auem\m Nmen-e-IØv hnti-j-]-Xn∏v
]pd-Øp-t]mbn ]Tn®- p-h∂ A\p-`h- ß
- f- psS shfn®- Ø
- n¬
]≠p-ap-Xte D≠m-bnc- p∂ hnZym`- ymk kwhn[- m-\ß
- s- f
]pXnb coXnb- n¬ {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ib- m-bnc- p∂p
tambn≥ ae-bΩ lpZhn
tIcf apkvenw aX hnZym-`ymk
taJ-esb NSp-eX - t- bmsS apt∂m´p
\bn-°p-∂X - n\v imkv{Xo-ba- msbmcp
cq]w apt∂m-´psh® \mb-Ic- n¬
{]Ya KW-\o-b\ - mWv Nmen-eI - Øv
Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn. B[p-\nI
kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Isf kzoI-cn-°p∂
hnj-bØ - n¬ Bg-Øn-ep≈ a\-
\hpw Kl-\a- mb At\z-jW - ß
- fpw
N¿®Ifpw \nc-¥c- a- mbn \S-∂p-sIm-
≠n-cp∂ Hcp Ime-ØmWv At±lw
IS-∂p-hc- p∂Xv. ⁄m\ kzoI-cW - -
Øn-s‚bpw {]k-cW - Ø - n-s‚bpw ]g-
bXpw ]c-ºc- mKX-hp-amb Nne
ssien-Iƒ am{Xta At∂-hsc tIc-
f-°c- b
- n¬ hym]-Ia- mbn ]cn-Nn-Xa- m-
bn-cp-∂p-≈q. C∂v Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ
efn-Xa- mbn tXm∂m-sa-¶nepw
A∂p≈-hsc kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw,
tami-a√ - mØ \ne°v FgpØpw
hmb-\bpw A`y-kn-°m≥ ]‰nb ]e
hn[ tI{µ-ßfpw A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Xo¿Øpw ]cn-an-Xa- mb kuI-cy-
ßfpw \S-∏p-hg- n-Ifpw am{Xta Ah-
°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. CJvem-kzns‚
Dc-°√- n¬\n∂pw Nmen-s®-SpØ,
\n¿a-ehpw kv^pS-hp-amb Hcp apJ-
amWv A∂v hnZy°pw B¿÷\
taJ-e° - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂X- v. AXns‚
A\-¥c- ^ - e- s- a-t∂mWw, \ap°v
Duln-°m≥t]mepw Ign-bm-Øh - n[w
aX-hn-⁄m\ taJ-eb - n¬ AKm[
]mfin-Xy-ap≈ A\-h[n
]finXsc A∂v ImWmambn-cp-∂p-.
A°m-eØv Ah-cpsS ⁄m\m¿-
÷\ e£yw Adn-hns\ kzbw
Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw Adn-hp≈ Hcp
kaq-lsØ krjvSn-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw
sNøpI F∂XmWv. Bb-Xn-\m¬X-
s∂, AXn\pth≠n Ign-bpw-hn[w
HcpßpI-bmWv Ah¿ sNbvXn-cp-∂-
Xv. A√m-sX, hnZym-`y-mk-Øns‚
2010
019Unkw-_¿ 01
 auem\m Nmen-e-IØv hnti-j-]-Xn∏v
as‰mcp ssien Ah¿°v Bh-iy-an-
√m-bn-cp-∂p. CØ-cs- amcp L´-Øn¬,
Ipd™ sNe-hn¬ ka-{K- cp∂ hAfv kZ-kp-If - n¬ N¿®-sN-
ø-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs- ∂,
Ime-ßf - mbn \ne-\n-∂p-t]m-∂n-cp∂ amb hnZy`ymkw \¬Ip-I- \√-t]mse I¿a-im-kv{Xt_m-[a- p-≈-
hnZym-`ymk taJ-eb - nse Hcp Hgp-
°ns\ IqSp-X¬ {Inbm-flI - h
- pw efn-
sb∂ hnj-bØ - n¬ Z¿kp- h-cm-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ \mS≥ P\-
߃ t]mepw. Hcp {]iv\Ø - n¬
X-hp-amb Hcp hgn-bn-te°v Xncn-®p- Iƒ henb amXr-Ib - mWv B[n-Im-cn-Ia- mbn Xo¿∏v I¬]n-°m-
hn-SpemWv Ip™-lΩ
BK-a\
- Zv lmPn-bpsS
- t- ØmsS kw`-hn-°p-∂X - v.
apt∂m-´p-sh-°p-∂-Xv. \p≈ tbmKy-Xbpw B¿÷-hhpw
Ah¿ CXp-hgn t\Sn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p.
Xo¿Øpw A¤p-X-I-c-am- tIc-f° - c- b- n¬ Ckvem-an-IØ - \ - n-
aX-hn-Zym-`ymk {]{In-bb
- nse sbmcp ]T\ kwhn-[m- asb ]cn-c£ - n-®p-\n¿Øm≥
ssienIƒ sI¬∏p≈ ]fin-X∑ - msc hm¿sØ-
s]m∂m\n tI{µo-Ic- n®v \S-∂n-
\hpw ]≠p-ap-Xte Z¿kp-I- Sp-Øn-cp∂ al-Ømb ⁄m\ tI{µ-
cp∂ aX-hn-Zym-`ymk kwcw-`ß - f - psS fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. sNdn- ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Z¿kp-Iƒ. Bg-Øn-
ep≈ ]T-\ß - fpw Ah-Km-la- p≈
hnπ-hm-flI - a- mb B Imew I
™m¬, {][m-\a- mbpw kmaq-lnI
- g- n- b-h¿°pw hen-b-h¿°pw N¿®-If - p-amWv ChnsS \S-∂n-cp-∂X - v.
Xe-ßf - n¬ \S-∂n-cp∂ aX hnZym- hyXy-kvXa- mb ]T\ coXn- Bghpw {XmWn-bp-ap≈ ]fin-X∑
cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p
- m-
`ymk {]h¿Ø-\ß - sf \ap°v
aq∂mbn th¿Øn-cn°m≥ Ign-bpw.
Ifpw {KŸ-ß-fp-amWv Z¿kp-If - psS \S-Øn-∏v. tIc-fØ - n¬
HmØp-]≈ - n-Iƒ, hAfv ]c-ºc- I - ƒ, D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ahsc DZbw sNbvXn-´p≈ ]fin-X∑
sc√mw CØcw kwcw-`ß - f
- m-
- n-eqsS
a{Z-kI - ƒ F∂n-hb
tIcfapkvenw-Iƒ°n-Sb
- m-Wh - .
- n¬ aX
]Tn-∏n-°p∂ ssienbpw Db¿∂p-h∂ - h- c- m-W.v
hnZym-`ym-kØ - ns‚ auen-Ihpw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ipd™ sNe-hn¬ ka-{K-amb
hnZym`ymkw \¬Ip-Is- b∂ hnj-b-
BSnÿm-\hpamb kwhn-[m-\-ß-
fmbn KWn-°s- ∏-´n-cp∂ aq∂p kwcw-
]n∂oSv h∂ tImtfPv Øn¬ Z¿kp-Iƒ henb amXr-I-
`-ßf - m-WnXv. CXn-eqsSbmbn-cp∂p hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Hcp bmWv apt∂m-´p-sh-°p-∂X
Xo¿Øpw A¬`p-XI
- .v
- c- a- m-sbmcp
hnizm-kn-Iƒ Pohn-XØ
ÿm\ ]mT-߃ ]Tn-®n-cp-∂X
- ns‚ ASn-
- v.
sNdp-cq-]a- mbn Z¿kv kwhn- ]T\ kwhn-[m-\hpw ]≠p-ap-Xte
\¬I-s∏-Sp∂ hn⁄m-\ß - f - p-sSbpw [m-\-ßsf hmbn-°m-hp-∂- Z¿kp-If - n¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. sNdn-b-
h¿°pw hen-bh - ¿°pw hyXy-kvX-
]s¶-Sp-°p∂ Bfp-If
ÿm-\Ø
- p-sSbpw ASn-
- n¬ Cu aq∂p kwcw-`-
Xm-Wv. amb ]T\ coXn-Ifpw {KŸ-ßf - p-
amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. Ahsc ]Tn-∏n-
߃°n-Sb - nepw \ap°v hyXymkw
Hcp hnizm-knsb kw_-‘n-®n-S- °p∂ ssienbpw hyXy-kvXa- m-bn-cp-
Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
tØmfw sNdp-∏I - m-esØ aX-]T- \ - - ∂p. Xo¿Øpw ]n∂oSp h∂
Hmtcm apkvenapw Xo¿®-bmbpw
sa-∂Xv Hcn-°epw ]q¿ÆX t\Sn- tImtfPv hnZym-`ym-kØ - ns‚ Hcp
Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠, Ckvem-an-s\-°p-
s°m-Sp-°p-∂X - m-bn-cn-°n-√. AXn\v sNdp-cq-]a- mbn Z¿kv kwhn-[m-\-
dn®v {]mY-anI Adn-hp-Iƒ ssIam-
]e-Xc- Ø - n-ep-ap≈ ]cn-an-Xn-If - p- ßsf hmbn-°m-hp-∂X - m-W.v
dp∂ tI{µ-ßf - mWv HmØp-]≈ - n-Iƒ.
Jp¿-B≥ ]T-\w, ASn-ÿm-\a- mb ap≠mbn-cn-°pw. Cusbmcp
Ckvemw-Im-cy-ßf - psS ]T\w XpS-ßn- t]mcmbva \nI-Øp-∂X - n-\mWv hAfv Nmen-eI - Øv I≠
b-hb- mWv {][m-\a- mbpw ChnsS \S- ]c-ºc- I- ƒ \S-Øs- ∏-´n-cp-∂X - v. hn-Zym-`ymk ]cn-kcw
∂ncp∂-Xv. ]≈n-It- fmSv tN¿t∂m hnZym-`ym-kØ - ns‚ km¿h-{Xn-IX aX `uXnI hnZym-`ymk Xe-ß-
A≤ym-]I - c- psS hoSp-If - ntem Bbn- F∂ al-Øm-sbmcp e£yw Cu fn¬ {it≤-ba- mb Nph-Sp-Ifpw am‰-
cp∂p Ch \S-Øs- ∏-´n-cp-∂X - v. kwcw-`Ø - n¬ Gsd {]I-Sa- m-Wv. ßfpw {]Xy-£s- ∏-´p-Xp-Sß- nb Ime-
DkvXmZv HmXn-s°m-Sp-°p-I, Hmtcm hnizm-knbpw A\n-hm-cy- ØmWv Nmen-eI - Øv IS-∂p-hc- p-∂X - v.
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ tI´v ]Tn-°pI F∂- ambpw Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠Xpw ssZ\w- `uXnI hnZym-`ym-ksØ°qSn aX-hp-
Xm-bn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ {][m\ ]T-\- Zn\ Pohn-XØ - n¬ ]I¿tØ-≠X - p- ambn tN¿Øp-sh®v \¬I-s∏-Sp∂
coXn. Cusbmcp kwcw-`Ø - n\v amb Imcy-ßf - m-bncp∂p Cu aX-{]- ]e-hn[ tI{µ-ßs- f-°p-dn®pw A∂v
Ckvem-ans‚ BK-a\Ime-tØm-fw- kw-Kß- f - nse hnj-bß - ƒ. ssZ\w- ]ecpw Nn¥n-®p-Xp-Sß
- n-bn-cp-∂p.
Xs∂ Ncn{Xw ImWm-hp-∂X - m-W.v Zn\ Pohn-XØ - nse I¿a-im-kv{X- DØ-tc¥y≥ `mK-ßf - n¬ aX-hn-Zym-
s]mXpP\-߃°v Ckvem-anI ߃, hn[n-Iƒ, hne-°p-Iƒ, A\p- `ym-khpw `uXnI hnZym-`ym-khpw
]T\ Ah-kc- ß - ƒ krjvSn-°p∂ jvTm-\ß- ƒ, ssien-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh - - hyh-ÿm-]n-Xa- mbn, ]ptcm-Ka- n®
kwhn-[m-\a- mWv hA-fv]c- º - c- I - ƒ. sb√mw Znh-kß - t- fmfw \o≠p-\n-∂n- ssien-bn¬ \¬Ip-∂X - n-s\-°p-dn-

kp∂n
020A^v I m¿

®p≈ Bg-Øn-ep≈ N¿®-Ifpw
At\z-jW - ß- fpw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-
cp∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.
Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymk kwcw-`-
߃ \mSp-\osf {]N-cn-®p-Xp-Sß - n-bn-
cp-∂X - n-\m¬, Ah-bn¬ \√-Xm-bn-
tXm-∂nb ]e ssien-Ifpw apkvenw-
Isf Bth-in-°m-Xn-cp-∂n-√. Ckvem-
anI kwkvIm-ct- ØmSv Ah¿ {]Jym-
]n® Xpd∂ bp≤-ßf - m-bn-cp∂p
F∂pw Ah-tcm-Sp≈ AS-ßmØ
hntcm[w AW-bmsX kq£n-°m≥
apkvenw-Isf t{]cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂X - v. aX-
Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Cu hntcm[w
i‡-am-bt- ∏mƒ, Ah-cpsS Nn¥-
Itfm ssien-Itfm kao-]\ - ß - tfm
bmsXm-∂pw-Xs∂ kzoI-cn-°m≥
]mSn-√m-sb-s∂mcp Xe-Øn-te°v
hsc A∂sØ apkvenw-Nn¥
FØn-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. Ah-tcm-Sp≈ ITn-
\-amb hntbm-Pn-∏n-s‚bpw FXn¿∏n-
s‚bpw {]I-S\-am-bn-cp∂p CXv.
apkvenw aX `uXnI hnZym-
`ymk cwK-߃ sa®-s∏-Sp-∂X - n-s\-
°p-dn-®mWv, Ch-sb√mw I≠-t∏mƒ
Nne-bm-fp-Iƒ Nn¥n-®n-cp-∂X - v.
Cusbmcp ssien X\n-ab - m¿∂
tIc-fØ - nse Ckvem-anI Nn¥-sb
XInSw adn-°ptam Fs∂mcp t]Sn
A∂sØ apkvenw-]fi - n-X∑ - m¿°p-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p. GXm-bm-epw, N¿®-
Ifpw At\z-jW - ß- fpw FXn¿∏p-
Ifpw hntbm-Pn-∏p-Ifpw F√mw \S-
∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-s°-Øs∂, tIcf
apkvenw hnZym-`ymk taJe sas√
sas√ Bh-iy-amb am‰-߃ kzoI-
cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. aqeyw tNm¿∂p-
t]m-Im-sX-bp≈ CØ-cs- amcp am‰w
A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂v ]fin-X∑ - m¿°v
t_m[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {ItaW
Ah¿ AXv kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. 1867˛¬ Zbq-_¥ - n¬ XpS-
ßnb Zmdp¬ Deq-an-emWv BZy-ambn
A¬]w hyh-ÿm-]n-Xhpw F∂m¬
B[p-\n-Ia- mb Nne ]pXp-aI - ƒ AS-
ßn-bX - p-amb Hcp hnZym-`ymk
kwcw`w Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - v. tNm°v,
_vfm°v t_m¿Uv, s_©v, UkvIv,
]co-£, k¿´n-^n-°‰v XpS-ßnb
kwhn-[m-\ß - ƒ AhnsS {]tbm-K-
h¬°-cn-°s- ∏-´p. hnZym-`ymk {]{In-
auem\m Nmen-e-IØv hnti-j-]-Xn∏v
Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymk kwcw-`-߃ \mSp-\osf
{]N-cn-®p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, Ah-bn¬
\√-Xm-bn-tXm-∂nb ]e ssien-Ifpw apkvenw-
Isf Bth-in-°m-Xn-cp-∂n-√. Ckvem-anI
kwkvIm-c-tØmSv Ah¿ {]Jym-]n® Xpd∂
bp≤-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂pw Ah-tcm-Sp≈ AS-
ßmØ hntcm[w AW-bmsX kq£n-°m≥
apkvenw-Isf t{]cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
]pXnb Ne-\ß - ƒ CtXmsS ae-_m-
dnepw {]Xy-£s- ∏´pXpS-ßn. H‰-s∏´
Nne kwcw-`ß - ƒ A\u-tZym-Kn-I-
ambn Aßp-anßpw Xe-s]m°n.
1871˛ ¬ hmg-°ms´ {]am-Wn-am-cm-bn-
cp∂ sImb-∏s- ØmSn IpSpw_w Cu
cwK-tØ°v kPo-ha- mbn IS-∂p-h-
∂p. X∑n-bØ - p¬ Deqw aZvdk F∂
t]cn¬ Ah-scmcp ÿm]\w XpS-
ßn. km[m-cW Z¿kv {Iao-Ic- W - ß - -
fn¬\n∂pw amdn ]pXn-sbmcp kwhn-
[m-\a- mWv Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v.
ÿe-˛ÿ - m-\˛- s- sieo {Iao-Ic- W - ß - -
fn-em-bn-cp∂p {][m-\a- mbpw am‰w
bsb efn-Xa- m-°p∂ CØcw kwcw- {]I-Sa- m-bn-cp-∂X - v. ]mTy-hn-jb - ß- -
`-߃°v h≥kzoIm-cy-Xb - mWv Ahn- fn¬ Imcy-amb am‰-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
S-ßf- n-se√mw {]I-Sa- m-bX - v. 1883 ¬ ∂n-√. ]≈n°p ]Icw Hcp ¢mkv
Xangv\m-´nse sh√q-cn¬ XpS-ßnb apdnbpw Imcy-ßs- f√mw t\m°n-\S- -
_mJn-bmØv kzmen-lmØpw Gsd Øm≥ tbmKy-\m-sbmcp DkvXmZpw
]pXp-aI - t- fm-sS-bmWv IS-∂p-h∂ - X- .v \ntbm-Kn-°s- ∏-´p. Xo¿Øpw Bim-h-
hn⁄m\ IpXp-In-Isf BI¿jn- l-amb Ne-\ß - f - mWv CXp-hgn
°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ F√m kwhn-[m- D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - .v
\-ßfpw Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. s]mXpsh P\-ßs- f√mw A∂v
C°m-eØv ae-_m-dn¬\n∂pw kap-Zm-bØ - nse ]fin-Xsc B{i-
hnhcw tXSn Bfp-Iƒ ChnsS bn-®mWv Pohn-®n-cp-∂X - v. CØcw
FØp-Ib - p-≠m-bn. Z£n-tW-¥y- kwcw-`ß - fn¬ ]fin-Xc- psSbpw
bnse Xe-sb-Sp-∏p-s≈mcp ÿm]\w t\Xm-°f - psSbpw CS-s]-S¬IqSn
A∂v AXp-Xs- ∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. DØ-tc- i‡-am-bn-Øp-Sß - n-bt- XmsS
¥y-bn¬ \S-∂n-cp∂ hnZym-`ym-k] - c- - {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ IqSp-X¬ hnPbw
amb ]e Ne-\ß - fpw Z£n-tW¥y I≠p. C°m-eØv tImgn-t°mSv aZvd-
Adn-bp-∂Xv Cu ÿm]-\Ø - n-eq-sS- k-Øp¬ Pn^vcnø F∂ t]cn¬
bm-Wv. Chn-sS-\n∂pw ]pd-Øn-dß - nb Hcp ÿm]\w \S-∂p-t]m-∂n-cp-∂p.
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ CØcw ]ptcm-Ka- n® A∂sØ Xe-sb-Sp-∏p≈ ]fin-X-
ssien-Isf \mSns‚ \m\m-`m-KØpw cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂ hmf-°pfw
{]N-cn-∏n-®p. aqey-ta-dn-bXpw kc-fh - p- A_vZp¬ _mcn apkven-bm¿ AXn¬
amb hnZym-`ymk ssien Dd-∏p-hc- p- Iptd-Imew tkh-\a- \ - p-jvTn-®n-´p-≠v.
Øn. {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS hnZym-`ymk
aX-hn-Zym-`ymk taJ-eb - nse kwcw-`ß - f- n¬\n∂pw amdn \n∂
2010
021Unkw-_¿ 01
 auem\m Nmen-e-IØv hnti-j-]-Xn∏v
apkvenw-Isf `uXnI hnZym-`ym-k- Øns‚ hf¿®-sb-°p-dn®pw ]T\
Øn-te°v Xncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ ]e-hn[ ssien-Is- f-°p-dn®psa√mw icn°pw
]pXnb kwcw-`ß - fpw C°m-eØv aºpdw Xß-fpsS a\-€n-em-°W - w.
Aßn-ßmbn Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p.
{_n´ojv hntcm[w ImcWw Ah-
Bio¿hmZw e`n® aºpdw Xß-fpsS Bio¿hmZw
e`n® Nmen-eI - Øv Jpkzøv lmPn-
cpsS ÿm]-\ß - f - n-te°v t\cn´v Nmen-e-IØv Jpkzøv bpsS IpSpw-_Ø - n-te°v tN¿ØmWv
apkvenw-Iƒ t]mbn-cp-∂n-√. BbnsS
aX-`u-XnI hnZym-`ymkw \¬Ip∂
lmPn-bpsS IpSpw-_-Øn- Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn Adn-bs- ∏-Sp-∂-
Xv. AY-hm, Xs‚ DΩ-bn-te°v
]e tI{µ-ßfpw Db¿∂p-h∂ - p. ]e te°v tN¿ØmWv tN¿Øn Adn-bs- ∏-Sp-∂psh∂v Npcp-
ÿm]-\ß - fpw apkvenw-t]-cp-If
emWv {]Xy-£s- ∏-´X - v. apkvenw-Isf
- n- Ip™-l-ΩZv lmPn °w. Xs‚ sIm®p Imew
apX¬Xs∂ Cu Xd-hm-´p-ho-´n-emWv
BI¿jn-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p {][m-\ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AY- At±lw Pohn-®n-cp-∂Xv F∂-XmWv
e£yw.
1893˛¬ tImgn-t°mSv lnam-b-
hm, Xs‚ DΩ-bn-te°v CXn\p Imc-Ww. DΩbpw D∏bpw
XΩn-ep≈ hnhml _‘w Ah-Xm-
Øp¬ Ckvemw IΩn-‰n-°p-Io-gn¬ tN¿Øn Adn-b-s∏-Sp- f-Øn-em-bt- ∏mƒ DΩ-tbm-sSm∏w
Hcp aZvdk Db¿∂p-h∂
dp¬ Ckvemw F∂t]cn¬ Hcp D]-
- p. C≥Xn-im- ∂psh∂v Npcp-°w. \n¬°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p Ip™-lΩ
lmPn-bpsS hn[n. CXv At±-lsØ
- Zv

k-an-Xn-bmWv CXv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v. Xs‚ sIm®p Imew kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw Hcp henb
As∂m-°, \m´n≥]p-dß
cW \S-Øs- ∏-´n-cp∂ Jp¿B≥
- f - n¬ km[m- apX¬Xs∂ Cu Xd-hm- `mKyam-bn-cp-∂p. ]finX ]mc-ºc- y-
ap≈ Xs‚ hen-bp∏ Jpkzøv
]T\ ]cn-]m-Sn°v HmØp-]≈ - n-Iƒ ´p-ho-´n-emWv At±lw lmPn-bp-sS \nc-¥c- a- mb in£Ww
F∂mWv ]d-bs- ∏-´n-cp-∂X
Imcy-£a- hpw hyh-ÿm-]n-Xh
- v. A¬]w
- p-amb
Pohn-®n-cp-∂Xv F∂- e`n-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw At±-l-
Øn\v e`n-®p. hen-bp-∏b - p-sSbpw
ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°v A`n-am-\t- ØmsS XmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww. DΩ-bp-sSbpw kmµ¿`n-Ia- mb D]-tZ-i-
{]tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ \ma-am-bn-cp∂p aZvd- ßfpw \n¿t±-iß - f - p-amWv At±-
k-Iƒ. aZvdk - I - ƒ Db¿∂p XpS-ßn- lsØ hf¿Øn hep-Xm-°n-bXv.
b-tXmsS apkvenw-Iƒ AXv tXSn-sb- Deqw aZvdk CXn¬ Gsd {it≤-b- Cusbmcp _‘hpw s]cp-abpw
Øn-bn-cp-∂p. 1912˛¬ lnam-bØ - p¬ am-Wv. 1915˛¬ Xfn-∏d- º
- n¬ Db¿∂p- At±-lØ - ns‚ Pohn-XØ - n-ep-S\
- ofw
Ckvemw aZvdk lnam-bØ - p¬ h∂ Jp∆-Øp¬ Ckvemw \ng-en®phcn-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.
Ckvemw BwKvtfm Ad-_nIv aZvdkbmWv as‰m-∂.v Jpkzøv lmPn-bpsS aIƒ
kvIqfmbn ]cn-Wa- n-®p. tIc-fØ - nse ]cn-jvI-cWw h∂ hgn ^mYna \√ aX-t_m-[a- p≈ s]Æm-
BZy apkvenw kvIqfm-bn-cp∂p CXv. ]c-ºc- m-KXambn ]fin-X∑ - m- bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂, aIs\
1894˛¬ ]p≈n-sØmSn sskZv apl- cpsS IpSpw-_Ø - n-emWv Nmen-eI - Øv hfsc {i≤-tbm-sS-bmWv alXn
ΩZv lmPn ^tdm°v am¿°-‰n¬ Hcp Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn (ln: 1283-˛1338/ hf¿Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v. hfsc sNdp-∏-
aZvdk XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. AXpw FUn: 1866-˛1919) P\n-°p-∂X - v. aºp- Øn¬ Xs∂ XPvh - oZv A\p-kc- n®v
]n∂oSv Hcp am∏nf kvIqfmbn ]cn- dw- X-ßf - psS injy-\m-bn-cp∂ Nmen- Jp¿-B≥ ]mcm-bWw sNøm≥
W-an-®p. Npcp-°Ø - n¬ aZvdk - I - s- f- e-IØv Jpkzøv lm-Pn-bpsS aIƒ aIs\ Ah¿ ]cn-io-en-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.
°p-dn®pw apkvenw hnZym-`ym- ^mYn-ab - m-bn-cp∂p amXm-hv. BZr- tijhpw Hmtcm Nph-Sp-Ifpw hfsc
ksØ°pdn®pw ]ecpw ]e-\n- ticn aqØm´v sambvXo≥ Ip´n lmPn {i≤-tbm-sS-bmWv apt∂m´v \bn-®n-cp-
e°pw kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw N¿®-sN- ]nXm-hpw. ]finX {]apJcmb ∂-X.v
øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂ Cu Ime- Nmen-eI - Øv Aen-lk - ≥ apkven- C\n, Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn-bpsS
ØmWv Nmen-eI - Øv Ip™-lΩ - Zv bmcpw Nmen-eI - Øv A–p√ apkven- Chn-SsØ {][m\ DkvXm-Zp-amsc
lmPn IS-∂p-hc- p-∂X - v. bmcpw AΩm-h∑ - m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ipdn®v tIƒ°p-I. D¬∏-Xn-jvWp-°-
aX hnZym-`ym-k taJ-esb tNcp- Bflo-bX - b - n¬ Nmen-s®-SpØ fpsS IÆnse Ic-Sm-bn-cp∂ A√mam
h-It- f-Xp-an-√msX Imcy-£a- a- m-°W - - ]cn-jvIc- W ]mc-ºc- y-ap≈ ssk\o Zlvems‚ injy≥ tImS-
sa∂ Nn¥-Ifpw C°m-eØv \√- Cusbmcp IpSpw_ kwhn-[m-\a- mWv t©cn AlvaZv Ip´n apkven-bmcpw
t]mse \S-∂n-cp-∂p. H‰-s∏´ \ne°v Nmen-eI- Øv Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn _Zv¿ auen-Zns‚ I¿Ømhv hf-∏n¬
]e-bn-Sß - f - n-embn AXn-\p≈ cl- F∂ Hcp ]cn-jvIc- W t\Xm-hns\ A–p¬ Akokv apkven-bm-cpw.
ky-amb {ia-ßf - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. krjvSn-®X - v. AXns‚ ]-›m-Ø- ]ns∂ kz¥w amXp-e≥ Nmen-e-
1911˛¬ IÆq-cnse tImb-°p™n ehpw Imehpw a\-€n-em-°m≥ Cu IØv Aen lk≥ apkven-bm-cpw.
kmln_v D≠m-°nb aAvZn\p¬ IpSpw-_s- Ø-°p-dn®pw At±-l- Ch-cn¬\n-s∂√mw auenI ]mT-

kp∂n
022A^v I m¿

߃ kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv Nmen-e-
IØv Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn Xs‚ ]cn-
jvIc- W {]{Inb°v ss[j-Wn-I-
amb ASn-Ød ]mIp-∂X - v.
tImgn-t°mSv apZm-°c Ppap-AØv
]≈n-bn¬ \S-∂n-cp∂ Z¿knepw
tijw, s]m∂m-\n-bnse henb
Ppap-AØv ]≈n Z¿knepw At±lw
tN¿∂p ]Tn-®n-cp-∂p. Xncq-cß
\Sp-hnse ]≈n Z¿kn¬\n∂pw
- mSn
hnZy \pI-cp-Ib - p-≠m-bn. At±-
lsØ kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw Adn-
hns‚ ASn-Ød ]mIp-∂Xv Cu
tI{µ-ßf - n¬\n-s∂-√m-am-W.v CXm-bn-
cp∂p Xkz-∆p-^n¬ A[n-jvTn-Xa- m-bn-
cp∂ At±-lØ - ns‚ Pohn-XØ - nse
Bflob _e-hpw.
]finX Xd-hm-´nse DØpwK
]Z-hn-bn¬ hncm-Pn-®n-cp∂ Xs‚
AΩm-h∑ - m-cmWv F∂pw At±-l-
Øns‚ ]T\ Imcy-ßs- f-√mw \nb-
{¥n-®n-cp-∂X - v. FhnsS ]Tn-°W
sa∂pw BcpsS injyXzw kzo-Icn-
°-Ws- a∂pw F√mw Ah¿ At±-l-
Øn\v Bh-iym-\p-kc- Ww hgn
ImWn-®p. Z¿kv Ign-™t- XmsS
D]cn]T-\Ø - n-\mbn sh√q-cnse
_mJn-bm-Øn-te°v t]mI-Ws- a∂v
\n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂Xpw Ah¿ Xs∂-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPnsb ]c-
º-cm-KX ]fin-Xs- c-t∏mse AwKo-
Im-ca- p≈ Hcp ]fin-X\ - m°n am‰p-I-
sb-∂Xv Ah-cpsS \n¿_‘ Bh-
iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m-bn-cp∂p tIc-
f-Øns‚ ]cn-Nn-Xa- mb hgn-If - n-eqsS
Ah¿ At±-lsØ hgn\S-Øm≥
\nc-¥cw {ian-®n-cp-∂X - v.
1887˛¬ Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn
sh√q¿ _mJn-bmØp €zmen-lm-
Øn¬ tN¿∂p. Xs‚ ⁄m\-tem-I-
Øn\v ]pXnb ]cn-Nb - ß - fpw Bg-
Øn-ep≈ Ah-Km-lhpw \¬In.
CXv At±-lØ - ns‚ Pohn-XØ - n¬
IqSp-X¬ ]mT-߃ \¬Ip∂ bm{X-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-fØ - ns‚ Np‰p-]m-Sp-
Ifpw ]cn-kc- ß - fpambn am{Xw
CW-ßn-t®-¿∂ At±-lØ - n\v Xs‚
Pohn-Xb - m-{X-bn¬ ]pXnb ka-hm-Iy-
߃°v CXv Ah-kcw sImSp-Øp.
tImtfPv ÿm]-I\pw {]n≥kn-∏f
amb auem\m A–p¬ P∫m¿
auem\m Nmen-e-IØv hnti-j-]-Xn∏v
eYo-^n-ø-bn¬\n∂pw ]Tn-®n-d-ßnb
kabw Ahn-sS-Øs∂ A≤ym-]-I-
\mbn Ip™-l-ΩZv lmPn°v
£Ww In´n-bn-cp-∂p. ]s£, Xs‚
\m´n¬ Xm≥ sNtø-≠-Xmb DØ-
c-hm-ZnØ t_m[-amWv At±-
lsØ AXv kzoI-cn-°p-∂-
Xn¬\n∂pw ]n¥n-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv.
Aßs\ ae-_m-dns‚ Hcp ]pXnb
]pecn kz]v\w I≠v At±lw
\m´n-te°v h≠n Ib-dn.
apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p Ahn-SsØ ]co-£W
- Ø
- ns‚
A≤ym-]I - ≥. Hcp h¿j-tØmfw
hn⁄m\ t[\p \pI¿∂v AhnsS
H∂mw ]mTw
- - A\-h[n ]pXnb ]mT-ßfpw
Ign-®p-Iq-´n. tijw, sh√q-cnse
A\p-`h- ß- fpw e`n® Ip™-lΩ - Zv
as‰mcp ÿm]-\a- mb eYo-^n-ø-
lmPn°v Ch-sb√mw kz¥w \m´n¬
tImtf-Pn-te°v amdn. hnhn[
{]mh¿Øn-Ia- m-°W - s- a∂v AXn-bmb
hn⁄m\ imJ-If - n¬ apgpIn Bdp
B{K-la- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. aX hnZym-
h¿j-tØmfw AhnsS sNe-hg- n-®p.
`ymk taJe sa®-s∏-Sm\pw IqSp-
kønZv dpIv\p-±o≥ JmZn-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p
X¬ hyh-ÿm-]n-Xa- m-Im\pw Ch
Ahn-SsØ {]n≥kn-∏ƒ. ssiJv
IqSp-X¬ klm-bI - a- m-bn-cn-°pw.
apl-ΩZv A_vZp¬ Peo¬, ssiJv
]t£, Ch-sb√mw Fßs\ \S-
apl-ΩZv lk≥, ssiJv apl-ΩZv
∏m°m\mIpw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
A^vlm-ap-√ XpS-ßn-bh - c- n¬\n∂pw
]n∂oSv At±-lØ - ns‚ Nn¥.
hnhn-[ß - f - mb hn⁄m\-߃ kzoI-
eYo-^n-øb - n¬\n∂pw ]Tn-®n-d-
cn-®p. 1893˛¬ _ncpZw hmßn ]pd-
ßnb kabw Ahn-sS-Øs∂
Øn-dß - n.
A≤ym-]I - \
- mbn Ip™-lΩ - Zv
tKmf-im-k{v X-Ønepw IW-°p-I-
lmPn°v £Ww In´n-bn-cp-∂p.
fnepw {]mK¬`yw t\Sm\mWv Ip™-
]t£, Xs‚ \m´n¬ Xm≥ sNtø-
l-ΩZv lmPn tijw Xocpam-\n-®X - v.
≠-Xmb DØ-ch - m-ZnØ t_m[-amWv
AX-\p-kc- n®v AZvdmw F∂ ]´-W-
At±-lsØ AXv kzoI-cn-°p-∂-
Ønse ssiJv AlvaZv A¬
Xn¬\n∂pw ]n¥n-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv.
AZvdan F∂p t]cp≈ AlvaZv
Aßs\ ae-_m-dns‚ Hcp ]pXnb
kmenw kmln-_ns\ kao-]n-®p.
]pecn kz]v\w I≠v At±lw \m´n-
At±-lØ - n-\S- p-Øp-\n∂pw "cnkm-e-
te°v h≠n Ib-dn.
Øp¬ amd-Zo\n' ]Tn-°p-Ibpw
Xs‚ ]pXn-b b⁄w FhnsS
C¬ap¬ ^e-°n¬ {]mhoWyw
XpS-ßW - w? At±lw Nn¥n-®p. ae-
t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
_m-dns‚ ⁄m\ ]mc-ºc- ysØ
hnNm-cn-®t- ]mse ]T-\ß - s- f√mw
H´pw tNmZyw sNøm-sX-bm-bn-cn-°Ww
Ign-™t- XmsS Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn
CXns‚ XpS-°w. Imc-Ww, AXmWv
AKm[ hn⁄m-\hpw A\-h[n
Icp-Øv. B IcpØpw AwKo-Im-
kz]v\ß - f - p-ambn kz¥w \mSmb ae-
- p- chpw \jvSs- ∏-SmsX aX hnZym-`ymk
_m-dn-te°v Xncn-®p.
taJe IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-ØW - w.
2010
023Unkw-_¿ 01
 auem\m Nmen-e-IØv hnti-j-]-Xn∏v
{]K¬`cpw {][m-\n-If - p-am-bn-cp∂
]e ]fin-Xs- cbpw hm¿sØ-Sp-
°m≥ C°m-eØv At±-lØ - n\v km-
[n-®p. JpXp_n apl-ΩZv apkven-
bm¿, Nmen-eI - Øv apl-ΩZv lmPn
XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ ChnsS \n∂pw At±-l-
Øns‚ Z¿kn¬ ]Tn-®h - c- m-bn-cp-∂p.
aø-gn-bn¬\n∂pw ]n∂oSv ]pfn-°-
en-te-°mWv Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn
h∂-Xv. ]pfn-°¬ Ppap-AØv ]≈n-
bn¬ {][m\ apZ-cn-kmbn tkh\w
sNbvXp.
At∏m-tg°pw Ip™-lΩ - Zv
lmPn-bpsS JymXnbpw {]i-kvXnbpw
tIc-fa- msI {]N-cn-®p-Ig- n-™n-cp-∂p.
AKm[ ]mfin-Xyhpw F√m hnj-b-
ß-fnepw Ah-Km-lh - pw ImgvN∏ - m-Sp-
ap≈ ]fin-X\ - m-bn-´mWv F√m-hcpw
At±-lsØ a\-€n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂X - v.
AXv Xo¿®-bmbpw Xs‚ kap-Zm-b- ]pXp-aI- ƒ hcp-Øn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p C°m-eØ - mWv {]kn-≤a- mb
Øn\v D]-Im-c{- ]-Za- m-bn-cn-°pw. At±-lØ - ns‚ ¢mkp-Iƒ. ]fin- Jn_vem X¿°w \S-°p-∂X - v.
Cusbmcp DØ-ch - m-ZnØ \n¿∆-l- tXm-Nn-Xhpw AXn-Kl - \
- h
- p-am-bn- AtXmsS At±-lØ - ns‚ {]ikvXn
W-Øn-\mWv Xs∂ AΩm-h∑ - mcpw cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚ N¿®-Iƒ. IqSp-X¬ hym]-Ia- m-hp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.
hen-bp-∏b - p-sa√mw ]Tn-°m-\mbn ]d- hnZym¿∞n-If - psS a\-€d- n™v Hmtcm ÿm]-\ß - fpw ]pXnb
™-b® - n-cp-∂X - .v Adnhv ]I¿∂p-\¬Im≥ At±lw A\p-`h - ß - fpw ]mT-ßf - p-amWv
kabw H´pw \jvSa- m-bn-t∏m-Ic- p- {]tXyIw {i≤n-®n-cp-∂p. Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn°v \¬In-bn-cp-
Xv. F{Xbpw thKw XpS-ßn-bm¬ Z¿kns‚ BZy-Ime ssienbpw ∂-Xv. Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw shfn-®Ø - n¬
A{Xbpw \√-Xm-Wv. H‰-bS- n°v NmSn- coXnbpw Xs∂-bmWv _mly-ambn A≤yb-\Ø - n-s‚bpw A≤ym-]\ - Ø
- n-
hoWv ]pXnb ssien-Iƒ ]cn-Nb - - Xs‚ ¢mkn\pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv s‚bpw ]pXnb ]pXnb hmXn-ep-Iƒ
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw icn-b√ - . AXn-\m¬ F∂-Xn-\m¬ hfsc s]s´-s∂m∂pw Xpd-°m≥ At±lw h√msX B{K-
sas√ sas√ B cwK-tØ°p IS- hnZym¿∞n-If - n¬ am‰-߃ {]I-Sa- m- ln-®p. Aß-s\-sbmcp hyh-ÿm-]n-
∂p-hc- mw. Ip™lΩZv lmPn bn-cp-∂n-√. Bg-Øn-ep≈ A\p-`h - - Xhpw \ne-hm-ch - p-ap≈ aX hnZym-
]pXnb ]pXnb Bi-bß - fpw ka- ßfpw t_m[hpw Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]I- `ymk kwhn-[m-\Ø - n\v Ah-kc- hpw
hm-Iy-ßfpw a\-€n¬ IW°p cm≥ am{Xta Ign-™n-cp-∂p-≈q. kuI-cyhpw Hcp-ßn-°n-´m-\m-bn-cp∂p
Iq´n. Cu taJ-eb - n¬ hen-sbmcp ]cn- At±-lØ - ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - psS
Adn-hns‚ \K-cn-bmb Xncq-c- h¿Ø\w Xs∂ sIm≠p-h∂ - m¬ Du∂¬.
ßmSn Xs∂-bmWv At±lw Xs‚ ]pXnb ImesØ Ip´n-If - n¬ ]Tn-
{]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°v sXc-s™-Sp-Ø- °m≥ IqSp-X¬ Dt∑-ihpw Bizm- ]cnjvIc- W- Ø- n\v
Xv. Aßs\ Xncq-cß - mSn Xd-Ω¬ khpw {]I-Sa- m-hp-sa∂v At±-l-
]≈n \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw AhnsS Hme Øn\v A`n-{]m-ba- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-kc- s- am-cp-ßp∂p
ta™ sjUv sI´n Z¿kv XpS-ßp- ]pXnb ImeØv ]pXnb Ip´n-If - psS _mJn-bm-Ønepw a‰pw t]mbn
Ibpw sNbvXp. a\€v hmbn-®n-´p-thWw ]T\ ]cn-k- B¿÷n-s®-SpØ A\p-`h - ß- f - psS
tIc-fØ - nse hnZy-m`ymk kwhn- c-ßfpw AI-Øf - ß
- fpw kwhn-[m-\n- ]n≥_e-Øn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp aX-hn-
[m-\ß - s- f-°p-dn®pw Z¿kv taJ-eI - - °m≥. ¢mkp-Ifpw Aß-s\-Øs- ∂- Zym-`ymk {Iao-Ic- Ww kz]v\w
sf-°p-dn-®p-sa√mw At±-lØ - n\v \√ bm-bn-cn-°W - w. AXm-bn-cn°pw IqSp- ImWp-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p Ip™-lΩ - Zv
t_m[-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xm\pw CtX X¬ ^ew sNøpI. At±lw lmPn. Bbn-sS-bmWv, A∂v ae-_m-
hgn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv hf¿∂p-h∂ - Xv ]n∂oSv Aßs\bmWv Nn¥n-®n-cp-∂- dnse hnZym-`ymk sU]yq´n
F∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu taJ-eb - nse Xv. C≥kvs]-ISv d- m-bn-cp∂ _m_m-km-
t]mcm-bvaI - fpw At±-lØ - n\v Adn- Xncq-cß- m-Sn-bn¬\n∂pw ]n∂oSv ln_v apkvenw hnZym-`ymk
bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs- ∂, At±lw aø-gn-bn-te°p amdn. {]iv\ß-sf-°p-dn®v N¿®-sN-øm≥
AØcw t]mcm-bvaI - ƒ \nI-Ønbpw AhnsS Ipd®p Imew Z¿kv \S-Øn. tImgn-t°mSv Ip‰n-®n-db- n¬ Hcp
tbmKw hnfn®p tN¿°p-∂X - v. Imcy-

kp∂n
024A^v I m¿

t_m-[a- p≈ Hcp ]fin-X≥ F∂
\ne°v AXn¬ Ip™-lΩ
lmPnbpw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. ]ecpw
]eXpw ]d™ Iq´-Øn¬ Ip™-
l-ΩZv lmPnbpw Xs‚ kz]v\ß
hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ A`n-{]m-bß
cpsS apºn¬ sh®p. ]e¿°pw CXv
at\m-lc- a- m-bn-´mWv A\p-`h
∂-Xv. tbmK-Øn¬ hmg-°ms´ ]uc-
{]-[m-\n-bm-bn-cp∂ sImb-∏s- ØmSn
AlΩZv Ip´n lmPnbpw D≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn-bpsS A`n-
{]mbw tI´ At±-lØ - n\v h√msX
kt¥m-ja- m-bn. F¶n¬ CXp-t]mse
Xs‚ \m´nse Z¿kpw ]p\x-{I-ao-Ic- n-
°-Ws- a∂v At±lw Xocp-am-\n-®p.
hmg-°mSv Ime-ßf - mbn \S-∂p-h-
cp∂ Hcp Z¿kp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sImb-
∏-sØmSn IpSpw-_a- mWv AXns‚
Imcy-ßs- f√mw t\m°n-bn-cp-∂Xpw
]cn-]m-en-®n-cp-∂X - pw. sImb-∏-
sØmSn AlΩZv Ip´n lmPnbpw
sambvXo≥ Ip´n lmPnbpw AXns‚
\S-Øn-∏n-\mbn [mcmfw ÿe-߃
hJ^v sNbvXn-cp-∂p. tam-bn≥ Ip´n
lmPnbpw Xt‚-Xmb kw`m-h\
\¬In. Aß-s\-bmWv AXv \S-∂p-
t]m-∂n-cp-∂X
]finXcpw ⁄m\n-If
- v. {]K¬`-cmb
- p-amWv
AhnsS Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X
apkven-bm-cI - Øv ssk\p-±o≥
apkven-bm¿, Nmenbw Ip™m-en-
°p´n apkven-bm¿, s]m∂m\n _mh
apkven-bm¿, Iogp-]d- ºv C_vdmlow
Ip´n apkven-bm¿, sNdp-hmSn aΩZv
apkven-bm¿, hmg-°mSv AlvaZv Ip´n
apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - c- mWv ]e
Ime-ßf - n-embn AXn\v t\XrXzw
\¬In-bn-cp-∂X - .v
Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn Z¿kp-Isf
tI{µo-Ic- n®v Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-
߃°v {]mtbm-KnI apJw \¬In-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Imew. sNdp-t»cn
AlvaZv Ip´n apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p
hmg-°ms´ Cu Z¿kn¬ ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-
∂-Xv. Nmen-eI - Ø- n-s\-°p-dn®v At±-
l-Øn\v \√-t]mse Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-
∂p. At±-lØ - ns‚ Ah-Km-l-
Ønepw ]Tn-∏nepw \√ aXn∏pw
kwXr-]vXn-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Bbn-sS-bmWv Ip™-lΩ
auem\m Nmen-e-IØv hnti-j-]-Xn∏v
- Zv
lmPn aø-gn-bnse Z¿kn¬\n∂pw
Hgn-™p-hc- p-∂X- v. hnhcw s]s´-∂p-
_mJn-bm-Øn¬\n∂pw
Xs∂ sImb-∏s- ØmSn sambvXo≥ eYo-^n-ø-bn¬\n∂pw
- fpw
Ip´n lmPn-bpsS ASp-sØ-Øn.
At±-lsØ DSs\ hmg-°m-t´°v
Xm≥ ]Tn® A\p-`h - ß
- -
- fpw Ah- sIm≠p-h∂ - m¬ sIm≈m-sa∂v At±- fpsS shfn--®Øn¬
- s- ∏-´n-cp-
l-Øn\v tXm∂n. DS-s\-Øs- ∂,
sNdp-t»cn AlvaZv Ip´n apkven-
At±lw Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-
bmsc Xncq-cß - m-Sn-bn-te°v Ab-°p- cp∂ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn¬
Ibpw At±-lsØ {][m-\m-≤ym-]I
\mbn sIm≠p-hc- m-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-
- - ]pXnb am‰-߃ sIm≠p-
\-ßs- f√mw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. h-∂p. ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bnepw
Cu ]pXnb £Ww
Ip™lΩZv lmPnsb kw_-‘n-®n-
¢mmkv {Iao-I-c-W-Ønepw
S-tØmfw {]Xo-£I - ƒ \¬Ip-∂X- m- am‰-߃ h∂p. ]ptcm-K-an-
bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂,
At±lw AXv kzoI-cn-®p. X\n-°m-
°p∂ Ime-L-´-Øn¬
hp-∂t- ]mse ÿm]-\sØ Db-cß - - aX ]T-\Ø - n\v ]pXnb
fn-te°v Db¿Øm≥ {ian-°m-sa∂v
Dd∏v \¬In.
hgnIƒ Bh-iy-am-sW∂v
At±-l-Øn\v \n¿_-‘-ap-
Zmdp¬ Deq-ans‚ ]nd-hn ≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Imcy-ß-
]pXnb kml-Ncyw ssIh-∂-
tXmsS Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn-bpsS a\- sf√mw Hc-ft- hmfw icn-
- I- ƒ
°-cpØv h¿≤n-®p. Ime-ßf - mbn s∏-´p-h-∂-t∏mƒ At±lw
Xm≥ B{K-ln-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-s∂mcp
Np‰p-]mSv ChnsS hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h- ÿm]-\-Øns‚ t]cpw
cm≥ km[n-°p-sa∂v At±lw Nn¥n- am‰n. DØ-tc-¥y≥
®p. ]n∂oSv AXn-\pth-≠n-bmbn
- v. {]h¿Ø-\ß - s- f-√mw. ssien-bn¬ AXn\v
1909˛¬ At±lw hmg-°ms´ Zmdp¬ Deqw F∂v \ma-I-
X∑n-bØ - p¬ Deqw aZvdk - b - n¬ {][m-
\m-≤ym-]I - \- mbn ÿm\-ta-‰p. cWw sNbvXp.
AtXmsS AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂
sNdp-t»cn c≠mw A≤ym-]I _mJn-bm-Øn¬\n∂pw eYo-^n-ø-
ÿm\w \ne-\n¿Øn. A≤ym-]I bn¬\n∂pw Xm≥ ]Tn® A\p-`h - ß- -
Xpey-amWv At±-lhpw Nmen-eI - - fpsS shfn--®Øn¬ At±lw Ahn-sS-
Øns\ I≠n-cp-∂X - v. Nmen-eI - - bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ kwhn-[m-\ß - f- n¬
Øns‚ ⁄m\ t[\p \pI-cm≥ ]pXnb am‰-߃ sIm≠p-h∂ - p.
At±-lhpw apt∂m´p h∂n-cp-∂p. ]mTy-]≤- X - n-bnepw ¢mkv {Iao-Ic- W - -
ÿm\tas‰-Sp-Øt- XmsS Ip™- Ønepw am‰-߃ h∂p. ]ptcm-Ka- n-
l-ΩZ- mPn Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ °p∂ Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ aX]T-\-
Hmtcm-∂mbn ]pdØpsIm≠p-hc- m≥ Øn\v ]pXnb hgnIƒ Bh-iy-am-
XpS-ßn. sImb-∏s- ØmSn IpSpw_w sW∂v At±-lØ - n\v \n¿_-‘a- p-
At±-lØ - ns‚ Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\- ≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Imcy-ßs- f√mw Hc-f-
߃°pw ]q¿Æ ]n¥pW \¬In-bn- thmfw icn-s∏-´p-h∂ - t- ∏mƒ At±lw
cp-∂p. CXv At±-lsØ kw_-‘n-®n- ÿm]-\Ø - ns‚ t]cpw am‰n. DØ-
S-tØmfw h≥t{]m’m-l\ - a- mbn amdn. tc-¥y≥ ssien-bn¬ AXn\v Zmdp¬
IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]fin-Xcpw Deqw F∂v \ma-Ic- Ww sNbvXp. 1910
CXns\ A\p-Iq-en-°p-Ib - mWv HmsS ÿm]\w ]pXnb {Sm°n¬
- Zv sNbvXn-cp-∂X - .v hnP-bI- c- a- mbn apt∂m´p t]mbn.
2010
025Unkw-_¿ 01
 auem\m Nmen-e-IØv hnti-j-]-Xn∏v
]pXnb kne-_kpw {Iao-Ic- W - ß- f - p- ]mTy-]≤ - X- n-bn¬ At±lw henb hyXykvX ]mTy]≤-Xn-Iƒ \n›-
a-dn™v \m\m-`m-KØ
- p-\n∂pw am‰-߃ kzoI-cn-®p. ]gb Ime bn-®p.
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ASpØp hcn-Ibpw kne-_kv ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-∂- Hmtcm ¢kvapdnbpw at\m-lc- -
]T\ {]{Inb kpK-aa- mbn apt∂m´p Xns‚ `mK-ambn ]e ]pXnb hnj-b- ambn kwhn-[m-\n-®p. Hmtcm∂nepw
t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ip™-lΩ - Zv ßfpw AXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn. Nne s_©v, UkvIv, tai, I-tk-c,
lmPnsb kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw ]co- ]gb hnj-bß - ƒ ]pXnb cq]-Øn¬ ªm°v t_m¿Uv, tNm°v, cPn-ÿ
£Ww Xo¿Øpw hnP-bI - c- a- m-bn-cp- Ah-Xc- n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F√mw XpS-ßn-bh {]mh¿Øn-Ia- m-°n.
∂p. hfsc efn-Xhpw kc-fh - p-ambn ]Tn- F√mw Imcy-£a- a- mbn \S-Øm≥
∏n-°m≥ km[y-am-Ipw-hn[w Ahsb {]tXyIw {i≤n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]cn-jvIc- W
- ß
- ƒ {Iao-Ic- n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX - p. {]mYanI ]T\ taJ-
]≠p-ap-Xte ]n¥p-S¿∂phcp∂ X^vko¿, ^nJvlv, Xkz-∆p-^v, aB- esb°pdn®pw At±lw Imcy-£a- -
hnj-bß - tfmSpw InØm-_p-It- fmSpw \n, _Zo-Av XpS-ßnb hnj-bß - t- fm- ambn Nn¥n-®n-cp-∂p. ]T\ ]ptcm-K-
Ipd®p hnj-bß - ƒIqSn Iq´n A≤y- sSm∏w imkv{Xw, `qan-im-kv{Xw, Xn-°m-hi - y-amb ]cn-jI v c- W - ß - fpw
b-\Ø - n\pw A≤ym-]\ - Ø- n\pw KWn-Xi - m-k{v Xw, tPymXn-imkv{Xw At±lw kml-Nc- y-Øn-\\ - p-kc- n®v
]pXnb ssien-Ifpw {Iao-Ic- W - - XpS-ßn-bh - bpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn. {]mtbm-Kn-Ia- m-°n Ip´n-If - psS
ßfpw Nn´-Ifpw sIm≠p-hc- n-Ib - m-bn- IqSmsX, ]T\w efn-Xa- m-°p∂ cwKhpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn. ae-bmf
cp∂p Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn. A∂- F√m Xc-Øn-ep-ap≈ D]-Ic- W - - `mjsb Hcp `mj-bm-bn-Øs∂
tØ-Xp-t]m-se-bp-s≈mcp ImesØ ßfpw ÿm]-\Ø - n¬ e`y-am-°n. ]Tn-∏n-°W - s- a∂v At±lØn\v
kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw Xo¿Øpw hnZym¿∞n-bpsS tkzjvS{- ]-Im-ca- p≈ \n¿_-‘a- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
{it≤-ba- m-sbmcp apt∂-‰a- m-bn-cp∂p D]cn ]T-\Ø - n\pw kwi-bß - ƒ Xma-kn®p ]Tn-°m≥ ]‰n-bX - n¬
AXv. {]mY-an-Ihpw D∂-Xh - p-amb Xo¿°m-\p-ap≈ kuI-cy-߃ kwhn- Gsd kuI-cy-ßf- p≈ Hcp kwhn-[m-
aX-hn-Zym-`ymk taJ-eb - n¬ h≥ am‰- [m-\n-°s- ∏-´p. sse{_dn \ne-hn¬ \-amWv At±lw Hcp-°n-bn-cp-∂X - .v
߃°v XpS°w Ipdn® Bfm-bn- h∂p. `mjm-]T- \ - Ø- n-\p≈ \nL-≠p- tlmì, sa€v, A≤ym-]I - ¿°v
cp∂p At±-lw. \ΩpsS \m´n¬ Ifpw ]{X-ßf- p-sa-Øn. t•m_p-Ifpw Xma-kn-°m≥ {]tXyIw kwhn-[m\w
Gsd hyh-ÿm-]n-Xa- mb \ne°v am∏p-Ifpw e`y-am-°n. hnZym¿∞n-Isf XpS-ßn-bh - bpw At±lw km£m-
aZvdk
- I - ƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - p-Xs∂ Nn¥n-∏n-°pw-hn-[a- p≈ kwhn-[m-\- XvIr-Xa- m-°n.
At±-lØ - ns‚ Ime-tØm-sS-bm-W.v ߃ Hcp-°s- ∏-´p. Hc¿∞-Øn¬ t\m°n-bm¬,
tIc-fX - Ø - nse B[p-\nI aZvdk - m-˛- ¢mkv apdn-sbbpw ¢mkv ka-b- ]≠p-ap-Xte D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]e
A-d_ - n-tIm-tf-Pp-If
- psS ]nXmhv sØbpw kw_-‘n-°p-∂X - m-bn-cp∂p kwhn-[m-\ß - s- fbpw Hcp {]tXyI
F∂v At±-lsØ hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp- a‰p ]cn-jvIc- W - ß - ƒ. Ip´n-Isf coXn-bn¬ {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw hyh-
∂-Xm-W.v At±lw Ah-cpsS ]T\ \ne-hm-ca- - ÿm-]n-Xa- m-°p-Ib - p-am-bn-cp∂p
aX-hn-Zym-`ymk taJ-en-bn¬ \p-kc- n®v hyXykvX ¢mkp-If - n-embn Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn. ]pd-Øp-
At∂hsc ]n≥]‰n h∂n-cp∂ Ccp-Øn. Hmtcm ¢mkn\pw t]mbn ]Tn-®p-e`- n® A\p-`h - ß
- -
fpsS shfn-®Ø - n¬ Ah
AkvXnXzw t\Sp-tºmƒ Ahbv°v
{]tXyIw Hcp BI¿j-IXzw
ssIh-cp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.
kv{Xo]p-cpj≥am¿ ]pd-Øp-]d- b - m≥ aSn-°p∂ clky hf¿∂p-hc- p∂ apkvenw Xe-ap-
tcmK-߃, ssewKnI £oWw, _e-°p-dh - v, hen-∏°
- p-dh
- v, d°v aX `uXnI hnZym-`ym-kw Hcp-
{io{L-kvJ-e\- w, k¥m-\a- n-√mbva (-h- ‘yX), kv{XoI-fpsS t]mse \¬In Ahsc `mhn-bpsS
sh≈-t]m-°v, saen-®n¬, kvX\-tcm-Kß - ƒ, aq{Xm-ib tcmK- Imh¬`-S∑ - m-cm°n am‰p-Is- b-∂X - m-
ß-ƒ, aqe-°p-cp, sh≈-∏m- - v, tkmdn-bm-knkv F∂n-hbv°v bn-cp∂p Xs‚ A\n-hm-cy-amb
^e-{]-Za- mb bq\m\n NnIn-’. 35 h¿jsØNnIn’m ]cn-⁄m-\- ]pXnb ]cn-jvIc- W {]h¿Ø-\ß - -
ap≈ l°ow sI.-C. C{_m-ln-an s\ t\cn¬ ImWp-I. hntZ-iØ - p-≈- fn-eqsS Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn Dt±-in-
h¿ tcmK-hn-hcw IØv aptJ\Adn-bn-°p-I. {]h¿Ø\w _p[≥, ®n-cp-∂X - v. AXn-\p-th-≠n-bm-bn-
hymgw, sh≈n am{Xw. cp∂p At±lw F√m-hn[ kuI-cy-
ßfpw e`y-am-°n-bn-cp-∂X - v. aX-
Øns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ `‡cpw
kwkvIr-Xcpw \mK-cn-Icpw F√m-‰n-
t\bpw Ipdn®v Ah-t_m-[a- p-≈h - -
cp-ambncn°-Ws- a∂v At±lw B{K-

kp∂n
026A^v I m¿
 auem\m Nmen-e-IØv hnti-j-]-Xn∏v
ln-®n-cp-∂p. Cusbmcp C€Øv
]T\ taJ-eb - n¬ IqSp-X¬ {]I-Sa- m-
tI-≠X - p-≠.v

]cnjvIc-WØ
- ns‚ kzoIm-cyX
hmg-°mSv Z¿kv Ime-ßt- fmfw
\S-∂p-h∂ - n-cp-∂Xv hJv^v kzØv
D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]c-
º-cm-KX - a- mbn AhnsS \S-∂p-h∂ - n-
cp∂ Z¿kv apt∂m-´p-sIm-≠p-t]m-
hm≥ ]ecpw Bh-iy-amb hJ-^p-
Ifpw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, Ip™-
l-ΩZv lmPn h∂-tXmsS D≠mb
Z¿kv {Iao-Ic- W - Ø - nse am‰w
kq£vam-ep-°f - mb A∂sØ ]fin-
Xsc Nn¥n-∏n-®p. Cu hJv^v apX-
ep-Iƒ ]pXnb CØcw Iem-eb - - \ap°v a\-€n-em-°m-hp-∂t- X-bp-≈q. hmg-°mSv Z¿kv Ime-ß-
Cusbmcp N¿® Nmen-eI - -
߃°p th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥
Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw \S-∂p. tfmfw \S-∂p-h-∂n-cp-
]‰ptam C√tbm?...
Xo¿Øpw \ymb-am-bn-cp∂p Cu ]pXnb aZvdk - s- b-°p-dn®v At\z- ∂Xv hJv^v kzØv D]-
jn®v ]Tn-°m≥ A∂nhn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-
tNmZyw. Imc-Ww, CØcw aZvdk - -
cp∂ {]K¬`-cmb ]fin-X∑ - m¿ hmg- tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-
Iƒ As∂mcp ]pXp-ab - m-bn-cp-∂p.
AXn-\m¬ Cu Xcw aZvdk - I
- f- psS °m-s´-Øn. s]m∂m\n aJvZqw ∂p. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn
sNdnb _mh apkven-bm¿, ]≈n-
Imcy-Øn¬ Ct∏mƒ Xs∂-bmWv
∏pdw bqkp^v apkven-bm¿, I´n-e- AhnsS \S-∂p-h-∂n-cp∂
Xocp-am-\s- a-Sp-t°-≠X - v.
Cß-s\-sbmcp {]iv\w apºn-ep- ticn Ben apkven-bm¿, cmbn≥ Z¿kv apt∂m-´p-sIm-≠p-
Ip´n apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - c- m-bn-
≠m-bn-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ Nne ]fin-X-
cp∂p kwL-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. t]m-hm≥ ]ecpw Bh-
∑m¿°v Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn-bpsS
]cn-jvIc- W - ß - sf H‰b-Sn°v AwKo- Ah¿ aZvdk - s- b-°p-dn®v icn°pw iy-amb hJ-^p-Ifpw
]T\w \S-Øn. Ip´n-Isf ]cn-tim-[n-
I-cn-°m≥ {]bmkw tXm∂n.
°p-Ibpw kne-_kv sN°v sNøp- \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. ]s£,
C°mcyw Xocp-am-\a- m-bn-´mhmw
AXns‚ kzoIm-cyX F∂m-bn-cp∂p Ibpw sNbvXp. Ipg-∏s- am-∂p-an-√m- Ip™-l-ΩZv lmPn
sb∂v I≠-t∏mƒ Ah¿ AXv kaq-
Ah-cpsS \ne-]m-Sv. Cusbmcp
l-tØmSv Xpd-∂p-]d- ™ - p. h∂-tXmsS D≠mb
ssien A∂sØ kq£vam-ep-°-
fmb ]fin-Xc- psS km[m-cW AtXmsS, Zmdp¬ Deq-an-te°v ]Tn- Z¿kv {Iao-I-c-W-Ønse
°m-\mbn hnZym¿∞n-If - psS {]hm-l-
ssien-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]pXnb GsXmcp
am-bn-cp-∂p. am‰w kq£vam-ep-°-fmb
Imcyw h∂mepw N¿®-sNbvXv,
]T\w \S-Øn-bX - n\p tijta kmaq-lnI ]ptcm-KX - n-bpsS A∂sØ ]fin-Xsc
Imcy-Øn¬ A¿∏-Wt- _m-[a- p≈
AXns\ Ah¿ AwKo-Ic- n-®n-cp-∂p-
]fi-nX-cn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p ]n∂oSv Nn¥n-∏n-®p. Cu hJv^v
≈q. Ckvem-an-IØ - \ - n-asb kwc-£n-
°¬ Xß-fpsS IS-ab - mWv F∂ Nmen-eI - Ø- ns‚ CØcw kwcw-`- apX-ep-Iƒ ]pXnb
߃ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂X - v. Xkz-∆p-^n-
DØ-ch - m-Zn-Øt- _m-[a- m-bn-cp∂p
eq-sSbpw H∏w C¬ap¬ ^e-In-eq- CØcw Iem-e-b-
CXn\p Imc-Ww. Cß-s\-sbm-∂n-√m-
sX, ]pXp-Xmbn hcp∂ Imcy-ßs- f- sSbpw ]pXn-sbmcp Xe-ap-dsb ߃°p th≠n D]-tbm-
hm¿sØ-Sp-°m≥ CØcw aZvdk - -
sb√mw A∏Sn kzoI-cn-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬
Iƒ°v Ign-™p. kaq-lØ - nse Kn-°m≥ ]‰ptam
Cs∂m-cn-°epw Ckvem-an-IØ - \na
tIc-f°- c- b - n¬ C{]-Imcw D≠m-Ip-am- AwKo-Im-ca- p≈ ]fin-X∑ - m¿ CXv C√tbm?...
bn-cp-∂n-√. ]e-\n-e°pw AXv hnI- Gs‰-Sp-Øt- XmsS Cu ssien ]e-
e-am-bn-t∏m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. CS-°p-h∂ bn-Sß
- f - nepw hym]n-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. D±y-at- ØmSv IS-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv
D¬∏-Xn-jvWp-°f - psS "NmSn-ho-ge - p- tIc-fØ - nse aZvdk - I
- fpw Ad-_n-tIm- Hcmƒ°pw \ntj-[n-°m-\m-hmØ
Iƒ' Xs∂ hcp-Øn-sh® hn\-Iƒ tf-Pp-If- p-sa√mw Nmen-eI - Ø - ns‚ Cu kXyw.

2010
027Unkw-_¿ 01
 auem\m Nmen-e-IØv hnti-j-]-Xn∏v
Nmen-eI
- Ø
- ns‚ \thm-∞m\w Bcp-tSXv ? a°ƒ _nZvA - Ø- ns‚ Bfp-If - m-bXpsImt≠m ]n¬°m-
Nmen-eI - Øv Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn aX hnZym-`ymk ]cn- eØv h∂ Nne¿ As√-¶n¬, _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂
jvIcW cwKØv \S-Ønb \thm-∞m\ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ Nne¿ _nZvA - Ø - ns‚ Bfp-If - m-bn-cp-∂Xv sImt≠m
Bcp-tSXv F∂v tNmZn-°p-∂X - n¬ A¿∞-an√. AXv At±- ]nXmhv As√-¶n¬ BZ-cW - o-b\ - mb Hcmƒ _nZvA - -
l-Øn-t‚-Xp-Xs- ∂bm-W.v At±lw Xs∂-bmWv AXn\v Øns‚ Bfm-bn-s°m-≈W - s- a-∂n-√, BIm≥ ]mSp-an-√,
G‰hpw _‘-s∏-´h - ¿. ]ns∂, Xs‚ kq£vam-ep-°f - mb B°p-∂Xv A\o-Xn-bp-am-Wv.
A∂sØ ]finX DkvXm-Zp-amcpw. Ah-cn¬\n-∂mWv Nn¥n-°p-∂h - s- c√mw _nZvA - Ø - ns‚ Bfp-If - m-sW-
At±lw AXns‚ hnØp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®ncp-∂X - .v A√m-sX, ¶n¬ aºpdw Xßfpw ^k¬ ]qt°mb Xßfpw
AXns‚ Ah-Im-in-Iƒ Rß-fmWv F∂v ]n∂oSv h∂-h¿ ssk\p-±o≥ aJvZq-ap-sa√mw AXns‚ Bfp-If - m-bn-
]d-bp-∂X - n¬ F¥v Ig-ºm-Wp-≈Xv? tN¿Øn-∏d- b - p-∂X - n¬ cpt∂m?
h√ Igºpw Ds≠-¶n¬Ø-s∂ Ah-cpsS DkvXmZv Bcm- Jn_ve X¿°-Øns‚ {][m\ IÆn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-
bn-cp∂p F∂v t\m°p-∂X - n-em-W.v ht√m Nmen-eI - Øv. Cu thf-bn¬ tIc-fØ - nse
tIc-f° - c I≠ ]fin-Xc- n¬ Hcmfpw B≤ym-flnI {][m\ ]fin-Xc- psS FXn¿ Zni-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Nmen-e-
⁄m\-ap≈ kq^n hcy-\p-am-bn-cp∂p Nmen-eI - Øv IØv D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. X¿°-hn-jb - Ø
- n¬ At±-l-
Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn. Ah¿ F∂pw Aß-s\-Øs- ∂-bm-bn- Øns‚ A`n-{]mbw Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cusbmcp
cp-∂p. A¬∏w Bg-Øn¬ Nn¥n-®X - p-sImt≠m ]T\ kw`-ha- m-bn-cp∂p kXy-Øn¬ ]fin-Xc- psS \nc-
taJ-eb - n¬ ITn-\m-≤zm\w sNbvXX - p-sImt≠m bn¬\n∂pw Nmen-eI - Ø- ns‚ t]cns\ ]e-t∏mgpw AI-
At±lsØ Hcn-°epw "Bflm-hn-√mØ Bflob hmZn-- ‰n-\n¿Ø-s∏-´n-cp-∂X - v.
Ifp' sS Iq´-Øn¬ s]Sp-Øp-∂Xv icn-b√ - . B KW- Ncn-{X-Ønse \mb-I∑ - m-sc-°p-dn®v ]pXnb Ah-Im-
Øn¬ s]´p-t]m-Ip-∂X - p-a√- . bYm¿∞-Øn¬ kq^n-If - p- i-hm-Zß- ƒ Db-cp-tºmƒ hkvXpX Xncn-®d- n-b¬ \ΩpsS
sSbpw Bfl-⁄m-\n-If - p-sSbpw ]mX-bmWv Bg-Øn- [¿a-am-Wv. Ncn-{X-Ønse A\m-an-If - mb al-Øp-°sf
ep≈ Nn¥. Ft∏mgpw FSp-Øp-]d- b - p-∂n-√m-sb∂p IcpXn
]n∂n¬\n∂pw apt∂m´v Ncn{Xw hmbn-°p∂hcpsS Ahsc√mw If-Øn\v ]pd-ØmsW∂v ta¬t∏m´v hmbn-
]pXnb dnk¿®v dnkƒ´p-Iƒ alm¬`p-Xw-Xs- ∂-bm-Wv. °p-∂h - ¿ A]mc "_p≤n' imen-Iƒ Xs∂! D≈-h-
cn¬\n∂pw BZ¿iw tXm≠p-Ib - √, D≈ BZ¿isØ
\∂m-°p-Ib - mWv th≠Xv ]pXnb lnkv‰o-cn-tbm-{K-^n-
bpsS \n¿am-Xm-°ƒ!!
d^- d ≥kv
1, am∏nf apkvenwkv Hm^v tIcf: sZb¿ lnÃdn B‚ v Iƒ®¿ ˛
tUm. F.-]n. C_vdmlow Ip™v, k‘y ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, Xncp-h-
\-¥] - p-cw, 695301
2, Uh-e] - vsa‚ v B‚ v tamtU-Wn‰n Hm^v dneo-Pn-bkv FPp-t°-
j≥ C≥ tIcf: tdmƒ Hm^v kakvX tIcf PwC-øØ - p¬ De-a
(A¨]-ªnjvUv Xnko-kv) ˛ kpss_¿ tNI-∂p¿, sk‚¿ t^m¿
en¶zn-ÃnIv en‰-td-N¿ B‚ v Iƒ®¿, Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp bqWn-
th-gvkn-‰n, \yq U¬ln
3, tIc-fa- pkvenw Ncn{Xw ÿnXn hnh-c° - W
- °v ˛ tUm. kn.-sI.
Icow, Ncn{Xw ]ªn-t°-j≥
4, al-Ømb am∏nf kmlnXy ]mc-ºcyw ˛ sI.-sI. apl-ΩZv
A–p¬ Icow, kn.-F≥. AlvaZv auehn
5, aq∂v apkvenw ]cn-jvI¿Øm-°ƒ ˛ sI.sI. Aen, Ckvem-anIv
]ªn-jnwKv lukv, tImgn-t°mSv
6, tIc-fa- pkvenw \thm-∞m\ Ncn-{Xw, {]t_m-[\w kvs]jy¬,
1998 G{]n¬, tImgn-t°mSv
7, ^dq°v tImtfPv tKmƒU≥ Pq_nen kph-\o¿, FUn.
F≥.]n. lm^n-kv ap-lΩ - Zv
9, kp∂n Pn√mktΩ-f\ kph-\o¿, Fkv.s- sh.-Fk - v, ae-∏p-dw, 2008
10, amXr-`qan dwkm≥ kπn-sa‚ v, amt\-PnwKv FUn-‰¿ hn.-]n.
N{µ≥, 2009
11, Fkv.s- sh.-Fk - v. kph¿Æ Pq_nen kph-\o¿, tImgn-t°mSv
12, cnkm-e, da-Zm≥ ]Xn-∏v, 1996, tImgn-t°mSv.
tambn≥ ae-bΩ lpZhn
U¬ln Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp bqWn-th-gk
v n‰n Kth-jW hnZym¿∞n-bmWv/
09650130626

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