cxopocrea KaKHe aH pe)KHMbI

inK

MaJIbIX

--

VH

H yrnoa -

B03paCTaeT.

3ro

onaa

90 )J,O -45 npa ocotieaaocrea pe)KHMa

HHiJ.YKTHBHbIX B 06w.eM BH)J,e,

cT 00

a""uB[(1P IP + kao;

- Uo)B2/3 ao

+ (VHsinClH

v)B/2]; + (VH sinClH

-

= I'n [(IP - Clo)B4/4

V)B3j3]. (3.16)

JlBJIJlIOmaJlCJI BpameHHJI

cne)J,CTBHeM BHHTa. qro6bI roR

yseJIHqeHHJI YCTaHoBHTb

B IIJIOCKOCTH

CHH)KeHHJI COOTBeTCTBYIOT arctg (CH/CT)

HJIH HHOR MOUJ,HOCTH, npHMeM

3)J,eCh ao

yrOJI

HYJIeBOH IlOA'beMHoii

CHJIhI npo4>HJIH

JIOnaCTH.

TH

=-

===

TH·

188

189

Upep;eJILHLIe 3uaQellH1I B03)JyllBlOH CKOPOCTH

Heo6xo}:UIMOCTb B

VYH
CKOPOCTH CHH>KeHHH o6yc-

orpananenau

BepTRKaJIbHOH

nosneaa OC06eHHOCTblO 3aBHCRMOCTR CT OT VH H OCH na pe>KHMaX "naxpeaoro xorrsna". TaKaH 3aBRCHMOCTb }VIH YfJIa YCTaHoBKH 80 = const IIOKa3aHa aa pHC. 3.40. Ilpn yrrrax aTaKH no ~ 35 ° cT nospacraer IIpR YBerrH'leHHH V H' Ilpa yrnax aTaKH 60rree 35° cT B03paCTaeT rorrsxo no oraocarensnoii CKOPOCTH 0,02 ... 0,03, a 3aTeM 113-3a yaenaseuan HHfI,YKTI1BHOH CKOPOCTH B nnocKOCTH npauierraa BHIna HammaeT YMeHbwaTbCH. Ilocne nOCTH>KeHHH CKOPOCTH VH = 0,045 ... 0,055 CHOBa Ha'IHHaeTCH B03paCTaHHe CT' TaKOH xapaxrep KpHBOH Ha3bIBalOT "rrO>KKOH". Haafonsnree ysrensureaae CT IIPOHCXO}:UIT npa OCH = 60 ... 70° R COCTaBrrKeT 17 .. , 20 % OT BerrR'lHHbl cT sa pe>KHMe BRceHHH~
nna
nR'leH

aa 1,5 ... 2°. Ilpn yrnax OCH = 90 ~ 80° R 50 - 40° 3TH lI,R<PPbl MeHbwe: 9 - 15 % H 1,0 '" 1,5:. TaKHM 06pa30M, B 06nacTJI:x MaJIbIX cxopocrea VH B 3aBRCHMOCTH cT = f( VH) npH ncex 00 H 60JIblllHX OCH nafimonaerca "no acxa", cnencraaera KOTOPOH RBnHIOTCH He 0,n;H0, a nsa ~ TpR paBHOBeCHbIX suaqeHRK VH npH O,n;HRX H ~X )!(e CT' aH, 80, To e. B03MO)!(HbI YCTaHOBHBWHecH CHH)!(eHHH C pa3HbIMH VH• Ilpa OUllOM Ii3 3THX 3HaQeHHH, IIpH KOTOPOM aCT / a VH < 0, aeproner HaXO}:UITCH B HeYCTOH'lHBOM paBHOBeCHH, TaK 'ITO
YCTaHOBHBweeCK raiose KpHBble CHH)!(eHHe CH' npaKTHqeCKH B CO'leTamU1 HeB03MO)!(HO. "J10)!(Ky" HMelOT MaXOBbIM

KOMIIeHCall,H1t

YMeHbweHHH

cT

yrorr

YCTaHOBKR

BHHfa

nOrr>KeH 6bITb

YBe-

VXH = VI! COSCI'H' VYH = - VH sinocH H nocoaoxyrraocrs B03MO)!(HbIX pe)!(HMOB rrone ra C C T = const, 80 ~ const ofipaayer OTl,Hy HnH nne xpaasre. 3TH xpaasre pasnen aror rrnOCKOCTb (VXH' V ) ua ofinacrn, B KOTOPbIX cT 60nblile HJlH YH MeHblile 0,017. Ha pHC. 3.41, 6 )l,JlH nsyx 3Ha'leHHH 80 3TH 06rraCTH 0603HaqeHhI. OqeBH~O, 'ITO pe)!(HMbI norrera co ~3HaQeHHKMH VyH, VXH' rre)!(aIl.lHMI1 aa WTPHXOBOH nHHHH, HBnRIOTCH HeYCTOH'IHBbIMH, TaK KaK nefonsruoe ynerrH'leHHe (no a6conlOTHOH sernrsaxe) sepraxansnoii CKOPOCTH (nasiepemroe HJlH orysaanoe B pesynsrare arsrocrpepncro B03MyllleHHH) IIPIiBO}l,HT K YMeHbureruno CT' H3-3a sero CKOPOCTb YBeJIH'IHBaeTCK erne fionsure. AHaJIOrH1.JHO YM_eHbllleHHe BepTHKaJIbHOH CKOPOCTH npaaener K YBenHqeHHIO CT H nansnemuexry YMeHbllleHHIO VyH' Ha pHC. 3.41, a nYHKTHpHOH KPHBOH BbIUerreHa otinacrs HeycrOH'lHBbIX pe)!(HMOB nonera, OXBaTbIBalOmaJl ace yrnsr 80; BH)],HO, 'ITO nna nannoro 3Ha'leHHH CT OHa paCIIpOCTpaIDIerCR na uexoropsni HHC'IHTaHbI B CBJl3aHHble pHC. KOOp}:UIHaTbI Ka3aHbI

aa

3.41, a.

BHTl,HO, 'ITO

repaan aepnncansastx VYH = - (0,02 .. , 0,03)

H no

~bIX

rOp"30HTarrbHbIX

CKO~CTeii

norre.:!:a

O!

VYH = - (0,05 ... 0,08) H OT VXH = 0 )],0 !:"XH 0,03 ... 0,04. Ecna, HanpHMep, wH R = 215 M/C, TO VYH ==' - 5 M/C H VXH -12 M/C, a VXH = 0 H VXH ==' 30 KM/q. Hanfonee
onacnoe B6nH3H 'ITO

= =

B TOM,

npoasneaae rpanansr aroro

pe)KHMa pe)KHMa,

"anxpesoro
npH

KOJIbua"

COCTOH!

ysenasenna
CHH)!(eHHe rpannue.

BepTHKaJlbHOH aepronera Ha nexoropoe YCTaHOBHT3aBHCHr BHHTa )],0

m XH'

'ITO

C HeYCTaHOBHBlllHMCH

CKOPOCTH

HaQHeTCH caMonpoH3BOJIbHOe JIe)!(aIl{HX

ycxopenaoe na HH)KHeH eute

)],BH)!(eHHeM nonacrea PaCCMOTpHM 3Ha'leHHH cT

npHBO}l,HT

K paaoanaacapoaxe

3aBHCHMOCTb

80, Ilycrs, )l)lK 0,017. B03MO)((Hble

CT npasrepa,

sepronera,
npH aexoropora nOCTOKHHOM npH nepeHaXO}l,HTCH B no

)],OCTH)!(eHHH O,D,HOH H3 TO'leK, BpeMH

f( VH,OCH)
!!_epTOneT

seprmcansnaa
, KaK

CKOPOCTb YBeJIH'lHTCH 310ll TO'lKH.

6oJIbllle, 310

a 3aTeM 6y)],eT

CO'leTaHHH

VH,

aH

onpenenensi

pasaoaecaa pHC. 3.40,

CH CHH>KeHHe C naparaerparaa OT roro H3MeHHJI nerxmc

Kaxaa

TO'lKa,

BO BpeMH

CHH)!(eHHK

yron

YCTaHOBKH 3TY

(MOlllHOCTb TpY)l,JIO

nsnrarena)

H rOpH30HTaJIbHYIO C ~OMOIl{blO rparpmca na

CKOPOCTb nonera. pHC.

T01.JKY He-

onpenennrs

3.39:

BHURO, 'ITO H

Vyg

aa-

BHCHT OT OTHOIl1eHHH MOIllHOCTH YBerrHqeHHe K Ma }VIK

mK

Ne/NcBllc

(OT MOIllHOCTH

nsnrarenx

BHceHHH),

r.e.

OT nonenroii cocraanaiomea

MaCChI H npyrax CKOPOCTH

norpeonok ycnosna norrera,

rrpHBO)l,HT ra H3 pe>KHeCJIH ropa-

rOp"30HTaJlbHOH

nonera

YMeHbIl1eHHIO "suxpesoro

Vyg'

nosror-ry

JIlIH 6bICTpeHlllero

BbIBOTl,a neprone 0pHeHTHpoBOQHO, paBHOBeCHaH

ico.nsua" CKOPOCTb

HY>KHO YBenH'IHTb 6yp;eT

10 ... 15 M/C, a ecna Vxg = IS ... 25 KM/'l, TO V = 6 ... 9 M/C. paapsia Me)!(}J.Y paBHoBeCHblMH 3Ha'leHHKMH COCTaBJIJler MeHblileH VX/f H ~ 4 M/c - npa 6oJIblileH. 3a BP:~ CHH)!(eHHH norepa BblCOTbI senaxa: OKOJlO 400 M B nepaoxs cnysae H oxono 250 M - BO aroposs (ecna JIeT'lHK He YBeJlH'lHBaeT V xg)' Ilepexon seprone'ra or oruroro ycraaoaaameroca pe)!(HMa CHH)!(eHHH K npyrosry illlrrIQCTPHPyeTCH TaK)!(e rpa<pHKoM aa pHC. 3.42, rne UJIH T = mg H nexoropo ro 3aKOHa H3MeHeHHH Vxg [na pHC. 3.42 - VXg = const) noxasana 3aBHCHMOCTb NAB = f ( Vyg ). Ecna ua pe)I(HMe CHU)KeHHH ( No, Vyg 0 )
CKOPOCTb

30HraJIbHaH

Vyg Cnenoearensiro, ~ 7 M/C UpH

0 ... 10

Vxg'
TO

KM/q,

BeprHKaJIbHaH

v:.

JIeT'lHK PIIC.

YMeHbIl1HJI

H no

3.40.

3aBHCHMOCTb KO:J4>4>HI(HeHTa Tllfll

BHHTa OT

VH,

il!H npH 00

const

nHqeHHH

MOIllHOCTH

nonycran Npacn

CKOPOCTb

lVyg I> I "s«, /,

CKOPOCTb

TO na)Ke

IIpH

yse-

BepTHKanbH3J1

CHH)KeHHH yBenHQl1T-

190

191

.....-.----

dO =10°

Vxlf

PHC.

3.41.

3aBHCIIMOCTb

VYH

OT

VXH

s,

PHC.

3.43.
-

3aBHCIIMOCTb

3Ha'leHHHX -

<r = const;
-

VyH/VBHC

OT VXH/VBHC

IlpHPll3Hb'X

-CT1;

CT2;

- CT3;

_.

- CT4

Puc.

3.42.

3aBHcHMoCTb OT CKOPOCTH

MOlllHOCTH CHHlKeHHH aep-

ABHrneJUI TOJIera

MaHeBpOB_ llpH OIlHcaHHhIX asnue CJIYllaHx "saxpeMeHee onacao , qeM npn 60nbUIHx eKOpOCTHX CHH)I(eHHH, TaK KaK OHO He conpoaoxciaerca 60JIblilOH norepeii BbICOTbI. Ilpenensnsre 3Haqemrn B03)l,J'lllHOH cxopocra VYH )l,JIH O)J,HOBHHTOBoro BepTOJIeTa HaXO)l,HTCH no pHC. 3.43. IIoCKOJIbKY asrxon H3 pe)l(HMa· "naxpesoro xonsua" npH yseJIHqeHHH VXH IIpoIUe H norepH BbICOTbi Mensure, (TaK KaK aa rpanauax "BHXpeaoro _!<OJIbUa" VYH Measure ), TO npenensaoe 3Haseuae .fYH ueJIe£_006pa3HO npanars paBHbI~ 3HaqeHHIO VYH nn« VXH = 0,2. llPM 3T,QM lJllH VXH 0,2 6Y)l,eT nexoropsra sanae lIO VYH, H npenensuoe aaaxeaae

aoe xonsno"

<

<

VYH 0.tJ:H0H

CH lJ,0 V Ma

Mor 6bl CHH)I(llTbCHC Vyg3' HO oro - aeycTOWqHBbIH pe:lKHM, conpoacosnaroutaicca HenpHHTHhIMH npoHBneHHHMH pe:lKHyg2 '

B npamrane, seproner

"saxpesoro xonsua".

'ITO npome nna JIeT'lHKOB. TaKHM 06pa30M, qr06bI,JIe no"BHxp~Boro KOJIbI.(a", Hy)l(HO B naanaaoae cxopocreii VXH OT AO O,S ... 0,7 HMerb VYH -0,3 ... -0,5. 3THM AaHHblM COOTBeTCTBYlOr nec )l,YIO!UHepaar-repaste BeJIH'illHbI~

nacrs Ha pe)l(HM

TO )l(e na ncex

VXIi'

>

06nacTH HeycroM'illBblX pe)l(HMOB p,na pa~ 3H~eHHii. CT n~Ka3a~I Ha pHC. 3.43. I'parpax CTPOHTCHB xoopnauarax VXH' VYH (a He VXH' VyH)' rax KaK B :nHX xoopnaaarax pa3JlH'IHe rpamHl, o6nacTeii ASHl pasustx cT MeHbllle_ 113 4>oPM)'n (3.16) BH}J;HO,\fI0 npa 00 = canst HaqaJIO YMeHbllleHHH-ST' t, e. BepXHJlH rpaxaua o6nacrH HeycTOiiqHBOCTM, coo rsercrayer aaaseuaro VH, npa KOroPOM cyMMa H sin T H HMeeT MHHHMyM, a HH)l(HHH rpaanna MaKcHMyM. 3KCTpeM)'MbI KpHBbIX cT nonorn. Y O)l,HOBHHTOBbIX seprorreroa npoxorr pe)f(HMOB "aaxpesoro xonsua" coupoaoaciaerca pHlJ,OM HBJIeHHH, YCJIO)l(HHIOllJ,HXlIOJIeT, HO npu )l,OCTaTOqHOM sanace BbICOTbl OH MO)l(eT BblIIOJlHHTbCH ner'lJfKaMH cpenneji KBaJIHqmKaLlHM. lIro xacaerca pe)l(HMOB YCTaHOBHBillerOCH nonera, TO CKOPOCTM BWIM3H 30HbI lJ,On)l(Hbl orpaaasanarsca, oc06eHHO rrpa BbICOTax nOJIeTa MeHee

VXH

= 0 ... (1,1 ... 1,6)..JmgnY/!l.F;VYH=-(O,2

xr, VYH

... 0,3}...jmgny/!l.F. (3.17)

M/e, VXH KM/q.

3l1.eCh Macca BepTOJIeTa HMeer passtepuocn,

V- V

3.5. HEYilPABJIJlEMOE BPAlIlEHlfE OJll/OBlfHTOBhIX HA PE)f(lfME BlfCEHlfJl If flPE)JEJIbHhIE yrJIOBhlE CKOPOCFlf PA3BOPOTA

BEFTOJIETOB

400 ... SOO M.

Coseraaaa

COCTaBJIHlOlllHX B03,DyIllHOH CKOpoCTH aecyurero

KOJI_hUa, Moryr scrpeVyH' npH KOTOPblX aacrynaer pe)l(HM THTbCH He rOJIbKO npn CHH)l(eHHH BepTOJIeTa no xpyroa rpaexropna, HO H IIpH MllHeBpaX, eCiIH nersax ouru60'lHO ,!l,onyCTH1IYMeHbllleHHe cxopocra nOJIera lJ,O 0 ... 40 KM!q npa 6oJIbillOM yrne araxa. TaKHe caryauan Moryr B03HHKarb npH ropxe, cf>opCHpoBaHHOM pa3Bopore, ropMO)l(eHHH, npn 4>0pCHpoBaHHOM noaopore HJ1H nosopore na ropxe, BbIIIonlUIeMhlX C BHellD'IHM cxons)l(eHHeM HJIM npH 6oKOBOM serpe. 3ro O)J,HaH3 npnxan, no xoropoa MO)l(eT orpaaaxaaarsca MHHHMaJIhHO nonycrasraa CKOpoCTb nonera npa BbIIIOJlHeHHH 192

"" BHXpeBOro

BHHTa VXH'

Y O)J,HOBHHTOBbIXneproneron na pe)l(HMe BHceHHH BCTpeqalOTCH CJIyqaH caMorrpoM3BOJIhHOrO BXOI#! BO apaureaae soxpyr BepTMKaJIhHOH OCIL Y seproJIeTOB C HeCYIUHM BHHTOM JIeBOrO Bpauieaas neynpaanaexroe spauienae aasanaercs BO speser JIeBOrO paaaopo ra. IIpH HeKOTopoH yrnonoa CKOPOCTIf sepronera orKnOHeHHH npasoa nenana no ynopa He,!],OCTaroqHO, qr06bl era OCTaHoBHTb, - npononacaerca HeyrrpaBJ1HeMOe apamenne co CKOpOCTbIO 0,6 _" 1 l/c. BbIBecTH seproner 113 BpameHHH Y)J,aeTCHOTKJIOHeHHeM PyqKH

ynpasneaaa
seproner

snepen

I1)lH

nepeao na ero

nocrynarensnsni

noner

HJ1}j

[ecnn

lIO)l,BeCKe) e6paCbIBaHHeM rpyaa. Hccnenoaaaae aeynpasnaeraoro spameaaa seproneros HaqHeM C H3yqeHHH KpHBbIX nyreaoii 6aJIaHCHpoBKH npa serpe, a sarexs, I1cnOJIb3YH 3TH nan, nsre, COCTaBHMMO)l,enb pasnopora sepronera aa BHeeHHH. 193

HMeeT rpya na nneumeii

nYTeBlUI H3

6anaHCHpoBKa

nepronera

pe)JQfMe BHceHIDJ

.14,° W=fOH/C +r---~-.--~~~~~--~--~--~

2~_'-,~~~~+-~~-+~~~

KpHBble MOryT 6bITb onpenenensr JJ.ByMH cnocobasm: npM BHceHHM sepronera oraocarensao 3eMJ1H C pa3HbIM KypCOBbIM nono scelllieM K serpy 1/1 W' H IlpH nepeeaeutenaax neprone ra OTHOCIUenbHO sosnyxa C pa3HbIMH CKOpoCrHMH H yrnaxia CKOnb)l(eHHH. 06a cnocofia HcnbITaHHH nOCTaTOqHO CnO)KJ{bI H rpefiyior 60nbIIIOH TIIlaTenbHoCTH HCIlOnHeHHH, nocKOnbKY 6anaHCHpoBO'IHbIe xpaasie npa HeKOTOpbIX 1/1 W H3MeHHlOTCH oxeas pe3KO. Ilepauii crroco6 B03MO)l(eH npH serpe, YCTOH'lHBOM no Bem1'IHHe H nanpaanenmo; aropoa - npn Ha.u.e)l(HOM onpenenemnr Manon no aemrume B03.u.YIIIHOH CKOPOCTHH ee aanpaaneana. Ha pHC. 3.44 nOKa3aHbI peaynsrarst HCrrbITaHHH nepnoro aana: onpeneneasi npnpaurerraa GanaHcHpoBO'IHOrO norroA , )l(eHHH nenana '->XH' no cpaanemno C nOnO)l(eHlleM B IIITI1J1b (A' '->Xn = XH - X~BHC) B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 1/Iw WUI pana 3HaqeHHM CKOPOCTH serpa W. CnnOIIIHble nHHHH OTHOCHTCHK BepToneTY C pyneastsr BHHTOM, HMelOlUHM TaKOe aanpaanenae apamenaa, icorna nonacra 113 sepxaero nOnO)l(eHHH JJ.BH~TCH snepen (6yneM 0603HaqaTb ero B - B), a nYHKTHpHaH nHHHH - K TOMY )l(e nepronery, HO C pyneasn-r BHHTOM nporaaononoaosoro HanpaBJ1eHlUI apameHHH: H3 sepxaero nonozcenaa nonacrn nBH)l(yTCH saaan (B - H). 113 rpa<pHKOB nnznro, srro OTKnOHeHHe Ile,l.J.aJ1H snpaao CTaHOBHTCH MaKCHMaJ1bHbIM, - ~x~ = 5,5 ° - ,I.J.J1H pynesoro BHHIa C HanpaBneHHeM BpaIIIeHlul B - B npH CKOPOCTH serpa 7 M/C cnpasa (1/1 w = - 60 ... -150°). IIpH xanpasneuaa BPameHHH B - H HeT raxoro pesxoro B03pacTaHHH YfJIa YCTaHoBKH pyneBoro BMHTa. KpHBaH ~x~ f( 1/1 w) nOKa3bIBaeT, qro seproner crarasecxa YCTOH0 qJiB IIpH nonopore nnpaao (B nnana30He 1/1 w OT - 360 )],0 - 270 ), TaK KaK npH nOM Tpe6ycMblH ,I.J.J1fl paBHOBeCHH sepronera yron ycranosxa pynenoro BMHTa yaenasasaerca; oro CBHneTenbCTByeT 0 TOM, qTO npn HeH3MeHHOM rrOnO)l(eHHH nenana rsra pynesoro BHHTa YMCHblilliTCH TaK, 'ITO YMeHbIIIHrCH MOMeHT, nanpaaneunsni nrrpaso. IIpH rrOBopOTe BneBO (B nnana30He 1/1 w 0 OT - 30 )],0 - 90 ) aeproner C BHHTOM B - B CTaTH'lCCKHCYIIIeCTBeHHo neycTOH'lHB, TaK KaK norpC6HbrH WlH paenosecas yrorr YCTaHodKH pynesoro BHHTa pesxo YBeJlHqJiBaeTCH. B 6anaHcHpoBO'IHOH KPHBOH no CKOpOCTHnepeeaemenaa B60K VZ = Vy p.B (pMC. 3.45) TaK)l(C rrpoHBJlRCTCH onacaaaaa OC06eHHoCTb BHHTa B - B: npn nepesreuienaa BlIpaBo (HJ1H npn BCTpe cnpasa) C Vz = -15 ... - 30 KM/q rpefiyercs OOJIbIIIOe OTKJlOHCHHe npasoii nenana. YMeHbllleHMe 0'IKJ10HemUI npaaoa nenana npM T p.s ~ const HaqHHaeICH IIpH Vy p.s = - 35 KM/'l, 1. e. npa CKOPOCTH serpa cnpaaa Gonee 10 M/C. OC06eHHOCTb KpHBbIX lipH Be'Ipe cnpasa 06MICHJl.e'ICH TeM, xro nanpaaJIeHHe BeTpa coarranaer C HanpaBJIeHHeM rarn pYJ1eBOrO BHHra, TaK qTO 01xon saxpeii OT pynenoro BHHra 33MeAJIeH JlM60 COBceM He npoacxonar; B03HHKaeT peX<H.M "aaxpeaoro KOJlbU,a" (CM. pasn, 3.4), HO ycnO)I(HeHHbIH, TaJ< KaK pYJ1eBOHBlfHT paforaer B aasnxpeunose HeCYIIIlfM BHHTOM noroxe H BOJ1H3H KHJlH.

Banancapo aouasre

-fO/-ZO

.1x~

..-... f', ~?'"

f Z

Vo
-2
-4-

ZO 40 VYP.6,IfH/'f

/
Puc.

-6

3.44.

3aBKCHMOCTb npHpauJ,eHlIJI 6aJIaHCHpOBO'IKOrO nOJI()lKeHIIJI nenana

OT aanpaaneC3a.IlH;

HIIJI H CKOPOCTHaerpa,

-8-B, cneaa
PHC.

Hanpaaneaae Bpal1(eHlIJI pyneaoro BHHTa: - - - B-H. Harrpasneaae BeTpa: 1 - cnepe,llH; 2 -

cnpasa;

3-

4-

3A5.

3aBHCHMOCTb IIpHp3111eHIIJI 63JIaHCHPOBO'IHOTO nOJIOlKeHWI nCA3JIH OT occsoa

CKOPOCTH06JzyBa PYJleBOrO BHHTa. Hanp3BJIeHHe BP3111eHWIPYJIeBOrO BHHTa:

-B-B,

- - - B-H

OnHaKO neno He TOJIbKO B pe)I(HMe "aaxpesoro xonsua". BnMRHHe necyutero BMHra aa pyneaoii BHHT mysanocs B sxcnepajaenrax C MOneJIflMH sepToneTOB B a3pOLJ,HHaMHqeCKHXrpy6ax. BM3yaJ1M3aUHH 06reKaHHH Mo.u.eJ1M noxaaana (pMC. 3.46), xro xorna seproner CTaHOBMTCR npaasnr 60PTOM K BeTpy, TO pynesoa BHHT nonanaer B BHXPH aecyuiero BHHTa. Cxessa 3'IOrO cnyqaH noxasaaa na pMC. 3.46, a: H3 nee BMARO, sro KOTAa pyneaoii BHHT HMeeT aanpasnenae spaureaaa B - B, TO nanpasnenaa spamenaa JIOnaCTeH H rrOTOtea noanyxa coananaror, cnenoaarensno , OTHOCHTenbHble CKOPOCTH 06TeKaHMfl nonacreii If rara BMHTa ysrensuraerca, TIPH serpe C3aLJ,H BHceHHH BepTOH ne ra B6nH3H 3eMJlH (pac. 3.46, 6) ofipasyerca BHXPb B pesyrrsrare B3aMMOneHCTBHfl aanpaanenasrx B npOTHBOIlOnO)l(Hble CTOpOHbl CTenHmcrOCR anons 3eMlIH rrOTOKa necyutero smrra H aerpa; BHAHO, 'ITO H B 3TOM cnysae nanpaanenae spameaaa nOTOKa B03nYxa cosnanaer C nanpannemtera BpaIIIeHHH pynenoro BMHTa B - B. Teopernsecicoe nccnenosanae B3aHMOBJ1MHHHR :meMeHTOB necymero, pYJleBOrO BHHTOB M xana MO)l(eT 6bITb BbIIIonHeHO no saxpesoa reopaa, B 195

194

x,
tp.11

w-a

Wc!'O

wmmmmmmmmmmmmwmmmm»
rJ
PHC.

3.46.

Cxessa

nonll,!\aHIDI

PYJIeBOrO

BHHTa

B BHXpH:

1 - aanpanneuae apalJJ,cHIIJI pyncaoro BIIHTa B-B, 2 - uanpaanenae apalJJ,CHIHI allApeH

PHC. HIDI

KOTOPOH pacnonoxcemte snxpea He aanaerca sapanee, a onpenermerca B nponecce pacse ra. Hecxonsxo TaKRX qJ{crreHHblx 3KcrrepHMeHTOB asrnonueuo

3_47. K sepronera

BblBOAY

ypaBHeHHH

ABmKe-

PHC. 3.48.
BHHTa

Onpeneneaae
H

mrH

PY JleBOrO

B 3aBHCHMOCTH CKopOCTH

OT nOJIo)J(eHIDI HallpaBJleHlUi

AaJIH,

neaerpa

rpynnoii

C.M.

Benouepxoncxoro [ 3 ] .
sepronera TaK KaK HH4>oPMall,KK 0 norpeeasrx yrnax YCTaHoBKK pynesorc BKH'fa (eM. pHC. 3.44) IIOJ1YQeHaB 3aBHCHMOCTHOT 1/1 W H W, TO HaHneM aaanorasasre BCJ1HqJ{HhI:

MonenupOB8HHe pasnopora

TIpR MOnerrHpOBamm BpameHI1H sepronera BOKpyr BepTHKarrbHOH ocu Heo6xo}l;HMO ysarsmars npauiarensaoe ,l1;BR)f(eHRe rrRHeHHhle neper-reureaaa R aeprone ra B ropnaoaransaoa nrrOCKOCTH,TaK KaK OT HRX 3aBRCHTsenasana H narrpaanemre CKOPOCTll rrOTOKa nosnyxa oxono pynenoro BHHTa. B 3eMHOH CHCTeMeKOOp)1;RHaT ypaBHeHRH nBH)f(eHRH HMelOr BHn (puc. 3.47) :

(3.22)
,II,nJI OIIpenCJ1eHHH pa3HOCTH Tp.B - T .B 6aJI HCn0J1b3YCTCJI eaynsrar, p nOJIyqeHHbm IIpH 3KcnepHMCHTe. Xapaxrep 6anaHCHpoBO'lHbIX KpHBbIX Llx~ = f(1/I w) 6bIJI onpeneneu JJ:JIHpa3HbIX 3Ha'leHHH K03«p<pHWiCHTOBurn pyrresoro BHHTa aa pC)f(HMe BHceHHH t p.a B Hc: aapsaponanacs nonernaa Macca BepTOJIeTa, 'l3CTOTa BparucHHH necyuiero H PYJ1eBOrO BHHTOB, BblCOTa nonera. TIonY'IHJIHCb IIpaKTH'IeCKH cosnanaioume KpHBbIe Llx' H . OTCIOTTacnenver , , 1-'1 f-V' tITO pa3HOCTb XH XH.BHC He 3aBRCHT OT t .B' T. e. KpHBbIe tp•B (X'H) npH W 0 H W i= 0 napannensnsr npyr npyry (pHC. 3.48). 3Toro MO)f(HO 6hIJIO O)f(HJ];aTb, TaK KaK rrpoH3BO,l1;HaHOT THrH BHHTOB no yrrry YCTaHOBKH ClIa60 3aBHCHT OT CKOPOCTH aafierarourero IIOTOKa. Ilapannensaocrs xpaasix tp.B(X~) ,IIPH pa3HbIX W naer B03M~)KHOCTb onpenenars tp.B - tp.B6aJl IIpH JII06hIX xH' W no KPHBOH tp.B (xH) na pe)f(HMe BHceHHH. neHcTBHTerrbHO, npa W 0 BepTOJIeT 6imaHcHpyeTcH IIpR yrne x' H.BHC + Llx' H H

Iywy

= (Tp.a (Tp.B

ZK)Xp.B

MAB

(Tp.B

Tp.a6aJl

ZK)Xp.B;

(3.18) (3.19) 1/1. (3.20)

mx'g=

+S-

ZK)sin1/l; ZK) cos

mz~ =
B

(Tp.B + S -

ueJIHX ynpouienaa sanasa MO)f(HO npHHHTb, 'ITO M AB = T p.a 6an Xp.B H 6oKoBaH cana uecymero BHHTa SpaBHa 6anaHcHposOIIHOMY 3HaQeHHIO rara pyrreBoro BHHTa T p.a 6an' HO nanpaanena D np0THBOrr0J10)f(HYIO cropoHY: TaK, B OCHODHOM, 6arraHcHpYlOTCH MOMeHThI sepronera. TaKHM o6pa30M, S = _. T p.B fian > R BO Bee ypaBHeHHH nBH)f(eHRH BXO}l;HT pa3HOCTb T p.s - T p.a 6aJl . TIpRBeneHHaH K aeprnxansnoray OnepeHRIO neMrrqmpYlOruaH cana

nnanepa

Z K const W y 1W y I. COCTaBrrHlOl.UHeCKOPOCTHHa6eralOruero
Vyp.B Vx
p.B

(tp.B6an)Wl"o' IIYCTb He paBHOM tp.BBHC' KaK IIOKa3aHO ua pHC. 3.48. OnHaKO H3-3a napannensnocra KpHBblX tp.B (x~) IIpH pasasrx W ynoanersopaeTCHCOOTHOIIIeHHe:

*'

nOTOKa na pYJ1eBOHBllHT B CBH-

3aHHbIX C HRM OCHX

(3.23)

Wsin 1/1 + W cos 1/1 -

ig cos

1/1 + 1/1 +

Xg sin Xg cos

1/1 + 1/1.

wyxp.B

Zg

(3.21)

sin

X~

Ax~.

(3.24)
197

196

OllIH6Ka B onpeneneaaa pasnocrn t .B - tp.B 6an MO)Ker npoJIBHTbCH [sa CpbIBOM) aa YlJllCTKe KPHBOH tp.B (XH) , HO OHa He MO)KeT 6bITb 60JIbilloH. TaKHM 06pa30M, 3HaH yrOJI ycraaoaxa pYJIeBOrO BHHTa XH' CKOPOCTb H uanpasneaae Ha6eralOl..l.I;erOnOTOKa, no 3aBHCHMOCTHtp.B = tp.B (XH) ua pe)I(HMe BHceHHH H 6aJIaHCHpDBO'lHbIM KpHBbIM LlXH = f( W, 1/1 w) MO)!(flO onpenerrars pasuocrr, tp.B - tp.B fian : IIpH 3TOM BJIHHHHe CKOPOCTHofinyaa na tp.B yqJ1TblBaeTCH nocpencrsora YMeHblIIeHHH urara PYJIeBOrO BHHTa na BeJIHqJ1HY LlxH, T. e. tpoB onpenenaerca no yrrry XH.paClJ (asrpaxeaae 3.24), npH'leM LlXH HaXO)1,HTCH pe3YJIbTaTaM JIeTHbIX HCnblTaHHH (CM. pHC. 3.44). no MaKCHMaJIbHOe YMeHblIIeHHe K03cpcpHII.HeHra THm pYJIeBOrO BHHra pasuo -0,07 ):Q1H BHHTa B - B. TaK, HanpHMep, npH X'H = 210 tp B = 0,255 B IIITHJIb, 0 a npa cxopocru nerpa cnpasa 6 M/C x~.paclJ = 21 - 5,5'= 15,5 H tp•B = = 0,185. TaKHM o 6pa3o M, rara pyrre.soro BHHTa yssensuraerca 60JIee qeM

(J)oPMLI }l;BH)KemUIsepronera
H

npenensmae

yrnoasre

CKOPOCTH pa3BOpOTa

Pacceeorpasr peaynsrarsr Mo)),eJIHposaHHH pa3BoporoB npH pa3HbIX CKOpocrax aerpa M 6aJIaHCHPOBO'lHbIX K03<pcpHl1,HeHraX TJITH pynesoro BHHra t p.B BH c ' Ilocnenaaa 3aBHCHr or nOJIerHOH MaCCbI sepronera, asrcorsr, reMneparypsr aapyxaoro B03)J,Yxa H sacrorsr spameaaa necymero BMHra (CM. BbIpa)KeHHH 3.25). MOneJIHpoBaHHe BbmOJIHHJIOCb nJ>H cnenyiouiax ycnosnHX. B HaqaJIbHOM nOJIO)KeHHHsepronera 1/1 w = - 45 , B 3TO nOJIO)KeHHeBeproner norranae r C pa3JIH'lHbIMH yrrronsnaa CKOPOCTHMHW Y OT )),0 - 45 0 I c. Qepe3 1 C yron ycraHOBKH pYJIeBoro BHHTa YBeJIH'IHBaerCH no MaKCHMaJIbnoro. TaKHM 06pa30M, paccsrarpnaaerca peaKUHH BepTOJIeTa na OTKJIOHeHHe

aa 1/4.
IIoCKOJIbKY xapaxrepasre 3HalJeHHH BeJIH'IHHbI LlXH HaxOAHrCH B6nH3H a3HMYTOB 1/Iw = -90 H -270°, T. e. onpe)),eJIHlOTCHCKOPOCTblOocesoii 06)J,YBKH PYJIeBOrO BMIlra Vy p.s ' ro nocraroxao rrOJIHylO HHCPOpMaII.HlO H3Me06 HeHHH (p.B npn MaJIhIX cxopocrax nOJIeTa naer 3aBHCHMOCTbtp.B = f(Vyp•B) (pHC. 3.49), KOTOpaH crpoarca C noraotusto pHC. 3.45. BH}J.HO,'ITO )J,JIHBHIlTa B - B, B COOTBeTCTBHH H3MeHeHHeM Llx~ , K03cpcpHl1,HeHT C [p.B cyuiecrsenao CHH)KaeTCHrrpa 06)J,YBe BHHTa cnpaBa, a 3areM npa Vz = Vy p.n 22 KM/q YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH, nocraraa KpHTHqeCKOrO 3HaqeHHH npn Vy p.s = - 35 KM/q. IIpH )J,aJIbHeHlIIeM YBeJIHqeHHH OrpHl1,aTeJIbHbIX VJI .B BMHr paforaer aa CPbIBHbIX pe)KHMax Hero rxra CHOBa YMeHhlIIaeTCH. l13-3a HHTeflCHBHOCTHYMeHhllIeHHH tp.B npa H3MeHeHHH Vy p.a OT -10 )),0 -18 KM/q BepTOJIer C BHHTOM B - B pesxo YCKopHeT csoe spautenae SJIeBO, TaK 'ITO }l;a)Ke 6bICTpoe OTKJIOHeHHe JIeTqJ1KOMnenana no ynopa He rrpHBO)J.HTK YBeJIHqeHHlO THm pyneaoro BHHTa. 113 pHC. 3.49 )J,JIHBHHTa B - B MO)KHO 3aKJIlO'IHTb, 'ITO eCJIH roUI. 6anaHCHPOBKH BepTOJIeTa na pe)KHMe BHceHHH norpetiaoe 3HaqeHHe K03cpcpHl1,HeHTa THrH PYJIeBOrO BHHTa MeHbille 0,185, TO npa JI106bIX Vyp.B JIeT'IHK OTKnOHeHHeM nenana )),0 ynopa coanaer Y PYJIeBOrO BHHra rary, paBHYlO HJIH 60JIbIIIylO norpetiaoii )J,JIH 6aJIaHCHpOBKH, T. e. apauienae BepTOJIeTa BJIeBO 6y,u.eT aaMeAJlHTbCH, H OH oCTaHoBHTCH. Ecna )Ke norpetiaoe aaaxenae tp.BBHC 0,185, TO rrpH HeKOTophIX Vy p.a (T. e. np" HeKOTopbIX 3HaQeHHHXW, W H 1/1 w) THra pyneaoro BHHTa MeHblIIe 6anaHCHpDBO'lHOH, 1-1 6y)),er HJII-I He 6y)),eT neynpaBJIHeMOe apameuae, MO)KHO ycranoanrs TOJIbKO rrpH MO)),eJIHpOBaHHI-I),BI-I) )KeHHHsepronera. PaCCMOTpHM CJIeU:YlOI..l.I;HH npocroii cnyqaH. IIYCTb y sepronera aa pezorMe BHceHI-IH B lIITHJIb tp.BBHC = 0,22. KaK BH/l,HOH3 pHC. 3.49, HeycrOH'IHSOe paaaosecae sepronera B03MO)KH0 npa Vyp.B = -18 KM/q, a YCTOHql-lBOenpn Vy p.B = - 25 KM/q. II03roMY pannosecae HacrYIIHr npl-l ycraHoBI-IBlIIeMCH (ecna W = 0) Bpal..l.l;eHHHsepronera BJIeBO C yrnonoji CKOPOCTblOWy =

<-

nenana nnpaao }l;Oynopa npH pa3JIH'lHbIX HalJaJIbHbIXycnoaaax. <lloPMbI apaurarensnoro )J,BH)KeHHHBepTOJIeTa C BHHTOM B - B noxaaaRbI na pHC. 3.50: I xpaasie 1,1 - nepexon B YCKOpeHHblH paasopor snpaao )),0 nocraxeHHH nexoropoii YCTaHoBHBlIIeHcH CKOpOCTHapaurenaa; KpHBa5I 2 - nepexon B npaasui paasopor, HO OH Ha'IHHaeTCH He cpaay, a qepe3 5 '" 15 C nocne OTKJIOHeHHHnenana, xcrna BepTOJIeT nonanaer B 6naronpHHTHoe nOnO)KeHHe no OTHOlIIeHHlO K HanpaBJIeHHlO BeTpa; ero MO)KHO Ha3BaTb "3aTHHY~bIM nepexonosa" B npansni paaaopor; KpHBbIe 3,3 - seproner OCTaHaBnHBaeTCH na nexoropoja a3HMYre, HO B npaBbrn paaaopo r nepefrnr He MO)KeT;
tp.l

ht...

'\ 7°'U. r-..

1

/(if; ,
C

O,Z9 x' ~_NR1ax

.1

0,2,5 .......

_
--_

-25

zr-

tfl,Uur=o,zz U,ZO 1-' 0,16 o,f? 9,8 9,4

-4{)

>

-10

ZO

+0

-ZL...-

...L.......

....L..

_J

V'I{lI,KH/'I

he. 3.49. 3aBHCHMOCTb --B-B; - - - 8-H

K03tPcJ.>HWleHTa

THrH

pynesoro

BHHTa

OT

oceaoa

CKOPOCTH

Vyp.B!Xp.B

~ -0,7

l/c.

Pae. 3.50. 410PMhI .llBlOKeHIIJI aepronera

RpH paasoporax

Ha pexcHMe BHCeHIIJI

198

199