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kf]=a=g+= @)@, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/, kmf]g g+= %%@@^!$,%%#$#!*, ˆofS;M ±(&&–!–%%$&^!(

Od]n M rbf@ratobangala.edu.np j]a;fO6M www.rbf.org.np
 dfl;s c;f]h @)^% SHIKSHAK Monthly Sept. 2008

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Od]nM mail@teacher.org.np
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n}lËs sf/0fn] lgdfljdf s'n @& xhf/ ()# lzIfsdf
% xhf/ !*@ / dfljsf @) xhf/ ^&$
lzIf0f lzIfsdf @ xhf/ $)$ dlxnf lzIfs
lqmofsnfkdf /x]sf] lzIff ljefusf] cfFs8fn] b]vfPsf]
;d]t cGt/ x'g] 5 . dlxnf k|csf] ;ª\Vof eg] hDdf *
u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
lzIff ljefusf] n}lËs ;dljsf;
;fgf sIffdf zfvfsf clws[t lbJof bjf8Lsf] egfOdf
k'?ifeGbf dlxnf ;/sf/n] dlxnfnfO{ lzIf0f k]zfdf Nofpg
lzIfs …ljz]if gLltÚ cjnDag u/]sf sf/0f s]xL
k|efjsf/L x'g] jif{otf dlxnf lzIfssf] ;ª\Vof lgs} a9]sf]
5 . æ;/sf/L gLltsf sf/0f k'?ifnfO{ eGbf
ePsf]n] k|fylds dlxnfnfO{ lzIfs x'g ;lhnf] 5Æ, bjf8L
txdf dlxnf elG5g\ . dlxnf lzIfssf] ;ª\Vof al9/x]sf]
lzIfs /fVg] eP klg o;nfO{ kof{Kt eg] dflgPsf] 5}g .
qmd a9]sf] 5 . dlxnf ljefu k|d'v;d]t /x]sL g]kfn
lzIfs o'lgogsL pkfWoIf dfwjL s6'jfn
8 lz If s „ c;f]h @)^%
ls/0f kf08]
ePsf] 5}g . xfdL t k|fljdf %!, lgdflj /
dfljdf #% k|ltzt dlxnf lzIfs lgo'lQm ug'k{ 5{
eG5f}F .
cf/If0fsf] dfWodaf6 lzIfs agfpFbf :t/Lo
lzIf0fsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g;S5 <
cf/If0f lbg'cl3 ;Ifd agfpg'k5{, lzIffsf]
cj;/ lbg'k5{ / pRrlzIffdf c‰ ljz]if hf]8
lbg'k5{ . tflnd glnPsfnfO{ tflnd lbg'k5{ /
dlxnfsf] kbdf dlxnfaLrdf dfq} k|lt:kwf{ u/fP/
lzIfs lgo'Qm ul/g'k5{ . cf/If0fsf] gfddf of]Uotf
/ Ifdtf gePsfnfO{ lzIfs agfpg'xG' g .
k|flj txdf %!, lgdflj / dflj txdf #% k|ltzt
dlxnf lzIfssf] Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ atfpFl5g\ .
lzIff ljefusf] n}lËs ;dljsf;sf nflu aflnsf
lzIffsf] /0fgLlt tyf sfof{Gjog of]hgf df pNn]v
eP cg';f/ ;g\ @))( ;Dddf b]zel/sf ;a}
k|fljdf dlxnf lzIfssf] ;ª\Vof %) k|ltzt k'¥ofpg]
nIo /flvPsf] 5 . To:t} ;g\ @))( ;Dddf ^^
k|ltzt / ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf &% k|ltzt dlxnf
;fIf/tf k'¥ofOg] ;/sf/L nIo /x]sf] 5, hals
clxn] g]kfndf dlxnf ;fIf/tf b/ $# k|ltzt
5 / b]zel/sf !! xhf/ k|fljdf dlxnf lzIfssf]
;ª\Vof c‰} z"Go /x]sf] 5 .
c‰} a9\5
nlntk'/sf lhlzc afa'sfhL sfsL{ ;/sf/L
gLltcg';f/ dlxnfnfO{ lzIfs lgo'lQm ug]{ qmd
b]zel/ g} rn]sf] atfpF5g\ . ædlxnf ge]l6Pdf
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf]
:jLs[ltdf dfq k'?if lzIfs /fVg kfpg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5Æ pgn] lzIfs nfO{ eg] . lzIf0f k]zfdf
dlxnfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] ;/sf/sf] gLlts} k|efjsf
sf/0f x'g;S5 cfbz{ sGof lgs]tg pdflj
nlntk'/df Ps jif{cl3 lgdflj txsf] cª\u|]hL
lzIfs lgo'lQm ubf{ k|lt:kwf{ u/fP/} ;df cdfTonfO{
lgo'lQm ul/of] . k|c OGb' hf]zLsf cg';f/, 5fqf
:s"n eP klg oxfF @# hgf dlxnf / !# hgf
k'?if lzIfs 5g\ . t/ k'?if lzIfsdWo] clwsf+z
lhNnf lzIff sfof{noaf6 ;f]‰} lgo'lQm lnPsf,
;?jf / sfh ldnfP/ cfPsf 5g\ . æclxn] t
xfdLn] lgo'lQm ubf{ dlxnfnfO{ dfq /fVg] u/]sf
5f},F lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] k7fPsf jf ;?jf u/]sf
dfq} k'?if lzIfs x'gx' G' 5Æ pgsf] egfO 5 .
lzIff ljefusf] k|fylds ljBfno Joj:yfkg
zfvfsf clws[t of]uG] b| a/fnsf cg';f/, b'O{ jif{otf
dfq} lzIff dGqfnon] b]zel/sf k|fljsf nflu ljt/0f
u/]sf] !& xhf/ *@$ lzIfs /fxtsf]6fdf ^
xhf/eGbf a9L dlxnf lzIfs lgo'Qm ePsf 5g\ .
o; cjlwdf lzIff dGqfnon] ljt/0f u/]sf] @&)
hgfsf] ckfË lzIfssf] sf]6fdf !!@ hgf dlxnf
k/]sf 5g\ . ædlxnfnfO{ lzIfs lgo'lQmdf ljz]if
k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5, ;/sf/sf] gLlt / sfo{qmdn]
dlxnfnfO{ lzIf0f k]zfdf Nofpgsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{
of]ubfg u/]sf] 5Æ clws[t a/fnsf] egfO 5 .
dlxnfnfO{ z}lIfs d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ ;/sf/L
nIocg' ; f/ z} l Ifs hgzlQm ljsf; s] G b| n ]
clxn];Dd lk5l8Psf ;d'bfoaf6 lzIf0f ;]jfdf
;xeflutf a9fpg b]zel/sf @ xhf/ %)) blnt
tyf hghflt dlxnfnfO{ k"j;{ j] fsfnLg k|flj lzIfs
tflndsf nflu 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .
To:t} lzIff ;]jf cfof]un] dlxnfn] lzIfs tflnd
dfl;s u|fxs aGg'xf];\ Û
u|fxs cjlw
Ps jif{ -!@Š#)_
b'O{ jif{ -@$Š#)_
tLg jif{ -#^Š#)_
• xfnnfO{ OR5's kf7sx¿ x'nfsaf6 k|fKt ug{] u/L ;Lw} lzIfs dfl;ssf] sfof{noaf6 cyjf kfos kg{]
kqklqsf k;ndfkm{t\ u|fxs aGg ;Sg'x'g]5 .
• Ph]G6 eO{ lzIfs dfl;s laqmL ug{ OR5's kqklqsf k;nx¿n] lgDg 7]ufgfdf ;Dks{ ug'{xf]nf .
kf]=j=g+= !^^, lzIfs dfl;ssf] sfof{no, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/ . ˆofS;M %%$!!(^, kmf]gM %%$*!$@, %%$#@%@ .
glnP klg cWofkg cg'dlt kq / @)^$ sf] cfFs8fn]
lzIfs kbsf] k/LIff lbg kfpg] Joj:yf s'n lzIfs
u/]sf] 5 .
n}lËs sf/0fn] lzIf0f lqmofsnfkdf ;ª\Vofdf dlxnf
;d]t cGt/ x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fgf lzIfs #) k|ltzt
sIffdf k' ? ifeGbf dlxnf lzIfs /x]sf] b]vfpF5 .
k|efjsf/L x'g] ePsf]n] k|fylds txdf b]zel/sf lghL /
dlxnf lzIfs /fVg] qmd a9]sf] 5 .
ædlxnf lzIfsn] 5fq5fqfsf] dgf]lj1fg ;fj{hlgs :s"nsf !
a'´g ;Sg] ePsfn] dlxnf lzIfs a9L nfv ^% xhf/ $@#
k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ . dlxnf lzIfsn] lzIfsdWo] $(
k'?ifsf t'ngfdf 5fq5fqfnfO{ sd xhf/ dlxnf 5g\ .
xKsfpg] / ;hfo lbg] u/]sf] kfOPsf]
5Æ cfbz{ sGof lgs]tgsf ;xfos k|c OlGb/f
hf]zLn] sf/0f v'nfOg\ .
To:t} o'lgogsL pkfWoIf s6'jfnn] dlxnf
lzIfs;Fu 5fqfx¿n] dlxgfjf/L;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of,
k'?if lzIfsaf6 ul/g] of}gb'Jo{jxf/ h:tf ;d:of;d]t
atfpg] ePsf]n] dlxnf lzIfssf sf/0f aflnsfsf]
lzIffdf of]ubfg k'Ug] / 5fqfx¿n] ;'/lIft dx;";
ug]{ cg'ej ;'gfOg\ . t/ dlxnf lzIfsk|lt c‰}
e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ePsf] pgsf] cf/f]k 5 . æef/tdf
dlxnf lzIfsnfO{ !#% lbg ;'Ts]/L labf lbOG5,
x/]s lbg b'O{ 306f aRrfnfO{ b"w Vjfpg] 5'§L
lbOG5, g]kfndf ^) lbg dfq ;'Ts]/L labf lbOG5,
oxfF dlxnfnfO{ …df]l6e]6Ú ug]{ jftfj/0f aGg ;s]sf]
5}gÆ, pgn] ylkg\ .
5f]6f] cjlwd} dlxnf lzIfssf] ;ª\Vofdf cfPsf]
pNn]Vo j[l4n] ;sf/fTds lje]b gLlt ;kmn ePsf]
b]vfPsf] 5 . o;af6 ef}uf]lns, eflifs, hftLo /
cfly{s ¿kn] kl5 k/]sf ju{ / ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfhsf]
d"nwf/df :yflkt ug{ klg ;sf/fTds–lje]bsf]
gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] :ki6 ePsf] 5 .
ahf/ d"No -?=_
#^)÷–
&@)÷–
!@^)÷–
lz If s „ c;f]h @)^% 9
 l/kf]6{
dfwj 9'ª\un
]
lzIff k|zf;sx¿sf] ljb]z e|d0f
pknlAw sIffsf]7f aflx/}
ljb]z e|d0faf6 lzIff dGqfnosf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtf / pT;fxdf s]xL ;'wf/ cfP
klg :s"nsf sIffsf]7f ;'wfg{ / lzIfssf] dgf]an Pj+ bIftf j[l4df eg] vf;} of]ubfg
k'Ug ;s]sf] kfOFbg} .
!$ b]lv @% h]7 @)^% ;Dd
lzIff;lrj afnfgGb kf}8n]
;lxt b]zsf k|dv ' lzIff kbflwsf/Lx¿
cd]l/sfdf lyP . pgLx¿ hlta]nf …lzIff
;'wf/sf nflu /0fgLlts 5gf}6Ú ljifos
ljZj a}s + sf] ;]ldgf/df ;xefuL x'g
ToxfF k'us] f lyP ToxLa]nf otf b]zdf
10 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
rflxF kf7\ok':tssf] xfsfsf/ dlRrPsf]
lyof] . kf7\ok':ts 5fKg] hgs lzIff
;fdu|L s]Gb|sf] af]8{sf cWoIf :jo+
lzIff;lrj lyP . cd]l/sfaf6 kmls{Psf]
s]xL ;ftfkl5 h'nfO{sf] klxnf] xKtf
pgL a}s + s uP— …;fd'bflos ljsf;
s]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkgÚ ;DaGwL tflndsf]
lzIff dGqfno .
dfwj 9'ª\u]n
cg'udg ug{ . a+}ssdf pgL;d]t
lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt sl/a $) hgf
g]kfnL sd{rf/Lsf] hd36 lyof] .
;lrj kf}8]n @^ ebf}b]lv !*
sflQs @)^$ ;Dd ‰G8} b'O{ dlxgf
ldl6ª / ;]ldgf/x¿df ;xefuL x'g
k|mfG;sf] /fhwfgL k]l/;df lyP .
k]l/;af6 kmls{Psf] nuQ} @&–@*
sflQs @)^$ …blIf0f Pl;ofdf ul/aL
Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]usf nflu ljsf;sf
k|ltkmnx¿sf] Joj:yfkgÚ zLif{ssf]
5nkmndf ;xefuL x'g pgL a}s + s k'us ] f
lyP .
;lrjsf] e|d0f pbfx/0f dfq xf] .
lzIff dGqfnoaf6 cfly{s jif{ @)^$÷
^% df #@% sd{rf/L ljb]z e|d0fdf
uPsf] b]lvG5 . pk;lrj s]z/df]xg
e§/fO{sf cg';f/, lzIff dGqfnocGtu{t
ljb]z hfg] sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof jif{el/df
;f9] tLg ;o;Dd k'Ug] u/]sf] 5 .
dGqfnosf] tYofÍcg';f/, ut cfly{s
jif{df @@% hgfn] ljb]z e|d0fsf] cj;/
kfPsf lyP . cf=j= )^@÷^# df !&(
hgf / )^)÷^! df %^ hgfn] ljb]z
e|d0f u/]sf] tYofÍ dGqfnodf 5 .
t/, tYofÍdf b]vfOPsf] eGbf w]/} 7"nf]
;ª\Vofdf sd{rf/Lx¿ ljb]z hfg] u/]sf]
ToxfFsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] syg kfOG5 .
e|d0fM sxfF lsg <
@!–@# ebf} @)^$ ;Dd yfONof08df
…ljBfno lzIff / ljklQsf] hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fÚ zLif{s a}7sdf klg ;xefuL
ePsf tTsfnLg lzIffdGqL k|bLk g]kfn
o;sf] ef] l nkN6} @$–@( ebf}
lkmgNof08sf] cWoog e|d0fdf lxF8] .
o:t} , pgn] @)^$ s} k' ; b] l v lzIfssf] ;ª\Vof Go"g
kmfu'g;Dd tLg dlxgfdf aËnfb]z, tflnsf !M @)^$ df ljb]z e|d0f ut cfly{s jif{df ljb]z e|d0f ug]{
rLg / kfls:tfgsf] cWoog e|d0f b]z ;ª\Vof #@% df ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks÷
u/] . pgL …lzIfssf] k]zfut ljsf;sf yfONof08 *$ hgf k|frfo{ / :s"nsf ;d]t u/L s'n !^
nflu u'0f:t/Lo ;'lglZrttfÚ ;DaGwL hgf dfq lzIfs 5g\ . g]kfn lzIfs
blIf0f PlzofnL ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL a+unfb]z #& hgf o'lgogsf dxf;lrj s[i0fk|;fb 9sfnsf
x'g nfxf]/ uPsf lyP . otf, !&–@! lkmlnlkG; #& hgf cg';f/, ;/sf/n] clxn];Dd lzIfs
dª\l;/ @)^$ ;Dd aËnfb]zdf ePsf] ef/t #^ hgf o'lgogdfkm{t Ps hgf klg lzIfs
…;fIff/tfkl5sf] of]hgf / Joj:yfkgÚ 8]gdfs{ #^ hgf cWoog e| d 0fdf nu] s f] 5} g .
;DaGwL tflnddf eg] dGqLsf lghL l;Ëfk'/ @@ hgf dGqfnon] o;/L lzIfsnfO{ pk]Iff
;xfos ;xefuL eP . dGqLn] /flhgfdf ug's{ f] sf/0f vf]tNb} 9sfn eG5g\,
lbPsf] @) lbgkl5 @$ j} z fv dn]lzof !$ hgf æ:s"nsf] k9fO /fd|f] agfpg] s'/f
dgf]gog ul/Psf] …;fd'bflos cWoog rLg !! hgf dGqfno g]t[Tjsf] k|fyldstfdf gk/]/
s]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkgÚ ;DaGwL tflnd hfkfg !! hgf o:tf] ePsf] xf] .Æ ljb]z e|d0fdf cfly{s
e|d0fdf klg pgL ;xefuL lyP . ;+oQ' m /fHo cd]l/sf ( hgf nfe klg x'g,] geP 3'Dg kfOg] ePsfn]
dGqfnosf] ljj/0fcg';f/ cf=j= o'uf08f ^ hgf dGqfnosf sd{rf/LaLr g} k|lt:kwf{
)^$÷^% df ;a}eGbf a9L e|d0f /x]sf] pgsf] syg 5 .
yfONof08sf] ePsf] 5 . To;kl5 k|mfG; % hgf
aËnfb]z, lkmlnlkG;, 8]gdfs{, ef/t sf]l/of # hgf pknlAw s] eof] <
/ l;Ëfk'/ k5{g\ . -x]=tflnsf–!_ a}7s kfls:tfg # hgf lzIffsf] ;'wf/sf gfddf a;]{lg ljb]z
/ ;]ldgf/df uPsfx¿sf] cfFs8f x]bf{ lkmgNof08 # hgf e|d0fx¿ eP klg To:tf e|d0faf6
lzIff;lrj afnfgGb kf}8n] ;a}eGbf hd{gL @ hgf l;s]sf s'/faf6 g]kfnsf] lzIffn]
w]/} ;do ljb]zdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . kfpg'kg]{ kmfObf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .
pgL jif{ lbgdf sl/a tLg dlxgf O08f]g]lzof @ hgf lghL / ;fj{hlgs ljBfnoaLrsf]
ljb]zdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . kbLo lx;fan] g]b/Nof08 ! hgf vf8n al9/x] s f] / ;fj{ h lgs
x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L zfvf clws[tx¿n] >LnÍf ! hgf ljBfnosf] :t/ ‰g\ 36\b} uO/x]sf]
ljb]z e|d0f u/]sf 5g\ . To;kl5 df]hflDas ! hgf cj:yfdf gLltlgdf{tf / k|zf;ssf
…OG:6«S6/Ú–x¿sf] ;ª\Vof b]lvG5 clg Go'lhNof08 ! hgf o:tf e|d0fx¿af6 lzIfs / ljBfyL{sf
pk;lrj / pklgb]z { sx¿ .-x]=tflnsf– sfhv:tfg ! hgf nflu s] pknlAw eof] eGg] k|Zg p7\g'
@_ . c:jfefljs xf]Og . lzIff dGqfnosf
ljb]z e|d0fdf ;a}eGbf a9L cfly{s j}b]lzs ;xof]u x]g]{ pk;lrj 8f=
;xof] u 8] g dfs{ ;/sf/n] lzIff tflnsf @M sf], slt uP < njb]j cj:yL dGqfnosf sd{rf/Lsf]
dGqfnonfO{ k|fljlws ;Nnfx lbg Ifdtf clej[l4 pNn]Vo dfqfdf ePsf]
:yfkgf u/] s f] Ph' s ] z g ;] S 6/ kb ;+Vof s'/fnfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAwsf ¿kdf
P8\efOh/L l6d -O:of6_ n] ug]{ u/]sf] dGqL % k6s lng'kg]{ atfpF5g\ . eG5g\, æsd{rf/LnfO{
5 . s'n e|d0fdWo] sl/a #% k|ltzt /fHodGqL ! k6s cWoog e|d0f / Pdlkmn÷ljBfjfl/lwn]
…O:of6Ún] tof/ kf/]sf] sfo{qmdsf ;lrj $ k6s clxn] dGqfno / dftxtsf lgsfosf
cfwf/df ePsf] dGqfnosf Ps ;x;lrj÷dxflgb]{zs & hgf sd{rf/Ldf 1fg / Ifdtfsf] clej[l4
pk;lrj atfpF 5 g\ . 8] g dfs{ n ] ePsf] 5 . clxn] dGqfno
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ljz]if cWoogsf lgb]{zsx¿ !( hgf gLltlgdf{0fdf klxn] eGbf IfdtfzLn
nflu yfONof08 / aËnfb]z n}hfg] pk;lrj÷pklgb]{zs #^ hgf ePsf] 5 .Æ
u/]sf] 5, h;sf nflu …af:s]6 km08Ú k|fWofks÷lzIfs !^ hgf s] x L jif{ c l3;Dd dGqfnosf]
afx]s cfkm"vz ' L vr{ ug{ kfpg] !) lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L !@ hgf sd{rf/Lsf] ¿kdf / xfn ljBfno If]q
k|ltzt /sd 5'6o\ fOG5 . cgf}krfl/s clws[t (# hgf ;'wf/ sfo{qmddf sfo{/t …ljz]if1Ú 8f=
lzIffdf hfkfg ;xof]u lgof]u -hfOsf_, ljBfno lg/LIfsx¿ !% hgf lji0f' sfsL{ pknlAwsf] t'ngf ub}{ eG5g\,
ljBfjfl/lw ug{ 8flg8f / PrcfO{eL æklxn] ljb]zL;Fu Jojxf/ ug]{ dfG5]
P8\ ; ;DaGwL sfo{ q mddf ;+ o ' Q m OlGhlgo/ % hgf dGqfnodf gePsfn] lqe'jg ljZj–
/fi6«;ª\3Lo afnsf]ifn] ;xof]u ug]{ u/]sf OG:6«S6/÷6«]g/ ^) hgf ljBfnoaf6 …k/fdz{bftfÚ l‰sfpg'kYof],{
5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] …/ftf] lstfaÚ cGo %@ hgf !) jif{sf] cGt/fndf bftf;Fu Jojxf/
x] b f{ ljb] z e| d 0fsf nflu /sd hDdf #@% hgf ug]{ hgzlQm dGqfnoleq 5 .Æ t/
ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . ;|f]tM lzIff dGqfno pgL, uf]i7L / cWoogsf gfddf x'g]
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 11
 cg'
l/kf]e6j{ ljb]z e|d0f

…d t 5Ss k/]Ú+
s[i0fk|;fb 9sfn
dxf;lrj, g]kfn lzIfs o'lgog
tkfO{ cWoog e|d0fsf] l;nl;nfdf slQsf] ljb]z
hfg'ePsf] 5 <
a]nfot, blIf0f sf]l/of, tfOjfg, dn]lzof, l;Ëfk'/,
hflDaof, dnfjL uPsf] 5' .
lzIff dGqfnon] k7fPsf] xf] <
xf]Og . d s]xL cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf]
nufgLdf klxn] lzIfs ;Ë7g / kl5 lzIfs o'lgogsf]
tkm{af6 uPsf] x'F .
e|d0faf6 s] s] l;Sg'ef] <
a]nfotsf lzIfsx¿ sfdk|lt lgs} k|lta4 kfPF .
6f]gL An]o/ k|wfgdGqL ag]sf] lgjf{rgdf :s"ndf ljbf
lyPg / lzIfsx¿ /fhgLltk|lt Wofg} glbO{ k9fpgd}
Jo:t lyP . Tof] b]v/] d t 5Ss k/]F . Tolt dfq
xf]Og, a]nfotsf :s"nx¿df k|To]s sIffsf]7fleq} k':tsfno,
sDKo'6/, l6eL / /]l8of] x'bF f]/x]5 . s'g} s'/fsf] af/]df
yk yfxf kfpg'k¥of] eg] ljBfyL{n] t'?Gt} ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
pkof]u ug]{ /x]5g\ . sIffsf]7fdf @) b]lv @% hgf dfq
ljBfyL{ x'g] ePsfn] lzIfsn] k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ /fd|} ;do
lbg EofpFbf]/x]5 . ljBfnon] g} ljBfyL{sf] ?rL /
k|ltefcg';f/sf] ljwfdf l;SgnfO{ k|l] /t ubf]/{ x]5 . v]ns'b,
;ËLtb]lv efif0f ug{ l;sfpg] ;a} sfd :s"nd} x'bF f]/x]5 .
a]nfotsf ljBfyL{ lstfa glnO{ :s"n cfpFbf /x]5g\,
lstfa sIffsf]7fd} x'g] . u[xsfo{x¿ klg sIffd} ;Sbf/x]5g\ .
h]–h] l;Sg'kg],{ ug'k{ g]{ xf], Tof] ;a} :s"nd} x'bF f]/x]5 .
To;n] ubf{ g 3/ hfFbf lstfasf] ef/L af]Sg'kg]{ g t
3/df afa'cfdfnfO{ aRrfsf] u[xsfo{df ;3fpg'kg]{ afWotf .
ToxfF uP/ d}n] yfxf kfPF, lzIfsn] ljBfyL{ lk6\g t s]
b08 lbg] lx;fan] 5'g;d]t kfOFbf] /x]g5 . olb lzIfsn]
ljBfyL{ lk6\of] eg] lzIfsnfO{ h]n ;hfo;d]t x'bF f] /x]5 .
s'g} ljBfyL{ s]xL u/L klg g;'lw|P p;sf] cleefjs
cfP/ sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{;uF } a:g'kg]{ /x]5 . o:t} blIf0f
sf]l/ofdf klg k[ys\ cg'ej ug{ kfPF . ToxfF t lzIfs
o'lgogn] g} ;a} sIffsf] kf7\ok':ts agfpFbf] /x]5 . d
k'Ubf o'lgogsf ;b:ox¿ kf7\ok':ts lgdf{0fdf Jo:t lyP .
o'lgogn] lgsfn]sf] kf7\ok':ts olb ;/sf/n] nfu" ug{
dfg]g eg] cltl/Qm ;do lnP/ cfˆgf] kf7\ok':ts k9fpFbf
/x]5g\ . ToxfFsf lzIfssf] sfdk|ltsf] nufj / v6g
b]v/] d cf}w} L k|efljt ePF .
tkfO{+sf] hlQsf] cj;/ kfpg] slt lzIfs xf]nfg\ <
cf}+nfdf uGg ;lsg] hlt 5g\ . lzIfs o'lgog,
;ª\3;Ë7gsf] g]tT[ jdf a:g] / c¿ s]xL lzIfsn] dfq
o:tf] cj;/ kfPsf 5g\ . lzIffdf sfo{/t cGt/f{li6«o
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] kxn / nufgLdf lzIfsn] Tof] cj;/
kfPsf 5g\ .
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:s"nsf] k9fO /fd|f] agfpg] s'/f dGqfnosf] g]tT[ jsf]
k|fyldstfdf k/]sf] 5}g . bf];f| ,] ljb]z hfg dGqfnosf
sd{rf/LnfO{ g} k'us ] f] 5}g . ljb]z hfFbf s]xL cfly{s
nfe klg x'g,] geP 3'Dg kfOg] ePsfn] sd{rf/Lx¿aLr
g} ljb]z hfg] k|lt:kwf{ 5 . lzIfsnfO{ cfˆgf] sfddf
clek|l] /t ug]{ / Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ s'/fdf dGqfnosf]
k|lta4tf gx'bF f o:tf] ePsf] xf] .
lzIfssf nflu cWoog e|d0f slQsf] cfjZos 5 <
cfjZos dfq xf]Og, clgjfo{ g} 5 . Tof] cj;/
gkfPsf] eP dnfO{ of] ;a s'/f s;/L yfxf x'GYof] / <
lzIfsx¿nfO{ dGqfnon] Jojl:yt sfo{qmd agfP/ cWoog
e|d0fdf k7fpg'k5{ .

u/]sf] ljb]z e|d0f vr{sf] t'ngfdf
k|ltkmn Go"g ePsf] s'/f :jLsf/ u5{g\ .
lzIff dGqfnosf] pknlAw eg]s}
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of] h gfa4 ¿kdf cl3 a9\ g ' k g] {
cfjZostf b] V 5g\ . pgL eG5g\ ,
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;a}df ;]o/ ug{ / To;nfO{ Jojxf/df
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/x]sf] atfpF5g\ .
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1jfnL cfh;Ddsf cWoog–e|d0faf6
vf;} pknlAw gePsf] atfpF5g\ .
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x'G5Æ, 1jfnL eG5g\, ægLltut lg0f{o
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ljBfyL{, cleefjs;Fu s'g} 5nkmn g}
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k|0ffnL, k9fpg] tl/sf / snfsf]
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lzIfsn] l;s] dfq Tof] ljBfyL{;Dd
k'U5 . To;}n] ljb]z e|d0fdf lzIfsn]
k|fyldstf kfpg'k5{ .Æ

12 lz If s c;f]h @)^%

tna cfwf
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\ g\ .
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k|fljsf lzIfs /0faxfb'/ af]x/f x/]s
dlxgf cfˆgf] cfwf tna ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltnfO{ a'‰fpF5g\ . of] :s"ndf o;/L cfwf
tna a'‰fpg] pgL dfq xf]Ogg\, jL/axfb'/ af]x/f
/ rGb|f af]x/fn] klg cfwf tna dfq lnG5g\ .
oL tLg} hgf cfwf tna Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{
a'‰fpF5g\, h'g /sd ;ldltn] lghL ;|f]tsf
lzIfsnfO{ afF8\5 . æcfPb]lv g} tna afFl8/x]sf
5f}F . :s"nsf] xfnt sdhf]/ ePsfn] xfd|f] cfwf
tna rf/ hgf lghL ;|f]tsf lzIfsnfO{ lbg'k5{,Æ
/0faxfb'/n] eg] .
6Lsfk'/sf] ljhogu/l:yt d'Qm sd}of k|fljsL
k|wfgfWofks xl;gf rf}w/L kl5Nnf] kfFr dlxgfb]lv
/fxt lzIfs l5g\ . tLg jif{ lghL ;|ft] df sfd
u/]sL xl;gfn] klg /fxt lzIfs ePb]lv g} tna
afF8g\ ] u/]sL l5g\ . elG5g\, æd]/f] efudf b'O{ xhf/
kfFr ;o ?k}ofF k5{ .Æ
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dflgg] lhNnf s}nfnL–s~rgk'/sf /fxt lzIfsx¿sf]
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cGo ;|ft] sf] cefj ‰]ln/x]sf clwsf+z ljBfnox¿n]
clxn] /fxt lzIfssf] tna lghL ;| f ] t sf
lzIfsx¿df afF8g\ yfn]sf 5g\ . /fxt lzIfssf]
tnasf] @# k|ltzt /fxt lzIfs sNof0f sf]ifdf
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5g\ .
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lzIfs 5gf}6 ug'c{ l3 g} cfwf tna afF8g\ ] zt{
/fV5g\ . lzIf0f cg'dlt nfO;]G; kfPsf dWo]af6
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ePsfn] /fxt lzIfsx¿ o:tf] zt{ dfGg afWo
5g\ .
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Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf uËf/fd rf}w/L /fxt
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l/kf]6{ /fxt lzIfs
k|sfz zfx
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xhf/ $$$ lzIfs sNof0f sf]ifdf hDdf x'G5,
@% ;o /fxt lzIfsn] kfpF5g\, afFsL /x]sf] @
xhf/ *) ?k}ofF lghL ;|ft] sf lzIfsnfO{ lbG5f}ÆF ,
pgn] atfP . rf}w/Lsf :s"ndf b'O{ /fxt, b'O{ c:yfoL
b/aGbL / ^ hgf lghL ;|ft] sf lzIfs 5g\ .
t/, dflnsf pRr dflj rf}dfnfsf cWoIf
nf]sG] b| zfxL cfˆgf] ljBfnodf o:tf] rng g/x]sf]
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cWoIf dxfb]j ahufOF klg tna afF8g\ ] u/]sf]
:jLsf/ ub}g{ g\ . t/, c¿ ljBfnodf o:tf] x'g]
u/]sf] eGb} pgn] o;df ;/sf/ bf]ifL /x]sf] atfP .
æof] ;d:of ljBfno / lzIfsn] NofPsf xf]Ogg\,
;/sf/n] ljBfyL{cg';f/sf] lzIfs lbP o:tf]
;d:of cfpFbg} Æ, ahufOFn] eg] . …k|flj lzIfssf]
lhNnfsf lzIff clwsf/Lx¿ eg] o;
ljifodf cgle1tf k|s6 u5{g\ . lzIff tnaaf6 ! xhf/
sfof{nosf] ljBfno k|zf;gsf ljBfno $$$ lzIfs
lg/LIfs g/]Gb|k;| fb cj:yLn] eg], ælnlvt sNof0f sf]ifdf
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slt kfP Tof] cfk"mnfO{ yfxf gx'g] klg kfpF5g\, afFsL
pgn] atfP . /x]sf] @ xhf/
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lzIfssf] c‰} cfjZostf 5 . b/aGbL ;|ft] sf lzIfsnfO{
dfu ubf{ lzIff dGqfnon] glbPsf] lg/LIfs lbG5f}F .Ú
cj:yL atfpF5g\ .
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/ k|fljdf &#^ hgf u/]/ *** /fxt b/aGbLsf
lzIfs /x]sf 5g\ . o:t} s~rgk'/df %^ dflj,
%* lgdflj / !!^ k|flj 5g\ eg] dflj, lgdflj
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/fxt b/aGbLsf lzIfs 5g\ .
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 13
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lzIfs dx]Gb| lji6nfO{ !( ;fpg @)^%
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af]nfP/ crfgs hflu/af6 x6fOPsf] hfgsf/L
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ga'‰]/ ÛÚ
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afFsL kfl/>lds;d]t gkfPsf] atfpF5g\ . lk|lG;kn
cRo't s];Lsf] egfOdf lji6n] :s"nsf] lgod
tf]8s] fn] x6fpg'k/]sf] xf] . pgL eG5g\, æ;fpg
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u/]/ dnfO{ x6fP .Æ
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s'/f 5f]8\gf];\, ;fj{hlgs labfdf klg cfP/
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sfd / kfl/>lds klg kfPsf 5}gg\ .
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lzIfsn] cWofkg ul//x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] !% xhf/
^^& lzlIfsf / !( xhf/ *^* lzIfs 5g\ .
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cGTodf ckdfg To; lbg ljBfno cfpg ;lsgF, s]xL pQ/k'l:tsf

d}n] xfQLd'9fsf] 6f]vf EofnL :s"ndf
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tx dfq lyof], clxn] lgDgdfWolds
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;~rfns / lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{aLr
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s.d eP klg kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f /
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xfdL lzIfsx¿ ;Gt'i6 g} lyof}F .
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gofF lk|lG;knsf] Jojxf/ klxn]sfsf] h:tf] lyPg . la:tf/}
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hgf ld;nfO{ lgsflnof], ;fpg !( ut]af6 …lrQ a'‰g] Ú
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oxL sf/0fn] dnfO{ lgsflnPsf] xf] eg] la/fdL
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sf/0fsf ¿kdf …lzIff lgodfjnLn] tf]ss ] f zt{sf]
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kfl/>lds kfPsf 5}gg\ . æb}lgs ^ lkl/o8 k9fpFbf
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5 . lghL ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿sf] dfl;s tna
?= !* ;ob]lv ?= !% xhf/;Dd x'g] u/]sf] lghL
tyf ;+:yfut ljBfno lzIfs o'lgog -O:6'_ cWoIf
yfkf atfpF5g\ . pgL eG5g\, clwsf+z lzIfsn]
>dcg';f/sf] kfl/>lds kfpFbg} g\ . dfp06 Pe/]i6
af]l8{ª, eQmk'/sf lzIfs kf/; / l/nfoG; Ps]8d] L,
P]g–lgodn] s] eG5 <
;+:yfut ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ug}k{ g]{ sfdM
• k|To]s jif{ ljBfnosf rGbfbftf / cleefjsx¿sf] e]nf
u/fO{ ljBfnosf] cl3Nnf] z}lIfs jif{sf] cfo, Joo tyf
z}lIfs pknlAw / cfufdL jif{sf] z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf]
af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
• lzIfs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 cWofkg cg'dltkq lnO{ k|rlnt
sfg'gadf]lhd lzIfs kbsf nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g of]Uotf
k"/f u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ lzIfs kbdf lgo'Qm ug]{ .
• ljBfnosf] lzIfs kbsf] b/aGbL :jLs[t ug]{ tyf l/Qm
kbdf lzIfs c:yfoL lgo'Qm ePsf] ^ dlxgfleq :yfoL
k"lt{;DaGwL k|lqmof z'? ug]{ .
• g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]lslbPsf] tna :s]ndf g36fO{
lzIfsnfO{ tna lbg] .
• lzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjZos ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] .
• lzIfs tyf sd{rf/L sNof0f sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
sf]ifdf ePsf] /sd ;f]xL sfddf dfq vr{ ug]{ .
-lzIff P]g @)@* sf] bkmf !@ / lzIff lgodfjnL @)%( sf] bkmf @^ af6_
skgsf lzIfs ;Ltf/fd klg lzIfsx¿n] of]Uotf
/ sfdcg';f/sf] tna gkfPsf] u'gf;f] u5{g\ .
O:6' cWoIfsf cg';f/, yfkf yf]/} dfq lghL ljBfnon]
;/sf/L dfkb08nfO{ cg';/0f ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
lghL ljBfnon] ;/sf/L :s]neGbf w]/} tna tyf
;'ljwf lbg] gu/]sf xf]Ogg\ . t/ tL :s'nx¿sf]
;ª\Vof xftsf] cf}nF fdf uGg ;lsg] dfq 5g\ .
ut jif{ lzIff ljefun] b]zsf ljleGg e]ssf
ljBfnox¿n] cg'dlt lnFbf u/]sf k|lta4tf k"/f
u/]÷gu/]sf] cg'udg u/]sf] lyof] . h;df clwsf+z
ljBfnon] tf]lsPsf zt{–aGb]hsf] kfngf gu/]sf]
b]lvof] . oBlk, zt{–aGb]h kfngf gu/]sfn] cfh;Dd
s'g} :s"nnfO{ sf/afxL ePsf] 5}g . lzIff dGqfnosf]
lg/LIf0f / cg'udg Joj:yf k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sfn]
g} o:tf] kl/l:ylt aGg uPsf] a'´g sl7g 5}g .
;'ljwf klg 5}g Û
lzIff lgodfjnL @)%( n] ;/sf/L lzIfs;/x
lghL :s"nsf lzIfsn] klg ljleGg vfnsf ljabfx¿
;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . tbg';f/ lzIfsn] jif{el/df
e}k/L cfpg] labf ^ lbg, kj{ labf ^ lbg, la/fdL
labf !@ lbg, lsl/of labf !% lbg kfpF5g\ .
dlxnf lzIfsn] ;'Ts]/L labf ^) lbg kfpFl5g\ .
o:t}, gf]s/Lsf] ;Dk"0f{ cjlwdf Ps k6sdf Ps
jif{df ga9fO{ tLg jif{ / cWoog afkt tLg jif{
labf klg lbOG5 . t/ ax';ª\Vos lghL ljBfnosf
xsdf labf;DaGwL oL ;'ljwfx¿ nfu" x'g ;s]sf
5}gg\ . c¿ t c¿, la/fdL labf, e}k/L cfpg]
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 15
 l/kf]6{ lghL :s"nsf lzIfs
labf;d]t gkfPsf] lzIfsx¿sf] u'gf;f] 5 . l/nfoG;

;a} p:t} 5}gg\

OG6/g]zgn Ps]8d] L, skgsf lzIfs ;Ltf/fd bËfn
b}lgs ^ lkl/o8 k9fpF5g\ . ælgodfg';f/ Pp6f lzIfsn]
b}lgs rf/ 306f dfq k9fpg'kg]{ xf] . t/ >d zf]if0f
xf] eGg] hfGbf–hfGb} klg d ^ lkl/o8 k9fpg afWo
5'Æ bËfnn] eg] .
pkfoM P]g–lgodsf] sfof{Gjog
ljBdfg P]g–lgodfjnL lghL :s"ndf nfu" ug{' ;a}eGbf
7"nf] ;d:of ag]sf] 5 . lghL ljBfnodf lgodadf]lhd
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt;d]t aGg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . lzIff
lgodfjnLdf sfo{/t lzIfs k|ltlglwsf] ;d]t ;+nUgtfdf
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug'k{ g]{ pNn]v u/]sf]
5 . t/ clwsf+z lghL ljBfnodf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
5}gg\ . lgodfjnLcg';f/ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g x'g]
xf] / lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfg -x]= aS;_ nfO{ cg';/0f ug]{
xf] eg] w]/} ;d:of cfkm}F ;dfwfg x'g] O:6' cWoIf yfkfsf]
ljZjf; 5 .
P]g–lgodfjnL nfu" ug{ sfg'gtM lghL ljBfnox¿
afWo eP klg clwsf+z ljBfnon] To;nfO{ a]jf:tf ug's { f]
d'Vo sf/0f xf]— ;/sf/, vf;u/L lzIff dGqfnosf]
cIfdtf . lzIff P]g–lgodfjnLdf ePsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{
nfu" ePgePsf] cg'udg ug]{ / nfu" gul/Psf] eP cfjZos
kbf{ an;d]t k|of]u u/]/} eP klg sfof{Gjog ug]{ d"n
bfloTj klg lzIff dGqfnos} xf] . o; lglDt
k|lj1 /]UdL
lk|lG;kn, Go' ldn]lgod :s"n
lghL :s"nx¿df lzIfssf] zf]if0f x'G5
elgG5 lg, slQsf] zf]if0f x'G5 <
zf]if0f g} x'bF g} eGg ;lsFbg} . w]/h} ;f] :s"ndf
ljBfyL{ yf]/} 5g\ / p7fOg] z'Ns klg yf]/}
5 . o:tf] l:yltdf lgodfjnLn] tf]ss ] f] hlt
tna ;'ljwf lbg ;lsFb}g . t/ o;}nfO{
zf]if0f eGg ldNb}g .
tkfO{s+ f] :S"ndf rflxF zf]if0f 5 ls 5}g <
5}g . xfd|f] :s"ndf hDdf @%$ ljBfyL{ /
@@ lzIfs 5g\ . xfdL tNnf] txsf ljBfyL{af6
dfl;s ?= *^) / dflyNnf] txsf ljBfyL{af6
?= !# ;o z'Ns lnG5f}F . o;}af6 :s"nsf
;a} vr{ wfGg] xf] . xfd|fd] f tNnf] txsf
lzIfssf] ?= ^ xhf/ / dflyNnf] txsf
lzIfssf] ?= !! xhf/ tna 5 . olt lbFbf
cfly{s zf]if0f x'G5 h:tf] nfUb}g .

cfˆgf] lxtdf :s"n aGb Û

…;/sf/L ljBfnosf lzIfs;/x tna / ;'ljwf x'gk' g]Ú{
dfu ub}{ lghL tyf ;+:yfut ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿ cfGbf]ngdf
plqPkl5 afFs]sf lghL :s"nx¿ ebf} !% b]lv !) lbg
aGb eP . lhNnfel/sf !@% :s"n aGbn] #) xhf/ ljBfyL{sf]
k9fO k|efljt eof] . tnasf] %) k|ltzt bz}F vr{ lbg]
;xdlt ePkl5 xfnnfO{ cfGbf]ng :ylut ePsf] 5 . t/,
aGbstf{ lghL tyf ;+:yfut ljBfno lzIfs o'lgog -O:6'_
sf g]tfx¿n] eg] ;xdlt kfngf geP k]ml/ cfGbf]ng x'g]
atfPsf 5g\ . æljBfno vf]Ng tTsfnsf nflu ePsf] ;xdlt
dfq} xf] of]Æ O:6' s]Gb|Lo pkfWoIf ch'g{ kf}8n] eG5g\,
æ;xdlt nfu" geP km]l/ csf]{ cfGbf]ng x'G5 .Æ
@$ ebf}df /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, g]kfnu~h
If]qLo sfof{nosf] dWo:ytfdf ePsf] cfGbf]ngsf/L / ljBfno
;~rfnsx¿aLrsf] jftf{df aGb lkmtf{ lng] ;xdlt eP
klg lzIfsx¿sf] d"n dfu tna ;'ljwfsf ljifodf eg]
clxn];Dd s'g} ;xdlt ePsf] 5}g . lzIfsx¿n] lzIff P]g
@)@* n] Joj:yf u/]cg';f/ lghL ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿sf]
tna tyf ;'ljwf ;/sf/L ljBfnosf lzIfs;/x x'gk' g]{
dfu u/]sf lyP .
pkfWoIf kf}8n] eG5g\, æxfd|f] dfu P]gdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf

16 lz If s c;f]h @)^%

lzIff lgodfjnLsf zt{x¿ ;a} kfng
ug'e
{ Psf] 5 <
xfdLn] ;a} lzIfsnfO{ ;D‰f}tfkq
lbPsf 5f}F . ;fj{hlgs labf / kj{
labfafx]s jif{df !@ lbg labf klg
lbG5f}F . Pp6f lzIfsn] cf};tdf kfFr
lkl/o8 k9fpg'k5{ . t/, lgodfjnLsf
;a} zt{ t k"/f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
lgodfjnLsf ;a} zt{ k"/f ubf{ xfd|f
h:tf ;fgf :s"nx¿ aGb x'G5g\ .
To;f] eP s] ug'k{ 5{ t <
lghL ljBfno eg]/ ;a}nfO{ Pp6}
>]0fLdf /fVg' x'Fb}g . lghL ljBfnos}
aLrdf klg ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof, z'Ns /
;]jfdf cfsfz–hldgsf] km/s 5 .
gfkmfdf uPsf 7"nf :s"n / xfd|f h:tf
;fgf :s"ndf lzIfssf] tna ;'ljwf
;dfg x'g ;Sb}g . o;}n] :s"nx¿sf]
jf:tljs cj:yf a'‰]/ lgodfjnLdf
;'wf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . csf]{ s'/f
ljBfno eg]sf] sDkgLdf btf{ u/]/
rnfpg] rLh xf]Og . ljBfnonfO{
6«:6cGtu{t /fVg'k5{ .
dGqfnocGtu{t lzIff ljefu, If]qLo lzIff lgb]z { gfno, lhNnf
lzIff sfof{no / ;f]cGtu{t ljBfno lg/LIfsx¿ sfo{/t
5g\ . t/ P]g–lgodfjnLdf dGqnfosf] pbf;Lgtfsf sf/0f
pNn]lvt k|fjwfg k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf
5}gg\ . pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\sf] pkfWoIf / ;/sf/åf/f
ul7t lghL ljBfno cWoog sfo{bnsf ;+of]hs;d]t /lx;s]sf
lzIffljb\ 8f= tLy{ vlgofFsf zAbdf ælzIff dGqfnosf]
g]t[TjeGbf lghL ljBfnosf ;~rfnsx¿ alnof 5g\ .
dGqfnosf kbflwsf/Lx¿ lghL ;~rfnssf] k};fdf las]sf
5g\ . ToxL eP/ dGqfnon] lghL ljBfnon] h] u/] klg
cfFvf lrlDnP/ al;/x]sf] 5 .Æ ctM lzIffdGqLsf] dfq
xf]Og, l;ª\uf] ;/sf/ g} lghL ;~rfnsx¿af6 k|efljt
geO{ P]g–lgod sfof{Gjog ug{ k|lta4 eP/ gnfu];Dd
;'wf/sf] k|lqmof z'? ePsf] dflgg] 5}g .
To;afx]s, lzIfs lgo'lQm k|lqmofdf klg ;'wf/sf]
cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . lzIff lgodfjnLn] lzIfs
cg'dltkq lnPsfdWo]af6 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lzIfs
5gf}6 ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/] klg ls6]/ g} v'nf k|lt:kwf{af6
dfq lgo'Qm ug'k{ g]{ clgjfo{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5}g . o;sf/0f
w]/h} ;f] ;~rfnsn] cfˆgf] glhssf jf cfkmGtnfO{ g} hflu/
lbg] u/]sf 5g\ . lzIfs kf/; vltj8f eG5g\, æo;/L
/flvg] lzIfsn] yf]/} tna / ;]jf ;'ljwfdf sfd u5{g,\
h'g c¿sf nflu klg tna :s]n alglbG5 .Æ To;}n] ca
lghL ljBfnodf klg v'nf k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df lzIfs
lgo'Qm ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fNg' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

nfu" u/ eGg] xf], xfdLn] cGoyf dfu u/]sf 5}gf}F .Æ
;/sf/n] P]g sfof{Gjog gu/fPsf sf/0f cfGbf]ng ug'k{ /]sf]
pNn]v ub}{ pgn] eg], æsfof{Gjog u/fpg] xf] eg] cfGbf]ng
g} ug'k{ b}g{ .Æ 8]9 jif{cl3 !) kmfu'g @)^# df lzIff
ljefu, KofJ;g, Pg KofJ;g / O:6'aLr ePsf] ;xdlt
nfu" gePsfn] cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldg'k/]sf] pgsf] egfO 5 .
t/, lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L r"8fdl0f kf}8]n eg] ;xdlt
gePsf dfu p7fP/ cfGbf]ng ul/Psf] atfpF5g\ .
!& h]7df afFs] lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf ;/sf/L :s]ncg';f/
tnadfg sfod ug'k{ g],{ tna / cGo ;'ljwf v'Ng] u/L
lgo'lQmkq lbg'kg],{ lgodfjnLdf ePcg';f/sf] labf lbOg'kg],{
eQf, u|8]| ;fy} bz}F k]ZsL lbOg'kg],{ lzIfsn] r'gs
] f JolStnfO{
dfq} ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf /flvg'kg],{ gofF ljBfno
gvf]Ng ;}4flGts ;xdlt hgfpg'kg]{ nufotsf !@ j6f
dfu ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 1fkgkq O:6' afFsn] ] a'‰fPsf] lyof] .
bf];f| ] 1fkgkl5 lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] lzIfs / ljBfno
;~rfnsnfO{ af]nfP/ 5nkmn;d]t u/fof] . ljBfno
;~rfnsx¿sf ;Ë7g KofJ;g / Pg KofJ;g tyf lzIfsx¿
aLr klg k6s–k6s jftf{ ePklg lgisif{ lg:sg ;s]g .
To;kl5 lzIfssf] cfGbf]ng z'? eof] . t/ lzIfsx¿
eO;s]sf] ;xdlt tf]8]/ cfGbf]ngdf plqPsf] ljBfno
;~rfnsx¿sf] cf/f]k 5 . Pg KofA;g afFs] cWoIf jfdb]j
Gof}kfg]sf cg';f/ nuftf/ rf/k6s;Dd ePsf] jftf{df
!@ a'Fb] dfudWo] cfk;L ;xdltdf tna lgwf{/0f ul/g]
tyf ^ dlxgfeGbf a9L ;]jf u/]sfnfO{ ljBfnosf] cfo;|ft]
x]/L bz}+ k]ZsL lbg] nufotsf ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] .
o;/L z'? ePsf] cfGbf]ng ljBfnodf dfq ;Lldt
ePg . lzIfsx¿n] ;8sdf plqP/ oftfoft cj/f]w
klg u/] . @@ ebf}df g]kfnu~hsf] ;'vt{] /f]8df lzIfsx¿n]
gf/fafhL / efif0f u/] . aGbsf] cj1f ePgePsf] lg/LIf0f
ug{sf nflu *–!) lzIfssf] u:tL 6f]nL agfOPsf] lyof] .
aGbsf] cj1f u/L ljBfno vf]Ng] k|of; eP ef}lts cfqmd0f
ug]{ / ljBfnodf cfuhgL ug];{ Ddsf] wDsL cfPsf] s]xL
ljBfno ;~rfnsx¿n] atfPsf 5g\ . lghL ljBfno
cu{gfOh];g -KofJ;g_ afFss] f sfo{jfxs cWoIf ntf zdf{n]
elgg\, æxfdL ljBfno vf]Ng rfxGYof}F t/ cfqmd0fsf] wDsL
cfPkl5 vf]Ng ;s]gf}+ .Æ /fli6«o lghL ljBfno cu{gfOh];g
-Pg KofJ;g_ sf afFs] cWoIf jfdb]j Gof}kfg] klg wDsLsf
sf/0f :s"n aGb ug{ afWo ePsf] atfpF5g\ .
…O:6'Ú dfcf]jfbL lgs6 u0ftflGqs lzIfs d~rsf]
Pp6f PsfOsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . uPsf] ;fpgdf bfªdf
klg o:t} cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f Ps ;ftf;Dd aGb ePsf
ljBfno dfu k"/f ug]{ ;xdltkl5 lkmtf{ ePsf] lyof] .
clxn] ;'vt{] / alb{ofsf lghL ljBfno lzIfsx¿n] klg
cfGbf]ngsf] r]tfjgL lbPsf 5g\ .
/fd]Zj/ af]x/f

lz If s c;f]h @)^% 17
 :ynut
8Da/s[i0f >]i7, bf]nvfdf
ljBfyL{ kxf8], lzIfs dw]zL
kRrL; jif{bl] v bf]nvfsf ljBfnodf k9fO/x]sf dw]zL lzIfsx¿ clxn]
cfkm}F kxf8] ePsf] dx;"; u5{g\ . oLdWo] sf]xL hflu/ :yfoL x'g] cfzdf
t sf]xL 3/kfos ;?jfsf] cfzdf kxf8 al;/x]sf 5g\ .
; q jif{cl3 lzIfs ag]/ klxnf] k6s
kxf8 r9]sf b'uf{nfn ;fx clxn] bf]nvfsf]
xfjfkfgL, /xg;xg / ;+:s[ltdf 3'nldn eO;s]sf
5g\ . æz'?df t kms]/{ t/fO{ g} ‰/f}+ h:tf] nfUof] .
t/, @)^) ;fndf :yfoL ePkl5 k]G;g gksfO{
ufpF kmls{g dg nfu]gÆ pgL eG5g\ . x/]s jif{
pgsf] ;f9] gf} dlxgf nfbf]s ufpFsf] zflGt cfbz{
pdfljsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ul0ftsf ;"q / l;4fGt
l;sfpFbd} f laT5 . labfsf ;f9] b'O{ dlxgf pgL
nfbf]ssf] lr;f] xfjfkfgLaf6 lgl:sP/ ;Kt/L
lji0f'k'/sf] 3/ k'U5g\ . bf]nvfdf slxn]sfxLF
PSnf]kgsf] dx;"; x'G5 t/ kxf8df lzIffsf] Hof]lt
5g{ kfPsf]df b'uf{nfn ;Gt'i6 5g\ .
zflGt cfbz{ pdfljs} c¿ b'O{ dw]zL lzIfs
dxQ/Lsf of]uG] b|k;| fb ofbj / wg'iffsf zDe' ld>
klg b'uf{nfn h:t} kxf8sf] a;fOdf ;Gt'i6 5g\ .
bf]nvfsf] df? ljBfnoaf6 lzIf0f ofqf cf/De
u/]sf ofbjsf] kxf8 a;fO @% jif{ k"/f ePsf]
5 . æz'?df df?df a:g g;s]/ efu]/ dxf]Q/L
kmls{PFÆ k'gM lzIfs ag]/ bf]nvf g} kmls{Psf
pgn] eg] . otf, hGd]bl] v t/fO{sf] ;dy/ d}bfgnfO{
efOefOM zflGt cfbz{ pdflj, nfbf]s,
bf]nvfsf lzIfsx¿ huGgfy cfrfo{, zDe'
ld>, b'uf{nfn ;fx / ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf k"j{ cWoIf tLy{ v8\\sf .
18 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
dfq ;+;f/ b]vs ] f zDe' ld>nfO{ z'?df bf]nvfsf]
nfbf]ssf] psfnf]n] cfR5'–cfR5' kf¥of] . æPs 306fdf
k'luG5 eGy], dnfO{ kfFr 306f nfUof]Æ pgn]
sxfnLnfUbf] psfnf] ;lD‰P . kfFr jif{cl3b]lv ul0ft
lzIf0f ub}{ cfPsf ld>nfO{ :yfoL lzIfs aGg]
wf]sf]n] kxf8 5f8\g lbPg . wg'iffsf] eGbf laNs'n
leGg xfjfkfgL / ;+:s[lt ePsf] nfbf]sdf leHg
pgnfO{ sl7g k/]sf] 5 .
kxf8sf :s"ndf slt dw]zL lzIfs 5g\ eGg]
olsg geP klg kxf8sf k|foM ;a} :s"ndf dw]zL
lzIfs ePsf] dflgG5 . nfbf]s–^ l:yt lrq] k|fljdf
dxf]Q/L, dgx/fs§Lsf gf/fo0f ‰fn] k9fpg yfn]sf]
@) jif{ eO;Sof] . @)$% ;fnb]lv ul0ft / lj1fg
k9fpFb} cfPsf ‰fsf] kl/jf/ dxf]Q/Ld} 5 . b'O{
bzs nfdf] kxf8 a;fOn] cfkm"nfO{ …kxf8]Ú
agfO;s]sf] pgsf] cg'ej 5 . eG5g\, ækxf8sf]
xfjfkfgL, jftfj/0f / lr;f] klg kRof], ca t
cfkm"nfO{ t/fO{sf] h:tf] nfUg} 5f8\of] .Æ dxf]Q/Ls}
/fdrGb| l;+xn] klg bf]nvfsf] :s"ndf k9fpg yfn]sf]
@% jif{ k"/f eof] . æaf6f] lxF8g\ ] s]xLn] dw]zL
cg'xf/ b]v/] km/s Jojxf/ u/] klg ;a}af6 ;xof]u
8Da/s[i0f >]i7
/ ;b\efj g} kfO/x]sf] 5'Æ, pgn] eg] .
rf/ jif{cl3 gf/fo0fL k|flj, nfbf]s–* df ;?jf
ePsf pgn] o;cl3 5];f vf/L k|flj, vf/]df ;f9]
tLg jif{, x'kª{' rf}tf/f k|flj, vf/]df !^ jif{ /
n'Dnfªsf] n'Dnfª k|fljdf Ps jif{ k9fP . gf/fo0fL
k|flj nfbf]ssf k|c ch'g{ axfb'/ kf08] l;+xsf] af]nLrfnL
…kxf8]Úsf] h:tf] ePsf] atfpF5g\ . æxfdLeGbf k|:6
g]kfnL af]Ng'xG' 5 . pxfFsf] lzIf0f Ifdtf klg /fd|f]
5Æ pgn] eg] . rl/sf]6af6 !# sf]z pQ/df kg]{
lju' $, dfgl;+xl:yt uf}/LzÍ/ lgdfljdf klg ul0ft,
cª\uh]| L / lj1fg ljifo k9fpg] lzIfs dw]zL g}
5g\ . pQm :s"ndf !^ jif{cl3b]lv lzIf0f ul//x]sf
;Kt/Lsf pdfsfGt rf}w/Ln] cfˆg} 5fqf;Fu k|d]
ljjfx u/]/ lju'd} 3/hd u/] .
dw]zL lzIfsnfO{ z'?df kxf8df vfgkfg,
a;f]af; / efiffsf] ;d]t ;d:of kg]{ u/] klg
pgLx¿ rfF8} kxf8sf] ;+:s[lt;Fu 3'nldn ePsf]
kfOPsf] 5 . ljutdf ;~rf/ ;'ljwf geP klg
clxn] ufpFd} 6]lnkmf]g k'u]sf]n] kl/jf/;Fu 6f9f
ePsf] dx;"; gePsf] lzIfs /fdrGb| l;+xn] atfP–
æklxn] 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf kof{Kt gx'bF f 7"nLcfdfsf]
sfhlqmof ;s]kl5 d[To'sf] va/ cfof] . clxn]
eg] rfx]sf] a]nf kl/jf/;Fu ;Dks{ x'G5 .Æ
lzIf0fd} bQlrQ
%%) ljBfyL{ /x]sf zflGt cfbz{ pdfljsf ljBfno
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf k"j{ cWoIf tLy{axfb'/ v8\sf
cWofkgk|ltsf] nufjsf sf/0f dw]zL lzIfssf]
ljifodf ljBfyL{ pQL0f{ b/ /fd|f] ePsf] atfpF5g\\ .
ædw]zsf lzIfsx¿ w]/} ePsf ljBfnosf] k9fO
cGo :s"nsf] t'ngfdf /fd|f] 5Æ pgsf] syg 5 .
o; ljBfnodf zDe' ld>n] ul0ft lzIf0f ug{
yfn]kl5 ul0ftsf] l/hN6df lgs} ;'wf/ cfPsf]
5 . æd cfpg'cl3 w]/} ljBfyL{ ul0ftdf c;kmn
x'Gy] t/ clxn] To:tf] 5}gÆ, ld> eG5g\ .
:s"n glhs} 8]/f lnP/ a:g] clwsf+z dw]zL
lzIfs km';b{ df 6\o;' g k9fpF5g\ . @)) ljBfyL{
ePsf] gf/fo0fL k|flj, nfbf]ssf ul0ft lzIfs /fdrGb|
l;+x eG5g\, æc¿ sfd gePsf]n] tgdg k9fpgd}
s]lGb|t 5 .Æ k"j{ cWoIf v8\sf klg kxf8sf
k9]–n]vs ] f ufpF 5f8]/ lxF8g\ ] ePsfn] t/fO{af6
cª\uh]| L, ul0ft / lj1fg ljifosf lzIfs l‰sfpg'
k/]sf] atfpF5g\ . ædw]zL lzIfsn] sl7gfO{ ;x]/
klg :t/Lo lzIff lbO/x]sf 5g\Æ v8\sf dw]zL
lzIfsk|lt s[t1 b]lvG5g\ .
cfz ;?jf / :yfoLsf]
kxf8sf :s"ndf afWotfn] k'us
] f clwsf+z dw]zL
lzIfssf] rfxgf Pp6} 5– 3/kfos jf t/fO{sf
lhNnfdf ;?jf u/fpg' . zflGt cfbz{ pdfljsf
ul0ft lzIfs zDe' ld>nfO{ kxf8 a;fOn] lg/fz
kf/]5 . ld>n] dlng cg'xf/df u'gf;f] u/]– æc:yfoL
lzIfsdf lgo'lQm kfPsf] kfFr jif{ eof], ca slxn]
:yfoL x'g] clg k]G;g ksfP/ hgsk'/ ‰g]{ <Æ
dfl;s !! xhf/ $%) tna yfKg] zDe' yK5g\,
æk};fsf] dfq} d'v x]/s ] f] eP d zx/sf] lghL
:s"ndf sfd u/]/ lgSs} sdfO{ uy]+{ lg Û :yfoLsf]
cfzn] a;]sf] x'F .Æ
)$* d} :yfoL /fdrGb| l;+xn] klg w]/} k6s
dw]z ;?jf x'g] k|of; u/] t/ ;kmn ePgg\ .
eG5g\, æd]/f] cfwf hLjg kxf8d} laTof],] ca k]G;g
kfs]kl5 dw]z kmls{G5' .Æ l;+x;Fu} :yfoL ePsf
gf/fo0f ‰f klg k]G;g kfSg] k|tLIffdf 5g\ . æoxfFaf6
dw]z slxNo} ;?jf ePg, ca k]G;g ePkl5 dw]z
hfg kfOPnfÆ pgn] eg] . lzIfs b'uf{nfn ;fx
eg] ;/sf/L lzIff gLltsf] sdhf]/Ln] dw]zL lzIfsn]
nfdf] cjlw kxf8sf] :s"ndf latfpg' k/]sf]
atfpF5g\ . pgL eG5g\, ælghfdtL sd{rf/L kfFr
jif{ Ps 7fpF sfd u/]kl5 ;?jf x'G5g\ t/ lzIfsn]
@) jif{;Dd ;?jf, a9'jfsf] cj;/ kfpFbg} g\ .Æ
pgL jiff}–+{ jif{ kx'r
F jfnf lzIfs ;'uddf / kx'r F
gePsf b'ud{ If]qdf a:g'kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] atfpF5g\ .
Pp6} dfkb08 / lgodsf cfwf/df ;a} lzIfssf]
;?jf–a9'jf x'gk' g]{ ;fxsf] dfu 5 .
otf, lzIff ljefusf lgb]z { s dxf>d zdf{
eg] ljutdf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L;Fu /x]sf] ;?jfsf]]
clwsf/ clxn] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf
x:tfGt/0f ePsf] atfpF5g\ . lgb]z { s zdf{
eG5g\, …s'g} :s"ndf k9fO/x]sf] lzIfsnfO{
cGoq ;?jf ug{ ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] cg'dlt rflxG5 / ;?jf x'g
rfx]sf] ljBfnodf p;n] k9fpg] ljifo
lzIfs 7fpF klg x'gk' 5{ . kxf8df
/x]sf dw]zL lzIfs ;f];{–kmf];{
gk'u]/ xf]Og, k|lqmof gk'u]/
;?jf gePsf x'g\ .Æ
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 19
 ljrf/
s'nrGb| uf}td
lxhf] n8\of},+
ca k9fpFm
t dfd cGt/f{li6«o cg'ejsf afah"b lzIffsf af/]df
s]xL af]Ng ;Sg] d]/f] x}l;ot klZrd g]kfnsf]
kxf8L lhNnfdf /fd|f] lzIff kfpgsf nflu cfk}mn F ] u/]sf
;ª\3if{sf] JolQmut cg'ejaf6 k|fKt ePsf] xf] . d]/f]
k':tfsf w]/} g]kfnLh:t} d u'NdL lhNnfsf] Pp6f ;fgf]
ufpFdf a9]sf] x',F hxfF d]/f] afnssfnel/ Pp6f klg
:s"n lyPg . ;DejtM To;a]nf d]/f] ufpFsf (% k|ltzt
k'?if / ztk|ltzt dlxnf lg/If/ lyP . ;a}eGbf glhssf]
k|fylds :s"n;Dd k'Ug Ps lbg k}bn lxF8g\ ' kYof]{ .
d]/f] k9fO ufpFs} Pshgf k'hf/Lsf] 3/af6 z'? eof],
hxfF s]6fx¿nfO{ ;+:s[t / wfld{s lzIff lbOGYof] . of]
;fdfGo ;'?cftkl5, y'k}| ;'vb\ ;+of]ux¿n] ubf{ d}n] cd]l/sfsf
s]xL pTs[i6 ljZjljBfnox¿df k9\g] df}sf kfPF . /, ToxfF
kfPsf] lzIff ljZje/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] enfOdf pkof]u
ug{ ;Ifd ePF .
;fj{hlgs lzIff g} gePsf] cfwf ztfAbLcl3sf tL
cFWof/f lbgaf6 g]kfn w]/} 6f9f cfO;s]sf] 5 . cfh xfdL
ljsl;t b]zsf t'ngfdf xfd|f] lzIffdf ePsf] sd k|ultsf
ljifodf lrlGtt 5f}+ . t/, xfdLn] xfd|f lzIfs, k|lzIfs
/ w]/} ufnL kfPsf /fhgLlts g]tf, sd{rf/L / lghL ;+3–
;+:yfx¿sf] of]ubfgsf] pNn]v ug{ / ltgsf] ;Ddfg ug{
e'Ng'xbF' g} , h;n] g]kfnsf] lzIffdf s]xL /fd|f of]ubfg u/]sf
5g\ .
;j{ky| d ;sf/fTds kIfsf] s'/f u/f}+ . clxn] g]kfnsf
rf/ xhf/ ufpFdf @* xhf/ k|fylds :s"n 5g\ . ToxfF
(* xhf/ lzIfs k9fpF5g\ / $) nfv %) xhf/ ljBfyL{
k9\5g\ . k|fylds tx pd]/ ;d"xsf () k|ltzt afnaflnsf
:s"n hfg yfn]sf 5g\ h;df $* k|ltzt ;ª\Vof s]6Lx¿sf]
5 . ef}uf]lns ljs6tf / 6f9f–6f9fsf cUnf kxf8df
5l/Psf a:tLdf cfh () k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofsf lglDt #)
ldg]6sf] b"/Ldf k|fylds :s"n pknAw 5 .
pRr lzIff;Ddsf] kx'r F df klg kl5Nnf] ;dodf gf6sLo
lx;fan] kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . xfdL;Fu s]xL /fd|f sn]h /
ljZjljBfno dfq 5}gg\, tL sn]h–ljZjljBfnodf k9]sf
g]kfnLx¿ clxn] ljZjsf ;a}eGbf /fd|f dflgg] ljZjljBfnodf
k9fpF5g\ klg . ;fy}, g]kfnLx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o ;Ë7g, sDkgL
20 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
/ >d ahf/sf pRr ;Lk rflxg] hflu/df ;kmntfk"js
k|lt:kwf{ u/]sf] klg xfdLn] b]Vg yfn]sf 5f}+ .
t/ xfd|f cufl8 s]xL lg/fzfhgs tYofÍ klg 5g\ .
{
;/;tL{ x]bf{ :s"n ghfg] !) k|ltzt aRrfsf] ;ª\Vof
;fgf] nfu] klg lrGtfsf] s'/f s] 5 eg] o;df P]ltxfl;s,
ef}uf]lns, cfly{s / ;fdflhs ¿kdf jl~rt / ;LdfGtLs[t
;d'bfosf aRrfsf] ;ª\Vof cTolws /x]sf] 5 . k|fylds
:s"n hfg] aRrfx¿df cflbjf;L hghflt ;d'bfosf hDdf
#* k|ltzt, blnt !* k|ltzt / ckfËtf ePsfx¿sf]
;ª\Vof Ps k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 . dfgjclwsf/ /
;dfj]zL k|hftGqsf] ljZjJofkL dfGotf lz/f]wfo{ u/]sf]
jt{dfg g]kfnsf nflu of] tYo s'g} klg xfntdf ;Gtf]ifhgs
xf]Og . :s"n hfg]x¿df klg kfFr sIff;Dd k'Ug]sf] ;ª\Vof
*& k|ltzt dfq 5 . !% b]lv @$ jif{sf o'jfx¿sf]
;fIf/tf b/ &# k|ltzt 5 . clxn]sf] k|ult b/ x]bf{
g]kfnn] to u/]sf] ;x;|fAbL nIo k"/f ug{;Sg] ;Defjgf
sd b]lvG5 . h;df, @)!% ;Dddf k|fylds :s"n egf{
ztk|tlzt, ztk|ltztn] kfFr sIff kf; ug]{ / !% b]lv
@$ jif{sf ;a} o'jfnfO{ ;fIf/ agfpg] nIo kb{5g\ .
xfd|f] ljBfno Joj:yfdf w]/} lrh a]sf/ hfg] u5{g\ .
P;Pn;L k/LIffdf Oltxf;d} a9L kf; x'bF f klg ut jif{
pQL0f{ x'gs ] f] b/ ^# k|ltzt lyof] . o;sf] cy{ #& k|ltzt
ljBfyL{ c‰} km]n eP . o;n] nfvf}+ ljBfyL{sf] cfTd;DdfgnfO{
rf]6 k'¥ofpF5 . ;fy}, ul/a kl/jf/ / ;/sf/L sf]ifsf]
nufgL klg v]/ hfG5 .
oqf] 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] c;kmntf / ;|ft] –;fwgsf] aaf{bL
x/]s jif{ P;Pn;Ldf dfq x'bF g} , k|fylds txb]lv pRrtx;Dd
;a} lsl;dsf k/LIffdf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . t/, xfdL oqf]
aaf{bLnfO{ ;fdfGo dfG5f}+ / xfd|f aRrfn] klg o:tf]
c;kmntfnfO{ ;fdfGo ¿kdf u|x0f u¿g\ eGg] rfxG5f}+ .
o;/L xfdL afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljh]tf aGg k|l] /t ug's { f]
;§f pgLx¿nfO{ xf/ :jLsf/ ug{ k|lzlIft ul//x]sf 5f}F .
gofF g]kfndf of] wf/0ffdf kl/jt{g cfpg'k5{ . afn–aflnsfsf]
of] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] k|of;sf] ;'?cft k|fylds
txaf6} x'gk' 5{, dfWolds :s"n jf ljZjljBfno uO;s]kl5
o;df kl/jt{g ug{ vf]h]/ x'Fb}g . lsgeg] *) k|ltzt

;'/h s'jF/
dfgj dl:tissf] ljsf; hLjgsf] klxnf] !* dlxgfdf
eO;S5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ xfdLn] e'Ng'xbF' g} .
g]kfndf sIff Psdf egf{ x'g] ljBfyL{dWo] !^ k|ltztn]
Ps} jif{df :s"n 5f8\5g\ / #) k|ltzt csf]{ jif{ klg
ToxL sIffdf kl9/x]sf x'G5g\ . o;/L hDdf %$ k|ltzt
dfq Ps} jif{df sIff b'Od{ f k'U5g\ . o;sf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{
sf/0f plrt afnljsf; / x]/ljrf/sf] sdL xf] .
g]kfnsf] cfwf/e"t lzIffsf oL /fd|f / g/fd|f kIfsf]
;ª\lIfKt rrf{kl5 d cfˆgf s]xL ;'‰fj / tTsfn ug'k{ g]{
sfdx¿ k|:t't ug{ rfxG5' .
;a}sf nflu u'0f:t/Lo lzIff
:s"n hfg] pd]/sf () k|ltzt afnaflnsf :s"n hfg'
eg]sf] k|fylds lzIffsf] ljZjJofkL cg'kftdf g]kfnsf]
ultnf] k|ult xf] . t/, lzIffsf] u'0f:t/sf] ;jfndf eg]
xfdLn] c‰} w]/} ug{ afFsL 5 . o;}n] ca xfd|f] gofF gf/f
…;a}sf nflu lzIffÚ xf]Og, …;a}sf nflu u'0f:t/Lo lzIffÚ
x'g'k5{ .
cS;/Ù :t/Lo lzIffsf nflu a9L nufgL ug'k{ 5{ /
g]kfnh:tf] ul/a b]zn] Toqf] nufgL ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] ul/G5 .
t/, /ftf] aª\unf kmfpG8]zg -cf/aLPkm_n] aflx/sf :s"nsf
nflu ;~rfng u/]sf] sfo{qmdn] b]vfpF5, yf]/} dfq nufgL
a9fP/ klg lzIffsf] :t/ psf:g ;lsG5 . cf/aLPkm,
jN8{ P8'sz ] g / o'lg;]kmn] g]kfndf pknAw u/fPsf …l6g
6«Í nfOa]/| LÚ h:tf :yfgLo:t/df pTkfbg x'g] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf]
k|of]u Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . /, ax'–sIff k9fOsf lx;fan]
aRrfsf] k9fOdf cleefjssf] clws ;+nUgtf klg csf]{
pkof]uL tl/sf x'g ;S5 . o:tf w]/h} ;f] k|oTgdf k|jl[ Q
/ Jojxf/df ;'wf/ h?/L 5, g ls cfly{s nufgLdf .
jl~rtx¿sf kIfdf sfo{qmd
cGo cfwf/e"t ;]jfdf h:t} lzIffdf klg cl3Nnf] %)
k|ltztdf k'Ug'eGbf kl5Nnf] !) k|ltzt;Dd k'Ug sl7g
x'G5 . qmlds j[l4 ub}{ hfg] jt{dfg sfo{zn} L sfod /xFbf,
:s"naflx/ /x]sf ;a} aRrfnfO{ :s"n k7fpgsf nflu g]kfnnfO{
cToGt} nfdf] ;do nfUg]5 . o;}n] clxn] ul/xfNg'kg]{
xfdL eO/x]sf] z}lIfs
aaf{bLnfO{ ;fdfGo
dfG5f}+ / xfd|f aRrfn]
klg o:tf] c;kmntfnfO{
To;}u/L u|x0f u¿g\
eGg] rfxG5f}+ . xfdL
pgLx¿nfO{ ljh]tf aGg
k|l] /t ug's
{ f] ;§f xf/
:jLsfg{{ k|lzlIft
ul//x]sf 5f}F .
sfd eg]sf] blnt / hghflt ckfËtf tyf lje]bsf sf/0f
lzIffaf6 jl~rt afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIff k|flKtdf
ljz]if d2t ug]{ lx;fan] cfqmfds k|s[ltsf] ;sf/fTds
sfo{of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f xf] . nlIft 5fqj[lQ, l;Q}dF f kf7\ok':ts,
lbpF;f]sf] vfhf / cGo ;'ljwfx¿ h'6fOlbFbf jl~rt kl/jf/sf
aRrfsf] z}lIfs vr{ 36fpg ;xof]u k'U5 . xfn}sf jif{x¿df
…:s"ndf :jfutÚ cleofgn] s]xL /fd|f glthfx¿ b]vfPsf]
5 . o:tf c¿ w]/} sfo{qmd cfjZos 5g\ .
…cfwf/e"t lzIff clwsf/ xf]Ú eGg] h:tf ;sf/fTds
sfo{qmdsf lglDt w]/} kIfaf6 ;xof]u h'6fpg ;lsG5 .
lghL :s"n / sDkgLx¿nfO{ o:tf sfo{qmddf ;xefuL u/fpg
;lsG5 . cfjZos k/]sf] v08df cltl/Qm s/ / c¿
pkfoaf6 klg ltgnfO{ ltgsf] ;fdflhs bfloTj k"/f ug{
afWo kfg{ ;lsG5 .
:s"nnfO{ ;fFlRrs} afnd}qL agfpg]
:s"nx¿ slQ ;'/lIft 5g\ eGg] k|ZgnfO{ 5fl8lbg] xf] eg]
klgÙ ;du|df l;Sgsf nflu /dfOnf] :yfg aGg'sf] ;§fÙ
g]kfnsf w]/h} ;f] :s"nx¿ o:tf] :yfgdf agfOPsf 5g\,
hxfF k|foM aRrfx¿ hfg g} 8/fpF5g\ . To:t} cf};t lzIfsx¿
ck|lzlIft, x]/ljrf/ gug]{ / rfF8} zf/Ll/s ;hfo lbg]
vfnsf 5g\ . k|foM :s"n kmf]xf]/ x'g] u5{g\ / vf;u/L
s]6Lx¿sf nflu zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf x'bF g} . v]ns'bsf ultljlw
/ dgf]/~hgsf ;'ljwf pknAw 5}gg\ . l;sfOsf] ljlw
klg aRrfnfO{ cfkm}+ vf]hL ug],{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ / a'´g]
agfpg] eGbf 3f]sGt] ljBfdf cfwfl/t 5 .
afns]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwsf /fd|f tl/sfx¿ g]kfndf pknAw
g} gePsf eg] xf]Og . a}s + l:6«6 sn]hn] ljsf; u/]sf]
Pp6f To:tf] lzIf0f ljlw /ftf] aª\unf kmfpG8]zgn] g]kfn
leœofPsf] 5 . o:t}, o'lg;]km, o'g:] sf], jN8{ P8'sz ] g /
cGo ;+:yfx¿n] klg ljZjel/ g} afnd}qL :s"nsf] lgdf{0fsf]
cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . To:tf ljlw / cg'ejx¿af6
g]kfnn] kmfObf lng'k5{ . afnaRrfx¿sf nflu :s"n hfg'
eg]sf] /dfOnf] / cfgGbsf] cg'ej ug{ xf] eGg] kl/l:ylt
agfpg'k5{ .
s'g} :s"n ;fFlRrs} afnd}qL 5 ls 5}g eg]/ hfFRgsf
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 21
 ljrf/
nflu Tof] s]6Lx¿sf nflu slQsf] ;xh / cg'sn" 5 afFsL ljZjdf h:t} g]kfndf klg dlxnf lzlIfsf ePsf]
eg]/ x]/] k'U5 . ;+;f/el/sf] cg'ejn] atfPsf] 5, h'g 7fpFdf w]/} s]6Lx¿nfO{ :s"ntk{m cfslif{t ug{ / :s"ndf
:s"n s]6Lx¿sf nflu cg'sn" x'G5g\Ù tL s]6fx¿sf nflu l6sfO/fVg ;lhnf] x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, o;n] :s"nnfO{
klg /fd|f x'G5g\ . afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljrf/ / wf/0ff ;'Gg' a9L afnd}qL agfPsf] klg b]lvPsf] 5 .
/ pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|fT] ;flxt ug'{ afnd}qL :s"nsf] clws dlxnf lzIfs cfslif{t ug{, nfdf] ;do;Dd
csf]{ nIf0f xf] . ;]jfdf /fVg / cfjZos k/]sf] 7fpFdf v6fpgsf nflu
pgLx¿nfO{ cltl/Qm ;'ljwf lbg' cfjZos x'G5 . o;nfO{
k"j–{ afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/ cltl/Qm vr{sf ¿kdf xf]Og ls g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ k|ultzLn
k"j–{ afnljsf; sfo{qmddf nufgL ubf{ ;dfhn] bL3{sfnLg agfpgsf nflu ul/Psf] dxŒjk"0f{ nufgLsf ¿kdf lnOg'k5{ .
¿kdf ljlzi6 kmfObf kfpg ;S5 . sIff Psdf clws
egf{ k|ltzt eP/ klg g]kfndf w]/} aRrfn] Ps sIffd} lzIffnfO{ ;dfj]zL / ax'–;f+:s[lts agfpg]
:s"n 5f8\g] / ToxL sIffdf bf]xf]l/g'sf] Pp6f d'Vo sf/0f g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof w]/j} 6f hflt, ;+:s[lt / efiffsf] ;lDd>0f
k"j–{ k|fylds lzIff tyf dgf]j1} flgs–;fdflhs ljsf;sf] xf] . t/, P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf xfd|f] z}lIfs Joj:yfn] oL
cefj xf] . cfofdx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft\ / ;Daf]wg u/]sf] b]lvFbg} . xfd|f
g]kfnsf w]/}h;f] zx/ / lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx¿df kf7\ok':ts, z}lIfs ;fdu|L / k9fOsf] ljlwdf s]xL lglZrt
lsG8/uf8]{g / k"j{–k|fylds s]Gb|x¿ v'ln/x]sf 5g\ . t/, k'/fgf ljDax¿sf] dfq k|of]u x'bF } cfPsf] 5 .
logsf] :t/ klg rflxg] hlt /fd|f] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . w]/h} ;f] If]qdf k9fOsf] dfWod g]kfnL dfq} /xFb} cfPsf]
u|fdL0f If]qdf o:tf] ;'ljwf lgs} sd dfq 5 . oBlk, 5 . kl5Nnf s]xL jif{df cª\uh]| LnfO{ k9fOsf] dfWod agfpg]
g]kfndf ljleGg :t/sf !^ xhf/ afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ ePsf] k]m;g a9]sf] 5— vf;u/L lghL :s"nx¿df . k"j–{ k|fylds
atfOPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nIo eg] o:tf &$ xhf/ txdf dft[efiffx¿sf] a]jf:tf / cª\uh]| LnfO{ cltl/Qm dxŒj
s]Gb|x¿ vf]Ng] / ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf *) k|ltzteGbf a9L lbOg' l;sfOsf lx;fan] ;xL dfGg ;lsFbg} .
egf{ b/ k'¥ofpg] /x]sf] 5 . of] dxŒjk"0f{ nIo k|fKt ug{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf nflu plrt eflifs gLlt g]kfnnfO{
k"j–{ k|fylds ljBfnodf aRrfsf] x]/rfx, lg/LIf0f / lzIfsx¿sf] rflxPsf] 5 . c¿ ax'eflifs /fi6«x¿sf] cg'ej o;df dxŒjk"0f{
k|lzIf0f tyf ljsf;df nufgL a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . x'g ;S5 . aRrfx¿sf] dft[efiffsf] ljsf;sf] :t/,
cleefjssf] OR5f / ;d'bfosf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftnfO{
dlxnf lzIfssf] ;ª\Vofdf cTolws j[l4 cfwf/ agfP/ b'O{ jf tLg eflifs gLlt ckgfpg' pko'Qm
g]kfnnfO{ clxn] g} ^) xhf/ yk k|fylds lzIfs / b]lvG5 . o;cg';f/ z'?df aRrfsf] dft[efiffdf clnkl5
nueu Tolts} ;ª\Vofdf k|f/lDes afn;';f/ lg/LIfsx¿sf] /fi6«sf] dfWod efiffdf / cGTodf cGt/f{li6«o efiffdf k9fpg
vfFrf] 5 . ljBfno egf{ b/ ztk|ltzt k'uk] l5 / cf7 ;lsG5 .
sIff;DdnfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIff agfOPkl5 of] ;ª\Vof ‰g\ t/, o;df ?9 ;"qx¿sf] cg';/0f eg] /fd|f] x'bF g} .
a9\g5] . o;/L lzIfs / k"j–{ ljBfno lg/Ifs yKbf klxnf] k9fOnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] vfnsf] efiff / cleefjssf]
k|fyldstf of]Uo dlxnfx¿nfO{ lbOg'k5{ . /f]hfOnfO{ plrt k|fyldstf lbOg'k5{, g ls hftLo jf
x/]s k|fylds ljBfnodf sDtLdf Pshgf dlxnf lzlIfsf eflifs cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf dfunfO{ . dfWod efiff h'g eP
x'g] clxn]sf] nIosf] ;§f @)!% ;Dddf, -;s] Tof]eGbf klg kf7\oqmd eg] g]kfnsf] ;+j4[ / ax'cfoflds ;f+:s[lts
cl3 g}_ s'n k|fylds lzIfssf] %) k|ltzt dlxnf k'¥ofpg] e08f/k|lt ;+jb] gzLn x'gk' 5{, h;n] tLj| ultdf ljZjJofkL
dxŒjfsfª\IfL nIo lng' cfjZos 5 . xfn PsltxfO{ dfq aGb} uPsf] b'lgofFdf g]kfnL o'jfx¿ lzlIft / 1fgL agfpg
dlxnf lzIfs ePsf] tYonfO{ x[boËd u/L gofF ylkg] ;sf];\ .
lzIfsdf b'O{ltxfO{ dlxnf lng] ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt
cËLsf/ ul/g'k5{ . ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;xsfo{sf] kxn
cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] clwsf/nfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ;+jw} flgs
h'g :s"n clwsf/ dflgg'k5{ . ;a} aRrfnfO{ :t/Lo cfwf/e"t
s]6Lx¿sf lzIff k|bfg ug{sf nflu ;/sf/n] cfjZos nufgL
nflu / ;|ft] x¿sf] kl/rfng ug'k{ 5{ . t/ klg olb rfxG5g\
cg's"n eg] nf]stGqdf cfˆgf] /f]hfOcg';f/sf lghL :s"ndf
aRrf k9fpg klg cleefjsx¿ :jtGq x'G5g\ .
x'G5g\Ù tL kl5Nnf jif{df g]kfndf, vf;u/L zx/x¿df lghL
s]6fx¿sf :s"nx¿sf] af9L g} cfPsf] 5 . oLdWo] s]xLn] ;fFlRrs}
nflu :t/Lo lzIff lbO/x]sf 5g\ eg] w]/h} ;f] k};f sdfpg]
klg /fd|f Jofj;flos pBf]u h:tf b]lvG5g\ . s]xL wfld{s /
;d'bfodf s]lGb|t :s"nx¿n] klg z}lIfs u'0fjQfnfO{
x'G5g\ . sd dxŒj lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
22 lz If s c;f]h @)^%

:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu cleefjsnfO{ cfZj:t kf/]kl5
lghL :s"nsf] sfd aG5 . lj8Dagf s] 5 eg] lghL
:s"nsf cfnf]rsx¿ klg cfˆgf aRrfnfO{ lghL :s"nd}
k7fpg] u5{g\ .
lghL :s"nx¿n] /fli6«o kf7\oqmd, ljBfyL{ / lzIfssf]
;]jf, ;'ljwf / ;~rfngdf kf/blz{tfsf] cfwf/e"t :t/
k"/f ug'k{ 5{ . o:t}, ltgn] cln 6f9f;Dd k'Ug] / ul/a
kl/jf/sf t]h ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;Q}dF f k9fOlbg] nufotsf
sfd klg ug{ ;S5g\, hf] s]xL :s"nx¿n] klxn]b]lv g}
ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;afx]s lghL :s"nx¿nfO{, cfjZos k/]sf]
v08df s]xL 5'6 jf ;'ljwf lbP/ eP klg, km:6fpFbf
ahf/ / ufpF If]qsf ;fj{hlgs :s"nx¿sf] :t/ psf:gdf
d2t ug{ pTk|]l/t ug{ ;lsG5 .
of] o'u b'jn} fO{ kmfObf x'g] lsl;dsf] ;fj{hlgs–lghL
;f‰]bf/Lsf] o'u xf] . lghL :s"n lj:tfl/t eO/x]sf] of]
;dodf lognfO{ ;fj{hlgs :s"n;Fusf] ;f‰]bf/Ldf hf]8/]
;fj{hlgs lzIffsf] :t/ ;'wfg{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
zflGt If]qsf] ¿kdf :s"n
åGåsf] bzsdf g]kfnsf s}of}F :s"n o'4e"ld ag] . sltko
:s"n tTsfnLg zfxL ;]gfsf c:yfoL Aof/]s ag] eg] sltko
dfcf]jfbLsf etL{s]Gb| . w]/}h;f] lx+;fTds ultljlwn]
afnaflnsfx¿ k|efljt eP . o;af6 ltgsf] lzIffdf uDeL/
c;/ k¥of] .
dfcf]jfbLn] sltko k|fylds :s"nnfO{ …;}Go lj1fgÚ
k9fpg klg k|of]u u/] . h;n] aRrfnfO{ ad agfpg,
dfcf]jfbLsf] lglDt kx/f lbg, ;'/fsL ug{ / lx+;fsf]
clt/~hgfTds k|rf/ ug{ l;sfpFYof] . o:t}, ultljlw /
lx+;f b]v/] y'k}| /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+:yfx¿n]
…:s"nnfO{ zflGt If]qÚ agfpg'kg]{ ljrf/ cl3 ;f/] .
@)^# ;fndf …SofG6f]gd]G6Údf /fVg] qmddf k/LIf0f
ubf{ dfcf]jfbLsf] …hg;]gfÚdf cgldgn] y'k}| sd pd]/sf
n8fs" k]mnf kf¥of] . clxn];Dd pgLx¿nfO{ d'Qm gul/g' /
k'g:yf{kgfsf] Joj:yf gx'gn' ] g]kfndf afnfkgfsf] kljqtf
tyf afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;D‰f}tfsf] pNnª\3g
eO/x]sf] k'li6 x'G5 . lx+;f / b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{
cGTo ug{ xfd|f afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ åGåsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg
/ clx+;fsf] kf7nfO{ gofF dfgjLo lzIff Joj:yfsf] d"ne"t
dfGotfsf ¿kdf l;sfOg'k5{ . ;fy} h:tf];s ' } cj:yfdf
klg afnaflnsf / :s"n lx+;fd'Qm If]q 3f]lift ul/g'k5{ .
klZrd aËfndf cfwf/e"t lzIffsf]
lzIfsx¿ k"0f{sfnLg c/fhgLlts/0f
clxn] g]kfn clt–
kf6L{ sfo{stf{ ag] / /fhgLlts/0fsf] /f]uaf6
k9fpg] sfdnfO{ u|l;t x'gk'us] f] 5 . To;n]
a]jf:tf u/] . To;}n] hLjgsf ;a} If]qnfO{ c;/
ToxfF lzIffsf] To:tf] kfl//x]sf] 5 . lzIff /
z}lIfs ;+:yfdf /fhgLlt
lahf]u eof] . ug]x{ ¿nfO{ lzIffsf vf;
d'2fdf eg] Tolt rf;f]
/x]sf] kfOFb}g . o; lglDt
g]kfnsf ;a} /fhgLlts kf6L{ bf]ifL 5g\ .
b]zdf dfcf]jfbL g]tT[ jsf] ;/sf/ ag]sf] k[i7e"lddf d
gf]an] k'/:sf/ ljh]tf ljZjk|l;4 cy{zf:qL cdTo{ ;]gsf]
Pp6f uxg cjnf]sgsf] lgrf]8 pNn]v ug'{ ;fGble{s b]Vb5' .
;]g eG5g\, æs}og v/fa sfdx¿ u/]/ eP klg ha
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{x¿ ;Qfdf k'u]sf 5g\\, ltgn] cfwf/e"t
lzIff / :jf:Yodf ;a}lt/ ;'wf/ NofPsf 5g\ . ¿;, rLg,
leotgfd, So'jf, lgsf/fu'jf cflb b]zdf o:t} ePsf] 5 .Æ
t/ ef/tsf] klZrd aËfnnfO{ eg] ;]gn] Pp6f 7"nf] ckjfbsf
¿kdf e]6s ] f 5g\, hxfF, ;'wf/jfbL sDo'lg:6 kf6L{n] #)
jif{bl] v zf;g ul//x]sf] 5 . t/, ToxfFsf] lzIff / :jf:Yosf]
l:ylt ef/tsf ;a}eGbf lk5l8Psf /fHo laxf/, pQ/k|bz ]
cflbsf] eGbf d'l:snn] /fd|f] 5 .
;a}eGbf 7"nf] sf/0f /x]sf] lgisif{ lgsfn] . sDo'lg:6
zf;g ePsf c¿ b]zeGbf leGgÙ klZrd aËfndf kf6L{df
cfa4 lzIfsx¿ k"0f{sfnLg kf6L{ sfo{stf{ ag] / k9fpg]
sfdnfO{ a]jf:tf u/] . To;}n] ToxfF lzIffsf] To:tf] lahf]u
eof] .
d cfzf u5',{ xfd|f /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿, ljz]iftM g]skf
dfcf]jfbLn] of] cg'ejaf6 kf7 l;Sg]5 . /, vf;u/L cfwf/e"t
lzIffsf] If]qdf lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{sf] clt–/fhgLlts/0fnfO{
/f]Sg]5 .
zflGtsf] nfef+zsf] ¿kdf lzIff
åGå ;lsP/ zflGt / nf]stGqsf] gofF o'u k|f/De ePsf]
5 . o;sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kmfObf g]kfnsf] afnlzIffn] kfpg]5
eGg] d]/f] cfzf / ck]Iff 5 .
…zflGtsf] pknlAwÚsf ¿kdf ;}lgs vr{ / c¿ kmh'n
vr{ 36fP/ lzIffdf nufgL bf]Aa/ ug'k{ 5{ . xfdLn] a'´g'k5{,
lzIff s]jn dfgjclwsf/ dfq xf]Og, of] t ;Dk"0f{ dfgj
ljsf;sf] OlGhg klg xf] .
!) jif{ s f] cjlwdf b' j } l t/sf n8fs" x ¿n] xfd| f
afnaflnsfsf] /fd|f] eljiosf gfddf n8] . ca xfdL;Fu
zflGt / nf]stGq 5, o;}n] Tof] eljiosf nflu xfd|f ;|ft] –
;fwg kl/rfng u/L ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ :t/Lo cfwf/e"t
lzIff lbgkl§ nfuf}F .
-;+oQ' m /fi6«;3
+ sf k"j{ ;xfos dxf;lrj uf}tdn] /ftf] aËnf
kmfp08]zgåf/f k|lzlIft lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] qmddf ut
;fpgdf cª\uh]| Ldf lbg'ePsf] efif0fsf] efjfg'jfb ._
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 23
 ljrf/
k|bLk g]kfn
lzIfssf ;Ë7g
lxhf] / cfh
d} n] hfGg'eGbf cufl8 klg g]kfndf lzIfs ;Ë7gx¿
lyP xf]nfg\ . cyjf plta]nf To:tf ;Ë7gsf]
cfjZost} dx;"; ePg xf]nf . cyjf k|of; ubf{ klg lzIfs
;Ë7gx¿ aGg} ;s]gg\ xf]nf .
h] xf];,\ d}n] hfGbfsf]] klxnf] lzIfs ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf
@)#%÷)#^ sf] cfGbf]ng;Fu hf]l8P/ eof] . af]Ng], n]Vg],
;ef–;Ë7g ug]{ ;a}vfn] gful/s clwsf/af6 jl~rt
agfOPsf b]zjf;Lsf] r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] g} x'gk' 5{
Tolta]nf ;a} txdf ;Ë7g agfpg'k5{ eGg] r]tgf hfu]sf]
lyof] . ljBfyL{, dhb'/ tyf dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿ ToxL r]tgfsf
kl/0ffd lyP . ljleGg ;d'bfosf ;Ë7gx¿ lgdf{0f x'g yfn]kl5
k]zfut lx;fan] ck]Iffs[t :jtGq /x]sf lzIfsx¿n] klg
cfk"mnfO{ g]kfn /fli6«o lzIfs ;Ë7gdf cfa4 u/] . nfdf]
;do;Dd pQm lzIfs ;Ë7g ;Dk"0f{ lzIfsx¿sf] ;f‰f
;+:yfsf ¿kdf lqmofzLn eO/Xof] . To;n] k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf
;DaGwL cfGbf]ngdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf klg lgjf{x u¥of] .
lxhf], cyf{t\ k~rfotL lg/ª\sz ' tfsf lj?4df hgtfnfO{
hfu?s kfg],{ kl/rflnt ug]{ h:tf sfddf lzIfs ;Ë7gsf]
e"ldsf k|efjzfnL x'gk' lg kYof],{ lsgeg] Tof] ;d'bfo g}
tTsfnLg kl/j]zsf] cu'jf lyof] . /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿ k|ltalGwt
lyP / kf6L{x¿ lzIfs, ljBfyL{, dlxnfsf] cfj/0fdf cfGbf]ng
ug{ afWo lyP . dhb'/ cfGbf]ngx¿ cfˆgf ;fd'bflos dfudf
a9L s]lGb|t x'gk' g]{ / ls;fgx¿ ;Ël7t eO{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
;Ël7t ;d"xsf ¿kdf /x]sf lzIfs / ljBfyL{x¿ k|To]s
cfGbf]ngsf ‰08} ‰08} jfxs g} ag] . of] tTsfnLg g]kfnL
/fhgLlts cfGbf]ngsf] afWotf klg lyof] .
cu|ufdL e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] lzIfs ;Ë7gsf]
)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf klg k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lyof] .
To;} x'gfn] k|hftGq k|flKtkl5sf] /fhgLltdf lzIfs k[i7e"ldaf6
cfPsf bh{gf}F a'l4hLjLn] /fhgLlts g]tT[ j ;DxfNg]bl] v ;/sf/
;~rfng ;Ddsf] lhDd]jf/L klg kfP . klxnf] k|ltlglw;efsf]
24 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
lg/ª\sz
' tf lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf lzIfsx¿sf]
/fhgLlts e"ldsf hlt ;fGble{s lyof], clxn]
bnLo /fhgLltsf cfwf/df lzIfsx¿sf] ;fË7lgs
;xeflutf TolQs} c;fGble{s ePsf] 5 .
k"0f{ ax'dt ljutsf lzIfsx¿s} lyof] eg] clxn]sf] ;+ljwfg;efdf
klg k"j{lzIfsx¿sf] pkl:ylt ;Ddflgt :yfgdf 5 .
)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfkl5 /fhgLlts bnx¿n]
kf6L{ / juL{o ;Ë7gx¿sf] e"ldsfsf af/]df gofF b[li6sf]0f
cufl8 ;fg{ ;s]gg\ . zfob nfdf] ;dosf] lg/ª\sz ' tflj/f]wL
cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg ePsf sf/0f To:tf] b[li6sf]0f tfQft}
tof/ kfg{ / ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfonfO{ To;leq kl/rfng ug{
;Dej klg lyPg xf]nf . ;fy} k]zfut ;Ë7gx¿sf] juL{s/0f
/ ltgsf bfloTjx¿sf af/]df klg g]kfnL /fhgLltn] 7f];
gLltx¿ to ug{ ;s]g . To;}n] u}//fhgLlts ;Ë7gx¿sf]
cfGbf]ng g k]zfut g /fhgLlts eP/ ‰f]nË' ] k'nh:tf]
xfjfdf xlNnO/Xof] .
clxn] lzIfs ;Ë7g, k|fWofks ;+3 h:tf af}l4s k]zfut
;Ë7gx¿ cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L af]w ug{ g;s]/ 56\kl6Psf
5g\ . kf/Dkl/s ;+:sf/n] pgLx¿nfO{ /fhgLltlt/ 7]N5
eg] jt{dfg kl/l:ylt Tof] ;+:sf/;Fu d]n gvfg] eO;s]sf]
5 . lxhf] lg/ª\sz ' sfnsf] lzIfs Pp6f /fhgLlts sfo{stf{
klg lyof] t/ cfhsf] lzIfs /fhg]tf xf]Og, Tof] w]/}
ljBfyL{x¿sf], 7"nf] ;d'bfosf] u'? aGg' k/]sf] 5 . lsgeg]
h:tf] zf;gk|0ffnLsf nflu lxhf] lzIfsx¿n] /fhgLlts
sfo{stf{sf] lhDd]jf/L cªe/ ug'{ k/]sf] lyof], Tof] olta]nf
:yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . tyflk, d'ns ' sf] /fhgLltn] u'?,
g]tf, hgtf / ljBfyL{ aLrsf e]bx¿nfO{ 7Dofpg g;s]sf]
x'gfn] olta]nf xfd|f lzIfs ;Ë7gx¿ cGof]nsf] e'd/Ldf
kmF;s ] f 5g\ .
lg/ª\s'ztf lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf lzIfsx¿sf] /fhgLlts
e"ldsf hlt ;fGble{s lyof], clxn] bnLo /fhgLltsf
cfwf/df lzIfsx¿sf] ;fË7lgs ;xeflutf TolQs}
c;fGble{s ePsf] 5 . lxhf] lzIfs ;Ë7g Ps lyof] /
lg/ª\s'z ;Qfsf] lj?4df Tof] Ps eP/} h'w]sf] lyof] .
k|hftflGqs k|0ffnLsf] cf/De;Fu} lzIfs ;Ë7gsf] /fhgLlts
e"ldsf ;dfKt x'g'kYof]{ . lsgeg] /fhgLlts lhDd]jf/L g] k fndf :yflkt u} / ;/sf/L cfh ljBfno÷
af]Sg'kg]{ lxhf]sf k|ltalGwt / e"ldut /fhgLlts bnx¿ ;+3;+:yfx¿ klg ;lqmo ljZjljBfnosf
)$& ;fnb]lv v'nfd~rx¿df ;fj{hlgs eO;s]sf lyP . /fhgLltdf ;xefuL lyP . lzIfsx¿sf]
ax'bnLo Joj:yfnfO{ /fd|f] g/fd|f] h] elgP klg gful/sn] k|hftGq k|flKtkl5 ltgn] cfk"mnfO{
/fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df v'nf ultljlw ug{ kfPsf /fhgLlts j[Qaf6 k'mQ aflx/ e"ldsf
lyP . lgsfn] . o;f] u/]/ ltgn] cfˆgf k]ml/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnL /fhgLlt / g]kfnsf] lzIfs ;Ë7g cfk"mnfO{ ljrf/, cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L / cfˆgf] pgLx¿
k'g?4f/ ug{ oxLF r'ss ] f] lyof] . kf6L{x¿ v'nf eO;s]kl5 e" l dsf lj:tf/ klg u/] . /fhgLlts
lzIfs ;Ë7gx¿ kmgSs kmls{P/ ljBfno / ljZjljBfnodf k|hftflGqssfndf g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f kf6L{sf g]tf /
hfg'kYof]{ . t/ pN6} ltgLx¿ t kf6L{ kf6L{df ljeflht kf] If]qdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿dfkm{t sfo{stf{sf
eOlbP . jfdkGyL lzIfs ;Ë7g, sfª\u;]| sf] lzIfs ;Ë7g, k|fKt pknlAwx¿ pNn]vgLo 5g\ .
;b\efjgfsf] lzIfs ;Ë7g, /fk|kfsf] lzIfs ;Ë7g h:tf /fhgLlts ;lqmotfdf /x] s f
;d]t u'?
ljz]if0fx¿n] lzIfssf ;Ë7gx¿ ab\g\ fd x'g] k|lqmof cf/De u|fdL0f ls;fgx¿ ;d'bfosf ¿kdf x'g'kg]{
ePsf] lyof], lzIfs ldqx¿n] a'‰s ] f ePb]lv . lzIfsÙ ca ;Ël7t eP / ltgn] g]kfnsf] cfjZostf
lzIfs /x]g, Tof] eof] kf6L{x¿sf] uf]7fnf] . of] uf]7fnf]kgnfO{ jg /Iff ug]{ lhDd]jf/L cªe/ 5 .
lzIfs ;Ë7gx¿n] klg uj{;fy cfTd;ft u/] eg] /fhgLlts u/] . olta] n f ;/sf/L jg
kf6L{x¿n] klg cfˆgf] Pp6f ef/L Totf kG5fOlbP/ cfˆgf] dGqLb]lv jgkfn];Ddsf] cof]Uotfsf sf/0f gfz eO/x]sf]
sfFw xn'sf ePsf] dx;"; u/] . 5 eg] u|fdL0f ;d'bfon] :ofxf/]sf jgx¿, xl/of] jg g]kfnsf]
s'g} klg kf6L{n] tkfOFx¿ lzIfs / ljBfyL{sf] ;f‰f wg eGg] k'/fgf] cfxfgsf] k'ghL{jgsf] ;|ft] ag]sf 5g\ .
lxtsf] ;f/ly x'gx' f];\ eg]/ lzIfs ;d'bfonfO{ /fhgLlts /fhgLlts g]tf / k|zf;sx¿n] d'ns ' sf] ;a} jgIf]q hgtfnfO{
lqmofzLntfaf6 aflx/ rfx]g . t/ lzIfs t cflv/ lzIfs} ;'lDkg ;s]sf] eP clxn] ;/sf/L elgPsf jgx¿af6 x'g]
xf] . ljBfyL{nfO{ gk9fO{ p;sf] k]zfut bfloTj k"/f x'bF g} , u/]sf] hËn t:s/L dlxgf lbgd} ;dfKt x'g] lyof] .
hLljsf rNb}g, p;sf] lbdfu dfl‰O/xFbg} . t/ xfd|f lzIfs hyfefjLsf] /fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf] Pp6f s'?k gd'gf xf]
ldqx¿ g c;n lzIfs x'g;s], g kf6L{sf c;n sfo{stf{ Û t:s/Lsf sf/0f lvOFb} uPsf] ;/sf/L jg . x:tIf]ksf
kf6L{leq pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf n]eL a'‰fpg]df v'lDrof] . )$^ sf/0f g} lzIffsf] ljsf;sf] ult cj?4 ePsf] ;TonfO{
;fncl3sf] h:tf] /fhgLlts ;Djfxssf] e"ldsf vf]l;of] . klg ;a} /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ljgf lxrlsrfx6 :jLsf/
t/ pgLx¿sf] ;+:sf/sf sf/0f ljBfyL{ / ljBfnon] pgLx¿af6 ug'{k5{ . ljZjljBfnodf kf6L{ut cfwf/df pks'nkltb]lv
kfpg'kg]{ ;fj{lqs e"ldsf klg kfpg g;Sg] cj:yf eOlbof] . lkog;Ddsf] lgo'lQmdf e]befj /flvg', :jf:YosdL{x¿sf]
k|hftflGqssfndf clws ;ª\Vos lzIffdGqLx¿ lzIfs ;Ë7gsf] gfd k|hftflGqs / u}/k|hftflGqs /flvg' nf]stflGqs
k[i7e"ldaf6} cfPsf lyP . t/ ltgn] klg lzIfs ;d'bfonfO{ u0ftGq;Fu ;Ëlt /fVg] r]tgf xf]Og . To;}n] lzIfs ;Ë7gx¿
cfˆg} v]nf}gf agfO/xg] /0fgLlt clVtof/ u/] . a]nd} f, klg ;Ë7g, ;+3, d~r, kl/ifb, k|hftflGqs, qmflGtsf/L
cyf{t\ plxn] )$* ;fnd} pgLx¿n] cfˆgf ;xsdL{x¿nfO{ cflbToflbdf ljeflht x'g' /fd|f] xf]Og . lzIfs ;d'bfosf]
eGg'kYof],{ æca k]zfut ;Ë7g / /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] Pp6f dfq} ceLi6 x'G5– ljBfyL{nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf lbg',
e"ldsf k]ml/Psf] 5 . tkfOFx¿n] hgtfsf] r]tgf clej[l4sf] g]kfnsf] lzIffnfO{ b'lgofF;uF bfFlhg] :t/df psf:g' .
cfˆgf] e"ldsfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/xg'k5{, t/ kf6L{ lg/k]If lzIfsx¿ -ljBfno, ljZjljBfno b'j}sf_ ;Dk"0f{ ¿kd}
eP/ . cfˆgf sfo{qmdx¿sf] JofVof ug]{ kf6L{x¿ cfkmF} d}bfgdf lzIffsf] ljsf;df ;dlk{t x'g' g} pgLx¿sf] u0ftflGqs
cjtl/t ePsf 5g\ . To;}n] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/sf ;Gbe{df /fhgLltsf] ;f/ xf] . pgLx¿sf] bfloTj olta]nf klxn]eGbf
lzIfs ;Ë7gx¿n] ;fj{ef}d x'g] ;do cfPsf] 5 .Æ a9]sf] 5 . xfd|f] b]zdf efif0fsf] u0ftGq cfPsf] 5, t/
cxF s'g} dGqLn] o;f] eGg ;s]gg\ / k|hftflGqssfnsf] Jojxf/sf] lg/ª\sz' tf d/]sf] 5}g . clxn] hLljt ;a} /fhgLlts
!) jif{;Dd lzIfsx¿sf] pmhf{ To;} v]/ uO/Xof] . t/ kf6L{sf ax';ª\Vos k|efjzfnL g]tfx¿ nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf]
klg l:ylt ;kfg}{ g;lsg] rflxF eO;s]sf] 5}g . ca af}l4s r]tgfdf k'Ug ;s]sf 5}gg\ . lzIfs ;d'bfon] /fhgLlt
gful/ssf e"ldsfx¿ k]ml/Psf 5g\ . /fhgLlt ug]{x¿ ug]x{ ¿nfO{ Jojxf/sf] lg/ª\sz' tf dfg]{ lzIff lbg] ;do cfPsf]
/fhgLltsf] ‰f]nf af]s/] nuftf/ lxFl8/xg] 5g\ . /fhgLltnfO{ 5 . olta]nf lzIfsx¿ /fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tf / sfo{stf{sf
;dy{g ug]x{ ¿ cf–cfˆgf] e"ldsf cfˆg} If]qdf k|efjsf/L ;d]t u'? x'gk' g]{ cfjZostf 5 .
agfpg] sfdaf6 cfˆgf] ;Ddfg cfh{g ug]{ :yfgdf k'Ug]5g\ . dnfO{ nfU5– ljBfno / ljZjljBfnosf lzIfsx¿sf]
g]kfndf o;sf] cEof; klg z'? eO;s]sf] 5 . lxhf], e"ldsf k]ml/Psf] 5 . clxn] pgLx¿n] nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf]
cyf{t\ )$^ ;fncl3 ;d'bfosf ;a} ;Ë7gx¿ dfq xf]Og, ;Djfxs aGg'k/]sf] 5 .

lz If s c;f]h @)^% 25
 cfj/0f
;'bz{g l3ld/]

;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf] :t/ ck]lIft ¿kdf dfly p7\g g;Sg'df ljBfno lg/LIf0f
k4ltsf] c;kmntf klg plQs} lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5 . ;/sf/sf] u}/lhDd]jf/Lkg, bnLo
/fhgLlt / lzIff k|zf;gdf ePsf sdL–sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f lg/LIf0f Joj:yf
k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ lg/LIf0fnfO{ hlt l56f] k'g:yf{lkt ug{
;lsG5, Tolt g} rfF8f] ljBfnosf] k7gkf7gdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{ yfN5 .
ljBfnosf] k7gkf7gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] xf] eg] ca lg/LIf0f k4ltnfO{ hLjGt /
k|efjsf/L agfpg'sf]] ljsNk 5}g .

;d:ofdf
:s"n
lg/LIf0f

26 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
• ljBfno lg/LIfs -ljlg_ n] kf6g dflj, nlntk'/sf]
lg/LIf0f gu/]sf] !^ jif{ eP5 Û pQm dfljsf k|c
xf]daxfb'/ s'Fj/ eG5g\, ækl5Nnf] k6s @)$( ;fndf
ljBfno lg/LIfsn] lg/LIf0f u/] / k' l :tsfdf
…cAh/e];g sd]G6Ú n]v]sf lyP, To;otf s;}n] klg
n]v]sf] 5}g .Æ
• nlntk'/s} u|fdL0f e]udf cjl:yt ljBfwLZj/L dfljsf
tTsfnLg k|c s[i0fs'df/ s];LnfO{ cfˆgf] !) jif{sf]
sfof{jlwdf hDdf Ps k6s ljBfno lg/LIfsn] :s"ndf
kfOnf xfn]sf] ;D‰gf 5 . pgL eG5g\, æw]/} jif{cl3
;"o{ uf}td ljBfno lg/LIf0f ug{ cfpg'ePsf] lyof] .
To;kl5 csf]{ s'g} lg/LIfs :s"ndf cfPg .Æ
• g]kfnu~hsf] dx]Gb| gd'gf pRr dfljsf] lg/LIf0f
k'l:tsfdf !% ebf} @)^# otf s]xL n]lvPsf] 5}g .
lz Iff lgodfjnL @)%( n] k|To]s ljlg
sDtLdf dlxgfsf] Ps k6s cfˆgf]
If]qsf x/]s ljBfnodf k'Ug'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . t/ Jojxf/df ljlgx¿ jiff}{+df Ps k6s
klg tf]lsPsf] ljBfnodf gk'Ug] oyfy{ dflysf
pbfx/0fn] b]vfpF5g\ . dflysf 36gf ckjfb gePsf]
ljBfno lg/LIf0faf/] cg';Gwfg ub}{ u/]sf lzIffljb\
tLy{ vlgofF atfpF5g\ . pgsf cg';f/, otfsf
jif{df ljBfno lg/LIf0f ePs} 5}g eGbf klg x'g]
cj:yf 5 . pgL eG5g\, æd}n] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf
y'k}| lzIfsnfO{ …tkfO{s
+ f] sIff jif{el/df slt k6s–
lg/LIf0f eof]Ú eg]/ ;f]lwFbf clwsf+z lzIfsn] Ps
k6s klg lg/LIf0f gePsf] atfP .Æ o;kN6 ljlg
dfq x}g, lzIfsnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;|ft] JolQmx¿
klg lg/LIf0f ug{ hfg] u/]sf] tYo k|s6 x'G5 .
ljBfnosf] k7gkf7gdf ePsf sdL–sdhf]/Lx¿
x6fO{ ljBfyL{sf] pknlAwsf] :t/ dfly p7fpg' ljBfno
lg/LIf0fsf] d'Vo p2]Zo 7flgG5 . oxL k|of]hgsf
lglDt …ljlgÚ x¿ /fVg] ul/Psf 5g\ . t/ ljBfno
lg/LIfssf] sfo{ ljljw sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfndf slxNo}
klg k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] / To;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k
ljBfnosf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ Pj+ pknlAwdf ;'wf/
cfpg g;s]sf] lj1x¿sf] 7x/ kfOG5 .
;d:ofsf] h8
nlntk'/ lhNnfdf %%$ j6f :s"n 5g\Ù h;dWo]
;fj{hlgs @!@ / lghL :s"n ##& . ljBfno
lg/LIfsn] ;fj{hlgs :s"nsf] cnfjf lghL ljBfnosf]
klg lg/LIf0f ug'k{ 5{ . t/ olt w]/} :s"nx¿sf]
lg/LIf0f ug]{ lg/LIfsx¿sf] ;ª\Vof rflxF s]jn ;ft
5 . tLdWo] sDtLdf Pshgf k|foM labfdf x'G5g\ .
o; lx;fan] Ps hgf ljBfno lg/LIfssf] efudf
k|c l;/fh cxdb cG;f/L cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf a]nfa]nf
lg/LIfs cfpg] u/]sf] eP klg lg/LIf0f k'l:tsfdf
eg] gn]lvPsf] atfpF5g\ . pgL eG5g\, ælzIfs
5gf}6 ubf{, Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf ;d:of kbf{ cfpg'xG' 5
t/, lg/LIf0fs} nflu eg]/ Tolt w]/} cfpg'xG' g .Æ
• afFss ] f] jfu]Zj/L–( sf] cDa]dftf k|fljdf tLg jif{df
b'Ok{ N6 lg/LIfs k'us ] f 5g\ . clGtdk6s ut @!
;fpgdf ljBfnodf /fxtsf]6fsf] lzIfs 5gf}6 ug{sf
nflu lg/LIfs lji0f' ;'jb] L k'us ] f lyP . ælzIfs
5gf}6sf nflu dfq} cfpg'ePsf] /x]5Æ ljBfnosf
k|wfgfWofks clDasf yfkf elG5g\, æt}klg xfdLn]
ljBfnosf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / lzIfs ;d:ofaf/]
u'gf;f] ;'gfof}+ .Æ ljBfnosf ;d:of af/]sf] u'gf;f]
;'gk] lg pgL …cf}krfl/s lg/LIf0fÚ gePsf] eGb}
lg/LIf0f k'l:tsfdf s]xL gn]vL kmls{P .
lg/LIfssf] l6Kk0fL
cfTdxTofsf] sf/0f Û
æcfOl/g xusf] d[To' Pp6f b'MvfGt syf xf] . s]xL
lbgcl3 cfOl/gn] cfTdxTof ul/g\ . o;sf] sf/0f pgL
k|wfgfWofks /x]sf] :s"nsf ljifodf ljBfno lg/LIfsn]
Ps ;ftfcl3 u/]sf] gsf/fTds l/kf]6n{ fO{ dflgPsf] 5 .
a]nfotsf] :s"n lg/LIfs lgsfo …clkm; km/
:6\ofG8;{ Og Ph'sz ] g -ckm:6]8_Ú n] k|sflzt u/]sf]
ljBfnosf] lg/LIf0f l/kf]6d{ f cfOl/gsf] :s"nn] s'n !@
dfkb08dWo] s]jn tLg j6fdf dfq …/fd|fÚ] >]0fL k|fKt
u/]sf] lyof] . cfOl/gsf] cfTdxTofkl5 a]nfotdf sfod
/x]sf] lg/LIf0f ;+oGqn] s;/L lzIfsnfO{ xtf]T;fxL
agfO/x]sf] 5 eGg] v'nf;f ePsf] 5 .
l/kf]6d{ f ljBfyL{n] cfOl/gsf] :s"nnfO{ dgk/fPsf] /
:s"nsf] k9fOsf] :t/ /fd|f] /x]sf] kfOP klg ;du|
cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] l6Kk0fL ul/Psf] 5 .
l/kf]6d{ f, cfOl/gsf] :s"nn] ljBfyL{x¿sf] a9L s'/f l;Sg]
nfn;f hufpg g;s]sf], ckfË / c¿ czQmx¿nfO{
;dfg Jojxf/ gul/Psf] tyf ;dosf] pTkfbgzLn k|of]u
ug{ :s"n c;kmn ePsf] h:tf cf/f]k nufOPsf] 5 .
of] l/kf]6{ x]bf{ a]nfotL lg/LIf0f ;+oGq ljBfno /
lzIfsnfO{ k|fT] ;flxt ug{] geO{ pgLx¿sf ;fgf–dl;gf
uNtL dfq vf]tNg v8f ul/Psf] lgsfo h:tf] b]lvPsf]
5 . h'df| l6k] h;/L uNtL l6Kg] lgsfo Û olb o:tf]
sfo{ sfod /fVg] xf] eg] xfdLn] s]jn /fd|f dfG5]dfq
u'dfpg] 5}gf},+ lzIffsf] cfTdfnfO{ g} dfg]5{ f}+ .ÚÚ
;|ft] M b jLs, % h'nfO{ @))*
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 27
 cfj/0f

cfof]u / of]hgfdf …ljlgÚ

/fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)!!
ælzIfsx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] sfdsf] pGglt ug{ d2t lbgnfO{
k|efjsf/L lg/LIf0fsf] of]hgf x'G5 . as; -pbfx/0ffy{
dlxgfjf/L yk_ cyjf cg'zf;g -pbfx/0ffy{ vKsL_
sf] lgldQ p;nfO{ tf}ng] xf]Og . w]/} lzIfsx¿ OG:k]S6/
b]Vbf 8/fpF5g\ / Ps} 7fpFdf sfd ug{ nfu]sf w]/}
5fqx¿ lzIfs b]Vbf 8/fpF5g\ lsgeg] of] xfd|f] d2t
ug{ cfPsf] xf]Og, xfd|f] bf]if b]vfpg cfPsf] xf] eGg]
pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 . lzIfsnfO{ ;xfotf lbg] eGg]
dg;fo ul/Psf] dflg;sf] lgldQ …OG:k]S6/Ú eGg] zAb
r'Tyf] kb\jL xf], lg/LIfs cln a]; xf] . p;sf] gfpF
h];'s} xf];\, p;sf] d'Vo sfd vf; ;Nnfxsf/sf] xf] .
lzIfssf] cfˆg} sfo{af6 cfˆg} t/SsL cyjf vf/]hLdf
c;/ kg]{ x'gfn] p;sf] sfddf d"NofÍg ug{df x]8df:6/
g} lhDd]bf/ 5g\ . lg/LIf0f sfo{ ;kmn t'Nofpg] xf]
eg] tf}nfO{ / ky k|bz{g oL b'O{ sfo{nfO{ a]Unfa]Un}
/fVg'k5{ . x]8df:6/n] cfˆgf] Pp6f sfo{sf] ¿kdf
lg/LIf0f u/] x'G5, t/ pgn] lzIfsnfO{ vf/]h ug'{eGbf
p;nfO{ ;k|g d2t lbg' a9\tf lskmfot x'g]5 eGg]
dgdf lng'kb{5 / p;nfO{ ;k|g lbg] sfddf cfnf]rgf
ug'{eGbf ;xfotf lbg' g} al9of x'G5 .
lzIff s'g} oGq h:tf] b/ /fVg jf Ps lg/LIfsåf/f
hfFRg ;lsg] oflGqs ;~rfns xf]Og . lzIfsx¿nfO{ ultsf]
b/, s07 u/fPsf sfdsf] /flz cyjf yfg uGtLsf] k"0f{tf
hfFRg] sdL{ gfOs] cfjZos 5}g, pgLx¿nfO{ t k|/] 0ff /
af6f] b]vfpg] d"n rflxG5 . c‰ cfdfafa'x¿ kf7zfnfsf
;kmntfsf] /fd|f] ;"rL k|foM lbG5g\ / c;n kf7zfnf
sfod /fVg jf:tljs zlQm v8f ub{5g\ . lhNnf / k|fb]lzs
ko{j]Ifsx¿ lzIfs / kf7zfnfx¿nfO{ lgDgtd :t/ l:y/
/fVg d2t x'g] af6f] b]vfpg ;S5g\ t/ ko{jI] fssf] sfd
;fFlRrs} pksf/s / d}qLk"0f{ kyk|bz{g :yfgLo txdf
k'u]/ ;'of]Uo ;xfg'ef}lts k|wfgfWofksaf6 g} /fd|/L
x'g;S5 .Æ
/fli6«o lzIffk4lt @)@*
ælzIffdf ;'wf/ Nofpg lg/LIf0f Joj:yfnfO{ ;'b9[ kfg'{ clt
cfjZos 5 . lg/LIfsx¿n] ;do ;dodf ljBfnodf k'uL
lzIfsx¿sf] sfdsf] d"NofÍg / lzIfsx¿nfO{ /fd|f] sfd
ug{df k|fT] ;fxg / ;Nnfx lbg] Joj:yf ePdf dfq gofF
sfo{qmd ljBfnodf nfu" x'g5] .

;/b/ &) j6f ljBfno kg{ cfpF5g\ . *^ ljBfno
efudf k/]sf nlntk'/sf ljlg ljho cfrfo{ k|Zg
u5{g,\ æPp6f dfG5]n] *^ j6f :s"nsf] s;/L dlxgfdf
Psk6s lg/LIf0f ug{ ;Dej x'G5 <Æ
klZrd t/fO{sf] lhNnf afFs]sf] l:ylt klg
nlntk'/sf] eGbf leGg 5}g . of] lhNnfdf #@#
j6f ;fd'bflos / !)$ ;+:yfut ljBfno 5g\ .
t/, $@& j6f ljBfno lg/LIf0f ug{ rf/ hgf
lg/LIfs tf]lsPsf 5g\ . Pp6f lg/LIfssf] efudf
!)) sf] xf/fxf/Ldf ljBfno kb{5g\ . ljBfno
cg';f/ lg/LIfs Psbd yf]/} ePsfn] k|efjsf/L
lg/LIf0f x'g g;s]sf] atfpFb} Ps lg/LIfsn] eg]
æPs PskN6 ;a}lt/ k'Ubfk'Ub} z}lIfs ;q l;l4G5,
bf]xf]¥ofP/ hfg} kfOFbg} .Æ csf{ lg/LIfs /fd;'/z
] Odfgbf/ / ldlxg]tL tyf v/fa / sfdrf]/ aLrsf]
ofbj yK5g\, æs]xL ljBfnodf @–# kN6 klg
k'U5f}+ t/, w]/h} ;f]df Pp6f z}lIfs;qdf PskN6
dfq} k'Ug EofOG5 .Æ
lzIff ljefun] k|sflzt u/]sf] ˆNof; l/kf]6{
@))&÷* cg';f/, b]ze/ s'n @( xhf/ $$*
ljBfno 5g\ eg] lg/LIfssf] ;ª\Vof $*! 5 .
cyf{t\ Ps hgf lg/LIfssf efudf cf};t ^!
j6f ljBfno k5{g\ .
t/ ljBfno lg/LIf0f Joj:yf k|efjsf/L x'g
g;Sg'sf] k|dv ' sf/0f kof{Kt lg/LIfsx¿sf] cefj
28 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
dfq} klg xf]Og . lg/LIf0f Joj:yfsf k|dv ' kfqx¿
ljBfno lg/LIfs, ;|ft] JolQm, k|wfgfWofks /
lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] cf–cfˆgf] bfloTj /
lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{ gkfpFbf jf g;Sbf lg/LIf0f
k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] kfOG5 . To;lglDt
ljBfnob]lv dGqfno;Dd 3';s ] f] bnLo /fhgLlt
/ lg/LIf0f–cg'udg sfo{nfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ ;du|
kl/kf6L lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5 . /fd|f] sfd ug]{ /
s]xL gug]{ …ljlgÚ n] plQs} tna / ;'ljwf kfpF5g\ .
‰08} !@ jif{b]lv ljlgsf ¿kdf sfd ul/;s]sf
efis/ uf}td eG5g\, ædl/d]6/] sfd ug]{ / s]xL
gug]{ ljlgsf aLrdf s'g} e]b 5}g . a? pN6}
sfdrf]/n] a9L cj;/ kfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .Æ ha
e]b g} /xFb}g, To;kl5 Odfgbf/ / sfdsfhL
dflg;x¿df klg la:tf/} cfˆgf] sfdk|lt pbf;Lgtf
a9\b} hfG5 . ljBfno lg/LIfssf] xsdf 7\ofSs}
oxL s'/f nfu" x'g uPsf] 5 .
ljBfno lg/LIfsnfO{ sfd nufpg], p;sf]
sfdsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ / /fd|f] sfdsf nflu k|fT] ;flxt
ug]{ sfd lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf] xf] . t/
Jojxf/df lhlzcx¿ klg slxn] bnLo /fhgLlt
t slxn] dflyNnf k|zf;ssf sf/0f k|efjsf/L
x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . dsjfgk'/sf lhlzc rf]nG] b|

ljBfno lg/LIf0f b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'g5
] ePsf] Pp6f lg/LIf0f ;dGjo ;ldltsf] :yfkgf ug'k{ 5{ .
!= ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;fwg, lzIfsx¿sf] kof{Kttf /
pkof]usf] lg/LIf0f ug]{
@= eO/x]sf] k9fOsf] :t/sf] d"NofÍg ug]{
jif{df sd;]sd b'O{ k6s ljBfno lg/LIf0f ug'k{ b{5 .
lg/LIf0fsf] tl/sf lgDg adf]lhd x'g]5M
!= lzIff lg/LIfsn] cfkm}+ pkl:yt eO{ ljBfnodf ef}lts
;fwg / lzIfsx¿sf] sfdsf] lg/LIf0f ug]5{ .
@ k|To]s jif{ lzIfsx¿n] k9fPsf] af/]df lglZrt k|sf/sf]
ljj/0f /fVg'kg]{ / lzIff lg/LIfsn] ;f] ljj/0f, ljBfyL{n]
u/]sf] kf7sf] ljj/0f :ki6 x'gu] /L :t/o'Qm k|Zgx¿åf/f
(Standardized Test) ljBfyL{sf] d"NofÍg ul/g]5 .
#= ljifo lzIfsx¿ Ps7fpFdf e]nf u/fP/ /fd|f] l;sfpg]
lzIfsx¿nfO} gd'gfsf nflu k9fpg nufpg / 5nkmn
ug{ nufpg] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . /fd|f lzIfsx¿nfO{
ljBfnodf k7fO{ lg/LIf0f ug]{ Joj:yf klg ug{ ;lsg]5 .
$= k|To]s ljBfnoaf6 ;a} k|sf/sf] ljj/0f v'Ng] u/L
dfl;s l/kf]6{ lng] / To;sf] 5f]6s/L ljj/0f s]Gb|df
l/kf]6{ tof/ ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 .Æ
/fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)$(
æ!= lg/LIf0fnfO{ 5'§} sfdsf] ¿kdf gx]/L kf7\oqmd, tflnd
tyf lg/LIf0fnfO{ ;dli6df x]g{ s]Gb|Lo txdf kf7\oqmd,
kl08t eG5g\, ælgodsfg"g cg';f/ / ljj]s k|of]u
u/]/ sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f 5}g . /fhgLlts bafa
/ lzIff dGqfno÷ljefusf xflsdsf] cgf}krfl/s
cfb]zn] /fd|/L sfd ug{ lbFbg} .Æ pgsf] h:t}
egfO afFss ] f lhlzc r"8fdl0f kf}8n] sf] klg 5 .
pgL eG5g\, ælgikIf eP/ gLltlgod lz/f]wfo{ u/]/
sfd ug{ ufx|f] 5 . lsgls zlSt / ;Qfsf
cf8df xfdLdfly cjfl~5t bafa cfpF5 .Æ
kl/0ffd:j¿k sfof{no k|d'vsf] ¿kdf lhlzcn]
ljlgx¿af6 vf]hh] :tf] sfd lng ;Sb}gg\ . cfh;Dd
sfd gu/]sf sf/0fn] Ps hgf klg ljlgnfO{
sf/afxL ul/Psf] 36gf ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5}g .
o;sf] sf/0f vf]tNb} Pshgf ljlg eG5g\, æljlgn]
w]/} h;f] t lzIff sfof{nod} xflh/L u/]sf] x'G5,
geP lkmN8 uPsf] sfuh agfPsf] x'G5 . sfdsf]
d"NofÍg xf]Og, xflh/ x]//] tna lbg] ePkl5
o:t} x'G5 .Æ
s'g} ljlgn] d]xgt u/]/ cyjf s;}n] …sfdrnfpÚ
lg/LIf0f u/]/ tof/ kf/]sf k|ltj]bgx¿sf] Pp6}
ult x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:Tff k|ltj]bg lhlzcn]
;fdfGotM sfd gnfUg] sfuhsf] y'kf| d] f yGSofOlbg]
u5{g\ . æk|ltj]bg a'‰fof], of]–of] sfd ug'k{ 5{ eg]/
;'‰fof], t/ sfof{Gjog rflxF guGo dfq x'G5Æ
lzIff sfof{no nlntk'/df e]l6Psf ljlg ljho
tflnd tyf lg/LIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} sfo{ ;dfj]z
lg/LIf0fnfO{ kf7\oqmdsf] k|of]usf] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf k|of]u
ug'{k5{ .
@= s]Gb|Lo:t/df /fli6«o lzIff ljsf; s]Gb|n] lg/LIfsx¿sf
nflu lgoldt ;]jf k|jz ] tyf ;]jfsfnLg tflndsf]
;~rfng ug'k{ 5{ .
#= If]qLo lzIff lgb]z
{ gfnox¿n] k|wfgfWofksx¿nfO{ ;fdlos
tflndsf] ;~rfng u/L k|wfg cWofksnfO{ ljBfno
txsf] z}lIfs lg/LIfs eO{ sfd ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg'k5{ .
$= lhNnf:t/df ljBfno lg/LIf0f ug{ ljBfnox¿sf] ;d"x
(School Closter) Joj:yf nfu" ug'k { 5{ . k|To]s ;d"xsf
nflu Ps hgf lg/LIfs lgo'Qm ug'{ clt vlr{nf] x'g]
x'bF f b'O{ ;d"xsf nflu Ps hgf lg/LIfs lgo'Qm ug]{
/ lg/LIfsn] If]qd} a:g] Joj:yf x'gk' b{5 .
%= ljBfno ;d"xx¿sf sfddf lg/LIf0f tyf ;xof]u
k'¥ofpgsf nflu lhNnf:t/Lo lg/LIfssf] klg Joj:yf
x'g'kb{5 / k|To]s lg/LIfsnfO{ dfl;s Psd'i6 /sd
b}lgs e|d0f eQfsf ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .
^= ljBfno ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ ljBfno ;~rfng tyf
ljBfnodf k9fO eP gePsf] lg/LIf0f ug{sf nflu
:ki6 lhDd]bf/L lbg'k5{ . o;lglDt ;Ifd t'Nofpg ljBfno
;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf tyf ;b:ox¿nfO{ uf]i7L /
cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yf ug'k{ 5{ .Æ
lg/LIf0fsf p2]Zo
• sIffsf]7fdf x'g] cWoog cWofkgnfO{ :t/o'Qm / k|efjsf/L
agfpg ;xof]u ug'{
• ljBfnodf ;~rfng ul/g] ljleGg z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿nfO{
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng u/fpg ;xof]u ug'{
• lzIfsx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] Jofj;flos sfo{df JolQmut ¿kdf
;xof]u / lgb]l{ zt ug'{
• lgodsfg"gsf] Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] x]g{'
• kf7\oqmdsf] Jofjxfl/s kIf sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u ug'{ /
k|efjsfl/tfsf] cWoog ug'{
• lzIfssf ;d:ofsf klxrfg u/L JolQmut ¿kdf pTk|]l/t,
;dGjo, ;xof]u / lgb]l{ zt ug'{
• sIffsf]7f cjnf]sg u/]/ lzIfsnfO{ c‰ /fd|fl] ;t l;sfpg
;lsg] tl/sf ;'‰fpg'
• ljBfno tyf ;d'bfoaLrsf] ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ug'{
• cWoog, cg';Gwfg, lgb]z { g / k/fdz{ ;]jf lbg'
• kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts / lzIf0f ljlwdf ;'wf/ ug'{
• ljBfno;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} tYofÍ /fVg], cBfjlws ug]{ tyf
ltgsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ ljBfno ;'wf/df k|of]u ug{ nufpg'
• ljsf;fTds sfo{x¿ ug'{
- z}lIfs k|zf;g / ;'k/Lj]If0f k':tsaf6_
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 29
 cfj/0f
lg/LIfssf sfd
• ljBfnox¿df z}lIfs ;]jf / ;'ljwfx¿ k|jflxt ug]{ /
;b'kof]u ug],{ u/fpg] .
• lzIfs ;xof]u ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ .
• lg/LIf0f of]hgf agfO{ cfˆgf] If]qleqsf ;|ft] s]Gb| / k|To]s
dlxgfdf -t/fO{ / gu/ If]qdf %, kxf8L If]qdf # /
3f]lift b'ud{ If]qdf @ cf]6f_ ljBfnox¿sf] clgjfo{ ¿kdf
gd'gf lg/LIf0f u/L ;f]sf] k|ltj]bg lhlzc ;dIf k]z
ug]{ .
• cfˆgf] lg/LIf0f If]qsf] ;Dk"0f{ z}lIfs ultljlwx¿sf] ;Dks{
clws[tsf] sfd ug]{ .
• ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿sf] lzIfs b/aGbL ldnfgsf] nflu
cfjZos ljj/0f b'?:t /fVg] .
• lzIfsx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg lgoldt / Jojl:yt
¿kn] tof/ kfg]{ .
• lhlzcnfO{ of]hgf lgdf{0f Joj:yfkg, cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f,
lzIfs tflnd Pj+ k|ltj]bg tof/L h:tf k|fljlws sfddf
;3fp k'¥ofpg] .
;|ft] JolQmsf sfd
• lzIfs ;xof]u ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ .
• z}lIfs ;]jf ;'ljwf Pj+ ;"rgfx¿ k|jfx ug]{ .
• z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] .
• z}lIfs gLlt lgb]z { gx¿ kfng ug]{ u/fpg] .
• ;|ft] s]Gb| ;d"x ljBfnoleqsf k|To]s ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg
;ldlt / lzIfs cleefjs ;+3sf] a}7sdf jif{sf] sDtLdf
b'O{ k6s clgjfo{ ¿kdf efu lng] .
• ljBfno ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] jflif{s, dfl;s tyf ;fKtflxs
sfo{of]hgf agfO{ ;|ft] s]Gb| ljBfnosf] k|c÷;DalGwt ljBfno
lg/LIfsaf6 :jLs[t u/fO{ ;f] adf]lhd sfo{ ug]{ .
• ;|ft] s]Gb|leqsf ljBfno lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgfx¿
cBfjlws /fVg] .
• lhlzsfn] tf]ss ] f] / ;|ft] s]Gb| Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lg0f{o
u/] adf]lhdsf c¿ sfd .
-lzIff ljefun] @)^@ ;fpg !# ut] lhNnf lzIff sfof{nox¿nfO{
k7fPsf] kl/kqaf6_
lg/LIfssf u'0f
Pp6f c;n lg/LIfsdf o:tf ljz]iftfx¿ x'g' cfjZos dflgG5M
lzIf0f ;Lk, lzIf0f ljlw / ;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf] 1fg, g]tT[ j
;Lk, kof{Kt 1fg tyf cleJolQm Ifdtf, cg';Gwfgdf ?lr,
kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf ;Ë7gsf] 1fg, lzIff k|0ffnLsf] 1fg,
cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf ?lr, dfgj ;DaGwsf] 1fg, c;n k|zf;s,
lzIfsnfO{ pTk|l] /t ug{ ;Sg] .
-z}lIfs k|zf;g / ;'k/Lj]If0f k':tsaf6_
30 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
…lg/LIfsx¿nfO{ lj
hjfkmb]xL agfpg'k
ljBfno lg/LIf0fsf] cj:yf s:tf] b]Vg'ePsf] 5 <
d Pp6f cg';Gwfgsf] k|ltj]bg n]lv/x]sf] 5', ToxfF
lzIfsnfO{ ul/Psf] æjif{el/df ltd|f] slt j6f sIff
lg/LIf0f eof] < ;'wf/sf nflu s] ;'‰fj kfof} < s]
;'wf/ u¥of} <Æ eGg] k|Zgdf clwsf+z lzIfsx¿n]
æd]/f] sIffsf] lg/LIf0f g} ePsf] 5}gÆ eGg] hjfkm
lbPsf 5g\ . lzIfssf] oxL egfOn] g} ljBfnosf]
lg/LIf0f ePsf] 5}g eGg] s'/f a'‰fpg kof{Kt 5 .
jf:tjdf g]kfndf ljBfnosf] lg/LIf0f k|0ffnL t 5
t/ Jojxf/df 5}g .
lsg o:tf] eof] <
o;sf] k5fl8 Pp6f dfq sf/0f 5}g . ;/sf/
sdhf]/ eof], lzIff dGqfnon] lg/LIf0fdf Wofg
lbPg . lg/LIf0f k4ltsf …PS6/Ú / …Ph]06Úx¿ ljlg,
;|f]tJolQm, lkmN8 sf]–cl8{g]6/ / lhlzcx¿ k|zf;g
l/‰fpg Jo:t eP . oLdWo] clwsf+z k/Dk/fut
xflsd dfgl;stfsf 5g\, …d;Fu lzIfs 8/fpg'k5{Ú
eGg] dfGotf /fV5g\ . lzIff dGqfnon] lhNnf lzIff
sfof{noeGbf k/ klg xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L 5 eGg] ;f]rg] .
rfln;] eG5g\, æxfdLnfO{ pQ/bfloTj dfq lbOPsf]
5, clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5}g . To;n] ubf{ sfddf
pT;fx hfUg ;s]sf] 5}g .Æ x'g klg klxnf klxnf
h:tf] :ynut lg/LIf0fdf lgod ljk/Lt sfd ug]{
lzIfsnfO{ cjsfz lbg] nufotsf s'g} klg clwsf/
ljlgnfO{ lzIff P]g lgodn] lbPsf] 5}g . ljBfno
lg/LIf0fsf qmddf s'g} sdL sdhf]/L, clgoldttf
e]§fPdf pgLx¿ sf/afxL ug{ ;Sb}gg\, /fd|f] sfd
ug]n{ fO{ k'/:s[t ug]{ clwsf/ klg 5}g . s;}dfly
sf/afxLsf nflu ePsf l;kmfl/;, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
nflu lbOPsf lkm8Aofs sfof{Gjog x'bF g} g\ . afFss ] f
ljlg uf}td b'Mv];f] u5{g\ æs;}dfly sf/afxLsf]
l;kmfl/; u/] cfkm}F sf/afxLdf kg]{ 8/ x'G5 .Æ
;/sf/n] lbg] u/]sf] eQf klg lg/LIfsnfO{
sfddf k|fT] ;flxt ug]{ vfnsf] 5}g . ;w}hF ;f] lkmN8df
v6\g] lg/LIfsnfO{ ;'ljwf / ;fwg;|ft] sf] ¿kdf
dfl;s ?=()) eQf dfq} lbOg] u/]sf] 5 . lhlzsf
nlntk'/sf zfvf clws[t xl/x/ lwtfnsf cg';f/,
…ljlgÚ sf] eQf @)$) ;fndf klg olt g} lyof],
hlta]nf ljlgsf] tna eQfs} xf/fxf/L cyf{t\ sl/a
?=! xhf/ lyof] . t/ cfh tna ?=!# xhf/ $
;o k'lu;s]sf] 5 . lg/LIfs cfrfo{ eG5g\, ælkmN8
 ljBfnok|lt
g'k5{Ú 8f= tLy{ vlgofF
lzIffljb\
x]8df:6/n] sfd k|dfl0ft u/]kl5 dfq
;|ft] JolQm tna kfpg] Joj:yf agfOPsf]
lyof] . ljlg / ;|ft] JolQmn] sfd u/]sf]
s'/f k|dfl0ft ePkl5 dfq tna :jLs[t
x'gk' Yof]{ . t/ oxfF To:tf] s]xL ePg .
l/kf]6{ lbPkl5 k'Uof] . :s"ndf sfd eof]
ls ePg eg]/ s'g} cg'udg geOsg
tna vfg lbPkl5 of] k|efjxLg aGg
k'Uof] . To;kl5 lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf
ljlg / ;|f]tJolQmsf] sfd P;Pn;Lsf]
hfFr rnfpg] eof] . sltko …ljlgÚ
lhlzsfsf k|zf;lgs ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsfdf
;Lldt eP, :s"n hfg 5f8] . To;}n] lg/LIf0f k|0ffnL cfh
k|efjxLg 5 .
s] ubf{ lg/LIf0f k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 <
l;4fGttM ljlgn] :s"nnfO{ ;]jf lbg] xf] . t/ clxn] pQ/bfoL
rflxF lhlzck|lt x'G5g\ . oxLFg/] s'/f ldn]g . h;nfO{
;]jf lbg] xf] pxLk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg'k5{ . ljlg / ;|ft] JolQm
t …lkmN8 js{/Ú x'g\ . klxnf pgLx¿sf] :s"n lg/LIf0f
hfFbf lbgdf sDtLdf #)) vr{ x'G5 . t/ ;/sf/n]
rflxF lbgsf] #) eGbf a9L vr{ lbFbg} . cfˆgf]
tna vr{ u/]/ xfdL lkmN8df uO/x]sf 5f}+ .
clg s;/L sfd ug{ hfFu/ rN5 <Æ
lg/LIfssf] lhDd]jf/L klg k|:6 5}g . kb g}
ljBfno lg/LIfs ePsfn] d"n sfd ljBfnosf]
lg/LIf0f g} x'gk' g]{ eP klg l:ylt To:tf] 5}g .
Psflt/ k|fylds txsf lzIfs / ljBfnosf] ;xof]usf]
nflu egf{ ul/Psf ;|ft] JolQm / ljBfno lg/LIfs
} f sltko sfd Pp6} tf]lsPsf] 5 -x]=aS;_ .
b'js
o;n] ubf{ sfddf bf]xf]/f]kgf / sltko cj:yfdf
s;n] s] ug]{ eGg] cGof]n k}bf x'g] u5{ . otf
ljlgnfO{ lg/LIf0fsf ;fy} lzIff sfof{nosf k|zf;lgs
sfd, lhNnfb]lv s]Gb|;Dd x'g] tflnd, uf]i7L /
;]ldgf/df klg plQs} v6fOG5 . lzIff ljefun]
nufPsf c¿ sfd k"/f ug'k{ g],{ ljBfnosf] tYofÍ
kmf/d e/fpg], a]nfa]nf ljBfno k|zf;g / Joj:yfkg
;ldltaLr pTkGg x'g] ;d:of ;'N‰fpg] lhDd]jf/L
klg pgLx¿s} sfFwdf 5 . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿
cfwfhlt ;do lg/LIf0feGbf cGo sfdd} v6\gk' g]{
x'G5 . afFss ] f lhlzc kf}8n] yK5g\, æhgzlSt
gePsfn] lzIff sfof{nosf] sfddf g} pgLx¿ vl6g'
sfo{qmd to x'gk' 5{ . To;kl5 pgLx¿n] sfd s] u/]
eGg] k|ltj]bgsf] ;fydf :s"nsf] klg l;kmfl/; ;+nUg
ug'k{ 5{ . :s"nsf] l;kmfl/;df dfq pgLx¿n] tna vfg
kfpg] Joj:yf x'gk' 5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ ljBfnok|lt hjfkmb]xL
agfpg'k5{ . ljlg / ;|ft] JolQmnfO{ lhlzsfdf sfd nufpg
tTsfn aGb ug'k{ 5{ .
Pp6f lhNnfdf @)÷#) dfq :s"n ePsf] a]nf :yflkt
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no / ;Lldt sd{rf/L ;ª\Vof cfh
%÷& ;o :s"n x'bF f klg pxL 5 . t;y{
ca x/]s lgjf{rg If]qdf If]q :t/sf] ;|ft]
s]Gb|, :s"nsf] ;ª\Vof / …nf]sz
] gÚ cg';f/sf
c¿ ;|ft] s]Gb|x¿ vf]lng'k5{ . o:tf ;|ft]
s]Gb|nfO{ lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf] k|zf;lgs
clwsf/ ;d]t lbP/ lj:tfl/t sfof{nosf
¿kdf ljsl;t ul/g'k5{, h;n] bz hf]8
b'O{ :s"n klg x]g{ ;sf];\ . xfn lhlzsfn]
ub}{ cfPsf tna lgsf;f b]lvsf ofjt\
k|zf;lgs / z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ ToxL
sfof{nonfO{ ;~rfng ug{ lbOg'k5{ . o:tf]
sfof{non] cfˆgf] If]qleqsf ;a} ;|f]t
s]Gb|x¿sf] kl/rfng / :s"nnfO{ rflxPsf] ;xof]u h'6fpg
;Sg'k5{ . ljlg / ;|ft] JolQmsf ¿kdf bIf dflg;x¿
lgo'Qm ug'k{ 5{ . lhlzsfnfO{ rflxF tL sfof{nox¿sf] cg'udg
ug]{ OsfOsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug'k{ 5{ . To;}u/L ;|ft] s]Gb|x¿nfO{
;fFlRrs} ;|ft] s]Gb| agfpg'k5{, cfhsf] h:tf] gfd dfqsf]
xf]Og . ToxfF ljBfnosf] ;xof]usf] nflu rflxg] ;a} vfnsf
z}lIfs, af}l4s / ef}lts ;fdu|Lx¿ x'gk} 5{ .
k/]sf] 5 . To;}n] Pp6f ljBfnodf Pp6f z}lIfs
;qe/ PskN6 dfq} lg/LIfs k'Ug;Sg] cj:yf 5 .Æ
hlt kl5 plt sdhf]/
g]kfndf lj=;+= !((^ df lzIff Ol:txf/ hf/L
ePsf] tLg jif{kl5 lj=;+= !((( df klAns OËln;
:s"n ;~rfng eP gePsf] x]gs { f nflu …OG:k]S6/
ckm :s"nÚsf] u7g ePsf] xf] . ltgtfs ljBfno
;~rfngsf nflu lg/LIf0f ug]{ eGbf klg ljBfnoaf6
x'g;Sg] /f0ffzf;g lj/f]wL ultljlw lgoGq0f ug{sf
nflu lg/LIf0f Joj:yfsf] ;'?cft ePsf] dflgG5 .
uf]kLgfy zdf{åf/f lnlvt g]kfndf ljBfno lg/LIf0fsf]
;+lIfKt Oltxf; gfds k':ts cg';f/, lj=;+=@))#
df 8]k6' L OG:k]S6/ ckm :s"n clkm; k"j{ kmfF6
hgsk'/ / klZrd kmfF6 kfNkfdf v8f ul/Psf
lyP .
lj=;+= @))& kl5 ljBfnox¿sf] ;ª\Vof cTolws
dfqfdf a9\of] . ljBfnox¿sf] ;~rfng tyf
k7gkf7gdf Ps¿ktf eP gePsf] lg/LIf0f ug'{ h?/L
7fg]/ lj=;+= @))( df & k|fb]lzs ljefudf
ljBfno÷kf7zfnfx¿sf] lg/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf ul/of] .
/f0ffsfndf z'? ePsf] k/Dk/fut k|zf;lgs lg/LIf0f
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 31
 cfj/0f
tkfO{ lsg ljlg x'g'ePsf] <
d >Ls[i0f dflj wfkfv]n nlntk'/df lghL ;|ft] df lzIfs lyPF .
To;}df /dfO/x]sf] lyPF . t/ Tolta]nf vf; /fhgLlts bn / vf;
JolQmx¿sf] rfs/L gul/sg b/aGbLdf lgo'lQm kfpg c;Dej h:t}
eof] . o;}n] d}n] nf]s;]jfsf] hfFr lbPF / ljlgdf gfd lgsfn]F .
of]Uotf / bIftfsf cfwf/df lzIfs lgo'lQm x'g] k|0ffnL ePsf] eP
d lzIfs g} eO/xGy]+ . /, d}n] cfheGbf clws ;Gt'li6 klg
lnPsf] x'Gy] .
ljlgsf] sfd s] xf] <
ljBfnosf] lg/LIf0f ug'{ g} ljlgsf] d'Vo sfd xf] . vf;u/L
o;df ljBfnoleqsf z}Ifl0fs lqmofsnfksf] lg/LIf0fsf] sfd
k5{ . o;leq kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f -k|fyldssf] xsdf_ / sfof{Gjog,
kf7\oef/;Fu d]n vfg] sIff ?l6g, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f,
gd'gf sIff k|bz{g, lzIfsn] ef]us] f lzIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿
xn ug],{ lzIf0f ug]{ gofF tl/sfx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbg]nufotsf
lqmofsnfkx¿ o; cGtu{t k5{g\ . xfd|f] () k|ltzt sfd k|fljlws
/ !) k|ltzt hlt dfq k|zf;lgs 5 .
o;lglDt s] s:tf] tflnd kfpg'eof] t <
ljBfno lg/LIf0f ;DaGwL g} t s]xL klg kfPsf] 5}g . t/
cgf}krfl/s lzIff / afn lzIffsf k|lzIfs tof/ ug]{ / kf7\oqmd
sfof{Gjognufotsf ljifodf rflxF s]xL xb;Dd tflnd kfPsf
5f}+ . ljBfno lg/LIf0fsf] b'O{ tLg dlxgfsf] tflnd …Kofs]hÚ
ePsf] eP lgSs} s'/f l;Sg ;lsGYof] eGg] nfU5 .
ljBfno lg/LIf0fdf slQsf] hfg'x'G5 <
kl/l:ylt cg';f/ hfG5' . slxn] lbgdf Pp6f eGbf a9L ljBfno klg
x]5{ ' . slxn] !)–!% lbgdf klg ljBfno uOFbg} .
lsg <
lsgeg] xfdLx¿ lhlzsfsf] k|zf;lgs sfd, uf]i7L÷tflnddf klg
;xefuL x'gk' g]{ x'G5 .
ljBfnodf uPsf] a]nf ToxfF s] ug'x{ G' 5 <
g9fF6L eGg] xf] eg] sIffsf]7fsf] cjnf]sg Psbd} sd x'G5 .
k4ltsf] ;f]rd} kl/jt{g ug'k{ 5{ eGg] gofF dfGotf
@)!! ;fnsf] /fli6«o lzIff cfof]un] 7f]; ¿kdf
cl3 ;f¥of] -x]= aS;_ t/ Tof] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df
cg'jfb ug{] sfo{sf] yfngL rflxF @)@* ;fnsf]
/fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgfdfkm{t dfq x'g;Sof] .
:s"nsf] k|zf;lgs lg/LIf0f x}g, lzIfssf] sIff
cjnf]sg u/]/ p;sf] k9fpg] tl/sfdf sdL–sdhf]/L
b]lvP k[i7kf]if0f lbOg'k5{ / lg/LIfs lzIfssf] ;xof]uL
aGg'k5{ eGg] gofF lg/LIf0f cjwf/0ffsf] d"ndd{ lyof] .
tyflk k~rfot sfnel/ k|zf;lgs lg/LIf0fs} babaf
sfod /lx/Xof] .
8f= O{Zj/k|;fb pkfWofo lzIff ;lrj ePsf
a]nf ljBfno lg/LIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljlgsf]
b/aGbL a9fpg] / b]zJofkL ;|ft] s]Gb|x¿ vf]Ng] lg0f{o
ePsf] lyof] . t/ ljBfno lg/LIfs / ;|ft] JolQmx¿
Jofks ¿kdf ylkPkl5 klg lg/LIf0f k|efjsf/L
x'g g;s]sf] pgL :jLsf/ u5{g\ . eG5g\, æTof] a]nfdf
eGbf klg /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgfsf] ;'?cftsf
32 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
…sIff lg/LI
lzIfs g} r
xfdL ljBfno hfG5f},+ k|wfgfWofkssf] sfo{sIfdf
k:5f},+ s'/fsfgL u5f}+{ . sIffsf]7fdf hfg l7Ss
k/]/ a;]sf lzIfsx¿ klg xfdL;Fu} ukm ug{
yfN5g\ . tTsfnsf] /fhgLlts kl/j]zdf Psl5g
ukm x'G5 . clg Psl5g lzIff dGqfno / lhNnf
lzIff sfof{nosf ultljlwsf af/]df klg x'G5 .
:s"nsf ;d:ofsf af/]df clncln s'/f x'G5 .
lzIfsx¿n] klg d]/f] sIff x]l/b]cf];\ eGg] rfxgf
/fVb}gg\ . a9L k9]sf lzIfs eP xfdL cfkm}+
xlRsxfN5f}+ . lrof vfOG5, clg labf xf]OG5 .
cfhsf] ldltdf g]kfnsf ljBfno lg/LIfsx¿n]
ljBfnodf u/]sf] cf};t lg/LIf0fsf] cj:yf oxL
xf] .
lzIff clwsf/LnfO{ s:tf] l/kf]6{ lbg'x'G5 <
klxnf klxnf t lgSs} ldlxg]t u/]/ l/kf]6{ lbOGYof] .
t/ tL l/kf]6x{ ¿ d'l:snn] kfFr k|ltzthlt sfof{Gjog
eP . To;kl5 hfFu/ dg{ yfNof] . h] sfd gu/L
hflu/ kfSb}g, Tof] sfd x'G5 . a; TolQ xf] .
k|ltj]bg lsg sfof{Gjog x'Fb}g <
w]/} xb;Dd lhNnf lzIff sfof{no / lzIff clwsf/L
lgod sfg"gsf] dd{sf cfwf/df rNg kfpFbg} g\ .
kf6L{sf e|ft[;:+ yfsf ¿kdf /x]sf lzIfs ;+3, ;Ë7g,
kfFr–5 jif{ lg/LIf0f /fd|f] lyof] . @)## ;fnkl5
la:tf/} lg/LIf0fsf] :t/ vl:sg yfn]sf] xf] .Æ tyflk
k~rfot sfnel/ lg/LIf0fsf] k|efj s'g} g s'g}
¿kdf /lx/Xof] . @)$@ ;fndf ljBfno lg/LIfssf]
lgo'lQm kfP/ klxnf] k6s sfnLsf]6 v6fOPsf dxf>d
zdf{ eG5g\, æd sfnLsf]6sf] k|To]s :s"n k'us ] f]
5' . lzIfssf] xflh/L uon h:tf k|zf;lgs sfd
dfq xf]Og, sIff cjnf]sg u/]/ lzIfsnfO{ lkm8Aofs
;d]t lbg] uy]+{ .Æ cfˆgf] ;'‰fjnfO{ u|x0f u/]/ lzIfsn]
;'wf/ u/]sf 36gfx¿ c‰} cfˆgf] :d[ltdf ePsf]
pgL atfpF5g\ . lhlzcsf] ¿kdf nfdf] cg'ej
;Fufn]sf zdf{ xfn lzIff ljefusf] lgb]z { s 5g\ .
cfhsf] lg/LIf0f cj:yfsf af/] pgsf] egfO o:tf]
5, æclxn]sf] lg/LIf0f eGbf t d]/f] kfnfdf w]/} /
/fd|f] sfd x'GYof] . Tolta]nf ;fFlRrs} lg/LIf0f x'GYof] .Æ
lj=;+ @)#* df ;]tL kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf
lhNnfdf ljBfno lg/LIf0fsf] sfd t'ngfTds ¿kdf
a9L k|efjsf/L ePsf] dflgG5 . 8f]6Laf6 sfd
 sfd xf] eg]/ tf]s/] lbOPsf] 5}g . lhlzcsf]

/LIf0fÚ d'8 cg';f/ sfd ug{ afWo 5f}+ .

ljlgaf6 s] pknlAw ePsf] 5 t <
lhlzcnfO{ ljBfnosf] tYofÍ tof/ ug],{ P;Pn;L

rfxFbg} g\
efis/ uf}td
ljBfno lg/LIfs
KofA;g÷Pg KofA;g h:tf bafa ;d"xsf] bafasf cufl8
cS;/ lhlzc lg/Lx x'gk'U5 . ToxL sf/0f xfdLn] lbPsf
l/kf]6{ sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;Sb}gg\ .
lhlzcn] tkfO{sf] sfd x]g]{, /fd|f] ug{ k|]l/t ug]{, gu/]
bl08t ug]{ ub}{gg\ <
To:tf] kl/kf6L g} 5}g . /fd|f lhlzcn] /fd|f] sfd ug]n{ fO{
JolQmut ¿kdf 9f8; lbg' a]Un} s'/f, …l;i6dÚn] rflxF
To:tf] s]xL ub}g{ . dl/d]6/] sfd ug]{ / s]xL gug]{ ljlgsf
aLrdf s'g} e]b 5}g . a? pN6} sfdrf]/n] a9L cj;/
kfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .
;|f]tJolQm / ljlg b'j} lg/LIfs x'Fbf sfddf bf]xf]/f]kgf
5}g <
s]xL sfddf 5 . t/ clxn] ljlgnfO{ w]/}xb;Dd lhlzsfdf
k|zf;lgs sfddf v6fOPsf] x'G5 eg] lg/LIf0fsf] lhDd]jf/L
;|ft] JolQmnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . t/ sfof{nodf klg t]/f] of]
k/LIff rnfpg]nufotsf sfof{nosf sfddf
;xof]u ldn]sf] 5 . lzIfs tflnd rnfpg]
sfddf xfdL ;+nUg x'g yfn]sf 5f}+ . t/ ljlgn]
h] sfd ug'k{ g]{ xf], Tof] sfd rflxF w]/} xb;Df
ub}{ gu/]sfn] 7f]; pknlAw ePsf] 5 eg]/
bfaf ug]{ cj:yf 5}g .
ljlg geP ljBfnonfO{ s] km/s knf{ <
o; af/]df cg';Gwfg kl5 dfq lgisif{df k'Ug'
a]; xf]nf . t/ sIff sf]7fsf] l;sfOsf] pknlAw
a9fpg] sfddf ljlgsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ /xg
g;s]sf] rflxF ;To xf] .
cfˆgf] sfdaf6 slQsf] ;Gt'i6 x'gx' G' 5 <
5}g . d]/f] h] bfloTj xf] Tof] d}n] /fd|/L lgjf{x ug]{
jftfj/0f gkfPsfn] ;Gt'i6 x'g;s]sf] 5}g .
s] eof] eg] ljlg ;fFlRrs} ljlg x'G5 t <
ljlgnfO{ sfdk|lt clek|l] /t ul/g'k5{ . To; lglDt ;j{ky| d
ljlgx¿sf] lgikIf / j}1flgs 9Ën] …kkm{dG{] ;Úsf] d"NofÍg
x'g] / ;f] cfwf/df pgLx¿n] ;'ljwf, k'/:sf/ kfpg] k4ltsf]
ljsf; x'gk' ¥of] . Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmd Nofpg'k¥of] .
c¿ b]zsf lg/LIf0fsf df]8nx¿sf] lkmN8 cWoog ug],{
tflnd lbg]h:tf sfddf dGqfnon] s'g} sbd rfn]sf]
5}g . z'4 aLP8sf] cfwf/df xfdL ljlg ePsf 5f}+ .
PdP, PdP8 ul/;s]sf lzIfsx¿sf] sIff cjnf]sg ug]{
/ ltgsf q'l6 klxrfg u/L ;'wf/sf nflu ;'‰fj lbg]
x}l;ot w]/} ljlgsf] 5}g . ;/sf/n] lg/LIf0f ug{ rflxg]
Go"gtd ;fdu|L klg lbFbg} , ca lbg'k5{ . ljlgsf] k|ltj]bg
sfof{Gjog x'g] jftfj/0f agfOg'k5{ .

z'? eO{ a‰fË, afh'/f, c5fd / s}nfnL lhNnfdf
gd'gfsf ¿kdf k|oQ' m ;f] kl/of]hgfsf] d"n cjwf/0ff
ljBfnox¿sf] ;d" x agfO{ ;| f ] t s] G b| d fkm{ t
ljBfnonfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' lyof] . pQm
kl/of]hgfsf] of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf cg'udgsf] lhDd]jf/L
;Dxfn]sf pQdk|;fb pkfWofo eG5g\, æTo;avt
k|To]s dlxgf ;a} :s"nsf] lg/LIf0f x'GYof] .
lkm8Aofs lbOGYof] / Ps dlxgfkl5 s] s:tf]
;'wf/ cfof] eg]/ k'gM lg/LIf0f x'GYof] .Æ pgsf]
ljrf/df g]kfndf cfh;Dd ePsf] ;a}eGbf /fd|f]
lg/LIf0f ToxL / To;}an] f ePsf] lyof] .
@)$^ ;fnkl5 pNn]vgLo ;ª\Vofdf ljBfno
lg/LIfs ylkP . kmn:j¿k @)%) / @)%! ;fndf
dfq} #%) eGbf a9L lg/LIfs lgo'Qm ul/P . ;|ft]
s]Gb|dfkm{t ljBfnosf] :t/ psf:g] ;]tL kl/of]hgfsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ b]zJofkL agfpg @)$( ;fndf z'?
ePsf] cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf
cGtu{t b]ze/ !)(! j6f ;|ft] s]Gb| :yfkgf
ul/P / Tolt g} ;ª\Vofdf ;|f]tJolQm /flvP .
t}klg lg/LIf0f sfo{ eg] k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]g .
k"j{ lzIff ;lrj 8f= pkfWofo eG5g\, ælzIffdf
a9]sf] bnLo /fhgLlt / lg/LIf0f Joj:yfnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg ;/sf/sf] /fhgLlts g]tT[ jn]
cfjZos kxn gubf{ ;a} k|of; v]/ uP .Æ kl5,
dfcf]jfbLsf] ;z:q ljb|fx] km}lnFb} uO{ c;'/Iff a9]kl5
ljlgx¿ To;} klg ufpF hfg 5f8] .
;/sf/n] ljBfno lg/LIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf hfFRg]
/ ;'wf/ Nofpg] x]t'n] @)^) df3df lzIff
dGqfnodf …ljBfno lg/LIf0ffnoÚ gfds a]Un}
zfvfsf] :yfkgf u¥of] . clws[t uf]kfn e08f/Lsf
cg';f/ ;f] zfvfn] ut jif{ b]ze/sf (% j6f
ljBfnox¿sf] lg/LIf0f u/]/ dGqfnodf k|ltj]bg
k]z u/]sf] lyof] . t/ lg/LIf0ffnon] lg/LIf0f
Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg t k/} hfcf];,\ cfˆg}
cf}lrTo :yflkt ug{ klg g;s]sf] ToxfF sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lx¿ :jLsf/ u5{g\ .

lz If s c;f]h @)^% 33
 cfj/0f

…lgoldt bLks r]Dhf]ª

k|wfgfWofks,
lg/LIf0fkl5 s;}nfO{ sf/afxL ul/of] ls <
To:tf] s]xL ePg . ;a} lzIfs pkl:yt ePsfn] sdL–
sdhf]/L klg vf;} cf}N+ ofPgg\ .

lg/LIf0f
tkfO{ ljBfno lg/LIfsn] s] ul/lbof];\ eGg] rfxg'xG' 5 <
nUbxjf lgdflj, lgoldt ¿kdf lg/LIf0f ul/lbP dfq} k'U5 . To;f] u/]
lzIfsx¿ klg cg'zf;gdf a:5g\ . lzIff;DaGwL gofFgofF
sf/sfFbf], afFs] ;"rgf ljBfno;Dd k'¥ofOlbg], sld–sdhf]/L cf}N+ ofP/

x'gk' ¥of]Ú ;'wf/sf ;Nnfx ;'‰fj klg lbg] ug'k{ b{5 .

lg/LIf0faf6 ljBfnosf] pknlAw a9]sf] 7fGg'xG' 5 <
lg/LIf0f g} lgoldt x'g;s]sf] 5}g, jif{df Ps b'Ok{ 6s
dfq} lg/LIfs cfpF5g\ . lg/LIfs yf]/} 5g\,
tkfO{sf] ljBfno lg/LIfs kl5Nnf] ljBfno w] / } . o;n] ubf{ lg/LIf0f

k6s slxn] cfPsf lyP <
j}zfv t];f| ] ;ftf /fd;'/z ] ofbj cfPsf
lyP . ljBfnosf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ /
sIffsf]7f lg/LIf0f u/L kmls{P .
lg/LIf0fkl5 s] lkm8Aofs lbP <
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cg'zf;g / lgoGq0fdf
/fVg ;'‰fj lbP, k'l:tsfdf ToxL n]v/]
uP .
lg/LIfsaf6 lzIfsn] s]–s] l;Sg kfP
t <
clwsf+z ljBfyL{ dWofGt/kl5 3/ lxF8y\ ,]
ca Tof] /f]ss ] f 5f}+ .
;/sf/L tof/L / lgsf;sf] af6f]
ljBfnosf] k9fOsf] :t/ dfly p7fpg ug'k{ g]{ w]/}
j6f sfddWo] lg/LIf0f k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg'
;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf]
u'0f:t/ psfl;g g;s]sf]df cfnf]rgf e}/xFbf
;/sf/n] lg/LIf0f Aoj:yfaf/] ;f]Rg yfn]sf] 5 .
o;qmddf, lzIff ljefun] ljlg / ;|ft] JolQmsf]
bfloTj :ki6 u/L ltgsf] e"ldsf ls6fg ug]{ tyf
tL b'Od{ f bf]xf]/f]kgf cfpg glbg] cfjZos u[xsfo{
z'? u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L lhlzsfdf /x]sf Pp6}
txsf ljlg / zfvf clws[taLrsf] Uofk / o;n]
;[hgf u/]sf] ;d:of x6fpg ljefun] b'jn} fO{ Pp6}
agfpg] k|:tfj dGqfnodf k7fPsf] 5 .
ptf lzIff dGqfnon] PlzofnL ljsf; a}s + ;Fu
;D‰f}tf u/]/ yfn]sf] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ kl/of]hgfn]
lg/LIf0fsf] xfnsf] Joj:yfdf ;+/rgfut kl/jt{gsf]
k|:tfj cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . lzIffljb\ 8f= lji0f' sfsL{sf
cg';f/, ljBfno lg/LIfsx¿nfO{ lhNnf lzIff
sfof{noaf6 l‰s]/ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt cGtu{t
/fVg] gLlt aGg nfu] s f] 5 . æca ljlg /
;|ft] JolQmnfO{ Pp6} agfP/ uflj; sfof{no cGtu{t
lzIff clws[tsf] ¿kdf /fVg] gLlt agfpg nfu]sf
5f}+ .Æ pgn] lzIfsl;t eg], æufpFdf a;]/ ljlgn]
cg'udgsf] sfd ug]5{ g\ . lhNnf lzIff sfof{nonfO{
ljlgnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ k|fljlws sfof{nosf] ¿kdf
ljsl;t ul/g]5 .Æ o;} jif{bl] v gd'gfsf ¿kdf tLg
34 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
/fd]Zj/ af]x/f
k|efjsf/L x'g;s]sf] 5}g .
lg/LIf0f cfjZos 5 <
ljBfnodf z}lIfs jftfj/0f agfpg /
;'wfg{ lg/LIf0f cTofjZos 5 t/, o;nfO{
k| e fjsf/L agfpg lg/LIfsx¿ klg
tflndk|fKt / bIf x'g'k¥of] . pgLx¿
lgoldt ¿kdf ljBfnodf cfpg'k¥of] .
lg/LIfs;Fu} lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] klg
b[li6 k'¥ofpg'k5{ . Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf
s'/} ga'´g] dfG5]sf] eL8ef8 x'g] ePsfn]
To;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'k{ g]{ vfFrf] 5 .
/fd]Zj/
lhNnfdf z' ? ul/Psf] ;f] sfo{ q mdsf] gLltut
b:tfj]hnfO{ 5'§} clGtd ¿k lbOg] sfof{Gjog
tflnsfdf pNn]v 5 .
;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf] :t/ psf:g ljBfno
lg/LIf0f Joj:yf k|efjsf/L x'gk' g]{ lglj{jfb tYosf
¿kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . To;}n] lautaf6
kf7 l;s]/ lzIff dGqfnon] hlt;Sbf] l56f] cfkm\gf]
k|fyldstfdf lg/LIf0fnfO{ /fVg ;a}n] hf]8 lbPsf
5g\ . ljlg / ;|ft] JolQmsf] sfd / pQ/bfloTjnfO{
:ki6 kfg]{ dfq xf]Og, sfo{ k|efjsfl/tfsf] cfwf/df
pgLx¿sf] d"NofÍg ug]{ kl/kf6L yfNg] / To;nfO{
lgikIf tyf k|efjsf/L agfOg' klg ckl/xfo{
b]lvG5 .
w]/h} ;f] lzIfsn] ljlg;Fu p7fpg'kg]{ hlt kmfObf
lng;s]sf / rfx]sf kfOFbg} . ctM tL lzIfsx¿nfO{
lg/LIf0f k|+0ffnLaf6 clwstd nfe lng k|]l/t
ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0fdf klg ljz]if Wofg lbg
plQs} cfjZos b]lvG5 . To;}u/L k|wfgfWofksnfO{
lzIfssf] jf:tljs lg/LIfssf ¿kdf :yflkt
ug]{b]lv lg/LIf0f k|0ffnLnfO{ lzIfssf] k]zfut
ljsf;;Fu hf]8g\ s ' f] ljsNk 5}g . t/ o;lglDt,
ljBfnonfO{ bnLo /fhgLltsf] cv8f agfpg]
…cfk/flwsÚ k/Dk/faf6 d'Qm ug{ ;a} /fhgLlts
bnx¿n] ;fj{hlgs ¿kd} zky vfO{ tbg'?ksf]
Jojxf/ ug'{ ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .
;fydf /fd]Zj/ af]x/f, g]kfnu~h
 cfj/0f cg'ej
uf]kfn e08f/L

w]/} ul/of], ljBfno lg/LIfsx?n] y'k}| /fd|f

sfd u/]sf 5g\ . ljBfnod}

c‰} ug{ ;lsG5 uP/ cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] o;sf

pbfx/0f e]l6g]5g\ .

s' /f @)^! ;fnsf] xf] . e/tk' /

gu/kflnsfl:yt >L e/tk'/ dfljsf] sIff
lg/LIf0f ug{ d :s"ndf l5/]F . xfn
@)^) ;fpg;Ddsf] cjlw d]/f lglDt ;a}eGbf
dxŒjk"0f{ sfnv08 /Xof], To; cjlwdf k]zfut
Ifdtf ljsf;sf sf]0faf6 lgofNbf lzIff ljefuaf6
k|wfgfWofks /x]sf e}/j /]UdL Toltv]/ dfWolds ;~rfng ul/Psf] z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / lgld{t
txsf cª\uh]| L lzIfs x'gx' G' Yof] . pxfFn] cToGt} ;fdu|Lsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u ;DaGwdf s]lGb|t xf]n
;/n efifdf ljifoj:t' l;sfpg ;Sg'xG' 5 eGg] :s"n Pk|fr
] tflnd / k|f/lDes afn ljsf;;DaGwL
d}n] ;'gs ] f] lyPF . pxfFs} sIffdf uPF . k5fl8sf] tLgxKt] tflnd lng] cj;/ k|fKt eof] . k|f/lDes
a]~rdf a;]/ pxfFn] k9fPsf] x]/]F, ;'g]F . sIff afn ljsf; sfo{ q mdsf] If] q df sf] l /og
;lsPkl5 clkm; sf]7fdf uP/ pxfFn] k9fpg'ePsf] :jo+;]jsx¿;Fu lgs6 ;Dks{df /x]/ sfd ug]{
lg/LIf0faf6
tl/sfaf/] 5nkmn u¥of}F . Tof] lbg pxfF sIffdf df}sf klg ToxL a]nf ldNof] . o;} ;dodf d}n]
ljBfyL{sf]
gS;fsf] af/]df k9fpFb} x'gx' G' Yof] . ljBfyL{nfO{ a'‰fpg] cfˆgf] w]/} 1fg–;Lk Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ kfPF .
qmddf pxfFn] sfnf]kf6Ldf sl/a !% ldg]6 hlt ••• cj:yf klg
nufP/ gS;f agfpg'eof] . 3/d} gS;f agfP/ cfh;Dd d}n] ljBfno lg/LIf0fsf] sfddf pNn]vgLo yfxf kfpg
NofPsf] eP of] gS:ff agfpg vlr{Psf] ;dodf c;xh kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug'k{ /]sf] 5}g . sfo{If]qdf ;lsG5M
cf};teGbf sd bIftf ePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ yk k|fKt cg'ejsf cfwf/df d s] eGg ;S5' eg] s}nfnLsf] Ps
cEof; u/fpg ;lsGYof] eGg] d]/f] ;'‰fj /Xof], o; If]qdf 7fpF–7fpFdf /fd|f cEof;x¿ k|z:t ljBfnosf
h;nfO{ pxfFn] ;xif{ :jLsf/ ug'e{ of] . ePsf 5g\ . ljBfno txd} k'u/] ;fGble{s 9Ën] sIff % sf
••• ljifosf] ulx/fO;Dd k'Ug] k|oTg eof] eg] /fd|f b'O{ ljBfyL{sf]
d}n] ljBfno lg/LIf0f ug{ yfn]sf] !$ jif{ eof] . cEof;sf k|z:t pbfx/0fx¿ b]Vg / cg'ej ug{ ul0ftsf]
;]jf k|jz] sf] cfwf/ lzIffzf:qsf] :gfts k|df0fkq ;lsG5 . cj:yf .
lyof] . ;]jf k|jz ] sf avtd} ;ft lbgsf] ;]jf
k|jz] tflnd klg k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . ToxL cfwf/df
vl6OuPsf] :yfgdf Jofjxfl/s 9Ën] tf]lsPsf] sfo{
;DkGg ug{ dnfO{+ ;lhnf] ePsf] lyof] .
lg/LIf0fdf vl6Psf] ;'?sf kfFr jif{ d]/f nflu
k|f/lDes cEof;sf] cjlw /Xof] . cf}krfl/s lzIff
cfh{g ug]{ l;nl;nfdf xfl;n u/]sf] 1fg /
sfo{ynf]sf] jf:tljs cj:yfl;t ;dfof]hg x'g
pQm cjlw d]/f nflu r'gf}tLk"0f{ /Xof] . ;f]xL
cjlwdf d}n] k]zfut bIftf clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u
k'Ug] vfnsf s]xL ;]jfsfnLg tflnd k|fKt ug]{
cj;/ klg kfPF . To;kl5 dnfO{ ljBfnox¿df
uP/ sfo{ ug{ c‰ ;lhnf] nfUg yfNof] . of]
sfddf d]/f] ?lr a9\g yfNof] .
ljBfno lg/LIfssf ¿kdf @)%% ebf}b]lv

lz If s c;f]h @)^% 35
 cfj/0f cg'ej
gd"gf lzIf0f
;fdu|L .
ljBfno lg/LIfssf] x}l;otn] d}n] tLgj6f
lhNnfdf sfd u/]F . lrtjgdf vl6Fbf sfo{–cg'ejsf
b[li6sf]0fn] d ;DejjtM ;a}eGbf slgi7 lg/LIfs
lyPF . x/]s dlxgfsf] @ ut]sf lbg lhNnf lzIff
clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf ljBfno lg/LIfs /
;|ft] JolQmx¿sf] lgoldt a}7s x'g] uYof]{ . pQm
a}7sdf dlxgfel/df lkmN8df vl6g] hgzlQmn]
;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿af/] 5nkmn x'GYof] .
cfjZostfcg';f/ lgoldt sfo{sf] cnfjf yk
lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8 klg ug]{ ul/GYof] . clg dfl;s
sfo{qmd :jLs[t u/fP/ xfdLx¿ cf–cfˆgf] sfo{If]qdf
hfg] ub{Yof}+ . o;/L of]hgfa4 tl/sfn] lkmN8sf]
sfddf xfdL lg/Gt/ ¿kdf lqmofzLn x'g] ub{Yof}F .
slgi7 ePsf] gftfn] lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L /
cGo ;xsdL{ ldqx¿af6 yk ;Nnfx / ;'‰fj
lg/Gt/ kfpFy]F .
z'?sf lbgdf ljBfno lg/LIfs / ;|ft] JolQm
b'jn} ] Ps–Psj6f ;|ft] s]Gb|sf] lg/LIf0f ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf
lyof] . h;cg';f/ d}n] k"jL{ lrtjgsf] v}/xgL
;|ft] s]Gb|sf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] lyPF .
Tof] ;|ft] s]Gb|af6 ;~rfng x'g] ljljw lqmofsnfkdf
;|f]tJolQmsf x}l;otn] ljBfnox¿sf] ;du| z}lIfs
ljsf;sf nflu sfd ug]{ cj;/ lyof] . ;d"x
ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks / lzIfsx¿;Fusf] ;fdLKon]
sfd ug]{ pmhf{ ylkPsf] lyof] . v}/xgL If]qdf
Ps jif{ sfd u/]kl5 d e/tk'/ If]qdf cfPF .
e/tk'/ cfpFbf ljBfno lg/LIf0fsf]
afns]lGb|t, k|lqmofdf s]xL kl/jt{g cfPsf] lyof] .
lqmofsnfkdf ljBfno lg/LIfs / ;|ft] JolQm b'j} hgfn]
cfwfl/t / dgf]– tf]lsPsf ;|ft] s]Gb|sf ;d"x ljBfnox¿sf]
/~hgfTds lg/LIf0f ug'k{ g]{ x'GYof] . b'O{ lsl;dsf]
hgzlQmn] ljBfno lg/LIf0f u/] klg
lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ sfd u/fOdf tfnd]n xf];\ eGgsf nflu
sIffsf]7fdf s;/L xfdL ;+o'Qm ¿kdf sfo{qmd agfP/
pkof]u ug{ ljBfnox¿ lg/LIf0f uYof}{+ . k|To]s
;lsG5 eGg] xfd|f] dlxgfsf] & ut] ;a} ;|ft] s]Gb|df ;d"x
ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksx¿sf] a}7s a;L
d'Vo ;/f]sf/ dlxgfe/df ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdsf]
x'GYof] sfo{qmd agfpg] uYof{+} . To;/L lgoldt
36 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
l;sfO{sf] pknlAw
;"rs .
x'g] a}7s / tof/ kfl/g] sfo{qmdn] xfdLnfO{ sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug{ lgs} ;lhnf] x'GYof] . xfdL sIffsf]7fdf
x'g] lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ s]Gb| agfO{ sfd
uYof}{+, h;n] ubf{ lzIfs tyf lg/LIfs b'j}sf]
sfo{;Dkfbg r':t x'GYof] .
•••
k|To]s dlxgf ;|ft] s]Gb|df x'g] k|wfgfWofks a}7snfO{
xfdL b'O{ v08df ljefhg uYof}{+ . klxnf] v08df
k|zf;lgs sfo{ Pj+ dflyNnf lgsfoaf6 k7fOPsf
lgb]z{ g / kl/kqx¿sf ljifodf 5nkmn x'GYof] .
bf];|f] v08, k|fl1s ;q x'GYof] . sIffsf]7fsf
lqmofsnfksf af/]df 5nkmn s]lGb|t x'GYof] . clg
;'? x'GYof] 5nkmnn] lgsfNg] lgisif{ ljBfnox¿df
nfu" ug]{ k|of; . o:tf] k|of; k|wfgfWofksn] klg
uy]{ . xfdLx¿ -ljBfno lg/LIfs / ;|ft] JolQm_ cfˆgf]
dfl;s sfo{qmdcg';f/ ljBfnox¿df k'u/] sfof{Gjog
kIfsf] cg'udg uYof{+} . o;f] ubf{ xfdLn] ;+oQ' m
¿kdf s]xL ;kmntf xfl;n ul//x]sf lyof}F .
afns]lGb|t, lqmofsnfkdf cfwfl/t / dgf]–
/~hgfTds lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ sIffsf]7fdf s;/L
pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] xfd|f] d'Vo ;/f]sf/
x'GYof] . sIffsf]7fnfO{ p2]Zocg'¿ksf] agfpg
;fdu|Lsf] h?/t kg]{ ePsfn] xfdL z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf]
k|of]utkm{ lqmofzLn x'GYof}F . lzIfsx¿sf] ;xeflutf
klg pT;fxk|b lyof] . c‰ vf;u/L k"jk{ f| ylds
txsf sIff Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfdn] l56f] ult lnPsf]
cg'ej eof] . ubf{ x'bF f] /x]5 eg]/ xfdL xf}l;of}F .
of] jf Tof] ljBfno egL gfd} ls6]/ s'/f ug'e{ Gbf
klg ;dli6ut ¿kdf e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf If]qsf
;Dk"0f{ k|wfgfWofks / lzIfsx¿n] b]vfpg'ePsf]
;lqmotfn] dnfO{ ;dod} ljBfno k' U g] /
lzIfsx¿;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug{ yk xf};nf ldNof] .
e/tk'/ gu/ If]qdf ljBfno ;'k/Lj]If0f ubf{
xfdL sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg / lzIfs–ljBfyL{aLrsf]
cGt/lqmofnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbGYof}F . ;a} ljBfnosf
;a} sIffnfO{ Ps}k6s afnd}qL x'g] lsl;dn] Jojl:yt
ug{ g;lsP klg ljBfnodf ;~rfng eO/x]sf
k"jk{ f| ylds sIffx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ k|wfgfWofks
/ ;xof]uL sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ pTk|l] /t ug{ ;Sof}F .
 k"j{ k|fylds txsf sIffnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu
sf]l/og :jo+;j] sx¿sf] of]ubfg k|z;+ gLo /x]sf] 5 .
k"jk{ f| ylds sIffx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg ePsf
s]xL k|of;x¿af6 dnfO{ uj{sf] cg'el" t ePsf] lyof]M
• k"jk{ f| ylds txsf ;xof]uL sfo{stf{sf nflu
pknAw ;|ft] / ;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]u
u/L tflnd ;~rfng ul/of] .
• sf]l/og :jo+;j] ssf] k|fljlws÷cfly{s ;xof]udf
l;l4ljgfos lgDgdfWolds ljBfno a;]{lg
e/tk'/df gd"gf afn ljsf; sIff Joj:yfkg
ul/Psf] 5 .
• ljBfno lg/LIfssf] ;lqmotf / sf]l/og
:jo+;]jssf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf ljBfnodf
;~rfng eO/x] s f afn ljsf; s] G b|
-:yfgLo÷rNtLsf] af]nLdf lzz' sIff_ sf ;xof]uL
sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ k|To]s dlxgfsf] Ps lbg ;fdu|L
lgdf{0f sfo{zfnf -sd df]nsf_ ;~rfng .
dfly pNn]lvt lqmofsnfksf] sf/0fn] klg n+s"
;|f]ts]Gb|cGtu{t ;~rflnt k"j{k|fylds sIffx¿sf]
Joj:yfkg / l;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ cGt/lqmofTds
agfpg] kxn eof] . k|d] a:tL dflj, jfs' sGof
pRr dflj, cflbslj efg' dflj, z/bk'/ dflj,
kmnf]ck bzdlxg] tflndsf] d}hf/f] Û
; /sf/n] cfh;Dd s'g} tflnd glnPsf ;fj{hlgs
:s"nsf lzIfsnfO{ clGtd cj;/sf ¿kdf oxL
@$ sflQs @)^% b]lv k|lzIf0f–cleofg z'? ug]{ ePsf]
5 . of] cleofgsf] ;dfkg;Fu} jiff}b+{ l] v rnfOFb} cfPsf]
bzdlxg] lzIfs tflnd To;kl5 ;bfsf lglDt aGb x'g]
atfOPsf] 5 .
z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|sf cg';f/ tflnd lng
afFsL lzIfs ;a}n] @)^% sflQs @$ ut]bl] v ;~rfng
x'g] k|yd r/0fdf clGtd k6s cj;/ kfpg] 5g\ .
pQm bzdlxg] tflndnfO{ @$ sflQsb]lv ( df3;Dd
klxnf] / !( df3b]lv # j}zfv @)^^ ;Dd bf];|f]
r/0fdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . s]Gb|n] cfkm" dftxtsf
tflnd s]Gb|df k|ToIf ;~rfng ug]{ lzIfs tflnd afx]s
/]l8of] g]kfnaf6 k|;f/0f ug]{ u/L @% df3 )^% b]lv
@@ c;f/ @)^^ ;Dd kfFrdlxg] b"/lzIff tflnd klg
;~rfng ug]{ hgfPsf] 5 . tflndsf] t];f| ] r/0f !)
j}zfv @)^^ b]lv @! c;f/ @)^^ ;Dd / clGtd
tyf …ljz]ifÚ r/0f @% ;fpg @)^^ b]lv z'? ul/g]5 .
tflndsf] cfwf/e"t r/0fdf # xhf/ $$$ hgfÙ
bf];|f] tyf t];|f] r/0fdf qmdzM $ xhf/ %)) tyf
!# xhf/ ^$! hgf k|flj lzIfs ;xefuL x'g] s]Gb|sf]
cg'dfg 5 .
gf/fo0fL dflj, e/tk' / dfljx¿df ljlgn] lzIfssf]
;~rfng eO/x]sf sIffsf] cjnf]sg ubf{ Ouf] df wSsf
clxn] klg cfgGb cfpF5 . ljBfno ;'wf/
of] h gfsf] th' { d f / sfof{ G jog gk'Ug] u/L
;/f]sf/jfnfsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf ug]{ ;xof]uLsf] ¿kdf
k|of; ul/of] . vf;u/L cflbslj efg'eQm k|:t't x'gk5{ .
dflj kf]v/f a;kfs{ / lgdflj afX3/]df
ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf0f{sf] cEof;n] ljBfno
/ lg/LIfs b'j} kIfn] y'k}| s'/f l;Sg] df}sf kfPsf]
klg cg'el" t ePsf] lyof] .
cGTodf, tnsf rf/j6f kIfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ xf]
eg] ljBfno lg/LIf0f k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] d]/f]
cg'ejsf] lgisif{ 5M
ljlgn] lzIfssf] Ouf] df wSsf gk'Ug] u/L
;xof]uLsf] ¿kdf k|:t't x'gk5{ .
ljlgsf] sfo{sz ' ntfsf cfwf/df d"NofÍg ug]{
/ ;'ljwf tyf k'/:sf/ lbg] u'gk{ 5{ .
lg/LIfsnfO{ ;|ft] ;fdu|Ln] ;DkGg agfO{gk' 5{ .
lg/LIfsn] lbPsf] ;'emfjnfO{ ljBfno / lzIff
sfof{non] /]:kf]G; ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg'k5{ .
e08f/L xfn lzIff dGqfnocGtu{t
ljBfno lg/LIf0ffno zfvfdf sfo{/t 5g\ .
@)^$ ;Dddf ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf (% xhf/ $%$
k|fylds lzIfsdWo] ^& xhf/ @!) n] k"0f{ / !$ xhf/
(*% hgfn] cf+lzs tflnd lnPsf] lzIff ljefusf] ˆNof;
jfg l/kf]6{ @)^$ n] b]vfPsf] 5 . To:t} lgdfljsf @)
xhf/ $%% dWo] !) xhf/ ()) n] k"0f{ / $ xhf/
&* n] cf+lzs tyf dfljsf !# xhf/ (&( lzIfsdWo]
!) xhf/ *(! n] k"0f{ tyf ! xhf/ (## hgfn]
cf+lzs lzIfs tflnd lnPsf 5g\ .
of] tflnd cleofgnfO{ lgwf{l/t ;dodf ;kmn /
;DkGg ug{ s]Gb|Lo:t/df lzIff ljefusf dxflgb]z { s
hgfb{g g]kfnsf] ;+of]hsTjdf !! ;b:oLo …tflnd sfof{Gjog
cleofg ;dGjo ;ldltÚ u7g ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} tflnd
sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u ug{ lhNnf txdf lhlzcsf]
;+of]hsTjdf ;ft ;b:oLo tflnd cleofg sfof{Gjog
;ldlt u7g ug]{ k|lqmof z'? ul/Psf] atfOPsf] 5 .
k|fljlws clws[t lzjs'df/ ;fksf]6fsf cg';f/, cfpFbf]
jif{bl] v ;|ft] s]Gb|df cfwfl/t & lbgb]lv !) lbgsf] 5f]6f]
cjlwsf tflnd dfq ;~rfng x'g5] g\ . b]ze/sf ‰08} !
nfv ^) xhf/ lzIfsnfO{ Ps} ;dodf ;|ft] s]Gb|df af]nfP/
5f]6f] cjlwsf] tflnd lbOg] / To;lglDt cfjZos 5'§}
kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ul/g] klg ;fksf]6fn] atfP .
afa'/fd
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 37
 cfj/0f cg'ej
u'? d}gfnL
lg/Lx lg/LIfs Û
lzIff k|zf;gsf] slxNo} d'v gb]vs ] f u|fdL0f lzIfssf nflu u'gf;f] kf]Vg]
Pp6} dflg; …ljlgÚ x'G5 t/ cfkm}+ u'gf;f] ;'lglbg] lgsfosf] vf]hLdf /xG5 .
6' l/i6 ljBfyL{Úsf] ¿kdf d}n] aL=P8= k9]/
nf] s ;] j f kf; u/] k l5 d ljBfno
lg/LIfssf ¿kdf @)%! ;fndf lzIff
;]jfdf k|jz] u/]+ . If]qLo lzIff lgb]z { gfnon] ;Lw}
lhNnfdf sfdsf nflu v6fof] . ;fdfGotof lghfdtL
;]jf k|jz] kl5 sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lbOg] ;]jf k|jz ] s'g} sf/afxL x'bF g} y] . o;sf/0f d}n] cy{xLg sfd
tflnd xfdLnfO{ lbOPg . @)%) ;fn;Ddsf ;]jf
k|jz
] Lx¿n] To:tf] tflnd kfPsf lyP . d sf]/f
¿kd} lgo'lQm lnP/ ;f]‰} sfo{ If]q kfFry/ lhNnf
lzIff sfof{no k|jz ] ug{ k'uF] .
ljBfno lg/LIfs -ljlg_ n] ug'k{ g]{ cfwf/e"t
sfo{x¿sf af/]df s]xL lstfaL 1fg eP klg To;nfO{
Jojxf/df s;/L ptfg]{ eGg] :jfefljs sf}tx' n
ddf lyof] . lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] lbPsf] kqdf
kfFry/sf cd/k'/, k~rdL, ;'efª, gfuL, yk'{,
cf]ofd, kmn}rf / Rofªyfk' uflj; cGtu{tsf
ljBfnox¿nfO{ d]/f] sfo{If]qsf ¿kdf tf]lsPsf]
lyof] . kfFry/df s]xL jif{cl3b]lv g} lg/LIfsx¿sf]
sdL /x]5 . To;}n], d}n] k'/fgf lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg
/ lg/LIfssf cg'ejaf6 l;Sg] cj;/ kfOPg .
lzIff clwsf/Ln] klg lhDd]jf/L / bfloTjaf/]
Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf cled'v u/]gg\ . lg/LIf0fsf] s'g}
kmDof{6 tf]lsPsf] lyPg . To;}n] 8fo/L af]Sof], h]
h] b]lvG5, e]l6G5, ;'lgG5 l6Kof] . kl5 l;Sb}
uOof] / lg/LIf0f s]xL ;/n eof] .
efg' k|flj ofª\l;a'ªsf k|wfgfWofks lj?4sf]
ph'/L x]g]{ sfdaf6 d}n] lg/LIfssf]
lg/LIf0fsf] s'g} sfd yfn]+ . To;a]nf ;dfhsf ;a}
kmDof{6 tf]lsPsf] If]qdf bnLo /fhgLlt 3';s ] f] lyof] .
lyPg . To;}n] lzIfs / ljBfno klg o;af6 d'Qm
8fo/L af]Sof], h] lyPgg\ . kl5 a'´b} hfFbf of] ph'/L
/fhgLlts k|ltzf]wsf] efjgfn] xflnPsf]
h] b]lvG5, eGg] a'l‰of] . k|wfgfWofks cfkm}+ kf6L{
e]l6G5, ;'lgG5 lgs6 dflg; lyP . ljkIfL kf6L{sf
l6Kof] . sfo{stf{n] pgsf lj?4 lgotjz ph'/L
38 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
u/]sf lyP . To;f] t /fhgLltsf] dfv]hfnf]af6
lg/LIfs :jo+ klg d'Qm x'g;Sg] cj:yf lyPg .
xfdLnfO{ k|ToIf ck|ToIf /fhgLlts bafa cfO/xGy] .
t/, of]eGbf a9L lrGtfsf] ljifo rflxF lg/LIfssf]
k|ltj]bgdfly x'g] /fhgLlt lyof] . xfd|f k|ltj]bgdfly
ul//x]sf] 5' eGg] nfUYof] / lg/fz eOGYof] .
Joj:yfkg ;ldltb]lv lhlzsf;Dd /fhgLlt
3';s] f] lyof] . k|To]skN6 ;/sf/ kl/jt{g x'gf;fy
lg/LIfs sd{rf/Ldf ;?jf cftÍ z'? x'GYof] .
ptf, :yfgLo /fhgLlts lvrftfgLn] ubf{ b/aGbL
gePsf 7fpFdf b/aGbL hfg ;Sb}gYof] . ef}lts
k"jf{wf/ gePsf 7fpFdf cfjZos /sd hfFbg} Yof] .
cg'dlt kfpg'kg]{ :yfgsf ljBfnon] cg'dlt
kfpFyg] g\, cgfjZos 7fpFdf ljBfno aGy] . oL
;a} u'gf;fx¿ kf]Vg] lgsfo x'GYof]– PSnf] / lg/Lx
lg/LIfs . lg/LIfsdf lzIfssf] e/f];f klg u'gf;f]
;'Gg] dfG5]sf ¿kdf sfod lyof] . t/ o:tf]
lg/LIfs :jo+ eg] ;w}F cfˆgf ;d:of ;'gfpg]
lgsfosf] vf]hLdf x'GYof] .
ljBfno lg/LIf0fsf qmddf d}n] ef]us ] f] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] ;d:of af;sf] lyof] . lxpFbdf e/] s;sf]
3/df af; dfUg] eGg] lrGtf laxfg}bl] v z'? x'GYof] .
lg/LIfs cfPkl5 sxfF v'jfpg] / ;'tfpg] lrGtf
lzIfsx¿nfO{ klg x'GYof] . Psk6s t Ps
lzIfsn] dnfO{ …3/df s]xL klg 5}g ;/, o;k6s
xfd|fd] f lg/LIf0fdf gcfpg'xf]nfÚ ;d]t eg] . s}of}k+ 6s
lzIfsx¿n] l5d]sL;Fu rfdn k}+rf] dfu]/ klg
dnfO{ vfgf v'jfPsf 5g\ .
;fdfGotof sxLF klg ljBfnosf] cj:yfk|lt
cleefjsx¿n] rf;f] lbPsf] b]lvPg . cfˆgf
5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k7gkf7gsf] af/]df cleefjs g} hfu?s
/ r]tgzLn gx'g] xf] eg] lzIffsf] cj:yf ;'wg|
;Dej 5}g . cleefjs, k|wfgfWofks / Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] lg/Gt/ lgu/fgLn] g} lzIfssf e/df
dfq ljBfyL{ 5f]8g\ ] k/Dk/fsf] cGTo ug{ ;S5 .
lhNnfaf6 slxn]sfxLF k'Ug] lg/LIfsn] dfq of] sfd
ug{ ;Sb}g .
kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf slt s'/fn] lzIfsnfO{
;d]t cNdNofpg] u/]sf] kfOof] . sIff * sf]
cª\uh]| L kf7\ok':tssf] Pp6f kf7df sËf?sf] aRrf
hGdFbf kfFr ;]lG6ld6/ x'G5 eGg] n]lvPsf] 5 .
To:t} sIff % sf] cª\uh]| L k':tsdf …j/fnÚ hgfj/
lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ dWo] s'g 7fpFdf kfOG5 <
egL ;f]lwPsf] csf]{ k|;Ë 5 . lg/LIf0fsf] qmddf
Ps hgf lzIfsn] æ;fFRr} sËf?sf] aRrf hGdFbf
kfFr ;]lG6ld6/sf] x'G5 <Æ eGg] k|Zg dnfO{ ;f]w] .
ljBfyL{n] of] k|Zg ubf{ pgn] hjfkm lbg ;s]sf
lyPgg\ . lsgeg], of] yfxf kfpg ljBfnodf s'g}
cltl/Qm k':ts lyPgg\ . la8Djgf t s] 5 eg],
;'k/Lj]Ifssf] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] ljBfno lg/LIfsn]
g} ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmd kfpFbg} . lzIffsf] lhDdf
lnPsf] lzIff sfof{nodf k':tsfno x'bF g} . ;f]Wgsf
nflu sf]xL pknAw 5}gg\ . o:tf] cj:yfsf] lg/LIfsn]
lzIfsnfO{ s:tf] hjfkm b]nf < d}n] tL lzIfsn]
;f]ws ] f] hjfkm lbg ;lsgF . w]/k} l5 yfxf kfPF–
sËf?sf] aRrf hGdFbf kfFr ;]ld dfq xf]Og b'O{
;]ldsf] klg x'bF f]/x]5 . ;fdfGotof k9]sf] s'/f b'O{
jif{kl5 *) k|ltzt lal;{OG5 eGg] dflgG5 . kfFr
jif{cl3 g} k9fO ;s]sf] / To;kl5 s'g} tflnd
k|fKt gu/]sf] lg/LIfs;Fu slt 1fg afFsL /xnf <
@)%# ;fnsf] P;Pn;L k/LIffsf] kl/0ffdkl5
b'uf{k/' ;|ft] s]Gb|cGtu{tsf ljBfnox¿sf k|wfgfWofks,
lj1fg, ul0ft / cª\uh]| Lsf lzIfsx¿;Fusf] cGt/lqmof
/ sIff lg/LIf0fkl5 Pp6f tYo ;fdg] cfof] .
lj1fg, ul0ft / cª\uh]| L ljifodf c;kmnx¿df
w]/} h;f] To:tf ljBfyL{ lyP, hf] s'g} sIffdf klg
tL ljifodf pQL0f{ lyPgg\ . sIff kfFrsf] lhNnf:t/Lo
k/LIffdf b'O{ ljifodf kf; cÍsf] %) k|ltzt
cyf{t\ #@ kf; cÍ eP !^ NofP klg pQL0f{ ug]{
rng lyof] . sIff * df To;} ul/GYof] . o;/L
hfGg'kg{] s'/f ghfg]sf ljBfyL{nfO{ kf; u/fpFb}
hfg] rngsf sf/0f w]/} ljBfyL{ P;Pn;Ldf km]n
ePsf /x]5g\ .
otf nfn‰f]8fsf] efg' dfljdf eg] o; ljk/Ltsf]
pbfx/0f kfOof] . P;Pn;L k/LIffdf :s"nsf] glthf
nuftf/ lubf]{lyof] . k|wfgfWofks / cleefjs
h'd/{' fP . ljBfnodf gofF Joj:yfkg ;ldlt aGof] .
;a} ljifodf kf; gx'gn] fO{ sIff gr9fpg] s'/fdf
;a} ;xdt eP . ljBfnodf cfGtl/s u[xsfo{,
q}dfl;s k/LIffsf cnfjf k6s–k6s hfFr ;~rfng
ul/P . ljBfyL{x¿sf] ljifout sdhf]/Lsf cfwf/df
yk sIffx¿ rnfOP . yk sIffafkt cleefjsx¿
yf]/} yk z'Ns ltg{ ;d]t /fhL eP . Ps} jif{df
ljBfnon] sfFrn' L km]¥of] . lhNnfsf] ;a}eGbf sdhf]/
ljBfno To;kl5 lhNnfs} ;jf]T{ s[i6 ljBfno aGof] .
t/, jif{ l bg kl9;s] s f] sIff ToxfFsf w]/h } ;f]
bf]xf]¥ofpg nufpg' ljBfyL{ dflysf] k|cx¿ lg/LIfsaf6
cGofo xf], z}lIfs Iflt xf] eGg]x¿
klg k|z:t} eP . h]xf];,\ d]/f] ljrf/df Pp6f s'/f rfxGy]–
ghfg]sf] s'/f hflg;\ eGg', gl;s]sf] lzIfs lgoldt
s'/f l;ls;\ eGg' / km]n u/]sf] sIff pkl:yt 5 5}g
kf; ul/;\ eGg' ‰g\ 7"nf] a]OdfgL eGg] lg/LIfsn]
xf] .
;fd'bflos :s"nsf ljBfyL{ a9L x]l/lbP x'GYof] . of]
c;kmn x'gs ' f] csf{] sf/0f klg km]nf sfd lg/LIfsn]
k¥of] . labf, aGb x8\tfn jf cGo xf]Og k|wfgfWofks,
sf/0fn] k9fO x'g g;s]sf lbgsf] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
k9fOsf nflu ;fd'bflos :s"nx¿n]
cltl/Qm sIff ;~rfng ub}g{ g\ . lghL / cleefjsn]
:s"nn] u5{g\ . lghL :s"ndf j}zfv ug{k' g{] xf] .
@ ut]bl] v g} k9fO ;~rfng x'g]
u/]sf] b]vk] l5 b'uf{k/' ;|ft] s]Gb| cGtu{tsf ;fd'bflos
:s"nsf k|wfgfWofksx¿sf] a}7sn] j}zfvsf] bf];f| ]
xKtfb]lv k7gkf7g ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] .
of] s'/f ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ atfOof] . t/ j}zfvsf]
t];|f] xKtf;Dd klg bz k|ltzt ljBfyL{ klg :s"n
cfPgg\ . j}zfv gnfUb} af]l8{ª k9\g] 5f]/fsf nflu
skL lstfa / kf]zfs lsGg cQflnFb} lxF8]sf
cleefjs ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf k9\b} u/]sL 5f]/Lsf
nflu j}zfv laTg nfUbf klg skL lstfa lslglbg
tof/ ePgg\ .
b'ud{ sf lhNnfx¿sf] cj:yf ‰g\ sdhf]/ 5 .
@)%* ;fndf d]/f] ;?jf d'u' eof] . cGoq 3/
ePsf lzIfsx¿ k|foM d'ud' f xf]Og, g]kfnu~h /
;'v]{tlt/} cnkq e]l6Gy] . To;avt d'u'df klg
o'4 lgs} rsf]{ lyof] . ;b/d'sfd 5f]8/] aflx/
hfg ;Sg] l:ylt lyPg . d}n] ;|ft] JolQmnfO{ ;fy
lnP/ ;b/d'sfd 5]p5fpsf cf7 bz ljBfnosf]
lg/LIf0f u/]F .
ToxfFsf w]/h} ;f] k|cx¿ lg/LIfsaf6 Pp6f s'/f
rfxGy]– lzIfs lgoldt pkl:yt 5 5}g eGg]
lg/LIfsn] x]l/lbP x'GYof] . of] sfd lg/LIfsn]
xf]Og k|wfgfWofks, Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjsn]
ug{k' g{] xf] . t/, lzIfsx¿n] ;f]Wg] Hofbfh;f] k|Zg
;?jf, a9'jf / cGo k|zf;lgs s'/fx¿df g} ;Lldt
/xGy] . k|foM kf7n] kfnf] kfpFyg] .
;du|df eGbf, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no tyf ;|ft]
s]Gb|nfO{ hfgsf/Lsf ;|ft] / ;fwgn] k"0f{ agfpg
g;Sbf, :s"nsf] Joj:ykfgdf bnut /fhgLlt x'bF f,
lzIfsdf l;Sg] / l;s]sf s'/f nfu" ug{] rfxgf
gx'bF f, lzIfsx¿ cfˆgf] sfdk|lt lhDd]jf/ galglbFbf,
lkmN8df l;s]sf kf7sf cfwf/df gLlt gkm]l/Fbf /
cleefjs cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] lzIffk|lt ;r]t gaGbf
g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs :s"nsf] lzIffsf] a]xfn ePsf]
kfPF .
d}gfnL xfn lzIff dGqfnodf sfo{/t 5g\ .
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 39
 cfj/0f ljZj cg'ej
/fhs'df/ a/fn
;d:of p:t} p:t}
ljBfno lg/LIf0fsf] k/Dk/fut 9fFrf / z}nL ljZjel/ g} ljjfb / ;d:ofu|:t x'bF }
uPkl5 s]Gb|sf] ;§f ;d'bfosf] / afXosf] ;§f cfGtl/s ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] cjwf/0ff
Jojxf/df cfpg yfn]sf] 5 .
lj Bfno ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] ljZj cjwf/0ffsf]
hGd ;fj{hlgs cyf{t\ cfd lzIffsf]
;'?cft;Fu} ePsf] dflgG5 . cfw'lgs ljBfno
;'k/Lj]If0f rflxF cd]l/sfdf ;g\ !*!@ df
;'k/Lj]If0f ;DaGwL Pp6f ljw]os kfl/t ePkl5
z'? ePsf] xf] . ;DejtM oxL g} ljZjdf Jojl:yt
ljBfno lg/LIf0fsf] k|f/De lyof] . ptf a]nfotdf
eg] ;/sf/n] k|fylds ljBfnox¿nfO{ cg'bfg lbg
yfn]sf] ^ jif{kl5 ;g\ !*#( df b'Oh{ gf ljBfno
lg/LIfsx¿ lgo'Qm ul/Psf lyP .
ljBfno ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff
ljBfnosf] hjfkmb]lxtf / ljBfnosf] lg/Gt/
;'wf/;Fu ufFl;Psf] kfOG5 . otf cfP/ ljleGg
b]zn] ljBfno lg/LIf0f ;DaGwL gLlt, /0fgLltsf]
k'gMd"NofÍg ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . lzIffljb\ åo Sof/f]g
/ 8] u|fpg]sf] ljZn]if0fdf jt{dfg cj:yfdf ljBfno
;'k/Lj]If0f / ;'k/Lj]If0ffnox¿ /fhgLlts Ph]08f;Fu
hf]l8Psf 5g\ . ljBfno lg/LIf0fsf
lg/LIfs / rnx¿ -e]l/PG6;\_ df klg leGgtf
lzIfsaLr ;a} cfO/x]sf] 5 . cfhsn w]/} b]zx¿n]
7fpFdf åGå 5g\ . ljBfno / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t gofF
;fdfGotof o:tf ;'k/Lj]If0f Joj:yf nfu" ul//x]sf 5g\ .
åGåx¿ ;+/rgfut åGå lg/LIfs / lzIfsaLr ;a} 7fpFdf
5g\ . ;fdfGotof o:tf åGåx¿
leGgtf, kb tyf ;+/rgfut leGgtf, kb tyf zlQmsf
zlQmsf sf/0fn] sf/0fn] hlGdg] ub{5g\ . To:t} ;dfhsf
hlGdg] ub{5g\ . d"No / dfGotfdf ljzfn cGt/
lzIfssf] sfo{zn } L cfO;Sbf klg lg/LIf0fsf] ;+/rgf /
:jfoQ / ;f]‰f] k|lqmof eg] k'/fg} /xg'n] klg åGå
x'g] u5{ eg] hGdfPsf] kfOG5 .
a]nfotL lzIffljb\ lj|og ljnsS;\sf]
lg/LIfsx¿sf] k|ltj]bgn] eg] o:tf] åGåsf] csf]{ sf/0f
k|jl[ Q x]kfxf klg b]vfPsf] 5 . pgsf cg';f/
vfnsf] x'G5 w]/h} ;f] lzIfssf] sfo{zn} L :jfoQ /
h;sf sf/0f åGå ;f]‰f] x'g] u5{ eg] lg/LIfsx¿sf] k|jl[ Q
z'? x'G5 . x]kfxf vfnsf] x'G5 h;sf sf/0f åGå
40 lz If s „ c;f]h @)^%
z'? x'G5 . u|fpg] / PG6f]gn] rf/ j6f clk|msg
b]zx¿ -af]T;gf, gfldlaof, tfGhflgof / lhDafa]_
df u/]sf] cWoogn] Go"gtd cltl/Qm nufgL yk]/}
;'k/Lj]If0f ;xh agfpg ;lsg] tyf sd ;'ljwf
k'us] f ljBfnox¿df ;'k/Lj]If0f s]lGb|t ug'k{ g]{ ;'‰fj
lbPsf 5g\ .
;g\ !((* df o'g:] sf]n] !# blIf0f cd]l/sL
b]zdf u/]sf] ul0ft / efiff l;sfOsf] cWoogdf
So'jf ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 b]lvof] . k|ltj]bgsf cg';f/
So'jfsf] of] pRr z}lIfs pknlAwdf lg/Gt/
;'k/Lj]If0f k|0ffnLsf] e"ldsf k|dv ' lyof] .
o;}u/L, o'g:] sf]n] g} u/]sf] Plzof ;DaGwL
csf]{ cWoogn] ljBfnonfO{ :jfoQtf lbg] rng
a9]sf] tYotk{m OlËt ub}{ o;nfO{ c‰} k|efjsf/L
agfpg'kg]{ ;'‰fj lbPsf] 5 . k|ltj]bgn] ;'wf/sf
nflu ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zx¿n] ;+/rgfut /
cjwf/0ffut kl/jt{gsf zt{x¿dfly Wofg glbO{
;'k/Lj]If0fdf dfq Psf]xf]/f] ;'wf/ rfx]sfn] ck]lIft
;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf] klg b]vfPsf] 5 . blIf0f Plzofsf
k|ltj]bgx¿n] lg/LIfssf] sdL / ckof{Kt tflndnfO{
k|dv ' ;d:ofsf ¿kdf b]vfPsf] kfOG5 eg] klZrdf
b]zsf k|ltj]bgx¿ lg/LIfssf] ;do, ;dk{0f efj
/ u'0f:t/lt/ s]lGb|t ePsf kfOG5g\ .
cWoogx¿n] k|wfgfWofks / lzIfs cg'ejL
tyf bIf / /fd|f] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f ;+oGq x'g] xf]
eg] aflx/L lg/LIf0f w]/} grflxg] lgisif{ klg lgsfn]sf
5g\ . ljBfnosf nflu 5'§} ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
ug'k{ g]{ ;'‰fj klg lbOPsf] 5 . cWoogn] blIf0f
Plzofsf ;a}h;f] b]zdf ljBfno lg/LIfsx¿
ljBfno, lzIfs / ljBfyL{sf] ;§f dflyNnf
sd{rf/Lk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g] / lg/LIf0f klg
k|zf;lgs txdf ;Lldt x'g] atfPsf] 5 . o:t},
lg/LIfssf] d"NofÍg klg ljBfno e|d0f / k|ltj]bgnfO{
cfwf/ dfg]/ ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5 . o'g:] sf]sf]
k|ltj]bgn] blIf0f Plzofsf ;a} b]zx¿df lg/LIfs
/ ljBfnoaLr /fd|f] ;+of]hg x'g g;s]sfn] ;w}F
;d:of pTkGg x'g] u/]sf] hgfPsf] 5 .
blIf0f Plzofdf dfq geP/ sf]l/ofdf ;d]t
lg/LIfs ;ª\Vof a9fpg'kg]{ tyf lzIfs / lg/LIfs
aLrsf] b"/L 36fpg'kg]{ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 .
lzIfs / lg/LIfs aLrsf] b"/L 36fpgsf nflu
sf]l/ofdf clxn] ljBfnodf cfwfl/t :jfoQ
lg/LIf0fsf] cEof; a9fP/ cfGtl/s lg/LIf0fdf
hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu s]Gb|Lo lg/LIf0f
36fpFb} nluPsf] 5 . o' Xo'g / lsd, lxpªsf]
xfn}sf] cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgn] lg/LIfs / lzIfsnfO{
w]/} sfd ePsfn] lg/LIf0f ug]{ km';b{ gePsf] b]vfPsf]
5 . >LnÍf / g]kfndf k|cnfO{ ljBfnosf] cfGtl/s
lg/LIf0fsf] lhDd]jf/L ylkOPsf] 5 . ptf sf]l/ofdf
eg] lg/LIfs c:yfoL ;xfos k|c jf k|cdf a9'jf
x'g] k4lt /x]sfn] lg/LIfs kb cfsif{s dflgG5 .
ljBfno lg/LIfsx¿;Fu lzIf0fsf] cg'ej x'gk' 5{
eGg] ljZjJofkL dfGotf 5 . Go"lhNof08, 6sL{ /
a]nfotdf lg/LIfs x'g lzIf0fsf] cg'ej clgjfo{
ul/Psf] 5 . t/, blIf0f Plzofdf clwsf+z lg/LIfs
lzIfseGbf klg sd of]Uotfsf 5g\ . lg/LIfsnfO{
tflnd / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf 5}g . o:t}, ljifout
gofF ;"rgf kfpg] Joj:yf klg 5}g . o:tf] Joj:yf
s;}n] ul/lbg'kg]{ xf] ls lg/LIfs cfkm}Fn] ug]{ xf]
eGg] ljifo ax;df 5 .
aËnfb]zsf] cWoogn] lzIfsnfO{ a9L :jfoQtf
lbg'kg]{ ;'‰fj lbPsf] 5, h'g lg/LIf0fsf] ljZjJofkL
dfGotf klg xf] . otf kfls:tfgdf eg] ;'k/Lj]If0fsf]
jt{dfg cEof; lzIf0fsf] sd{rf/LtGqLo b[li6df
cfwfl/t /x]sfn] lzIfssf] k]zfut ljsf;df of]ubfg
lbg g;Sg] vfnsf] 5 . o'g:] sf] k|ltj]bgn] oxfFsf]
;'k/Lj]If0f ;'wf/sf nflu afXo, cGt/ ljBfno
/ cfGtl/s ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] ;'‰fj lbPsf] 5 . lzIffljb\
k|fp] 6L / cGo ;+:yfn] !((# df yfONof08df
u/]sf] cg';Gwfgdf ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] lhDdf k|cnfO{
lbg'kg]{ lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 .
uf]ljGbf / jlu{;n] !((# df u/]sf] cWoogn]
ax';ª\Vos ef/tLo lg/LIfsn] k|c / lzIfsx¿af6
w]/} ;xof]u lng] u/]sf b]vfPsf] 5 . o;}n] ef/tdf
klg lg/LIf0fsf] sfd k|cnfO{ g} ;'Dkg'k5{ eGg]
pgsf] l;kmfl/; 5 . km/fx -!((^_ sf] cWoog
cg';f/ kfls:tfgsf] ;'k/Lj]If0fsf /fd|f kIfx¿df
klg k|wfgfWofkss} e"ldsf k|dv ' b]lvof] . ljZjel/sf]
cg'ejdf bIf k|c, ldlxg]tL lzIfs / hfu?s
;d'bfon] g} ljBfnonfO{ /fd|f] agfpg] b]lvPsf] 5 .
kfls:tfgsf u|fdL0f k|fylds ljBfnox¿ o;sf
pbfx/0f x'g\ . o;af6 ljz]ifu/L blIf0f Plzofdf
;'k/Lj]If0f k|cnfO{ 5f]8g\ k' g]{ lgrf]8 lgsflnPsf] 5 .
sxfF s:tf] ;'k/Lj]If0f <
a]nfot
a]nfotsf] ljBfno ;'k/Lj]If0f tLgj6f l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5–
;fj{hlgs sf]if pkof]usf] n]vfhf]vf ug],{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;"rgf lbg]
/ ljBfnosf ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg] . ljBfno lg/LIf0fsf
nflu a]nfotsf] pRr lzIff cg'bfg sf]ifn] sn]h, pBf]u afl0fHo
If]qx¿af6 hgzlQm lgo'Qm u5{ . o;n] lg/LIf0fnfO{ ;fj{hlgs
/ kf/bzL{ agfpg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . ;a}vfn] ;'k/Lj]If0f k|ltj]bgx¿
ljBfno / ;j{;fwf/0fn] kfpg ;Sg] u/L /flvG5g\ . ljBfnodf
:yfgLo lzIff lgsfox¿n] ljBfno :j–d"NofÍg k'l:tsf ljsf;
u/]sf x'G5g\ . To;af6 klg :j–;'k/Lj]If0f ul/G5 .
Go"lhNof08
Go"lhNof08sf ljBfnox¿ /fd|f x'gd' f lg/LIfssf] eGbf a9L
e"ldsf k|c / lzIfsx¿sf] dflgG5 . t}klg oxfF lg/LIf0fsf]
:t/ ;'wfg]{ w]/} k|of; ePsf 5g\ .
Go"lhNof08df ;'k/Lj]If0f :yfgLo ljBfnosf] a9L ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifo dflgG5 . ljBfnonfO{ cj;/x¿ 5gf]6 ug{ :jtGqtf
lbOPsf] 5 . Go"lhNof08n] ljBfno :jfoQtfsf] OR5f / :j–
Joj:yfkg aLrsf] ;Gt'ngsf] gLlt lnPsf] 5 . ;fy}, afXo
;'k/Lj]If0fnfO{ klg lgif]w eg] ul/Psf] 5}g .
;+oQ
' m /fHo cd]l/sf
cd]l/sfsf ljBfnox¿df lzIffsf] k|fGtLo af]8s { f] lgoGq0f /xG5 .
;+3Lo /fHo;Fu ljBfno ;~rfngsf] sfg'g agfpg] / :t/
kl/If0f ug]{ clwsf/ /x]klg ljBfnon] Go"gtd dfkb08 k"/f
u/];Dd To;lj?4 sbd rfNb}gg\ .
cd]l/sfsf] ;'k/Lj]If0fdf d'Vo b'O{ s'/fn] dxŒj kfPsf 5g\ .
;'k/Lj]If0fsf] :yfgLos/0f / ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;'k/Lj]If0f k|0ffnL .
cd]l/sfsf] ;'k/Lj]If0fnfO{ cfhef]ln cftÍjfb;Fu klg hf]8]/
x]g{ yflnPsf] 5 . cd]l/sL ;'k/Lj]Ifsx¿nfO{ cfhef]ln ljBfyL{,
lzIfs, sd{rf/L / cleefjs;DdnfO{ cftÍjfbsf ljifodf ;';l" rt
kfg'k{ g]{ bfloTj ;'lDkOPsf] 5 .
hfkfg
hfkfgsf] ;g\ !(%^ sf] sfg"gn] :yfgLo lzIff k|zf;gsf] u7g
/ sfo{–;Ldf tf]Sof] . To;kl5 ;do–;dodf x]/km]/ x'bF } of]
sfg"gn] ljleGg ljz]iftf ePsf] Pp6f k|0ffnLsf] ;[hgf u¥of] .
clxn] k|To]s zx/, ufpFdf lzIffsf] af]8x{ ¿ u7g ul/G5g\ .
ljBfno lg/LIfsx¿ log} af]8a{ f6 lgo'Qm x'G5g\ . lg/LIf0fsf]
hDd} lhDdf :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . lzIff dGqfnon]
cfjZos ;xof]u u5{ / :yfgLo lgsfon] u8a8L u/]df dfq
x:tIf]k u5{ .
lz If s „ c;f]h @)^% 41
 cfj/0f ljZj cg'ej
l6«l8gf8 P08 6f]jfuf]
l6«l8gf8 P08 6f]jfuf]df lg/LIf0ffnon] s]Gb|Lo lgsfo /
ljBfnoaLrsf] k'nsf] sfd u5{g\ . oxfFsf lg/LIfsx¿ ljBfnosf]
u'0f:t/ sfod u/fpg u/]sf] e"ldsfsf nflu k|ltli7t dflgG5g\ .
@))@ df tof/ kfl/Psf] lzIff dGqfnosf] /0fgLlts of]hgfn]]
lg/LIf0fsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ cGo lgsfox¿;Fu ldn]/ ug'k{ g]{
sfdsf] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . lzIff dGqfnon] dfq ljBfnosf]
u'0f:t/ ;'wfg{ ;Sb}g eg]/ cGo nfOg Ph]G;Lx¿;Fusf] sfo{ut
;DaGw vf]Hg] tl/sf of] b]zaf6 l;Sg ;lsG5 . To:t} of]
b]zn] ;'k/Lj]If0fsf ;Gbe{df ;a} ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ sfplG;nsf]
:yfkgf ug]{ / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng u/fpg] l;kmfl/;
u/]sf] 5 .
kf]Nof08
lzIff k|0ffnLdflysf] j}rfl/s lgoGq0f kf]Nof08L lg/LIf0f
k|0ffnLsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf dflgG5 . lzIff P]gn] g} k|zf;lgs
/ z}Ifl0fs ;'k/Lj]If0fnfO{ 5'6o\ fPsf] 5 . z}Ifl0fs ¿kdf
ljBfnox¿sf] d"NofÍg ljBfno lg/LIfsx¿af6 ul/G5 eg]
ljBfno ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfo / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf lgsfox¿af6
k|zf;lgs ;'k/lehg ul/G5 . ToxfF ljz]if1x¿af6 klg ljBfno
;'k/Lj]If0f u/fOG5 . z}Ifl0fs / k|zf;lgs ;'k/Lj]If0fnfO{
k[ys\ u/]/ lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg] gLlt kf]Nof08af6 l;Sg ;lsG5 .
gj]{
gj]d{ f tLg txdf ;'k/Lj]If0f ul/G5 . dGqfno, cg';Gwfg
tyf rr{ / /fli6«o lzIff sfof{no txdf . k"j{ k|fylds
ljBfnorflxF afnaflnsf / kl/jf/ dfldnf dGqfno cGtu{t
5 . pRr dflj sfpG6Lsf] bfloTj cGtu{ t kb{ 5 .
gu/kflnsfx¿n] clgjfo{ lzIff;DaGwL ;a} s'/f x]5g{ \ . cGo
b]zsf] h:tf] /fli6«o lg/LIf0ffno oxfF 5}g . gj]{ o'/f]kn] L
;+3sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿dWo] ljBfno ;'k/Lj]If0fdf ;aeGbf a9L
ljBfno / :yfgLo ;dfhs]lGb|t cEof; ug]{ /fi6« dflgG5 .
hd{gL
hd{gLdf ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] lhDd]jf/L ;+3x¿nfO{ 5 . k|To]s ;+3sf
5'§} ljBfno lg/LIf0f lgsfox¿ x'G5g\, h;n] k|fl1s, sfg"gL
/ sd{rf/L ;'k/Lj]If0f;Ddsf] sfd u5{g\ . k|To]s ljBfnodf
lzIfs, cleefjs / ljBfyL{;lxtsf] sfplG;n x'G5 . ;+3lkR5]
o:tf sfplG;nx¿sf] e"ldsf km/s–km/s 5 . k|fljlws tyf
Jofj;flos lzIff ;+3 -Nof08_ af6 ;~rflnt 5 / cGo
sfo{zfnfdf pBf]u afl0fHo ;DaGwL lgsfox¿n] cfly{s nufgL
u/]sf x'G5g\ . /, ToxL lgsfon] ;'k/Lj]If0f u/]sf x'G5g\ .
To:t} pRr lzIff;Fu ;DaGwL ;+:yfgx¿sf] Pp6f 5'§} lg/LIf0f
tyf d"NofÍg ;+/rgf 5 .
42 lz If s „ c;f]h @)^%
t/, oxfF ;'k/Lj]If0f ;+/rgfleqsf] JolQm, ;d"x /
zlQmaLrsf] ;ª\3if{n] ;'k/Lj]If0fnfO{ cy{xLg agfO/x]sf]
k|ltj]bgx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ .
k|mfG;]nL lzIffljb\ lko/] ab's
{ f cg';f/ ljBfno
eg]sf] To:tf] /fHo–;+/rgf xf] h;n] of]Uo gful/s
pTkfbg ug]{ gfddf ljBdfg ;fdflhs lje]bnfO{
j}wtf k|bfg ug]{ sfd u5{ . pgL eG5g\, æljBfno
s]jn z}lIfs :yfg dfq xf]Og, of] t Ps k|sf/sf]
o'4d}bfg xf] .Æ o;}n,] ljBfno ;'k/Lj]If0f ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts, cfly{s, /fhgLlts / dgf]j1} flgs sf]0faf6
ul/g'k5{ . rLgsf] ;f+3fO If]qdf xfn} ul/Psf]
cg';Gwfgn] klg ljBfno, ;d'bfo / ;/sf/sf]
;f‰]bf/Ldf lg/LIf0f k|0ffnLnfO{ k|a4{g ug'k{ g]{ ;'‰fj
lbPsf] 5 .
lg/LIfssf] of]Uotf, egf{ k|lqmof / ;'k/Lj]If0fsf]
kmnf]cksf] cefjnfO{ ljZjel/ ;f‰f ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf
x]l/G5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf eg] ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] k|jl[ Q
/ of]Uotf;Fu hf]l8Psf ;d:of klg 5g\ . of] If]qsf
ljZjel/sf] cg'ejdf bIf k|c,
ldlxg]tL lzIfs / hfu?s ;d'bfon]
g} ljBfnonfO{ /fd|f] agfpg] b]lvPsf]
5 . ljz]ifu/L blIf0f Plzofdf
;'k/Lj]If0f k|cnfO{ 5f]8g\ k' g]{ lgrf]8
lgsflnPsf] 5 .
k|foM ;'k/Lj]Ifsx¿ a'‰Ss8, ;j{1ftf / sd ldlxg]t
ug]d{ f ulgG5g\ . / lzIff sfof{nox¿ log} lg/LIfssf]
k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df gLltlgdf{0f u5{g\ . h;n] ubf{
lzIfsx¿ lg/LIfs l/‰fpgdf a9L Jo:t x'G5g\ .
cGo b]zx¿df eg] ljBfnonfO{ a9L :jfoQtf lbP/
;'k/Lj]If0fnfO{ v'sn' f] agfpg yflnPsf] 5 .
;g\ !((( df !# j6f o'/f]lkog b]zx¿df
cg';Gwfg ul/Fbf b'O{ j6f b]zdf dfq} :yfgLo
lg/LIf0ffnox¿ e]l6P, afFsL !) b]zdf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf
lg/LIf0ffnox¿ lyP . o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] ljZj
c‰} ljBfno lg/LIf0fsf] s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgf / :t/Ls[t
sd{rf/LtGqLo 9fFrfaf6 lgb]l{ zt 5 . olt x'bF fx'bF }
klg clxn] ljZje/ å}w ;'k/Lj]If0f ;+/rgf ckgfpg
yflnPsf] 5– ljBfnosf] cfGtl/s / ;/sf/L
;'k/Lj]If0f . klZrdf ljsl;t b]zx¿n] oL b'Ov { fn]
;+/rgf ckgfPsf] ePklg ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿ eg]
tLg j6f ;+/rgfd} hfg'kg]{ b]lvG5M– ljBfnosf]
cfGtl/s ;'k/Lj]If0f, ljBfnosf] ;d"xaLrsf]
;'k/Lj]If0f / /fHosf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ;+/rgf .
a/fn cg';Gwfg sfo{df lqmofzLn 5g\ .
j}slNks lrGtg
Pe/]6 l/d]o/

rNtLsf ;Dk"0f{ :jtGqtfdf ;a} dflg;

c¿sf] lgoGq0faf6 d'Qm
x'G5g\ . j}slNks lzIff

:s"ndfly k|0ffnL klg o:t} x'gk' 5{ .

clxn]sf rNtLsf :s"n h:tf
;sf/fTds bz{gsf gfddf of]

k|Zg
7Ls jf a]7Ls, ltd|f nflu
of] /fd|f] / of] g/fd|f] eg]/
tf]lslbg] vfnsf x'gx' bF' g} .

:s" n lzIffsf nflu x'G5g\ . lzIff :s"nsf]

3f]lift cfbz{ / ;fdflhs p2]Zo b'j}
xf] . :s"nsf] of] :yfg / e"ldsfsf
x]/ljrf/ rflxFb}gg\ . ljZje/sf ul/a, ls;fg /
jl~rt ;d'bfosf ax';ª\Vos aRrfx¿ ljz]if
x]/ljrf/ gkfP/ klg ;xL dfu{df ;xL 9Ën]
ljifodf nfdf] ;do;Dd vf;} k|Zg p7]gg\ . t/, lxFl8/x]sf 5g\ .
otf cfP/ o;df k|Zg p7\g yfn]sf 5g\ . lzIff aRrfsf] x]/ljrf/df vr{ nfU5 . oBlk,
eGg] rLh o:tf] xf], hf] Ps}k6sdf ;a}sf nflu :s"nx¿n] ;:tf]df To:tf] ;]jf pknAw u/fpF5g\
Pp6} x'bF g} . w]/} dflg;sf nflu w]/y} f]s x'g;S5 . t/ w]/h} ;f] :s"nsf] ah]6 o;}df hfG5 . 6fOd
:s"nx¿n] cfˆg} k|sf/sf w]/} sfd ug]{ eP klg klqsfsf nflu PGyf]gL nfpl/ofn] k'tf]{ l/sf]df
clxn] ;fdfGotof ;+;f/e/sf :s"nn] ug]{ d'Vo u/]sf] cWoogn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] lzIfsn] cfˆgf]
rf/ j6f ;fdflhs sfo{df ;dfgtf cfpg yfn]sf] @) k|ltzt ;do dfq ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfpgsf
5 . tL x'g—\ ljBfyL{sf] /]vb]v ug],{ ;fdflhs nflu lgsfNg ;S5g\ . ltgsf] afFsL ;do aRrfsf]
e"ldsfsf] rog ug],{ l;4fGt /6fpg] / 1fg tyf Jojxf/ lgoGq0f / c¿ k|zf;lgs sfddf laT5 .
;Lksf] ljsf; x'g] lx;fan] lzIff lbg] . clxn]sf] /ljg ;fo\ld
jf:tljstf s] xf] eg], :s"nn] ug]{ log} sfdn]
:s"nnfO{ dxFuf] agfO/x]sf 5g\ . ;fy}, log} tŒjsf
aLrsf] åGån] :s"n–] lzIffnfO{ ;'ne x'g lbO/x]sf]
5}g . oL rf/ sfdsf] ;lDd>0faf6 g} :s"n Pp6f
;Dk"0f{ ;+:yf aGg] xf] .
:s"nn] lbg] x]/rfx ljZje/ o;/L k|jflxt
ePsf] 5 ls o;sf c¿ Joj:yfx¿ lal;{Og yflnPsf]
5 . afnaflnsfn] cjZo klg /fd|f] x]/rfx
kfpg'k5{, olb ltgLx¿ afns g} 5g\ eg] . t/,
;d'bfosf ;fgf ;b:osf ¿kdf ultljlwx¿df
;xefuL x'g] / pTkfbgzLn x'g] ;jfndf eg] o:tf]
lzIffnfO{ sfd / afFsL hLjgaf6
cnu ul/g'xbF' g} . lzIffn] slxNo}
klg dfG5]nfO{ s]xL cs}{ agfpg]
nIo lng'xb'F g} , g lzIff g} c¿
s'g} rLhsf] pTkfbg xf] .
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 43
 s]xL csf{y/Lsf] nfpl/ofsf] of] cWoogaf6 hf]g
ljrf/df :s"n uf8{g/n] cfkm" cd]l/sfsf] lzIffdGqL
x'ge' Gbf w]/c} l3 eg]sf] egfOnfO{ k'li6
geP klg s]xL u5{ . pgn] eg]sf lyP, æPp6f
km/s kb}g{ . dfWolds :s"n pQL0f{ ljBfyL{n] !@
pgLx¿ ;f]R5g\— jif{ d f l;s] s f s' / f b' O { jif{ d f
:s"nsf] ljsNk g} ;lhn};uF l;Sg ;S5, Tof] klg lgs}
sd k|oTgdf .Æ
rflxFbg} Ù lsgeg] /dfOnf] s'/f s] 5 eg], aRrf
dflg;n] cfk"mnfO{ a9\b} uPkl5 /]vb]vsf] If]q / vr{
rflxg] lzIff klg a9\b} hfG5 . :s"ndf Joltt
hLjgsf c¿ sfd– x' g ] ;do a9\ 5 , ejgx¿ yk
cf/fdbfoL x'G5g\ . ljBfyL{sf] k|ultdf
Jojxf/dfkm{t ;3fpg] sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof / vr{
:jfefljs ¿kd} j[l4 x'G5 . t/ :s"n gePsf 7fpFdf
k|fKt ul//x]sf] eg] afnaflnsf rfF8} ;fdflhs
x'G5 . aG5g\ . x'sg{ sf nflu ltgnfO{ w]/}
;xfotf klg rflxFb}g . k|fylds
:s"nsf t'ngfdf dfWolds :s"nn] ljBfyL{sf] ;do
/ k};f b'j} a9L lnG5g\ . sn]h / ljZjljBfnon]
t ltgsf] k"/} ;do vfOlbG5g\ . k9fO hlt a9\b}
uof] o:tf] ;do / vr{ plt a9\b} hfG5 . dflyNnf]
txsf ljBfyL{sf] x]/ljrf/df k|fylds txsf] eGbf
sd vr{ x'G5 t/ dflyNnf] txdf ljBfyL{n] :s"ndf
latfpg] ;dosf] d"No ;a}eGbf a9L x'G5 . sn]h,
ljZjljBfno ‰g\ dxFuf x'G5g\ .
:s"nn] k|bfg ug]{ x]/rfxsf nflu /fd|} k};f
vr{ x'G5 . t/, ToxfFsf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf
:s"ndf x'g] aRrfsf] hLjgsf] lj:tf/ xf] . h:t},
s'g} wgL afpsf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ ;dfhsf cfd o'jf
;b:osf ¿kdf x'sg{ ' . cfw'lgs hLjgsf] :s"n,
sfd / cjsfzdf ul/g] ljefhgsf] of] Pp6f
cfofd xf] . ha;Dd o'jfx¿ s]jn ljBfyL{ /xG5g\Ù
ta;Dd pgLx¿ aRrf g} x'G5g\– cfly{s, /fhgLlts
/ sfg'gL lx;fan] ;d]t . cyf{t\ xfd|f :s"nx¿n]
ltgnfO{ ;w}F aRrf g} agfO/fVg] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ .
:s"n s] x'g\ <
…:s"nn] s] u5{gÚ\ / …:s"n s] x'gÚ\ eGg] k|Zg ‰§
;'Gbf k|fl1s h:tf] nfUg ;S5 . oL b'O{ k|ZgaLrsf]
leGgtfsf s]xL vf; sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . ha;Dd xfdLn]
:s"nsf] ;xL JofVof jf kl/efiff ug{ ;Sb}gf},F ta;Dd
To;sf] ljsNksf] vf]hL ;Dej x'bF g} . :s"nx¿n]
o:tf] ;fdflhs sfd u5{g,\ hf] s'g} g s'g} dfWod
jf lx;fan] ul/g}kg]{ sfd x'G5g\ . s]xL dflg;sf]
;f]rfOdf :s"nnfO{ ;'wf/ u/]/ /fd|f] agfpg ;lsG5 .
t/, s]xL csf{y/Lsf] ljrf/df :s"n geP klg
s]xL km/s kb}g{ . pgLx¿ ;f]R5g\— :s"nsf] ljsNk
g} rflxFbg} Ù lsgeg] dflg;n] cfk"mnfO{ rflxg] lzIff
hLjgsf c¿ sfd–Jojxf/dfkm{t :jfefljs ¿kd}
k|fKt ul//x]sf] x'G5 . t/ klg :s"nsf] kl/efifflagf
44 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
g t o;sf] jf:tljs cj:yf yfxf x'g ;S5 g
o;sf] d"Nofª\sg g} ug{ ;lsG5 . :s"nsf] ljsNksf
of]hgf agfpFbf efjL ljsNkdf :s"nsf] s'g–s'g
rLh rflxG5g\ / s]–s] x6fpg'k5{ eGg] 5'6o\ fpgsf
nflu klg :s"nsf] kl/efiff ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .
t/, o:tf] JofVof ;}4flGtseGbf a9L Jofjxfl/s
pkof]lutfsf] lx;fan] ul/g'k5{ . xfdLn] :s"nnfO{
o;/L kl/eflift ug{ ;S5f},+ æo:tf] ;+:yf hxfF
cWoog jf to ul/Psf] kf7\oqmdsf nflu lzIfssf]
k"/f lgu/fgLdf ;~rfng x'g] sIffsf]7fdf lglZrt
pd]/ ;d"xsf dflg;sf] k"/f cjlw pkl:ylt
cfjZos x'G5 .Æ cfd :s"nx¿sf nflu of] kl/efiff
pko'Qm 5 . lzIffsf ljsNkx¿sf af/]df s'/f
ubf{ o:tf] rlncfPsf] …crn dfGotfÚsf :s"neGbf
leGg eg]/ JofVof ul/g' /fd|f] x'G5 . o;f] gubf{
:s"nx¿sf] k/Dk/fut …r'DasLo zlQmsf] cfsif{0fÚn]
kl/jt{gsf/Lx¿nfO{ klg cfk"mh:t} agfOlbg ;S5 .
sIff sIffsf nflu pd]/ tf]lslbP/ :s"nn]
afNosfnnfO{ g} Pp6f ;+:yfut rLh agfOlbG5 .
:s"n–} :s"nn] el/Psf] ;dfhdf clxn] afNosfnnfO{
s'g} ;do;Ldf gePsf] ljZjJofkL kl/36gfsf
¿kdf lnOG5 . t/, tLg ;o jif{cufl8 cfhsf
h:tf aRrf lyPgg\ / clxn] klg ul/a ufpFsf
aRrf rNtLsf zx/L :s"nsf aRrf eGbf lgtfGt
leGg x'G5g\ . lkmlnk Pl/hsf] k':ts ;]Gr'l/h
ckm rfON8x'8 sf cg';f/, ;qf}F ztfAbLeGbf cl3
aRrfx¿ jo:ssf h:t} n'uf nufpFy,] pgL;Fu} sfd
uy],{ h]n xflnGy], jo:s;Fu} kmfF;Ldf r9fOGy] .
ltgn] afNosfnd} ;]S;, /f]u / d[To'sf af/]df
yfxf kfO;s]sf x'Gy] . Tolta]nf afnaflnsf eg]/
5'§} k|sf/sf] Jojxf/ / dfGotf lyPg . …afNosfnÚ
eGg] s'g} ;+:sf/ g} lyPg .
;dfhsf] oyfy{ lgdf{tfsf ¿kdf :s"nsf] s'/f
ubf{, To;sf] cfzo aRrf;Fu dfq hf]l8Psf] x'bF g} .
To;n] lzIfsnfO{ klg 5'G5 . lsgeg] :s"nn] lzIfs
klg k}bf u5{ . :s"nx¿ hGdg'eGbf klxn] klg
;dfhdf x]/ljrf/ ug]{ zf/Ll/s Jofofdsf lgod
kfng u/fpg] / cg'zf;g l;sfpg] dflg; of
u'?x¿ x'g] uy]{ . oL tLg}y/Ln] …l;sfOÚnfO{ k9fOsf]
glthfsf ¿kdf dfq x]bg{} y] . clxn]sf cfw'lgs
:s"nx¿n] eg] l;sfOnfO{ k9fOsf] pTkfbgsf ¿kdf
Jojxf/ u5{g\ .
:s"nsf] k9fOsf] k|lqmofdf Pp6f lzIfsn]
Ps}k6s tLg j6f e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{– /]k|mL,
GofofwLz / ;Nnfxsf/sf] . /] k | m Lsf ¿kdf
lzIfsn] s'g} klg pQ/ 7Ls jf a]7Ls s] xf]
eg]/ 3f]if0ff u5{, gDa/ lbG5 / pGglt, k|ult
lgwf{/0f u5{ . GofofwLzsf ¿kdf lzIfsn] rf]/L
ug]{x¿nfO{ bf]ifL 7x¥ofpF5 / :s"nsf] g}lts d"No
/ dfGotf hf]ufpg] sfd u5{ . ;Nnfxsf/sf
¿kdf p;n] sdhf]/ jf yk k|ult ug{ rfxg]
j}slNks lrGtg
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ :s"nleq / aflx/ ;d]t s] ug]{ /
s] k9\g] eGg] ;Nnfx lbG5 .
lzIfssf] of] lq–cfoflds kl/efiff xfdLnfO{
gf}nf] nfUb}g . lsgeg] ;dfhdf ljBfyL{nfO{ gful/s
clwsf/ gePsf k|f0fLsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . hxfF
lzIfssf] e"ldsf rflxF Pp6} JolQm k'ln;, GofofwLz
/ jlsn ePh:tf] x'G5 . jf:tljs cy{df xfd|f
:s"nx¿sf] l:ylt o:t} 5 . ljBfyL{ lg/Lx, lg?kfo
5 eg] lzIfs;Fu c;Lldt zlQm 5 .
:s"nsf] ljsNk
:s"nsf] ljsNkdf v8f x'g] ;+:yf jf Joj:yf
lskmfotL / rfx]sf hlt ;a}n] k9\g kfpg]vfnsf]
x'gk' 5{ . of] k|efjsf/L klg x'gk' 5{ . t/, lskmfotL
eg]/ sd u'0f:t/sf] lzIff lbg eg] kfOFb}g .
o;df s;}sf] klg Psflwsf/ x'g'x'Fb}g . :s"nnfO{
lj:yflkt u/]/ NofOPsf] Joj:yf klg k]ml/ p;}u/L
;dfhdf xfjL x'g] lsl;dsf] x'g'x'Fb}g . o:tf]
j}slNks dfWod ljljw / ax';ª\Vofdf x'g'k5{ .
o:tf ljsNkx¿sf aLrdf k|lt:kwf{ x'g' h?/L
x'G5 . t/, k|lt:kwf{ hxfF klg vf]lhg' klg 7Ls
x' F b } g . h:tf] , ljBfyL{ n fO{ lbOg] k' / :sf/sf
;jfndf . ;a} ljBfyL{n] Psgf; l;Sb}gg\ .
Pp6fnfO{ x]/]/ csf]{n] d"Nofª\sg ug'{x'Fb}g . xf],
Pp6fsf] ;kmntf csf{sf nflu c;kmntf rflxF
aGg'xF'b}g .
:s"nsf ljsNkx¿n] Pp6f klg ljBfyL{nfO{
lgolGqt / lgb]l{ zt ug'x{ bF' g} . a?, x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{
;/sf/;d]tsf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ lgb]l{ zt jf k'g?Tkflbt
ug{ ;Sg] agfpg'k5{ . lzIffnfO{ sfd / afFsL
hLjgaf6 cnu ul/g'xbF' g} . s'g} x6fOg} g;lsg]
l8u|Lsf nflu dfq ;+/If0f ug]{ vfnsf] z}lIfs jftfj/0f
x'gk' 5{ . lzIffn] slxNo} klg dfG5]nfO{ s]xL cs}{
agfpg] nIo lng'xb'F g} , g lzIff g} c¿ s'g} rLhsf]
pTkfbg xf] . of] t dfG5] cfk}Fm, ;dfh /
;fdflhstfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ / hf]ufO/fVg] pkfosf
¿kdf cfk}mF n] ug]{ :j]lR5s lqmofsnfk xf] .
j}slNks lzIffdf x/]sn] cfˆgf] /f]hfOcg';f/sf]
k9\g kfpg'k5{ . s'g} JolQm hLjgdf s] ug{ jf
s] aGg rfxG5 eGg] p;}n] lgwf{/0f ug]{ s'/f xf] .
p;n] cfk"mn] rfx]h:tf] aGg ;Sg] u/L k9\g
kfpg'k5{ . s'g} Pp6f kf7\oqmd jf Joj:yfn] …of]
g} ;a}sf nflu pQd xf]Ú eg]/ Uof/]G6L ug{ ;Sb}g .
To:t} s'g} Pp6f z}lIfs sfo{qmdn] …o;af6 g}
;a}n] rfx]sf] h:tf] l;Sg ;S5g\Ú eg]/ 7]Ssf
lng klg ;Sb}g . clxn] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf b]lvPsf]
Pp6f 7"nf] ;d:of– c¿sf] OR5fsf af/]df …p;nfO{
eGbf a9L xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5Ú eGg] lh2Ln] pTkGg
ul//x]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, :s"nx¿sf] sfd
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ To:tf] lzIff lbg' /x]sf] 5, hf] c¿
g} s;}n] ltgn] hfGg rfx]sf] ljifo egL 5'6o\ fOlbPsf
5g\ . h'g dflg;x¿n] :s"ndf s] k9fpg'k5{ eGg]
lg0f{o u5{g\ ltgn] clxn];Dd ljBfyL{sf] OR5f /
rfxgf cfk"mn] hfg]sf], a'‰s ] f] bfaL ul//x]sf 5g\ .
t/ ca of] :ki6 x'g' h?/L 5– ls t To:tf] bfaL
ug]{ dflg;x¿ s]xL hfGb}gg\ . olb ltgn] s]xL
hfGb5g\ eg] klg ltgLx¿n] cfˆgf] 1fg;Fu gldNbf]
sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ .
;Dk"0f{ :jtGqtfsf] bz{g eg]sf] To:tf] bz{g
xf] hxfF, s'g} klg dflg;n] cfˆgf u'0f jf bf]if
csf]{ s;}dfly yf]kg{ ;Sb}g . o;}n] ;a} dflg;
c¿sf] lgoGq0faf6 d'Qm x'G5g\ . j}slNks lzIff
k|0ffnL klg o:t} x'gk' 5{ . clxn]sf rNtLsf :s"n
h:tf ;sf/fTds bz{gsf gfddf of] 7Ls jf
a]7Ls, ltd|f nflu of] /fd|f] / of] g/fd|f] eg]/
tf]lslbg] vfnsf x'gx' bF' g} .
j}slNks lzIffsf nflu xfdLn] d'Vo b'O{ rLhsf
af/]df hfGg' cfjZos x'G5 . klxnf] xfdLnfO{ lzIff
lsg rflxPsf] xf] eGg] / bf];f| ] of] s'g ;|ft] af6
k|fKt x'G5 eGg] . olb /fd|/L x]l/of] eg] oL b'j}
rLh Psfk;df hf]l8Psf 5g\ . lognfO{ km/s
u/]/ a'´g ;lsFbg} . xfdLn] vf]hs ] f] lzIffn] xfdLnfO{
:jtGqtf / Gofosf] b'lgofFlt/ 8f]¥ofpg'k5{ . hxfF
:jtGqtf eg]sf] s;}n] s;}nfO{ ank"js { s]xL ug{
afWo gug]{ / Gofosf] cy{ ;DklQ, zlQm / cj;/sf]
;dfg ljt/0f eGg] a'l‰G5 .
:s"nsf ljsNkdf v8f ul/g] o:tf j}slNks
pkfox¿ s]–s] x'g;S5g\ t < ;a}eGbf klxn]
lzIffsf ;|f]tx¿nfO{ :s"naf6 aflx/ lgsfNg'k5{
/ logdf ;a} lzIffu|fxLsf] ;dfg clwsf/ :yflkt
ul/g'k5{ . o;nfO{ c‰} :ki6 ¿kdf
o;/L a'‰f}F– lzIffsf nflu 5'6\ofOg]
;/sf/L /sd ls t ul/a jf
lzIffdf kx'Fr gePsfx¿sf] s'g} 5'§}
;+:yfsf] ljsf; u/L To;nfO{ lbg
;lsG5 jf ;f]‰} To:tf ljBfyL{nfO{
lbg klg ;lsG5 . x'g t k9\g]sf
xftdf ;a} ;|ft] –;fwg jf k};f lbP/
lzIff kfOg] xf]Og t}klg of] klxnf] s'g} Pp6f kf7\oqmd
sbd eg] x'g;S5 . lsgeg], o;n]
ltgsf xftdf cj;/ ydfOlbG5 .
jf Joj:yfn] …of] g}
:s"nsf] ljsNkdf :yfkgf ul/g] ;a}sf nflu pQd
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿n] ljBfyL{nfO{ w]/} xf]Ú eg]/ Uof/]G6L
/f]hfOsf] cj;/ lbg;S5g\ . h:t}, ug{ ;Sb}g . To:t}
pgLx¿ s] k9\g rfxG5g\, hLjgsf]
s'g pd]/df k9\g rfxG5g\, sfd ub}{ s'g} Pp6f z}lIfs
k9\g rfxG5g\ jf sfdsf nflu k9\g sfo{qmdn] …o;af6
rfxG5g\ < pgLx¿sf nflu Pp6f 5'§} g} ;a}n] rfx]sf]
z}lIfs sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . h:tf] l;Sg ;S5g\Ú
;fgf] pd]/;Dd o:tf] sf]ifsf] k|of]u eg]/ 7]Ssf lng
ljBfyL{sf cleefjsn] klg ug{ ;S5g\
t/ …le6f] kfj/Ú rflxF ljBfyL{ :jo+;uF klg ;Sb}g .
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 45
 ;dfhdf ljBfyL{nfO{ x'G5 . o:tf] sf]ifsf] k|of]u slxn] sf]ifdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ c‰} Jojl:yt
gful/s clwsf/ / s;/L ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ljBfyL{n] agfpg z}lIfs a}s + sf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf
g} ug{ kfpg'k5{ . a}s + ;/sf/n] klg vf]Ng ;S5 cyjf ;d'bfon]
gePsf k|f0fLsf ¿kdf o;/L JolQmut z}lIfs sf]if cfˆg} k|of;df klg :yfkgf ug{ ;S5g\ . o:tf
lnOG5 . hxfF / ;fj{hlgs pkof]u k|0ffnLsf a}s+ df dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf z}lIfs ;]jf ;~ro u/]/
lzIfssf] e"ldsf rflxF b'O{ j6f Joj:yf u/]/ j}slNks C0f;d]t lng kfpF5g\ . ;]jf k|bfossf] x}l;ot
Pp6} JolQm k'ln;, lzIffsf] cfly{s Joj:yfkg ug{ ePsfx¿n] o:tf a}s + af6 ;f‰} /sd jf c¿ ;'ljwf
;lsG5 . oL k|0ffnL b'O{ j6f eP lng ;S5g\ . lzIffu|fxLx¿n] ;d]t o;af6 C0f
GofofwLz / jlsn klg oL Pscsf{ s f kl/k" / s lng ;S5g\ . o:tf] C0f /sddf jf cGo ;'ljwfdf
ePh:tf] x'G5 . x'G5g\ . o:tf ;fj{hlgs k|0ffnLx¿ klg x'g;S5 . pgLx¿n] o:tf] C0f s'g} ;Lk jf
jf:tljs cy{df xfd|f ;d" x agfP/ ;~rfng ug{ ;]jfaf6 klg ltg{ ;Sg]5g\ . cyjf s;}n] k};f g}
:s"nx¿sf] l:ylt o:t} ;lsG5 . o:tf sf]ifx¿df ;/sf/L ltg{ rfxG5 eg] klg ltg{ ;Sg]5 .
cg'bfgsf cnfjf dflg;x¿sf] o:tf] z}lIfs a}s
+ n] ahf/sf c¿ a}s+ ;Fu k|lt:kwf{
5 . ljBfyL{ lg/Lx, x}l;ot, pd]/ / cj:yf x]//] k};f ug{ ;Sb}g . o;}n] o:tf] a}s + nfO{ ;/sf/n] cg'bfg
lg?kfo 5 eg] p7fpg klg ;lsG5 . o:tf] lbg'k5{ . ;fy}, lzIff lng rfxg]x¿af6 klg s]xL
lzIfs;Fu c;Lldt lzIffsf nflu k' : tsfnonfO{ /sd z'Nssf ¿kdf p7fpg ;lsG5 . o:tf] a}s +
zlQm 5 . ;fj{hlgs …:s"nÚsf ¿kdf :yflkt gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zon] geO{ lzIffsf nflu :yfkgf
ug{ ;lsG5 . k':tsnufotsf ul/g] ePsfn] o:tf a}s + n] ;dfhsf cGo If]qaf6
cGo cfjZos rLhsf] ;ª\ux| oxLF ug{ ;lsG5 . klg ;xof]u lng ;S5g\ . o;sf nflu z}lIfs
cyjf s;}n] 3/ n}hfg klg kfpF5 . olb k':tsfno ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ug'k{ 5{ . o:tf] ;d"x jf ;+oGqn]
;Dej x'bF g} eg] h'g;'s} ejgnfO{ klg ;fj{hlgs a}s
+ sf] ;~rfng ug{ ;S5 . cyjf ltgn] z}lIfs
cWoog:ynsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . a}s + rnfpg ;Sb}gg\ eg] klg k':tsfno, ;fd"lxs
j}slNks lzIff Joj:yfdf ;/sf/L cg'bfg jf cWoog, :j–cWoognufotsf] Joj:yf u/L j}slNks
cGo s/x¿af6 Pslqt sf]ifnfO{ JolQmut pkof]u lzIff lng / lbg ;S5g\ .
/ ;fj{hlgs k|of]hgsf nflu eg]/ b'O{ lsl;dsf -k':tsM …:s"n Oh 8]8Ú_, efjfg'jfbM o1z

dfl;s
lj1fkg b/
:yfg cfsf/ -rf}Šn_ /Ë /sd -?_
;]G6Lld6/ -Eof6afx]s_
clGtd cfj/0f !(=%Š@^ ;]dL /ËLg ^),))).–
leqL cfj/0f !(=%Š@^ ;]dL /ËLg %),))).–
leqL k"/f kfgf !(=%Š@^ ;]dL /ËLg $),))).–
cfwf kfgf !^=%Š!! ;]dL /ËLg @%,))).–
ltxfO{ kfgf !^=%Š*=% ;]dL /ËLg !%,))).–
rf}yfO{ kfgf !^=%Š%=% ;]dL /ËLg !),))).–

46 lz If s c;f]h @)^%

cjwf/0ff
/ xfd|f r'gf}tL
lj Bfno lzIffsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf c;/ kfg]{
ljleGg tTjx¿dWo] …lzIfsÚnfO{ ;aeGbf
dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . zfob To;}sf/0f xf]nf, …s'g}
b]zsf] lzIff To; b]zsf lzIfssf] :t/eGbf /fd|f]
x'g ;Sb}gÚ eGg] ul/G5 . ;du|df eGbfÙ lzIff
k| 0 ffnLsf] ;kmntf÷c;kmntf lzIfssf]
k|efjsfl/tf;Fu 3lgi7 ¿kdf ufFl;Psf] x'G5 .
lzIfssf] e"ldsf olt dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg]
:jLsf/]kl5 Tof] sfd jf k]zfsf] af/]df lr/fkmf/
ug',{ To;nfO{ cGo ljlzi6 Joj;fo;Fu t'ngf ug'{
tyf tL Joj;fo;Fu t'ngLo agfpg lzIfs
Joj:yfkgdf s] s:tf ;+/rgfut, k|lqmofut jf
/0fgLlts k|of; x'gk' nf{ eGg] lh1f;f p7\g' :jfefljs
x'G5 . oxfF lzIfs Jofj;flostfsf cjwf/0ffut
kIf tyf g]kfnL cg'ejx¿af/] ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 .
k]zf tyf Joj;fodf km/s
g]kfnL efiffdf k]zf tyf Joj;fonfO{ ;dfg cy{df
k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . oL b'j} zAbn] …hLljsfsf
lglDt ul/g] sfdÚ eGg] cy{ a'‰fpF5g\ . t/,
cª\uh]| Ldf 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, cfls{6S] 6, jlsn
h:tf k]zfnfO{ hgfpg …k|fk] m];gÚ zAbsf] k|of]u
x'G5 . o; n]vdf cª\u|]hL zAb …k|f]km];gÚnfO{
Joj;fosf] cy{df pkof]u u/L ;fdfGo cy{sf] …k]zfÚ
zAbeGbf leGg ¿kdf rrf{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .
dflysf] pbfx/0fdf elgP‰}F hLjgofkgsf lglDt
ul/g] sfd eP klg ;a} sfd Joj;fosf] >]0fLdf
kb}{gg\ . ‰§ x]bf{ cln k|fljlws k|s[ltsf / ljz]if
;Lk rflxg] k]zfnfO{ Joj;fo elgPsf] xf] ls
eGg] nfUg ;S5 t/ 8«fOe/, l;sdL{, s'dfn] h:tf
sfd ug{ ljz]if k|fljlws ;Lk rflxP klg tL
k]zfnfO{ …Joj;foÚ eGg] u/]sf] kfOGg .
csf]{ r/0fdf ljZn]if0f ubf{ Tof] k]zf;Fu ;DalGwt
1fgsf] ljlzi6 ljwfsf] ljsf;n] klg …Joj;foÚnfO{
ax;
lzIfs / k]zfut wd{
t'n;L yklnof
hf];s
' n} ] ug{ ;Sg] k]zfsf]
:t/af6 s]xL dfly p7] klg
lzIf0fnfO{ cGo :yflkt
k]zfsf] sf]l6df k'¥ofpg,
/f]hfOsf] k]zf t'Nofpg /
k]zfut klxrfgaf6 uj{sf]
cg'el" t x'g] l:yltdf k'¥ofpg
c‰ w]/} ug{ afFsL 5 .
;fdfGofyL{ zAb …k]zfÚ af6 cnUofpg ;xof]u
k'U5 . s]xL lbgsf] k|lzIf0faf6 jf b]v/] l;lsg]
;LkeGbf nfdf] ;do nufP/ cWoog ug'k{ g]{ u/L
ljsf; ePsf] 1fgn] ljwfsf] ¿k u|x0f u/]kl5
dfq Joj;fosf] cy{df k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 .
1fgsf] ljlzi6 ljwfsf] ¿kdf klxrfg ag]kl5
Tof] 1fgsf] k|;f/ ug],{ :t/Ls[t cEof;sf :j?kx¿
kl/eflift ug],{ Tof] :t/Lo cEof; ug{ ;S5 eGg]
7fg]df cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] ;b:o agfpg], ;b:otf
lj:tf/ ug],{ ;f] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ Ohfht
-nfO;]G;_ k|bfg ug]{ h:tf sfo{x¿dfkm{t Joj;fosf
d"No, dfGotf tyf cfrf/x¿ :yflkt x'G5g\ . tL
:yflkt d"Nosf cfwf/df ;d'bfo of /fHon] To:tf]
Joj:yf :jLsf/ ug]{ cj:yfdf k'uk] l5 …Joj;foÚn]
kl/kSjtf xfl;n ug]{ 7flgG5 .
o;k|sf/ k]zfnfO{ hLljsfsf lglDt ul/g] sfd
jf Ondsf] ;fdfGo cy{df tyf Joj;fonfO{
ljlzi6Ls[t 1fgsf] cEof;nfO{ :t/Ls[t ug]{ u/L
bL3{sflns k|lzIf0f tyf cEof;;d]t ;+nUg ljz]if
k]zfsf] cy{df a'´g ;lsG5 .
…Jofj;flostfÚsf d"ne"t cfwf/x¿
;dfhdf /fd|/L :yflkt ePsf Joj;fosf ljz]iftfx¿
s]nfpFbf lgDgfg';f/sf cfwf/x¿ e]§fpg ;lsG5 .
• :yflkt Joj;fodf ;doqmddf qmdzM ljsf;
/ lj:tf/ x'bF } ljlzi6Ls[t 1fgsf] e08f/ lgdf{0f
ePsf] kfOG5 .
• Joj;fodf nfu]/ cflh{t 1fgnfO{ cfn]vdf ptfg]{
tyf :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ k|aGw ldnfOPsf] x'G5 .
o:tf] ljt/0f sfo{ ug]{ ;+:yfsf] ;d]t k|df0fLs/0f
ug]{ ul/G5 .
• 1fgsf] ljt/0f ug]{ k|of;df cWoog jf
cWofkgn] dfq gk'Ug] ePsfn] k]zfljb\sf]
;'k/Lj]If0fdf tyf glhssf] lgu/fgLdf /xL
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 47
 lzIfs / k]zfut wd{
xfdLsxfF lzIfs sfd ub}{ ;Lkdf k|jL0ftf xfl;n
kbf]Ggltsf] Joj:yf ePsf] ;' l glZrt ug] { k| a Gw
ldnfOPsf] x'G5 .
t 5 t/ lg/Gt/ • ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] Jofj;flos :t/
1fg cfh{gdf ls6fg u/L ;f] :t/cg' ¿ ksf]
nfUg'kg]{ afWotf kf7Øqmdsf] l8hfOg ug],{ lzIf0fsf]
5}g . xfd|f lzIf0f k|aGw ug]{ tyf cEof;dfkm{t l;Sg]
k|aGw ldnfOPsf] x'G5 .
kbsf gfdn] klg • l;sfOnfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ tyf ;f]
Jofj;floseGbf cfwf/df sfd ug{ ;dfg d"No,
k|zf;lgs 9fFrfsf] dfGotf, :t/ olsg ug]{ k|of]hgsf
‰Nsf] lbG5g\ . lgldQ lglZrt ;Ë7gsf] lgdf{0f
ePsf] x'G5 . ;fy} ;f] cEof; ug]{
a]nfotdf lzIfs cg'dlt hf/L ug]{ :t/Ls[t k|aGw
kb–z[ª\vnfdf ldnfOPsf] x'G5 .
gjk|jz ] Lb]lv lj1, • Jofj;flos :t/cg'¿ksf cfr/0f
ljåt tx u/L kfFr / sfo{:t/ olsg ug{ cg'udg ug]{
sfo{;d]t ;f] ;Ë7gaf6 x'G5 .
tx ePsf] kfOG5 . cg'udgaf6 ck]lIft :t/cg'¿k
cfrf/, Jojxf/ / sfo{:t/ gePsf] l:yltdf
Jofj;flos cEof; ug{ lbOPsf] cg'dlt /2
ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/;d]t ;f] ;Ë7gn] /fVb5 .
• Jofj;flos cEof; ug]{ qmddf tf]lsPsf :t/sf]
kfngf ug's
{ f cltl/Qm 1fgsf] lgdf{0f cfˆgf]
;d'bfo;Fu cfbfg–k|bfg h:tf sfo{nfO{ ;d]t
Jofj;flos pQ/bfloTjsf] kl/lwleq /flvPsf]
x'G5 .
• Jofj;flos ljsf; ;Fu;Fu} j[lQ–z[ª\vnfdf
pGglt x'g] tyf cfd hg;d'bfodf Jofks
:t/df ;]jf k'Ug] u/L lj1tf ePsf JolQmsf]
e"ldsfdf ;d]t kl/jt{g ug]{ Joj:yf x'G5 .
lzIf0f k]zf / Jofj;flostf
dfly rrf{ ul/Psf Jofj;flostfsf cfwf/x¿sf]
k[i7e"lddf ca lzIf0f k]zfsf ljz]iftfx¿af/] rrf{
u/f}FM
• ;do qmd;Fu} s'g ;d"xsf lgldQ s:tf]
k|sf/sf] lzIffsf] k|aGw ug],{ s;/L l;sfpg]
jf l;Sg ;xof]u ug]{ / l;s]sf] olsg ug{
s;/L d"Nofª\sg ug]{ eGg] ljifodf ljlzi6Ls[t
1fgsf] e08f/ lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . of] lg/Gt/
kl/dfh{gsf] qmddf klg 5 .
• o:tf] 1fgsf] ljt/0f ug]{ clwsf/ lglZrt
;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . To:tf
;+:yfx¿sf] Go"gtd :t/ lgwf{l/t x'G5 .
• ;Lkdf k|jL0ftf xfl;n u/]sf] olsg ug{ z}lIfs
;+:yfdf OG6g{;Lk, lzIf0f–cEof; ug}k{ g]{ u/L
kf7Øqmddf Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .
• ljleGg d'ns ' df Jofj;flos :t/ lgwf{/0f ubf{
s]xL ;dfgtf / s]xL leGgtf /xg] u/]sf] e]l6G5 .
yfONofG8sf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] ToxfF 1fg tyf
48 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
cg'ej ;DaGwL, sfo{;Dkfbg ;DaGwL / cfrf/–
Jojxf/ ;DaGwL u/L hDdf #@ j6f :t/x¿
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ .
• Jofj;flos :t/cg'¿k 1fg cfh{g u/]sf]
ljZjljBfno jf sn]haf6 k|dfl0ft ug]{ sfo{
ePkl5 klg ;dfg d"No tyf Jojxf/ …;]o/Ú
ug{, 1fgsf] :t/Ls/0f ug{ lzIfs sfplG;n
jf lzIfs Jofj;flos :t/Ls/0f Ao'/f] h:tf
;+:yfx¿ u7g ePsf pbfx/0f e]l6G5g\ . oL
jf o:t} k|sl[ tsf ;+:yfn] cfjZos k|lqmof
k"/f u/L Jofj;flos cEof; ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg
ub{5g\ . cg'dlt k|fKt gu/];Dd Jofj;flos
cEof; ug]{ sfo{ cj}wflgs x'G5 .
• tL ;+:yfn] cfkm"n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf Jofj;flos
:t/sf] kfngf ePsf] olsg ug{, cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf]
;]jfsf] ljZj;gLotf sfod /fVg, bIf JolQmaf6
;]jf kfpg] ;]jfu|fxLsf] xssf] /Iff ug]{ p2]Zosf
lgldQ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cg'udg ug]{ / ck]lIft
:t/ k"/f ePsf] gkfOPsf cj:yfdf cEof;
ug]{ cg'dlt /2 ;d]t ug]{ k|rng 5 .
• lzIfssf] Jofj;flos pGgogsf lgldQ 1fg
cfh{g ug]{ tyf To:tf] 1fg cfˆgf] ;d'bfoleq
lg/Gt/ cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] x'G5 .
lzIfssf ljifout ;Ë7gx¿ lgdf{0f x'g] /
tL ;Ë7gdfkm{t ljifout 1fgsf] ljsf;df
6]jf lbg] sfo{ ;+;f/el/ k|rngdf 5 .
• lj1tf ePsf lzIfsx¿n] ;du| lzIff k|0ffnLdf
vf;u/L kf7Øqmd ljsf;, kf7Ø;fdu|L lgdf{0f,
z}Ifl0fs k|ljlwsf] ljsf; h:tf ljifodf ;d]t
of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] u/L j[lQ z[ªv \ nfdf
pGglt;Fu} 7"nf] If]qdf ;]jf k'¥ofpg] u/L e"ldsfdf
kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOG5 .
g]kfndf lzIf0f k]zf / Jofj;flostf
• g]kfndf k|fylds txsf] lzIfs tof/L ug]{
sf];{ ljZjljBfno tyf lzIff ;ª\sfodfkm{t
;~rfng x'g] Joj:yf 5}g . P;Pn;L pQL0f{
lzIfsx¿n] lghL:t/df ;~rflnt lzIfs tflnd
s]Gb|x¿dfkm{t k"j{–;]jfsfnLg tflnd k|fKt
u/]kl5 dfq lzIfs nfO;]G;sf] k/LIffdf ;fd]n
x'g;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . lgDg dfWolds tyf
dfWolds txsf] lzIfs tof/ ug]{ sf];x{ ¿
ljZjljBfnox¿dfkm{t ;~rfngdf 5g\ . oL
b'j} k|sf/sf -k|fylds tyf dfWolds_ lzIfs
tof/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfnfO{ sfo{qmd
;~rfng cg'dlt k|bfg ubf{ cGt/f{li6«o
k|rngcg'¿k d'Vo–d'Vo zt{ / cfwf/x¿ k"/f
ePsf 5g\ eg]/ bfaL ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt 5}g .
• ;Lkdf k|jL0ftf ePsf] olsg ug{ cGoq ckgfOg]
…OG6g{;LkÚ, lzIf0f cEof; h:tf …OG:6«d" G] 6Úx¿
Jofj;flos dd{cg';f/ ;~rfng ug]e{ Gbf klg
 k|foM …/LltÚ wfGg] u/L ;~rflnt kfOG5g\ .
• lzIfssf] txut ¿kdf cfjZos Go"gtd of]Uotf
lgodåf/f lgwf{l/t 5 . tflnd / nfO;]G;sf]
k|fjwfgnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . t/, Jofj;flos
:t/ lgwf{/0f x'g c‰} x'g afFsL 5 .
• lzIfssf] Jofj;flos cEof;nfO{ :t/Ls[t ug]{
…lzIfs sfplG;nÚ h:tf ;+ : yf c‰;Dd
cl:tTjdf 5}gg\ . …lzIf0f–cg'dltÚ lzIfs ;]jf
cfof]udfkm{t k|bfg x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . lzIfsx¿sf
s]xL ljifout ;ª\u7gx¿ -h:t}, g]N6f, ul0ft
lzIfs kl/ifb\ cflb_ dfkm{ t ljifout
lzIf0f;DaGwL 1fgsf] lgdf{0f / ljt/0fdf s]xL
;/fxgLo sfd x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .
• ;+:yfsf] Jofj;flos klxrfg, ljZj;gLotf /
ul/df sfod /fVg] tyf s'zn JolQmaf6 ;]jf
kfpg] ;]jfu|fxLsf] xssf] ;Dj4{g u/L cfd
;d'bfosf] ljZjf; lhTg k|bfg ul/g] …cWofkg
cg'dltkqÚ ;Gtf]ifhgs 9+uaf6 ljt/0f x'g
;s]sf] 5}g . o;lglDt lzIfs tof/L kIfsf]
v'sn' f]kgf tyf /f]huf/Lsf] lgldQ rsf]{ bafa
d'Vo r'gf}tL ePsf 5g\ . tf]lsPsf] cfr/0f /
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/ k"/f gug]{sf] cg'dltkq
/2 ug]{ Joj:yf nfu" g} x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
lzIfssf] pQ/bfloTjnfO{ d"ntM tLg cy{df
a'´g ;lsG5 M
• zf:qLo pQ/bfloTj -h;nfO{ lgod kfngfsf]
cy{df k|zf;lgs klg eGg ;lsG5_Ù
• s]Gb|Lo pQ/bfloTj -s]Gb|Lo kf7Øqmd, k/LIff
/ d"NofÍg ;+oGqdfkm{t ul/g] lgoGq0ffTds
pQ/bfloTj h'g sfo{;Dkfbg / glthf;Fu
;/f]sf/ /fVb5_ tyf
• Jofj;flos pQ/bfloTjM Joj;fosf] d"No, dfGotf,
:t/, cfr/0fcg'?k Jojxf/ ug{ :t/, ;d"x jf
Jofj;flos dof{bfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] Joj:yf .
• xfdLsxfF lzIfs kbf]Ggltsf] Joj:yf t 5 t/
lg/Gt/ 1fg cfh{gdf nfUg'kg]{ afWotf 5}g .
lzIfssf lglDt lgwf{l/t ljleGg kbsf gfdn]
klg Jofj;floseGbf k|zf;lgs 9fFrfsf] ‰Nsf]
lbG5 . a]nfotdf / yfONofG8df lzIfs kb–
z[ªv\ nfdf gjk|jz ] Lb]lv lj1, ljåt tx u/L
kfFr tx ePsf] kfOG5 . dflyNnf] tx kbgfdn]
klg a9L Jofj;flos 5 / 1fgsf] ljsf; /
lj:tf/df p;sf] e"ldsfnfO{ km/s 9Ën] a'´g]
ul/G5 .
dflysf Joxf]/faf6 g]kfndf lzIf0f k]zfnfO{
Jofj;flos agfpg] lbzfdf s]xL k|of; ePsf b]lvG5 .
t/ hf] ;'sn} ] ug{ ;Sg] / wfGg ;Sg] k]zfsf]
:t/af6 of] k]zf s]xL dfly p7] klg cGo :yflkt
k]zfsf] sf]l6df k'¥ofpg, /f]hfOsf] k]zf agfpg tyf
k]zfut klxrfgaf6 uj{sf] cg'el" t ug{ ;Sg] l:yltdf
k'Ug c‰ w]/} ug{ afFsL b]lvG5 . lzIfs tof/L,
;]jfsf] u7g / ;]jf zt{df ;'wf/, lg/Gt/ k]zfut
ljsf; h:tf kIf ;/sf/L tj/af6 ul/g'k' g]{ s]xL
dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ x'g\ . zfob Jofj;flostfsf]
k|j4{gdf lzIfs ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf Tof]eGbf sd
dxŒjk"0f{ x'bF g} . cfˆgf] ljlzi6 k]zfut klxrfg
sfod ug],{ :t/ j[l4df 6]jf k'¥ofpg], lg/Gt/ l;sfO
/ ljsf;sf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug],{ cfˆgf 1fg,
l;sfO / cfrf/ ;DaGwL kIfsf] cg'udg ug]{ h:tf
sfo{ cGo Jofj;flos ;d'bfon] ‰F} lzIfs ;d'bfon]
klg cfˆg} k|of;df cl3 a9fpg'kg]{ x'G5 .
lzIfs Jofj;flostf / r'gf}tL
• Jofj;flostf / ;dfj]zL ;]jfM lzIf0f ;]jf
;dfj]zL agfpg'sf ;fy} :t/ psf:g] r'gf}tL
klg 5 . To;sf/0f lzIfs tof/L sfo{qmddf
cfsif{0f ug],{ cg'bfg lbP/ JolQmsf] nfut 36fpg]
h:tf /0fgLltdfkm{t Jofj;flostfsf] ;Dj4{g
tyf ;dfj]zL ;]jfsf] p2]ZonfO{ Ps;fy k|fKt
ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf 5 .
• Jofj;flostf / ljs]Gb|Ls[t lzIfs Joj:yfkgM
lzIfs Joj:yfkgnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls[t ug]{ sfddf
Jofj;flostf kIfnfO{ sdhf]/ x'g
glbg lzIfssf] Jofj;flos :t/ Jofj;flostf k|j4{g
lgwf{/0f ug]Ù{ lzIfs tof/L kIfdf ug{sf lgldQ
cg'zf;g sfod ug],{ b'ud{ If]qdf Go"gtd ;'ljwf
of]Uo JolQmnfO{ cfslif{t ug{
k|fT] ;fxgsf ljz]if of]hgfx¿ nfu" ;'lglZrt ug's{ f
ug] { pkfox¿ cjnDag x' g cltl/Qm Jofj;flos
;S5g\ . ljlzi6tfsf] ;+/If0f
• hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;+oGq / / k|j4{g ug'{ klg
Jofj;flostfM cfˆgf] Joj;fok|lt
pQ/bfoL agfpg :jtGq sfplG;n plQs} dxTjk"0f{ /
u7g ul/g' k5{ . /fhgLlts jf cfjZos 5 .
k]zfut nfexflgsf lgldQ ;ª\3if{
ug]e{ Gbf klg Jofj;flos pGgogdf ;dlk{t
;+:yfsf] lgdf{0faf6 cfˆgf] Jofj;flos dof{bfk|lt
pQ/bfoL x'g] / :j–lgodgsf] ljlwaf6 ;~rflnt
x'g] cfwf/ tof/ x'G5 .
• lzIfs ;]jfsf] u7g / Jofj;flostfM k|fylds
txsf lzIfsx¿, dfWolds lzIfssf ;xfos
jf tNnf] bhf{sf geP/ ljlzi6 Jofj;flos
klxrfg af]ss ] f lzIfs x'g\ eGg] dfGotf :yflkt
ug'{ cfjZos 5 . /f]huf/ ahf/sf cGo ;]jf;Fu
t'ngLo agfpg lzIfs ;]jfnfO{ klg z}lIfs
of]Uotf;Fu cfa4 ul/Psf sf/0f k|fylds lzIfs
kbf]Gglt eP/ dfWolds lzIfs aGg'kg]{ cj:yf
5 . To;}u/L lghL ;|ft] df jf cGo lsl;daf6
lgo'Qm lzIfsn] Go"g tnadf sfd ug'k{ /]sf
u'gf;fx¿ klg plQs} 5g\, o;sf] klg ;+af]wg
x'g] Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
-yklnof lzIff dGqfnosf pk;lrj x'g\ ._
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 49
 ;
axlzIfs / k]zfut wd{
hgfb{g l;6f}nf

ha;Dd of] k]zfnfO{ xfdLn]

Jofj;flos agfpg ;Sb}gf},+

vfFrf] 5 lzIfs ta;Dd xfdL ljz'4 lzIfs eP/

/xg ;Sb}gf}+ . ha;Dd xfdL z'4
lzIfs aGg ;Sb}gf},+ ta;Dd

cu|;/tfsf] lzIffsf] :t/ cfzftLt prfOdf

k'Ug ;Sb}g .

g] kfndf ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf] :t/ dfly

p7\g g;s]sf] egL p7]sf] lrGtf / rf;f]
c:jfefljs 5|g} . lzIffsf] :t/n] Pp6f JolQmsf]
ljBfnodf sfo{/t 5g\M
• lj1fkg u/L ;fwf/0f cGt/jftf{af6 :yfoL /
c:yfoL ePsf .
hLjgdf kfg]{ km/ssf] t'ngfdf clxn] b]lvPsf • eg;'gsf] cfwf/df c:yfoL lgo'lQm kfO{ :jtM
lrGtf / ;/f]sf/nfO{ sd} dfGg ;lsG5 . ljBfno :yfoL ePsf .
lzIffsf] :t/ ck]lIft ¿kdf dfly p7\g g;Sg'df • v'Nnf, lnlvt / df}lvs k|lt:kwf{df ;kmn
;/sf/, ljz]ifu/L lzIff dGqfno / o; cGtu{tsf eO{ :yfoL lgo'lQm ePsf .
lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lb]lv lzIfs;Dd ;a} lhDd]jf/ • bafa, zlQm, gftf cyjf b]vfj6L k|lqmof k"/f
5g\ . ;a}n] cf–cfˆgf] efusf] bf]if sa'n ug}k{} 5{ . u/L c:yfoL lgo'lQm ePsf .
jiff}{+ lzIf0f u/]sf] d]/f] lghL cg'ejsf cfwf/df o:tf] lgo'lQm k|lqmofaf6 ljBfno l5/]sf
eGg'kbf{, lzIffsf] ;kmntf / c;kmntfdf lzIfs lzIfssf] hdft s:tf] xf]nf eg]/ ;xh} cg'dfg
g} ;a}eGbf a9L lhDd]jf/ x'G5 . vfnL :n]6 h:tf] ug{ ;lsG5 . lgo'lQm k|lqmof pNn]v ubf{ d}n]
lbdfu lnP/ cfPsf] Pp6f afnssf] slnnf] of]Uotf / bIftfdf k|Zg p7fpg vf]hs
] f] xf]Og,
dl:tisdf s:tf /]vfx¿ sf]g{] xf] eGg] s'/f lzIfsdf s]jn lzIfsx¿sf] k]zfdf cfudg s;/L x'g]
e/ kb{5 . olb xfdL lzIfsx¿n] cfˆgf] st{Jo u/]sf] 5 eGg] dfq pNn]v ug{ vf]hs ] f] x'F .
/fd|/L lgjf{x u/]sf lyof}+ eg] ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf]
:t/ clxn]eGbf kSs} klg dfly x'gl] yof] .
lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ lsg 36\of] < of] k|Zgsf] 7f];
pQ/ lzIfsn] g} lbg;S5, lbg'kb{5 . lsgeg] vf;
lzIff lbg] xfdL lzIfsn] g} xf] . lzIff dGqfnob]lv
cleefjs;Ddsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ t ;xhstf{ dfq
x'g\ . lzIffsf] :t/ dfly p7fpg g;Sg'sf] sf/0f
:ki6 ug]{ / tL sf/0fx¿ ;Daf]wg ug{ k|l] /t ug]{
sfd klg xfdL lzIfsx¿s} xf] . sIffsf]7fdf lsg
/fd|fl] ;t k9fpg ;lsPg < lsg ljBfyL{n] l;Sg'kg]{
hlt l;Sg ;s]gg\ < lzIfsdf k]zfk|lt lsg lgi7f
hfu]g < of]Uotf / Ifdtf geP/ xf] ls < ;do
gk'u/] xf] ls < lzIff gLlt pko'Qm geP/ xf] ls <
kf7\oqmd pko'Qm geP/ xf] ls < ljBfnodf cfjZos
ef}lts cj:yfsf] sldn] xf] ls < cleefjsx¿sf]
pbf;Lgtfn] xf] ls < Joj:yfkgsf] sf/0fn] xf] ls <
oL ;jfnx¿sf] 7f]; / j:t'lgi7 pQ/ vf]Hg ca
xfdL lzIfsx¿ g} cu|;/ x'gk' 5{ .
of] ;Gbe{df, ;j{ky| d ;fj{hlgs ljBfnodf lzIfssf]
lgo'lQm k|lqmof s]nfpg' h?/L x'G5 . clxn]
lgDg rf/ tl/sfaf6 lgo'Qm lzIfsx¿ ;fj{hlgs
50 lz If s „ c;f]h @)^%
 yf]/} dflg;x¿ dfq lzIf0f k]zfnfO{ cfˆgf]
/f]hfOsf] k]zf agfP/ cfpg rfxG5g\ . w]/h} ;f]
lzIfssf nflu …lzIf0fÚ cfkm}dF f Pp6f k"0f{
k]zf geP/, csf]{ sfd gkfp~h]nsf nflu
klv{g] la;f}gLh:tf] dfq ePsf] 5 .
csf{lt/ lzIfsnfO{ st{Jo lgjf{x ug{ k|l] /teGbf
a9L lg?T;flxt ug]{ sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . /, Tof]
sfd lzIfssf] k]zfut xslxtsf] gfddf vf]lnPsf
;+:yfsf] gfddf eO/x]sf] 5 . lzIfs ;+3–;Ë7gx¿
/fhgLlts bnsf e|ft[ ;Ë7gsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\–
h;n] z}lIfs k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5, lgikIf / k|efjsf/L
¿kdf sfd ug{ glbO{ /fhgLlts ;f]rn] 9flslbG5 .
/, o:tf] /fhgLlts ;f]rn] lzIfsnfO{ k]zfOt/
sfo{df a9L ;+nUg u/fpF5 . o;n] Pp6f lzIfsnfO{
dfq geP/ c¿ lzIfsnfO{ klg gsf/fTds k|efj
kf5{, h;n] ubf{ lzIf0f k|lqmofdf u'0ffTds x|f;
cfpF5 . To;}n] lzIffnfO{ ;xL lbzf lbg / lzIfsnfO{
/fhgLltdf nfu]sf] cf/f]kaf6 d'Qm ug{ lzIf0f
k]zfsf] Joj;foLs/0f klxnf] zt{ / k|:yfg laGb'
b'j} xf] . ha;Dd of] k]zfnfO{ xfdLn] Jofj;flos
agfpg ;Sb}gf},+ ta;Dd xfdL ljz'4 lzIfs eP/
/xg ;Sb}gf}+ . ha;Dd xfdL z'4 lzIfs aGg ;Sb}gf},+
ta;Dd lzIffsf] :t/ cfzftLt prfOdf k'Ug ;Sb}g .
lzIfsx¿nfO{ Jofj;flos agfpgsf nflu /
of] k]zfsf] dof{bf k'g:yf{lkt ug{ Pp6f Kofs]h g}
tof/ u/L sfo{sf] yfngL ug{k' g]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf
lgldQ lgDg s]xL gLltut / Jofjxfl/s kIf
sfof{Gjog ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5M
• lzIff ljifodf cWoog u/]sf k|yd >]0fL /
;f]eGbf dflysf] :t/ k|fKt ug]{ JolQmx¿nfO{
:jtM lzIfsdf lgo'lQm lbg] k|yf Nofpg'kb{5 .
o;n] k|ltefzfnL / of]Uo JolQmx¿nfO{ cfsif{0f
ug{ ;Sb5 .
• lzIfs lgo' l QmnfO{ kf/bzL{ , lgikIf /
k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpg'k5{ .
• lzIfssf] a9'jf p;n] u/]sf l;h{gfTds jf
/rgfTds sfdsf] d" N ofÍgsf cfwf/df
ul/g'k5{ .
• a9'jf yk tnasf] lgldQ dfq geO{ yk
lhDd]jf/Lsf] ¿kdf u|x0f ug]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf
ug'{kb{5 .
• lzIfsx¿sf] tna x/]s dlxgfdf e'QmfgL
ug'{÷u/fpg'kb{5 .
• k]zfk|lt ;dlk{t eO{ /fd|f] jf pNn]Vo sfd
ug]{ lzIfsnfO{ tTsfn yk k|f]T;fxg lbg]
kl/kf6L a;fNg'kb{5 .
• sfdsf] cfwf/df k'/:sf/ / b08sf] gLlt
sfof{Gjog ug'k{ b{5 .
• lzIfsx¿sf] ;Ë7g k]zfut xslxtsf] nflu
dfq x'g'kb{5 .
• lg/LIf0f k| 0 ffnLnfO{ lgoldt, r' : t /
;xof]ufTds agfpg'kb{5 . sIffdf lsg
• lzIfssf] pd]/ / ;]jf cjlwnfO{ /fd|fl] ;t k9fpg
Wofgdf /fvL Ifdtf j[l4sf] cj;/
k|bfg ug{k' b{5 . ;lsPg < ca
• tflndnfO{ ;] j fsf] clgjfo{ zt{ of] ;jfnsf]
agfpg'kb{5 . s'g} klg lzIfsn] k|To]s 7f]; / j:t'lgi7
jif{ Ps xKtf;Ddsf] k'gtf{huL tflnd pQ/ xfdL
lng}kg]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 .
• ljBfnosf] Joj:yfksLo kIfdf lzIfsn] g}
;d'bfonfO{ clgjfo{ ;xefuL u/fpg' vf]Hg'k5{ .
kb{5 / ljBfnodf eP÷u/]sf /
lzIfsx¿sf lqmofsnfksf] cg'udg ug]{ tyf
k|f]T;fxg / b08sf] nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf
l;kmfl/; ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg ul/g'kb{5 .
• lzIfsx¿sf] sfo{af]‰ ;fKtflxs @( 306LeGbf
a9L ug'x{ b'F g} .
• ljBfnodf k':tsfno / cWoog sIfsf] Joj:yf
ug{'kb{5 .
• ljBfnon] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf ubf{ ;f]‰}
lzIfsnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] u/L Joj:yf
ug'{kb{5 .
• ljBfnodf clen]v k'l:tsfsf] Joj:yf u/L
lzIfsx¿n] u/]sf pNn]Vo sfo{sf] b}lgs ¿kdf
:jo+n] clen]vfÍg ug]{ kl/kf6Ls]f ljsf;
ug'{kb{5 .
ut c;f/df lzdnf, ef/tsf ljBfnosf] cWoog
e|d0fdf uOof] . ToxfFsf lzIfsx¿n] cfˆgf] ljBfno
If]qsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] nut /fVg] / s'g kl/jf/sf]
afnaflnsf ljBfno cfO/x]sf] 5÷5}g kQf nufO{
To;sf] lg/fs/0f ;d]tsf] sfo{nfO{ cfˆgf] bfloTjleq
/fv]sf] kfOof] . s'g ljBfyL{ s'g ljifodf s:tf] 5
eGg] kQf nufpg] / sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ 5'§} ;dodf
cltl/Qm ;xof]u ug]{ u/]sf] ;d]t kfOof] . o;af6
ToxfFsf lzIfsx¿ slt Jofj;flos 5g\ eGg] s'/f
:ki6 x'G5 . Jofj;flostfn] dfq nufjsf] efjgf
k}bf x'G5 h;n] cfˆgf] bfloTj cls~rg ¿kdf
lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb5 .
d'ns ' sf] nflu lzIff s:tf] x'gk' 5{ eGg] ;Gbe{df
ljutdf y'k}| cfof]u / ;ldltx¿ ag], l;kmfl/;sf
7]nL k|:t't eP, kf7\oqmdsf 9fFrfx¿ ag], ljBfno
/ lzIfsx¿ klg ylkP t/ klg d'ns ' n] vf]hs] f]
lzIff k|fKt ePg . clxn] km]l/ gofF df}sf cfPsf]
5 . g]kfndf nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ePsf]
5 . of] /fhgLlts ;ª\qmd0fsf] 38L ;xL gLlt lng]
/ ;xL k4lt a;fpg] pko'Qm cj;/ xf] . oxL
a]nfdf lzIffsf] lglDt ;xL gLlt / k4lt klxNofpg
;Sof}+ eg] dfq gofF g]kfnsf] vfsf sf]l/g ;S5 .
h;/L lzIffsf] ljsf; geO{ gofF g]kfn aGg ;Sb}g,
To;}u/L lzIfs k]zfnfO{ Joj;flos gagfO{ lzIff
pFef] nfUg ;Sb}g .
l;6f}nf, e[s6' L dflj, b'uf{k/' , ‰fkfsf k|wfgfWofks x'g\ .
lz If s „ c;f]h @)^% 51
 JolQmTj ofbj hf]zL
bL3{/fh pkfWofo

h;sf] gfd}n] tflgP

ljBfyL{ …d cfpFbf zf/bf dfljsf]
P;Pn;L glthf b'O{ jif{
z"Go lyof], d uPsf] jif{
&% k|ltzt cfof] .Ú

la xfg pgL :s"ndf k9fpF5g\, lbpF;f] pRr

dfljdf . oL x'g\ s}nfnL ;b/d'sfd
wgu9Lsf] k~r]Zj/ dfljsf k|wfgfWofks ofbj
hf]zL . @)%% ;fndf k~r]Zj/ dfljdf pgL
cfpFbf ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof Ps xhf/ Ps ;o lyof],
h'g ToxL jif{ ;ft ;on] a9\of] .
o;/L Pp6f lzIfssf] gfd}n] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof
a9\g'sf k5fl8 pgsf] lzIf0f …sl/c/Úsf] ;kmntf
lyof] . k~r]Zj/ cfpg'eGbf cl3 pgL wgu9Ls}
zf/bf dfljsf k|wfgfWofks lyP . …@)%! ;fndf
d afh'/af6 ;?jf eP/ cfpFbf zf/bf dfljsf]
P;P;nL glthf b'O{ jif{ z"Go lyof] . d cfPsf]
jif{ &% k|ltzt cfof]Ú pgn] cfˆgf] ;kmntfsf]
:d/0f u/] . :s"nsf 5fqf gf/fo0fdfof af]x/f
P;Pn;Lsf] k/LIffdf 5fqftkm{ ;'b/" klZrdd} pTs[i6
eOg\ . o; pknlAwafkt pgn] @)%@ ;fndf
uf]/vf blIf0f afx' rf}yf] kfP . zf/bf dfljsf]
sf]ifdf pgn] sfd u/]sf] rf/ jif{df rf/ nfv
hDdf eof] eg] P;Pn;Ldf c¿ ljBfnox¿ kl5
kg{ yfn] . zf/bf dfljdf pgn] b]vfPsf] oxL
…rdTsf/Ún] pgL k~r]Zj/df k'Ugf;fy ljBfyL{
tflgPsf lyP .
ofbj hf]zLn] ;q jif{ afh'/f / rf}w jif{
wgu9Ldf k9fP . ca t k9fpg] sfddf afgL
kl/;s]sf] 5 . eG5g\, æd lzIf0faf6 cnu eP/
a:g ;lSbgF .Æ ;q jif{ k9fP/ afh'/f 5f]8b\ f
afhf ahfP/ pgsf] labfO ul/of] . dfG5]sf cfFvf
/;fpg] vfnsf] cfTdLotf pgn] lzIfssf ¿kdf
sdfPsf lyP .
;'b"/klZrd 8f]6Lsf] pl8tf]nfsf logn] @)@%
bL3{/fh pkfWofo

;fndf !% jif{sf] pd]/df P;Pn;L kf; u/]kl5sf

tLg jif{ olQs} latfP . @)#$ sf] df3df afh'/fsf]
tTsfnLg ;b/d'sfd 6fF6d] f /x]sf] Psdfq dfWolds
52 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
ljBfno efg'bodf pgsf] lgo'lQm eof] . lhNnf
lzIff sfof{non] cfXjfg u/]sf] b/vf:tdf pgsf]
aLP8sf] ;l6{lkms]6n] ;a}nfO{ pl5Gof] . efg'bodf
rf/ jif{ rs–8:6/;Fu v]nk] l5 bf]u8L uflj;sf]
di6]Zj/L dflj pgsf] csf]{ d'sfd aGof] . /,
cWofksaf6 pgL ag] k|wfgfWofks .
di6]Zj/Ldf ofbj ;/ gf} jif{ …x]8;/Ú eP .
of] cjlwdf di6]Zj/L P;Pn;Ldf ;a}eGbf /fd|f]
glthf Nofpg] :s"nsf ¿kdf :yflkt eof] . æcGo
ljBfnon] @% k|ltzt NofpFbf xfd|f] glthf &%
k|ltzt x'GYof]Æ pgn] eg] . pgL of] ;kmntfsf]
hz …/fd|f / Odfgbf/Ú lzIfssf] cfˆgf] l6dnfO{
lbG5g\ . 6fF6a] f6 lhNnf ;b/d'sfd dft{8L ;/]kl5
ToxfF s f] dflnsf dfljdf Ps hgf ultnf]
k|wfgfWofkssf] vf]hL eof] . lhlzcn] pg}nfO{ /f]h] .
bf]u8Ljf;Lsf] lj/f]wsf afah"b pgsf] ;?jf /f]lsPg .
ofbj ;/n] k]ml/ Psk6s ljBfyL{, cleefjsnfO{
b'MvL agfpFb} :s"n k]m/] . dft{8Lsf] dflnsf dfljnfO{
klg pgn] /fd|f] :s"ndf bx|fOlbP . ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof
a9\of], ;fydf P;Pn;L pQL0f{ k|ltzt klg .
:s"nk|ltsf] pgsf] nufj slt;Ddsf] lyof] eg]
!& jif{df pgL hDdf b'O{ lbg dfq labf a;] .
Tof] b'O{ lbg klg la/fdL eP/ . ædnfO{ zlgaf/
klg :s"n hfg] afgL k/]sf] lyof]Æ pgn] ;'gfP .
æd}n] rkL{ agfpFbf b]jtf l/;fpF5g\ eg]/ dfG5]x¿
l/;fPÆ pgn] o:tf] ef]us ] f] afh'/fdf clxn] krf;
j6f dflj 5g\ . afh'/fdf pgn] lzIff ljifo k9fP .
s}nfnL cfPkl5 cy{zf:q, ;fdflhs lzIff / :jf:Yo
jftf/0f tyf hg;ª\Vof lzIff k9fP . To;afx]s
ljifout lzIfs gePsf] a]nf pgn] sIff vfnL
x'g lbPgg\ . lzIfs cg'kl:yt ePsf lbg rfx]
ul0ft xf];\ of cª\uh]| L of lj1fg pgn] ;a} ljifo
k9fP . ta t pgL hxfF uof], ToxL :s"n cAan
x'GYof] .
#! jif{ nfdf] lzIf0f k]zfdf cfkm"n] kf7\oqmdsf]
p2]Zo kl/k"lt{ x'gu] /L ljBfyL{sl] Gb|t ljlwdf k9fPsf]
pgn] ;'gfP . pgsf] ljrf/df ljBfyL{sl] Gb|t lzIf0f
;a}eGbf /fd|f] lzIf0f ljlw xf] . pgL eG5g\, æo:tf]
ljlw k|Zgf]Q/ klg x'g;S5 . 5nkmn, k|of]ufTds
/ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{ klg ljBfyL{sl] Gb|t ljlwsf
tLg kf6f x'g\ .Æ oL ljlw ckgfP/ k9fP ljBfyL{x¿
lzIfsn] k9fPsf] a'´g] / k9fOdf cAan x'g]
pgsf] bfaL 5 .
tLg bzssf] lzIfs hLjgdf pgn] k9fPsf
b'O{ xhf/ kfFr ;oeGbf a9L ljBfyL{ P;Pn;L
pQL0f{ eO;s] . slt 8fS6/ eP, slt OlGhlgo/,
;f+;b / dGqL klg eP . ælzIfs eg]sf] nf}/f]
xf], nf}/f]n] vf]nf] tf/]sf] a6'jf kxf8sf] 6'Kkf]df
k'lu;S5 t/ nf}/f] au/d} csf]{ a6'jf kv]/{ a:5Æ
pgn] cfˆgf] hLjgbz{g ;'gfP .
lzIfs hLjgdf pgn] y'k}| lhNnf:t/Lo, hg:t/Lo
…lzIfs b]Vg]
ljlQs} ljBfyL{
8/fpF5g\ eg] Tof]
lzIfs hlt;'s}
7"nf] ljåfg\ eP
klg sfd nfUb}g .
ljBfyL{nfO{
cftlÍt agfP/
l;sfpg ;lsFbg} .Ú
/ /fli6«o:t/sf ;Ddfg kfP . ;Ddfgn] dflg;nfO{
xlif{t agfpF5 . t/, pgL;Fu Pp6f o:tf] ;Ddfgsf]
:d[lt 5, h;n] s'g} lbg pgnfO{ xif{ljef]/ agfPsf]
lyof] . @)$* ;fnsf] klxnf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf
afh'/faf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf b]j/fh hf]zL s'g} a]nf
ofbj ;/sf ljBfyL{ lyP . pgn] r'gfj lht]kl5
;b/d'sfd dft{8Ldf ljzfn sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf
ul/of] h;df ofbj ;/nfO{ ;d]t cltlysf ¿kdf
d~rdf af]nfOof] . d~rdf k'u/] ;/n] ljBfyL{
;f+;bnfO{ gd:sf/ u/], h'g ljBfyL{nfO{ dg k/]g .
To;kl5 ljBfyL{ ;f+;bn] e'OdF f nDk;f/ eP/ ;fi6fË
b08jt\ u/] .
/fHon] lzIf0f k]zfnfO{ cfsif{s / dof{lbt
agfpg]tk{m kxn gu/]sf]df pgL c;Gt'i6 5g\ .
ælzIf0f k]zfnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg] sfd /fHosf]
xf] . /fHos} pbf;Lgtfsf sf/0f xfd|f ;a}eGbf
k|ltefzfnL ljBfyL{x¿ lzIfs aGg rfxFbg} g\Æ pgn]
eg] . pgsf] ;kgf 5— s'g} lbg lzIfs aGgsf
nflu o'jfx¿df k|lt:kwf{ rn]sf] x]g{] .
tLg bzssf] cg'ej ;Fufn]sf lzIfs;Fu ;/sf/L
:s"nsf] :t/ ;'wfg{] ljifodf rflxF s'g} cf}iflw 5
ls 5}g— æcleefjs / ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 a]nf–
a]nfdf cg'udg eP ;/sf/L ljBfnosf] k9fOsf]
:t/ a9\5, a9\5 . cleefjsn] ljBfyL{ egf{ u/]kl5
cfˆgf] bfloTj k"/f u/]sf] ;lD‰g] / ;/sf/n]
lzIfssf] tna k7fP/ bfloTj k"/f ePsf] ;lD‰g]
u/]sfn] o:tf] xfnt ePsf] xf] .Æ
cGTodf ofbj ;/nfO{ pgsf] k|l;l4sf] sf/0f
vf]tNg] k|Zg ;f]lwof]— æc;n lzIfs s;/L eOG5
<Ú pgn] eg], æljifoj:t'df bIf / afndgf]lj1fgsf]
1fg x'gk' 5{ . ljBfyL{sf nflu lzIfs pTk|/] s /
kyk|bz{s x'gk' 5{ . lzIfs b]Vg] lalQs} ljBfyL{
8/fpF5g\ eg] Tof] lzIfs hlt;'s} 7"nf] ljåfg\ eP
klg sfd nfUb}g . ljBfyL{nfO{ cftlÍt agfP/
l;sfpg ;lsFbg} .Æ
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 53
 sIff–sf]7f
6Lsf/fd kf]v|]n
s'
k|jrgb]lv
;ft
g kf7 s;/L k9fpg ;lsG5 / s;/L k9fpFbf
a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;fwf/0f efiffdf
lzIf0f–l;sfO ljlw elgG5 . t/, xfdL lzIfsx¿
s:tf] lqmofsnfk u/fpFbf ljBfyL{n] ljifoj:t' /fd|f;] uF a'´g
jf To;af/] wf/0ff lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] x]Ssf sd}
dfqfdf /fV5f}F . kl/0ffd:j¿k xfd|f] b}lgs lqmofsnfk ;w}hF ;f]
p:t} x'G5 / ljBfyL{n] lzIfssf] lqmofsnfkdf ljljwtfsf]
sdL dx;"; u5{g\ . o;af6 k9fOg] ljifo / ;Da4 lzIfsk|lt
g} ljBfyL{ lg/fz x'g yfN5g\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} s'g} kf7
;lhnf];uF a'‰fpg] tl/sf / cEof; g} ;xL lzIf0f ljlw
xf] . k|foMh;f] Pp6f sIffdf leGg–leGg ?lrsf ljBfyL{x¿
x'G5g\ . Pp6} ljBfyL{n] klg leGg tl/sfn] l;Sg rfxG5 .
To;}n] k|efjsf/L lzIf0f–l;sfOnfO{ lzIfsn] Pp6} kf7df
klg ljleGg ljlw ckgfP/ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf k|of]udf
Nofpg'k5{ .
lzIf0f–l;sfO ljlw lzIfss]lGb|t of ljBfyL{sl] Gb|t x'g
;S5 . lzIfsn] ;xof]uLsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ / lzIfs–
ljBfyL{, ljBfyL{–ljBfyL{aLr 5nkmn, cGt/lqmof, cg'ej cfbfg–
k|bfg ug]{ u/L to ul/Psf] lqmofsnfknfO{ ljBfyL{sl] Gb|t
ljlw elgG5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt sIffsf]7fdf lzIfsn] ;"rgf
/ cg'ej k|bfg ug]{ / ljBfyL{x¿n] ;'Gg] tyf ;fwf/0f
lh1f;fsf] k'li6 lzIfs;Fu dfUg] h:tf lqmofsnfknfO{
lzIfss]lGb|t ljlw elgG5 . lzIfsn] kf7nfO{ JofVof ug]{
/ ljBfyL{n] o;nfO{ cEof; ug]{ / h:tfsf] t:t} k/LIffdf
ptfg]{ k|rngnfO{ lzIf0f–l;sfOsf] k|dv ' cËsf] ¿kdf lng]
k|rng xfdLsxfF c‰} 5 . ljZjljVoft lzIffljb\ hf]xg l8a]n]
…u/]/ l;Sg]Ú k|lqmofdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . ljBfyL{sl] Gb|t ljlwdf
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ gofF s'/f vf]Hg] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ub{5 .
lzIfs sIffsf]7fsf] cufl8 sd ;do dfq pleG5 .
g]kfnL kl/j]zdf s] ;a} lzIf0f–l;sfO ljlw k|of]u
ug{ ;lsPnf < g;lsg] s] xf]nf < / lsg xf]nf < clxn]
xfdLsxfF k|rlnt ljlwx¿dWo] s]xL ljlwsf af/]df oxfF
5nkmn u/f}+ .
k|jrg ljlw
k|jrg ljlwdf lzIfsn] kf7df lbOPsf] hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf
/ tYosf cfwf/df JofVof ug]{ x'gfn] o;nfO{ JofVofg
ljlw klg elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf]
hLjgL lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'gfpF5g\ . ljBfyL{x¿ lzIfssf]
af]nL dGqd'Uw eP/ ;'lg/xG5g\ . To:t} lj1fg lzIf0fdf
54 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
E ;Dd
;fwf/0f oGq s] xf] / slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\ egL lzIfsn]
ljBfyL{nfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt atfpg' klg k|jrg ljlw xf] .
6«flkms lgod kfngf gubf{ x'g] xflgsf af/]df ljBfyL{nfO{
sIffdf atfpg' klg k|jrg ljlw xf] . o;/L x]bf{ of]
ljlwdf lzIfs a9L ;lqmo x'g] / ljBfyL{x¿ lgliqmo >f]tf
x'g] ePsfn] of] :jtM lzIfss]lGb|t ljlw x'g hfG5 . 5f]6f]
;dodf w]/} hfgsf/L lbg'k/]df jf sIffsf]7fdf w]/} 5fq5fqf
ePsf] cj:yfdf of] ljlw lgs} pkof]uL dflgG5 . of] ljlw
hfgsf/L lbg, ljifo lj:tf/ ug{, cWoog ;fdu|Lsf] dxŒj
bzf{pg / ljBfyL{nfO{ pTk|/] 0ff hufpg ;xfos x'G5 . t/
ljBfyL{nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg Pj+ ;Lkd"ns / Ifdtfjfg\
agfpg of] ljlw ;fdfGotM sfd nfUb}g . of] ljlwn] ljBfyL{sf]
sNkgf ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf a9fpg d2t u5{ . of] ljlwdf
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf] Psfu|tf u'Dg glbg sIff lqmofsnfknfO{
tLg–rf/ v08df ljefhg u/L !%–@) ldg]6kl5 5nkmn,
k|Zgf]Q/ jf cGt/lqmof ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
5nkmn ljlw
s'g} kf7nfO{ ljBfyL{x¿aLr 5nkmn u/fP/ l;sfpg] ljlwnfO{
…5nkmn ljlwÚ elgG5 . of] ljlwdf ljBfyL{nfO{ ljifoj:t'sf
af/]df ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L ts{, ljts{ / ax; u/fP/
lgrf]8 lgsflnG5 . o:tf] 5nkmnn] ljBfyL{sf] /rgfTds
Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu v]ns'bn]
:jf:YonfO{ ug]{ kmfObfsf ljifodf sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg
;lsG5 . To:t} ;8sdf lxF8b\ f ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fjwfgLsf af/]df
klg 5fq5fqfaLr 5nkmn u/fpg ;lsG5 . o:tf] 5nkmndf
;s];Dd Ps ;d"xdf kfFrb]lv ;ft hgfeGbf a9L ljBfyL{
/fVg'xb'F g} / lgrf]8nfO{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug{ nufpg'k5{ .
o;n] ljBfyL{sf] cfTdljZjf; / /rgfTds Ifdtf j[l4 x'G5 .
5nkmndf lzIfs cfk"m rflxF pTk|/] s aGg'k5{ .
k|bz{g ljlw
;fdfGotof Jofj;flos tyf ;Lkd"ns ljifo k9fpFbf k|bz{g
ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . of] ljlwdf lzIfsn] s'g} s'/fsf]
gd'gf k|bz{g u/]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ a'‰fpF5g\ . h:t}, 3fOt]sf]
k|fylds pkrf/df s[lqd Zjf; lbg] ljlw lzIfsn] u/]/
b]vfpg] . o:t}, sDKo'6/df kmfOn ;'/lIft /fVg] tl/sf
lzIfsn] sIffsf]7fdf cEof; g} u/]/ b]vfpg' klg k|bz{g
ljlw cg';f/sf] lzIf0f xf] . of] ljlwdf lzIfsn] ug'k{ g]{
sfo{nfO{ r/0f–r/0fdf ljefhg u/L k|:t't ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
k|To]s r/0fsf sf/0f;lxt JofVof ug{ ;s] ‰g} /fd|f]
x'G5 . cfkm"n] k|bz{g ul/;s]kl5 ljBfyL{nfO{ ug{ nufPdf
ljBfyL{n] l;s] gl;s]sf] t'?Gt} yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
vf]h ljlw
vf]h ljlwdf ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} ;d:of lbO{ To;sf] ;dfwfg
vf]Hg nufOG5 . of] ljlwdf klxn] lzIfsn] ljBfyL{n] ;dfwfg
ug{ ;Sg] tyf lzIfsn] w]/} lgb]z { g lbg' gkg]{ vfnsf
;d:of 5gf}6 ug'k{ 5{ . o;n] gofF s'/f kQf nufpg;Sg]
Ifdtf a9fpF5 . o;}n] of] ljlw :s"n:t/sf ljBfyL{x¿sf
nflu /fd|f] dflgG5 . ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} ufpF–7fpFsf dflg;sf
/Lltl/jfhaf/] vf]h ug]{ tyf logsf] cfˆgf] /Lltl/jfh;Fu
s]–s:tf ;dfgtf–c;dfgtf 5g\ vf]Hg nufpg ;lsG5 .
o:t} kfgLsf w]/} d'xfg kQf nufO{ ;kmf kfgL vf]Hg nufpg
klg ;lsG5 . SnfOgf]ld6/sf] k|of]u u/]/ cUnf] ¿vsf]
prfO lgsfNg nufpg' klg vf]h ljlw k|of]u ug'{ xf] .
;xof]ufTds ljlw
;xof]ufTds l;sfOn] ljBfyL{nfO{ cfk;df ldn]/ sfd ug]{
/ l;Sg] cj;/ k|bfg u5{ . of] l;sfO ljlwdf ljBfyL{nfO{
;d"xdf ljefhg u/L k9\g / 5nkmn ug{ nufOG5 .
;xof]ufTds ljlwsf] d'Vo kmfObf ljBfyL{df hfu[t x'g]
;d"xsf] efjgfnfO{ dflgG5 . of] ljlwn] ljBfyL{nfO{
PSnf] geO{ ;d"xsf] lxtsf af/]df l;sfpF5 . ;xof]ufTds
ljlw k|of]usf leGg–leGg tl/sf 5g\ . tLdWo] …ljBfyL{
;d"x pknlAw ljefhgÚ / …;d"x–v]n k|ltof]lutfÚ sf]
k|of]u a9L ePsf] kfOG5 .
…ljBfyL{ ;d"x pknlAw ljefhgÚdf leGg–leGg :t/sf
ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x ljefhg u/]/ l;Sg'kg]{ ;fdu|L / ug'k{ g]{
lqmofsnfk lbOG5 . o:tf] ;fdu|Laf6 l;Sbf ljBfyL{n]
lSjh v]Ng, sfo{tflnsf agfP/ x]g{ jf >Jo–b[Zo
;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug{ klg ;S5g\ . l;sfOkl5 ;a}
;d"xsf ljBfyL{nfO{ k|Zg ;f]lwG5 . a9L cÍ Nofpg]
;d"x ljhoL aG5 . sIffkl5 s'g} k|ltof]lutf ul/G5
eg] To;nfO{ ;d"x v]n k|ltof]lutf elgG5 .
lgdf{0fjfbL ljlw
lgdf{0fjfbLx¿sf] /fodf ljBfyL{n] cfˆg} cg'ejaf6 5'§} lsl;dn]
l;ls/x]sf x'G5g\ . of] bz{g cg';f/ cfk;df 5nkmn /
cGt/lqmofaf6 ljBfyL{n] gofF–gofF s'/f cfk}mF l;S5g\ . 1fg
lzIfsn] eg]/ jf lbP/ a9\bg} , a? cfk}mF n] kl/l:yltnfO{
cjnf]sg u/]/ k|fKt ul/G5 eGg] dfGotf of] bz{gn] af]ss ] f]
5 . /f]u/ jfOaLn] cª\uh|] Lsf] …OÚ cIf/af6 z'? x'g] kfFr
zAbsf] Pp6f lgdf{0fjfbsf] gd'gf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . lxhf]cfh
o;df …OÚ af6} z'? x'g] c¿ b'O{ j6f zAb ykL ;ft …OÚ sf]
gd'gf agfOPsf] 5 . o;sf] pbfx/0f tn lbOPsf] 5 .
Excite -PS;fO6_M o;sf] cfzo ljBfyL{nfO{ ;j{ky| d l;Sg
pTk]l| /t÷ pT;fxL t'Nofpg'k5{ eGg] xf] . s'g} kf7af/] …o:tf]
lsg <Ú, …s] yfxf 5 <Ú / …s] kQf nufpg] <Ú eGg] h:tf k|Zg
;f]Wg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;?jf /f]usf af/] k9fpFbf
lzIfsn] sIffsf] k|f/Dedf …/f]u s] xf] <Ú, …lsg nfU5 <Ú, …o;sf
af/] s] yfxf 5 <Ú, …s]–s] kQf nufpg ;S5f} <Ú h:tf k|Zgx¿df
5nkmn u/fpg'kb{5 . o;n] ljBfyL{nfO{ gofF s'/f l;Sg /
5nkmndf ;xefuL x'g k|l] /t u5{ .
Explore -PS;Knf]/_M o;n] ljBfyL{nfO{ lh1f;f jf cfsfª\Iff
d]6fpg k|l] /t u5{ . o; ljlwdf ljBfyL{n] pgLx¿df k}bf
ul/Psf] pT;'stfsf cfwf/df ;f]wvf]h u5{g\ . of] r/0fdf s'g}
ljrf/ 7Ls xf] jf a]7Ls egL k/LIf0f x'G5 . ljBfyL{nfO{ gofF
ljrf/ vf]Hg k|fT] ;flxt ug'k{ 5{ . ;?jf /f]usf af/]] ljBfyL{n]
eg]sf s'/f ;'Gg], ;g]{ g;g]{ /f]usf af/]df ;f]rljrf/ ug{ /
ltgsf] k/LIf0f ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lzIfsn] lgjf{x ug'k{ 5{ .
Explain -PS;Kn]g_M s'g} wf/0ff jf ljrf/sf] JofVof
ul/G5 . t/ o:tf] JofVof lzIfsn] gu/L ljBfyL{nfO{ ug{
nufpg] . o;n] c¿sf] JofVof ;'Gg], ljj]rgf ug]{ / k|Zg
ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpF5 . s'g} ljifodf lzIfsn] u/]sf] JofVof
;'Gg] / cfˆgf] wf/0ffnfO{ kl/is[t ug{ klg o;n] ;3fp
k'¥ofpF5 . lzIfsn] gofF wf/0ff agfpg ljBfyL{sf k"j{
cg'ejnfO{ hf]8 lbG5g\ .
Expand -PS;kfG8_M ljBfyL{nfO{ ;DalGwt kf7ssf]
pkof]lutfsf] cfofd vf]Hg nufpg] . klxn]sf] eGbf km/s
t/ ;d¿k kl/l:yltdf k|of]u ug]{ pkfosf ¿kdf 5nkmn
ug{ ;lsG5 .
Excite pT;flxt÷pT;'s agfpg';\
Explore gofF s'/f vf]Hg l;sfpg';\
Explain JofVof ug';{ \
Expand ljleGg sf]0faf6 vf]Hg / ;f]Rg nufpg';\
Extend cGo ljifo / wf/0ff;Fu bfFHg nufpg';\
Exchange wf/0ff cfbfgk|bfg ug{ nufpg';\
Examine l;s]sf] s'/fsf] k/LIf0f / d"Nofª\sg
ug{ nufpg';\
Extend -PS;6]G8_M ljBfyL{x¿n] ;DalGwt ljifo jf
wf/0ffx¿nfO{ lj:tf/ u/L cGo ljifoj:t' jf wf/0ff;Fu
bfFHg], km/s 5'6o\ fpg] / gofF kl/l:yltdf k|of]u ug]{ ub{5g\ .
o;n] s'g} kf7nfO{ lj:t[t ¿kdf a'‰fpg ;xof]u u5{ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu /f]unfO{ ;/;kmfO{;uF ;DalGwt agfP/
5nkmn u/fpg ;lsG5 .
Exchange -PS;r]Gh_M ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf] wf/0ff cGo
;fyL jf ;d"x;Fu cfbfgk|bfg ub{5g\ . lzIfsn] pQm
cfbfgk|bfgdf ;xof]u ub{5g\ .
Examine -PShfldg_M o;df ljBfyL{n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] jf
a'‰s] f] s'/f hfFlrG5 . o:tf] k/LIf0f v'nf k|Zg, cjnf]sg
/ JofVofsf] cfwf/df ul/G5 . of] ljlwdf lzIfsn] dfq
geP/ ljBfyL{ :jo+n] klg cfkm"n] l;s]sf ;Lk, 1fg k|bz{g
ub{5g\ / cfˆgf] k|ult cfkFm} d"NofÍg u5{g\ .
n]vs sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnosf Pl;;6]G6 k|f]km];/ x''g\ .
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 55
 sIff–sf]7f cg'ej
;'wf cf]‰ff
ljBfyL{ / xfdL
lzIfs–ljBfyL{ Pscsf{sf kl/k"/s x'g\ . o;}n]
lzIfs–ljBfyL{aLr lht–lhtsf] efjgf ljsl;t
x'gk' 5{Ù g ls lht–xf/sf] . k[YjL‰}F IfdfzLn ePg
eg] dfG5] slxNo} ;kmn lzIfs aGg ;Sb}g .
c t'n sIff ;ftsf] Ps cf};t 5fq lyof] . p;df
/fd|f] ;'gfO–;Lk cyf{t\ pT;'stf lyof] . sIffut
5nkmndf pm ;bf xFl;nf] d'bf| df ;xefuL aGYof] . t/
n]vfOdf eg] pm cln l9nf] lyof] . To;}n] sIffut :t/df
k'Ug p;nfO{ wf}–wf} k/]sf] lyof] . pm kfFrcf]6f u[xsfo{xbF' f
b'Oc{ f]6f / b;cf]6fx'bF f rf/cf]6f dfq a'‰fpg EofpFYof] .
cfTdljZjf;sf] sdLn] ubf{ pm slxn]sfxLF cfk"mn] u/]sf
u[xsfo{ klg 3/} lkmtf{ n}hfGYof] .
Ps lbg Ps lzIfsn] …ct'nn] Ps lbg klg u[xsfo{
a'‰fPgÚ egL gf]6 n]v ] /] 3/df k7fP . Tof] gf]6n] ct'ndf
yk gsf/fTds c;/ kf¥of] . …s]xL sfd t u/]sf] 5' t/
lsg lzIfsn] Pp6f klg sfd u/]g eg]/ gf]6 k7fPÚ egL
pm ;f]rdf 8'Aof] . o;kl5 pm cleefjs;fd' yk nlHht
dx;"; ug{ yfNof] . ;Fu} To:tf] gf]6 n]Vg] lzIfsnfO{ ‰g}
dg k/fpg 5f8Øf] . jif{el/ g} p;sf] cg'ej /fd|f] /x]g .
cfk"mn] sIffdf ug{k' g]{ Go"gtd sfd s] xf] / cfk"m s'g
:t/;Dd k'Ug'kg]{ xf] eGg]df pm cGof]nu|:t /Xof] .
jif{sf] cGTodf cf};t cÍ NofO{ ct'n pQL0f{ eof] .
cf7 sIffdf p;n] cfk"m cg'sn" jftfj/0f kfof], ;d:ofd'Qm
eof] . of] ;kmntfdf lzIfs / cleefjsaLrsf] lg/Gt/
;Djfbsf] k|dv ' of]ubfg /Xof] . To;cl3, ;Da4 lzIfs
/ ct'naLr cfjZos ;Djfb x'g g;Sbf, c‰ egf}Ù+ lzIfsn]
;xL 9Ëaf6 s'/f a'‰fpg g;s]sf sf/0f ;d:of k}bf
ePsf] lyof] .
•••
nlntf sIff ^ sL 5fqf x'g\ . pgnfO{ z'?b]lv g} g]kfnL
ljifodf Tolt ?lr lyPg . of] s'/f yfxf kfPkl5 lzIfsn]
af]nfP/ pgL;Fu s'/f u/] . pgdf aRr}bl] v …P n]enÚeGbf
dfly g]kfnL ljifo rflxGg eGg] 5fk k/]sf] /x]5 . To;}n]
pgL g]kfnL n]vk9df cfn6fn uly{g\ . lzIfsn] g]kfnL
ljifosf] dxŒj, P;Pn;Ldf pQL0f{ x'gk' g],{ cfˆgf] dft[efiffsf]
;Ddfg ug'k{ g]{ cflb kIf ;D‰fPkl5 pgsf] ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g
cfpg yfNof] . e}/j cof{nsf lgaGwx¿ k9]/ ;'gfPkl5 t
pgL cfkm}F g]kfnL k':ts vf]Hg], k':tsaf/] hfgsf/L lng]
56 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
ug{ yflng\ . :s"nsf] jflif{s klqsfdf pgsf] n]v /fd|f]
7xl/of] .
•••
dflysf b'O{ k|;Ë lzIfsn] clnslt k|of; u/]df ljBfyL{sf]
;f]rdf kl/jt{g Nofpg / p;nfO{ ;'wfg{ ;lsG5 eGg]
s'/fsf b[i6fGt x'g\ . oyfy{df lzIfsn] ubf{ g} Pp6f ljBfyL{
;k|g jf lau|g ;S5 .
ljBfyL{n] cfkm"nfO{ dg gkg]{ lzIfssf] lgb]z{ gsf] kfngf
ub}g{ g\ . a? ‰g\ a9L lj/f]w / ab\df;L ug{ yfN5g\ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ bf]if nufpg], 8/qf; b]vfpg], sfd laufg]s { f]
gfd ;a}sf cufl8 sfnf]kf6Ldf n]lvlbg], s]jn g}ltstfsf]
k|jrg lbg], ljBfyL{nfO{ zlQmxLg t'Nofpg], ljBfyL{ cfk"m
:jod\nfO{ ;Rofpg] df}sf glbg], p;sf v/fa sfdsf] lgoGq0f
ug{ t];f| ] kIfnfO{ u'xfg]{ / ljBfyL{nfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ lzIfsn]
ljBfyL{sf] cf:yf / ljZjf; lhTg ;Sb}gg\ . lzIfssf
o:tf Jojxf/af6 ljBfyL{x¿df gsf/fTds efj ‰g\ a9fpF5 .
o:tf Jojxf/af6 ljBfyL{ ;'lw|gs ' f] ;§f lalu|g] ;Defjgf
a9L x'G5 .
lzIfsn] sIffdf cfkm"k|lt ;sf/fTds efj ljsl;t
ug{ ;j{ky| d, ljBfyL{nfO{ …pgLx¿ sIffsf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf
of JolQm x'gÚ\ eGg] dx;"; u/fpg ;Sg'k5{ . sIffdf eo
/ zÍf/lxt, dfgjLo, :j:y / /dfOnf] jftfj/0f sfod
u/L k9fpg ;Sg] lzIfsk|lt ljBfyL{x¿ gsf/fTds x'g
kfpFbg} g\ . x/]s lzIfsn] cfˆgf ljBfyL{l;t a]Unfa]Un} ;DaGw
/fvL p;sf ljrf/ ;'Gg], p;sf af/]df ;f]Rg] / p;sf]
cfGtl/s efjgfsf] l:yltnfO{ a'´g ;Sg'k5{ . o;/L a'´g
lzIfsn] :s"neGbf st} aflx/ uP/ jf :s"nleq :s"ns}
 ls/0f kf08]
;dodf jf :s"nsf] ;doeGbf cltl/Qm ;dodf eP klg
;Dks{ /fVg] :yfg / jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug'k{ b{5 . ljBfyL{sf]
JolQmut cfjZostf / p;sf] ljz]if kl/l:yltnfO{ a'‰/]
lzIfsn] ;f]xLcg'¿k p;;Fu ;DaGw /fVbf oL b'Oa{ Lr c‰
lbuf] / cy{k0" f{ ;DaGw sfod x'g ;S5 .
af6f] la/fPsf jf c;d‰bf/Ldf‰ lklN;/x] s f
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xL dfu{df Nofpg' lzIfssf] bfloTj xf] .
t/, of] bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;xh 5}g . ljBfyL{ lsg o:tf]
eof], o;n] eg]sf] lsg dfg]g, pm lg/Gt/ lsg sdhf]/
x'bF 5} eGg] s'/fsf] sf/0f kQf nufpg ;Sg'k5{ . /, ljBfyL{sf]
;d:ofsf] plrt 9Ën] ;dfwfg ug{ ;s] dfq lzIfs To;
sfddf ;kmn 7x5{ . Jojxf/ g/fd|f] eP klg ljBfyL{
/fd|f] / pm ;'wg| ;S5 eGg] s'/f lzIfsn] a'´g'k5{ .
k9fpg' / pgLx¿sf] lnlvt e"nsf] ;'wf/ ug'{ sl7g sfd
xf]Og, sl7g sfd t ljBfyL{sf] rl/qlgdf{0f ug'{ xf] .
ljBfyL{x¿ rnfv x'G5g\ . lzIfssf u'0f jf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{
pgLx¿n] Wofgdf /fv]sf x'G5g\ / dxŒj lbG5g\ . lzIfsdf
/fd|f u'0f kfPdf pgLx¿ lzIfsnfO{ >4f ug{ yfN5g\,
h;af6 pgLx¿ / lzIfsaLrsf] ;DaGw c‰ k|uf9 aG5 .
lgikIftf, ;Ddfg, ljgf]bsf] efj, lzi6tf, JolQmTj, oyfy{,
;lqmo ;'gfO cflbh:tf u'0fx¿ ljBfyL{n] lzIfsdf kfP eg]
pgLx¿ lzIfssf] c‰ glhs x'g k'U5g\ . lzIfsn] lgikIf
eO{ lg0f{o u5{g\ eGg] 5fk ljBfyL{df gk/];Dd pgLx¿
lzIfsnfO{ dg k/fpFb}gg\ . ;a} kl/l:yltdf l:y/ Jojxf/
/fVb} sIffdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ?lrnfO{ Wofg lbO{ lzIfsn]
kf7Øqmd–lzIf0fsf] lqmofsnfkl;t PsLs[t u/L pgLx¿nfO{
;Ddfg ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . sIffdf cfOkg]{ kl/l:yltnfO{ /dfOnf]
jftfj/0f agfP/ ljBfyL{kl| t g/d x[bo /fv]/ cfk"m /
pgLx¿nfO{ xF;fpg vf]Hbf ljBfyL{n] cjZo} dg k/fpF5g\ .
lzIfsn] ;kmf;'U3/ / ;lhnf] n'ufdfkm{t cfˆgf] JolQmTj
lgvfg'{k5{ . e8\lsnf] kf]zfsnfO{ ljBfyL{n] :jLsfb}{gg\ .
ljBfyL{sf lglDt lzIfs Pp6f ;+jb] gzLn JolQm xf] . p;n]
cfˆgf hLjgsf JolQmut /f]rs 36gf jf cg'ejx¿ JoQm
ubf{ ljBfyL{n] To:tf lzIfssf] k|z;+ f ug{ yfN5g\ . o;af6
lzIfsk|lt ePsf cfˆgf gsf/fTds Jojxf/nfO{ kl/jt{g
ug'k{ 5{ eGg] efj pgLx¿df cfpg ;S5 . ljBfyL{x¿n]
eg]sf] ljifodf cfˆgf] l6Kk0fL jf ;'‰fj lbFbf cfˆgf] s'/f
…lzIfsn] /fd|/L ;'lglbg'ePsf] /x]5Ú eGg] ljBfyL{nfO{ nfU5 .
ljBfyL{nfO{ ljBfno jf sIffsf lgodx¿sf] kfngf ug],{
;fdu|Lsf] ;xL ¿kdf k|of]u u/L ltgnfO{ plrt 7fpFdf
/fVg], cfGtl/s ¿kn] clek|]l/t x'g], l;sfOsf r'gf}tLx¿
lng ;Sg], gofF s'/fx¿ ug]{ k|of; ug],{ cfˆgf ;d:ofnfO{
/rgfTds tl/sfn] ;dfwfg ug]{h:tf u'0fx¿sf] ljsf;
u/fpg] klg lzIfss} bfloTj xf] . jf:tjdf sIffsf]7f
Pp6f ;d'bfo xf] . o;nfO{ ;d'bfos} ¿kdf ljsl;t u/]/
n}hfg' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, xfdLn] sIffsf]7fsf
nflu agfPsf] …ha rf6{Ú, sIffsf] dlg6/ 5fGg ul/g]
r'gfj cflb klg ;d'bfod} ul/g] k|lqmofx¿ x'g\ . o;f] ubf{
ljBfyL{df ;fg}bl] v cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ afgL tyf
k|hftflGqs cEof;sf] cg'el" t x'g yfN5 .
lzIfsn] k|ltkn ljBfyL{nfO{ lhDd]jf/L jxgsf lglDt
k|fT] ;flxt ul//xg'kb{5 . ljBfyL{nfO{ ;sf/fTds ;'‰fj lbg'
lzIfssf] klxnf] st{Jo xf] . lzIfsn] ;bf Psgf;sf] Jojxf/
ug'k{ 5{ . ljBfyL{n] lg0f{o ug{ ;S5 eGg] s'/fsf] ljZjf;
lzIfsn] ug'k{ 5{ . lzIfs :jod\n] lg0f{o glnO{ pgLx¿nfO{
g} lg0f{o ug{ k|fT] ;flxt ug'k{ 5{ . ljBfyL{nfO{ :jtGq eO{ sfd
ug{ cu|;/ u/fO{ pTk|l] /t ug'k{ 5{ . lzIfs hlxn] klg ;sf/fTds
¿kdf k|:t't x'gk' 5{ . lzIfs Ps/lQ klg s~h'; geO{
k|z;+ fd'vL / :ofAaf;L lbg] vfnsf] x'gk' 5{ . cfˆgf cfjZostf
h:t} ljBfyL{sf cfjZostf klg plQs} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5g\ eGg]
s'/f lzIfsn] a'´g'k5{ . ljBfyL{n] olb s'g} e"n u5{g\ eg]
To;sf] lhDd]jf/L ljBfyL{ :jod\nfO{ lbg] k|of; ug'k{ 5{ .
h:t}, s'g} ljBfyL{n] k':tsfnosf] lstfa Nofpg la;]s { f] eP,
Tof] p;n] ubf{ g} ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] ljZjf; ljBfyL{nfO{
lbnfpg' h?/L x'G5 .
lzIfs–ljBfyL{ Pscsf{sf kl/k"/s x'g\ . o;}n] lzIfs–
ljBfyL{aLr lht–lhtsf] efjgf ljsl;t x'g'k5{Ù g ls
lht–xf/sf] . b'js } f] cfr/0f Pscsf{nfO{ xf]Rofpg] geO{
Pscsf{sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ x'gk' 5{ . k[YjL‰}F IfdfzLn ePg eg]
dfG5] slxNo} ;kmn lzIfs aGg ;Sb}g . cg]s k|sf/sf
cfFwLa]x/L, e"sDk, af9L, klx/f] cflb rf]6 ;xL h;/L
k[YjL c6n agL cfk"mnfO{ w}oz { fnL sxnfpg ;kmn l5g\,
To;/L g} lzIfs klg oL dflysf u'0fx¿nfO{ krfP/ cfˆgf]
cl:dtf sfod /fvL Ps ;kmn lzIfs aGg nfos x'G5 .
;fgfltgf s'/fdf efj's aGg], ljrlnt x'g,] l/;sf] cfj]udf
cfpg] tyf cN5L x'g] xf] eg] To; lzIfsn] Psflt/ cfˆgf
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xL dfu{bz{g ug{ ;Sb}g .
cf]‰f /ftf] aËnf :s"nsf lzIfs x'g\ .
lz If s c;f]h @)^% 57
 km';b{
zAb v]n–!
! @ # $
/fp08 6]an
'
% ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf
lzIfsx¿sf] cfTdan a9fpg
^ & * s] s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
s] ;/sf/L :s"nsf
( !) !! lzIfsnfO{ ;a}n] pk]Iff u/]s}
xf] <

!@ !# !$ !% !^ ;/sf/L :s"nsf lzIfs

;a}eGbf a9L sf]af6 pk]lIft
5g\ <
!& !*
kf7sx¿n] of] k|Zgsf] hjfkm
tLg ;o zAbdf ga9fO
!( @) @! @@ @# k7fpg ;Sg'x'g]5 / k|fKt
hjfkm lzIfs sf] cfufdL
@$ @% @^ c+sdf k|sflzt ul/g]5 .

@& @* @( #)

#! #@

## #$ #%

t];f]{ 7f8f]
!= lj=;+= cg';f/ t];|f] dlxgfsf] gfd != b]jlkt[ sfo{df r9fpg k|of]u ul/g] rfdnsf ;Unf u]8f
@= dxfb]jsf] u+uftkm{sf] 5f]/fsf] gfd @= dxfef/tsf k|l;4 /fhf kf08'sL /fgL
$= Zdzfg÷lrxfg #= b]jLb]jtfsf] ofqfdf k|of]u ul/g], dfG5]af6 tflgg] rf/kfª\u|]
%= ljz]if u/L g]jf/ hfltsf] ef]hdf k|of]u x'g] /S;L xfNg] jfxg
wft'sf] efF8f] $= dxfb]jnfO{ of] gfdn] klg ;Daf]wg ul/G5
^= dflg;n] af]s/] rnfOg] Ps lsl;dsf] ;jf/L ;fwg÷plnGsf7 %= cf7 j;'dWo] kf“rf}+
&= b]zk|lt akmfbf/L /xg] JolQm &= k'?if b]jtf
(= /fdsf Ps 5f]/fsf] gfd *= /fdfo0fdf jl0f{t s}so] Lsf 5f]/f
!!= d[t z/L/÷d'bf{ !)= cwLg÷sfa'
!@= n]gb]g, lgod, cg'zf;g cflb Jojxf/df ul/g] ;Totf !!= ;ftfsf] cflv/L af/sf] gfd
!$= dxfef/tsf] Ps b'i6 / sk6L kfq !#= s'g} j:t'nfO{ lrgfpg To;}sf] cg's/0fdf tof/ kfl/Psf]
j:t'÷afGsL÷9f“rf
!^= a'4sf k"jh { Gdsf syfx? n]lvPsf] u|Gy !%= /vjf/Lsf nflu kflng] 3/kfn'jf hGt'
!&= df]n÷bfd !^= hflt;DaGwL÷;fDk|bflos
!*= enf]÷a]; @)= vfgf÷hnkfg
!(= ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{ s]xL s'/f] yfxf lbg] sfd @!= clwsf+z g]kfnLsf] laxfg a]ns ' fsf] lgoldt ef]hg
@!= g]kfnsf] Ps l5d]sL b]z @@= hLp÷z/L/÷rf]nf
@#= s'g} sfd s'/fsf] kSsfkSsL @$= xflg÷gf]S;fgL÷Iflt
@$= 3fp vl6/f lgsf] ePkl5 a;]sf] bfu @^= l;Gsfn] uf“;]/ la6 p7fO{ agfOPsf], ;fnsf] kftsf] yfnh:tf]
@%= g6{s÷g6'jf ef“8f]
@&= ;]gfsf s'g} u'Ndsf k|dv ' @*= s'g} sfd ug]{ l;nl;n]jf/ lgod÷sfo{k|0ffnL
@(= rf/}lt/ 3'Dg] lqmof #)= hfn agfO{ lem+uf, e';'gf cflb ;–;fgf sL/fx? cNemfP/ vfg]
#@= bGTosyf cflbdf jl0f{t kv]6f x'g] slNkt ;'Gb/L Ps hftsf] cf7v'§] sL/f]
##= 5f]/f jf 5f]/Lsf] gflt #!= wfld{s b[li6n] v/fa 7xl/g] / Oxnf]s–k/nf]s b'jd} f cz'e
#$= O“6, 9'·f cflbsf] ufx|f] nufP/ cUnf] kf/L afl/Psf] af/ kmn lbg] sfo{
#%= 6fpsfdf 5fnfsf] /ftf] l;p/ x'g] b'Ov{ §' ] 3/kfn'jf r/f] . #@= clt cNk If0f÷l5g\

58 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
 ○
cGtfIf/L–! cfo'jb{]

○
○
○
( cfhef]ln w]/} dflg;x¿ skfn ‰g]{

○
skfn ‰g{ s;/L /f]Sg] <

○
;d:ofaf6 k|tfl8t 5g\ . t/,

○
% !) cfo'jl{] bs k4ltdf o;sf] pkrf/

○
xfd|f] jl/kl/ g} df}h'b 5, h;nfO{

○
xfdL b]Vb}gf}+ .

○
* @
g

○
skfn ‰g{ /f]Sgsf nflu aL;–

○
!$ $ ! ^ kRrL; gLdsf kQf kfgLdf
d
○
pdfNg';\ . of] gLdkfgL lr;f]

○
eO;s]kl5 o;n] skfn w'g';\ .
○
#
nuftf/ Ps xKtf;Dd gLdkQfsf]
○
○

kfgLn] wf]Pkl5 skfn ‰g{ sd

&
○

x'gyfN5 . o;n] skfn ‰g{ /f]Sg]

○

dfq xf]Og, afSnf] / sfnf] klg

○

!# !@ !! agfpF5 .
○
○
○
○

– zAbv]n–!, cGtfIf/L–!, ;'8f]s'–! /

○

!= lrQ÷lbn÷x[bo -@_ lgodx?M ;fdfGo1fg–! sf] ;xL ;dfwfg k7fpg'x'g]

○

@= lxh8f -$_ kf7s dWo] k|To]ssf Ps÷Ps ljh]tfn] ?=!,)))

○
○

#= sfds'/f jf s'/fsfgLdf x'g] u8a8 -$_ k'/:sf/ kfpg'xg' 5

] .
○

– ;xL ;dfwfg @)^% sflQs !% ;Dddf

○

$= xlNn/x]sf]÷ultzLn -%_ lzIfs sfof{nodf cfOk'Ug' kg]{5 . ljh]tfsf]

○

%= sf];n] L÷;f}uft÷pkxf/ -$_ 5gf}6 uf]nf k|yfaf6 ul/g]5 . Ps hgf

○

k/' :sf/
○

^= hfoh gePsf] -$_ kf7ssf] PseGbf a9L k|j]i6L dfGo x'g] 5}g .
○

s;}af6 klg ;xL hjfkm cfpg g;s]df %)

?=$)))
&= b]zdf ;~rflnt ljsf;sf of]hgfx?df hgtfsf]
○

k|ltzteGbf a9L ;xL hjfkm k7fpg]nfO{

○

;xeflutf -&_
k'/:s[t ul/g] 5 . ljh]tfsf] clGtd lg0f{osf]
○

*= tf/fx¿sf] 3]/f jf ;d"x÷gIfq d08n -%_

○

clwsf/ o; klqsfsf] ;Dkfbs d08ndf

○

(= w]/} kl/>dn] yfs]/ ;':t ePsf]÷clt ylst -%_ lglxt /xg]5 .

○

!)= gv/f kfg]{÷pQfpnf] :jefjsf] -^_ – ljh]tfsf] gfd / ;xL hjfkm lzIfssf] d+l;/
○

c+sdf k|sflzt ul/g] 5 .

○

!!= nf]s jf b'lgofFnfO{ dg k/]sf] -$_

○

– hjfkm k7fpg] 7]ufgf

○

!@= rf/ j]bdWo] Ps -$_

lzIfs dfl;s
○

!#= jf?0foGq -$_

○

kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/
○

!$= wgsL clwi7fqL b]jL -@_ kf]=a=g+= !^^, nlntk'/

○

df:6/hL
k|s[ltn] dfgj z/L/df = olb Pp6f cfFvfn] b]Vg 5f]8\of]
eg] csf{n] c‰f a9L b]V5 . Pp6f xf] ;/ . To:t}
x'g] sldx¿nfO{ cfkm}+ Pp6f v'§f 5f]6f]
sfgn] ;'Gg 5f]8\of] ef]’ eg] csf]{ nfdf]
k"/f u5{ .
eg] csf{n] c‰f x'g] /x]5 .
h:tf] ls = = a9L ;'lgG5 = = =

lz If s c;f]h @)^% 59

s] xf] ;'8f]s' <
‰§ x]bf{ sf]7k] b h:tf] b]lvg] / leqL efusf s]xL
sf]7fdf cÍ e/]sf] v]n klxnf] k6s b]Vg]lalQs} d
To;sf lgod k9\g / To;nfO{ h;/L x'G5 ;Sg
eg]/ snd lnP/ a;]F . v]Ng yfn]sf] b'O–{ tLg dlxgfdf
t yfx} gkfO{ …;'8f]s'Ú d]/f] cDdn h:t} eP5 .
x]bf{ cÍ ePsf], ul0fth:tf] b]lvg] eP tfklg
;'8f]s' ul0ft eg] xf]OgÙ o;sf sf]7fdf cÍsf]
;f6f] cIf/ cyjf k|l;4 dfG5] cyjf t/sf/L
kmnkm"nsf lrq /fVg ;lsG5 . ;'8f]s'sf] klxnf]
k|sfzsn] cÍsf] k|of]u u/]sfn] dfq cÍsf] ;'8f]s'
k|l;4 ePsf] xf]. .
;'8f]s' v]nsf] afs;df ( j6f 7f8f] xf/
-rows_ / ( j6f t];f]{ x/km -columns_ x'G5g\ .
(Š( sf] of] afs;df #Š# sf ( j6f ;–;fgf
afs; x'G5g\ . v]nsf] z'?df afs;sf aLraLrsf
s]xL cÍ lbOPsf] x'G5 . tL cÍx¿nfO{ lueG;
-givens_ elgG5 . ! b]lv ( ;Dddf cÍ x/]s
7f8f] xf/, t];f]{ x/km / ;fgf] afs;df g5'6fO{ /
gbf]xf]¥ofO{ eg{k' g]{ x'G5 . ;'8f]s' ;lhnf] / cK7\of/f]
lueG;sf] dfqfn] xf]Og, To;sf] cjl:yltn] ubf{
x'G5 .
x]bf{ æh'g cÍ /fVbf klg x'G5Æ h:t} b]lvg]
eP tfklg x/]s sf]7fdf ldNg] Pp6f dfq cÍ
x'G5 . x/]s ;'8f]ss ' f] Pp6f dfq k"0f{ ¿k x'G5 .
sltko cj:yfdf Pp6f cÍn] klg ;'8f]ss ' f] clGtd
¿kdf k|efj kfg{ ;S5 . rf/ j6f dfq vfnL
sf]7f x'bF f klg slxn]sfxLF ;'8f]ss ' f] PseGbf a9L
;dfwfg x'g ;S5g\ .
æ;'8f]s'Æ zAb hfkfgL jfSof+z æ;'sL jf
60 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
8f]sl" zg gL sflu¿Æ 5f]l§P/ ag]sf] xf]. . o;sf]
cy{ æPp6f cÍ Psrf]l6 dfqÆ xf] . v]nsf] vf;
gfd eg] ægfgk"/Æ xf] .
;'8f]sd' f c¿ ?kdWo] leq #Š@ sf ;fgf
afs; ePsf] ^Š^ sf] afs;, leq @Š@ sf
;fgf afs; ePsf] $Š$ sf] afs;, tyf %Š%,
&Š&, !@Š!@, !^Š!^ / @%Š@% sf afs;
ePsf v]n x'G5g\ . Ps k|sf/sf] ;'8f]sd' f t
7f8f] xf/, t];f]{ x/km / ;fgf afs; afx]s leÌf
leÌ} /Ësf ( j6f sf]7fsf] ;d"xdf klg g5'6fO{
/ gbf]xf]¥ofO{ eg{k' g]{ x'G5 .
s;/L v]Ng] ;'8f]s' <
;'8f]s' v]ndf s]xL dfqfdf cÍx¿ v]nsf] z'?df
lbOPsf] x'G5 . lueG; lgofn]/ x]bf{ 5]p5fpsf
c¿ cÍx¿ km]nf kfg{ ;lsG5 .
klxnf s'g} klg sf]7fdf x'g g;Sg] cÍx¿
;f]Rg'k5{ / Psdfq ;Defjgf ePsf sf]7fdf cÍ
el/xfNg'k5{ . s'g} sf]7f ePs} 7f8f] xf/, t];f]{ x/
km, jf ;fgf afs;df u/]/ Pp6f afx]s ;a} cÍ
k|of]u ePsf 5g\ eg] Tof] sf]7fdf Psdfq ;Defjgf
x'G5 .
;'8f]s' v]Ng]dWo] w]/} dfG5] s'g} Ps sf]7fdf
x'g;Sg] hlt ;a} cÍ l;;fsndn] n]V5g\ . s'g}
Ps sf]7fdf s'g} cÍ x'g] kSsf ePdf Tof] cÍ
ToxL 7f8f] xf/, t];f]{ x/km / ;fgf afs;sf s'g}
klg sf]7fdf x'Fb}g . l;;fsndn] n]v]sf cÍx¿
o;/L g} d]l6Fb} hfG5g\ / cGTodf Pp6f sf]7fdf
Ps dfq cÍ afFsL x'G5 .
sf]xL sf]xL hfÌ] v]nf8L t x/]s sf]7fnfO{
cfˆgf] lbdfudf ( efudf afF85\ g\ / x/]s To:tf]
efu Ps–Ps cÍsf nflu /fV5g\ . sf]7fdf x'g
;Sg] x/]s cÍ n]Vg'sf] ;f6f] pgLx¿ cÍsf] nflu
5'6o\ fOPsf] efudf ;fgf] lrgf] nufpF5g\ . cÍx¿
tL 7fpFdf x'g g;Sg] ;flat x'gl] alQs} tL cÍsf
lrgf d]6fpF5g\ .
;'8f]s' v]Ng b'O{–tLg /Ësf snd tyf
l;;fsndsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} sf]7fdf
x'g;Sg] b'O{ cyjf tLg cÍ kfn}kfnf] Pskl5
csf]{ ub}{ /fV5g\ / x/]s cÍsf] c¿ sf]7fdf kfg]{
k|efj x]5g{ \ . o;f] ubf{ sltko cj:yfdf ;Defjgf
ePsf w]/} cÍ /fVg gldNg] yfx x'G5 / afFsL
ePsf] Psdfq cÍ /fVg ldN5 . t/ c¿ sf]7fdf
k|efj gkfg]{ lalQs} s'g} sf]7fdf x'gk' g]{ cÍ oxL
xf] eg]/ 7f]sj' f ug{ ldNb}g . ;Defjgf ePsf ;a}
cÍ sf]7fdf /fv]/ xg{k' 5{ .
clbtL clwsf/L
 ;'8f]s'–! ;fdfGo1fg–!
!= …Ps}l5g kv{ x}Ú, …Ps l5gdf cfpF5'Ú h:tf
# @ ( jfSo l5gl5gd} k|of]u eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . Psbd}
xtf/ ePsf] a]nfdf of] …Psl5gÚ klg
^ % @ ! cTof;nfUbf] nfdf] nfU5 . g]kfnLsf] …l5gÚ
;+:s[t zAb …If0fÚ sf] nf]s;+:s/0f xf] . …If0fÚ
^ k"jL{o sfnu0fgfsf] Pp6f OsfO xf]— 38L, knf,
d'xt" ,{ df; -dlxgf_ cflbh:t} . pQm
@ $ ( u0fgfcg';f/ !) knf -kn_ sf] Ps If0f x'G5 .
ca k|rlnt efiffdf eGg'xf];\ Ps If0f eg]sf]
& % * $ slt ldg]6, ;]s]G8 jf 306f xf] <

* # & @= rf}/+ L, vRr/ / ‰ff]lKsof] j0f{zª\s/ -qm;–

a|L8_ rf}kfof x'g\ . logsf cfdf–afa' cyjf afa'–
$ cfdf sf] sf] x'g\ <

% ( & $ #= /fh]Gb| ljqmd zfxn] sfG5L dxf/fgLnfO{

lj=;+= !*(( df /fhkl/jf/sf ;b:oafx]s
$ @ # hf];s ' n
} fO{ cª\ueª\u, b]zlgsfnf, d[To'b08,
b/af/sf sd{rf/L lgo'lQm, ;?jf–a9'jf, cjsfz
lbg] / a]nfot, rLg tyf ltAat;Fu j}b]lzs
;DaGw /fVg] Pj+ ;lGw lju|x ug]{h:tf ljz]if
lh1fzf–! clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf lyP . tL dxf/fgLsf]
k|ZgM kfgLdf ;lhn} 3'Ng] gfd s] lyof] <
g'g / lrgL t]ndf lsg
3'Nb}gg\ <
x/]s 3f]nsf b'O{ kIf x'G5g\–
$= ;'b/" klZrdsf a‰ffª, afh'/f, bfr'n{ f tyf
ef/tsf s'dfp / u9jfn If]qdf x/]s jif{sf] k';
3f]lnt -solute_ / 3f]ns dlxgfdf t/af/ / 9fn lnP/ :yfgLo afl;Gbfn]
-solvent_ . 3f]ndf ljlng
x'g] kbfy{nfO{ 3f]lnt elgG5 ;fd"lxs gfrufg u/]/ k|l;4 ;f+:s[lts kj{
eg] 3f]Ng]nfO{ 3f]ns . lrgL dgfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . of] kj{ dgfPdf v]taf/Ldf
/ kfgLsf] k|;u+ df lrgL cGg pTkfbg a9\g] hgljZjf; 5 . o; kj{sf]
…3f]lntÚ xf] eg] kfgL …3f]nsÚ d'Vo cfsif{0f …e'jfgfrÚ xf] . of] kj{nfO{ s]
. s'g} j:t' csf]{ j:t'df elgG5 <
3f]lnG5 ls 3f]ln+b}g eGg]
s'/f 3f]lnt / 3f]nssf]
/f;folgs lgdf{0fsf] k|s[lt %= ;Ld;f/ jf ;Ld -hnfzo, cf]l;nf] hldg_
/ ;+/rgfn] lgwf{/0f u5{ . 3f]n aGgsf nflu 3f]lnt kbfy{sf s0fx? sf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ljZj;lGwnfO{ …/fd;f/Ú ;lGw
6'lqmP/ 3f]nsdf ljlng x'gk' 5{ . cyf{t\ 3f]lntsf c0f'x? 3f]nssf elgG5 . of] ;lGw ;g\ !(&! df ePsf] xf] /
c0f'x?;Fu ldNg'k5{ . o;sf nflu 3f]lnt / 3f]ns b'js } f c0f'sf] cfk;L …/fd;f/Ú Pp6f zx/sf] gfd xf] . Tof] zx/ s'g
cfsif{0feGbf a9L cfsif{0f 3f]lnt / 3f]nssf c0f'sf aLrdf x'gk' 5{ .
b]zdf k5{ <
g'g, lrgL / kfgLsf c0f'sf aLrdf /f;folgs ;dfgtf x'G5, h'g t]n;Fu
ldNb}g . g'g ;d'Gb|sf] kfgLaf6 k|fKt ul/G5 eg] lrgL pmv' cflb dflysf k|Zgsf] ;xL hjfkm @)^% sflQs !% ut]leq
jg:kltaf6 . o;}n] oL b'j} kbfy{df kfgLsf] dfqf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;afx]s lzIfssf] sfof{nodf k7fpg';\ / ?=!,))) gub
/f;folgs lx;fan] kfgL / lrgL …kf]nf/Ú kbfy{df k5{g\ eg] g'g …cfof]lgsÚ k'/:sf/ lhTg'xf];\ . ;xL hjfkm k7fpg]x¿sf] ;+Vof
/ t]n …ggkf]nf/Ú . /f;folgs u'0fsf lx;fan] kf]nf/df kg]{ kbfy{ csf]{ ! eGbf a9L ePdf uf]nfk|yfåf/f ljh]tf 5flgg]5 .
…kf]nf/Ú;Fu ;lhn} 3'Ng ;S5 . o; lx;fan] lrgL kfgLdf 3'N5 . o:t}, Ps hgf kf7ssf] PseGbf a9L k|j]li6 dfGo x'g]
cfof]lgs klg kf]nf/;Fu 3'Ng;S5 . o;sf/0f g'g kfgLdf 3'N5 . 5}g . s;}af6 klg ;xL hjfkm cfpg g;s]df %)
t/, …kf]nf/Ú / …ggkf]nf/Ú kbfy{ cfk;df 3f]lng ;Sb}gg\ . o:t}, k|ltzteGbf a9L ;xL hjfkm k7fpg]nfO{ k'/:s[t
…cfof]lgsÚ / …ggkf]nf/Ú klg 3f]lns ;Sb}gg\ . logsf c0f'n] csf]{ k|s[ltsf
c0f'nfO{ cfk\mgf aLrdf a:g lb+bg} g\ . o;}n] lrgL / g'g t]ndf 3f]lng ul/g] 5 . k' / :s[ t tyf ;xL hjfkm k7fpg]
;Sb}gg\ . kf7sx¿sf] gfd / ;xL hjfkm lzIfssf] d+l;/
c+sdf k|sflzt ul/g]5 .

lz If s c;f]h @)^% 61
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hLjg ;fy{s agfPF, ;Gt'i6 5'
d]/f] sIffdf laxfgsf] ;jf ^ 7Ls ;jf ^ ah] g} aHYof], g Ps ldg]6 l56f],
g Ps ldg]6 l9nf] . dnfO{ slxNo} klg x'/L, kfgLn] sIffdf k'Ug 5]sg] . #*
jif{ k9fpFbf sIff rn]sf] a]nf d'lZsnn] #* lbg sIffdf cg'kl:yt ePF x'n
lh
ls/0f kf08]
GbuLsf #* lxpFb avf{ d}n] lzIf0f
k]zfdf latfPF . of] k]zfdf s;}sf]
rfs/L ug'k{ b}g{ , s;};uF ;D‰f}tf ug'k{ b}g{ ,
To;}n] d}n] of] k]zf /f]h+] . of] k]zfn] dnfO{
;w}+ :jtGq /xg lbof] . Pp6f lzIfssf ¿kdf
d}n] slxNo} klg :jljj]s / cGt/fTdfsf]
cfjfhnfO{ a]jf:tf ug{ / ;Tosf] ;fy 5f]8g\ k' /]g .
lq–rGb| sn]hb]lv xfn sn]h ckm cKnfO8
lahg];;Dd cfOk'Ubf d}n] xhf/f}F ljBfyL{nfO{ k9fPF
x'nF f . d]/f ljBfyL{sf nflu d slxn] cleefjs ag],+
slxn] ;fyL, slxn] kyk|bz{s t slxn] lg/LIfs . oL
;a} e"ldsfdf d}n] ;w}F clwstd / sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{
ug{ ;Sg] hlt Gofo ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5' . d]/f]
sIff lng cfpg] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ d}n] slxNo} 5'§}
6\oz' g k9fOgF . a? pgLx¿sf nflu d rf}aL;}
3G6f pknAw x'Gy]+, 6]lnkmf]gdf, af6f]df,
lrofk;ndf .
d]/f] hLjgdf cefjx¿ gePsf xf]Ogg\ .
sl7gfO{ cjZo lyof] . t/ >LdtLsf] / d]/f]
OdfGbf/ sdfOn] xfdLnfO{ Jojxf/ wfGg k'us ] }
lyof] . cfˆgf] ljZjf; a]r/] d}n] ljBfyL{x¿dfly
cGofo ug{ rflxgF . 6\oz ' g k9fpglt/ nfUbf
6f9f–6f9faf6 cfP/ SofDk;sf] sf]7fdf, a]Grdf,
8]:sdf, e'Od+{ f, ´ofndf a;]/ / pleP/} klg
d]/f] sIff lng rfxg] ljBfyL{dfly d}n] Gofo
ug{ ;Sb}gy]+ . ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;kmntfnfO{ g} d}n]
cfˆgf] ;kmntf / pgLx¿sf] c;kmntf cfˆgf]
c;kmntfnfO{ dfGb} ‰08} rf/ bzs latfPF .
d]/f] z}lIfs hLjgsf] &% k|ltzteGbf a9L
lx:;f zÍ/b]j SofDk;df laTof] . d]/f] sIff w]/}
h;f] laxfgL ;qsf] klxnf] lkl/o8 x'GYof] . k|foMh;f]
laxfg ;jf 5 ah] z'? x'g] d]/f] sIffdf ;jf ^
7Ls ;jf ^ ah] g} aHYof], g Ps ldg]6 l56f],
g Ps ldg]6 l9nf] . dnfO{ slxNo} klg x'/L,
kfgLn] sIffdf k'Ug 5]sg] g\ . #* jif{ k9fpFbf
sIff rn]sf] a]nf d'lZsnn] #* lbg sIffdf
cg'kl:yt ePF x'nF f– cfFvfsf] ck/]zg of c¿
62 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
F f .
s'g} cfsl:dstfsf sf/0f . s'g} lbg z/L/ cfn:o
/ sfd ug{ sl7g eof] xf]nf, t/ sIff lng] ;jfndf
tL s'/f slxNo} afws ag]gg\ . zfob sIffk|ltsf]
cf;lQm / cg'zf;g–r]tgfn] To:tf] eof] xf]nf .
cg'zf;gdf r'lsof] eg] hLjgsf cGo kIfdf klg
r'lsG5 . d}n] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] cg'zf;gsf] 3]/fn]
d]/f] lhGbuL ;fy{s ag]sf] 5 eGg] 7fG5' .
d]/f] k]zfut / kfl/jfl/s d"NodfGotf Psfk;df
af´bf sltko cK7]/f If0fx¿ klg cfPsf 5g\ .
@(÷#) ;fnlt/sf] s'/f xf], d]/L lbbL ue{jtL
x'gx' G' Yof] . pxfFn] aL=sd=sf] hfFr lbg'kg]{ lyof] .
k|Zgkq d}n] g} ;]6 u/]sf] lyPF . t/, d}n] ælbbL,
oL–oL k|Zgx¿ dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\, tof/L u/Æ eGg
;lsgF . pxfF km]n x'g' e' of] . oxL 36gf km]l/ d]/L
5f]/Lsf] s];df klg bf]xf]l/of] . pgL klg km]n eOg\,
d}n] g} ;]6 u/]sf] k|Zgkqdf . h;/L d]/f ljBfyL{x¿
c;kmn x'bF f d]/f] dg b'V5, To;/L g} lbbL / 5f]/L
km]n x'bF f klg b'Vof] . t/ klg k]zfsf] g}ltstf;Fu
;D‰f}tf ug{ d]/f] ljj]sn] slxNo} pS;fPg .
/fd|f] ug]{ ljBfyL{sf] plrt d"NofÍg xf];\ / olb
s;}n] g/fd|f] u/]sf] 5 eg] p;n] sDtLdf klg
cfˆgf] d]xgt cg';f/sf] kmn kfcf];\ eGg] d]/f]
;w}s + f] Wo]o /Xof] . d]/f] oxL Wo]o ;fy{s x'g]
jftfj/0f gePkl5 @)^$ ;fnsf] df3 dlxgfdf
hflu/cjlw ;lsg b'O{ jif{ afFsL x'bF fx'bF ,} d}n] zÍ/b]j
SofDk;af6 :j]lR5s cjsfz lnPF . d]/f] nflu
a'9;] sfnsf] cfly{s ;xf/f k]G;g eGbf 7"nf] lyof]
d]/f] lhGbuLsf] ljZjf;, d]/f ljBfyL{kl| tsf] Gofo .
d]/f 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿n] klg daf6 ;x[botf /
OdfGbf/ st{Joaf]wsf] u'0f l;s]sf 5g\ . d}n]
pgLx¿nfO{ lbg;s]sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k}ts [ ;DklQ
ToxL g} xf] . Pp6f lzIfs ePkl5 k"/f ug'k{ g]{
ljBfyL{k|ltsf] bfloTj k"/f u/]/ d}n] d]/f] lhGbuL
;fy{s agfPsf] 5' . To;df dnfO{ uj{ 5 . d
;Gt'i6 5' .
-of] syg PG6]gf kmfp08]zg g]kfnsf]
sfo{qmd d]/f] lhGbuL d]/f] ljZjf; af6 lnOPsf] xf] ._

/fd|f lzIfssf] ;+;f/
cf haf6 t]x/fgsf :s"n tLgdlxg] hf8f]
ljbfsf nflu aGb x'bF 5} g\ . cleefjsx¿
ljBfyL{ lng :s"n cfPsf 5g\ . kfn}kfnf] ;a}sf
dftflktf cfpF5g\ / cfˆgf aRrf lnP/ hfG5g\ .
t/, ;fF‰ 9lNsg nfUbf;Dd klg df]xDdbsf lktf
eg] cfOk'us ] f 5}gg\ . cfFvf gb]Vg] df]xDdbsf]
;'Gg] zlQm eg] t]h 5, dfgf}+ cfFvfsf] zlQm klg
sfgdf ;l~rt 5 . pgL r/fsf] lr/la/ dfq
xf]Og, xfjfsf] klg cfjfh ;'Gg ;S5g\ . s]xL
ca]/ u/L pgsf lktf cfOk'U5g\ .
of] !((( sf] O/fgL lkmNd …lb sn/ ckm
Kof/f8fOhÚsf] b[Zo xf] . cf7 jif{sf b[li6ljxLg
df]xDdbsf lktf :s"ndf cfpg t cfpF5g\ t/
pgL 5f]/fnfO{ 3/ n}hfg rfxFbg} g\ . cwa};+ ] oL
ljw'/ ls;fg csf]{ ljjfx ug{ rfxG5g\ o;}n]
b[li6ljxLg 5f]/fnfO{ 3/df /flv/fVg] pgsf] rfxgf
5}g . t/ klg df]xDdbsf] 3/ n}hfg'sf] ljsNk
pgL;Fu x'bF g} . slxn] a; / slxn] 3f]8f r9]/
lktf–k'q 3/ k'U5g\ .
3/ k'u]kl5sf s]xL lbg df]xDdbsf nflu
/dfOnf 5g\ . ufpFsf] :s"n xf];\ of kx]nF } tf]/L
k'mn]sf] v]t, df]xDdb :ju{df 5g\ . t/, pgsf
lktfsf] dgdf eg] c¿ g} ts{gf v]ln/x]sf] 5 .
pgL 5f]/fnfO{ l;sdL{ agfpg rfxG5g\ . Ps hgf
b[li6ljxLg l;sdL{nfO{ pgn] lrg]sf 5g\ . s]xL
lbgkl5 df] x DdbnfO{ lktfn] ToxLF NofP/
5f]l8lbG5g\ . t/, hLjgdf ;w}F ;a} rLh cfkm"n]
;f]rs ] f] h:tf] dfq x'bF g} , cGTodf pgL df]xDdbnfO{
lng cfpF5g\ . t/, df]xDdb 3/ k'Ug gkfO{
;+;f/af6 labf x'G5g\ .
elgG5, ;kgfsf] s'g} /+u x'bF g} . hLjgdf y'k–|}
y'k}| /+u;Fu v]ns] f] dfG5]n] klg ;kgf rflxF ZofdZj]t
/+ud} b]V5 . t/, oxfF pN6f] 5 . df]xDdb cfFvf
b]Vb}gg\, o;}n] pgL s'g} klg /+u 5'6o\ fpg ;Sb}gg\
t/ pgL s;}n] gb]vs ] f] :ju{sf] /+usf] sNkgf ug{
;S5g\ .
O/fgsf k|l;4 lgb]z { s dflhb dflhbLn] Pp6f
b[li6xLg aRrfsf] dgf]lj1fgnfO{ lkmNdsf] s]Gb|df
/fv]sf 5g\ . lkmNddf df]xDdbn] tLg hgf
lzIfsnfO{ e]65\ g\ . b'O{ hgf :s"nsf lzIfs /
csf{ kmlg{r/ pBf]udf pgnfO{ sf7sf] snf l;sfpg]
lzIfs . lkmNddf Ps hgf ufpFsf lzIfs 5g\,
lkmNd
lb sn/ ck\m Kof/f8fOh
hf] df]xDdbsf] a|]nlnlk / k9fOsf] /ˆtf/ b]v]/ afnaflnsfnfO{
tLg5Ss k5{g\ . lognfO{ nfU5, df]xDdb zx/df lg/fzfsf]
k9]sfn] b[li6ljxLg eP/ klg t]h 5g\ . t/, oLeGbf
lzsf/
klg cufl8sf, t]x/fgsf] :s"nsf lzIfs df]xDdbsf]
dgf]lj1fg a'´g ;S5g\ . lktfnfO{ klv{O/x]sf x'gaf6
df]xDdbsf] Jou|tf a9]sf] b]v]kl5 pgn] lktfnfO{ hf]ufO{
kmf]g u/]/ 5f]/f cflQPsf] va/ lbG5g\ . df]xDdbnfO{ ltgnfO{
cfjfh ;'g/] ;+;f/ lrGg] k|/] 0ff pg}n] lbPsf x'g\ . sd{7
oL o:tf lzIfs x'g\ h;n] ;fFlRrs} ljBfyL{nfO{ t'Nofpg
hLjgsf] ;/n / ;'ud af6f] b]vfpF5g\ . lzIfssf]
kmlg{r/ pBf]udf e]l6g] csf{ lzIfs -oyfy{df
Ps b[li6ljxLg l;sdL{_;Fu a:g / sfd l;Sg
e"ldsf
df]xDdbnfO{ dg nfUb}g . pgsf] dg af/af/ ufpFlt/ lg0ff{os x'g]
g} tflgO/xG5 . t/, kl5 logn] df]xDdbnfO{ cfˆgf] ;Gb]z
cg'ej ;'gfpFb} lj:tf/} Jofjxfl/s 1fg lbG5g\ . lkmNdn] lbg
sf7 s] xf] < of];uF s;/L sfd ug]{ < s:tf] sf7 vf]h]sf]
s]df k|of]u x'G5 < h:tf k|Zgaf6 z'? u/]/ logn] 5 .
df]xDdbnfO{ cf/fn] sf7 lrg{ ;d]t l;sfpg
yfNb5g\ . ;fdfGotofM Pp6f b[li6ljxLgn] csf]{
b[li6ljxLgnfO{ l;sdL{h:tf] sl7g snfTds sfd
l;sfpnfg\ eg]/ cg'dfg ug{ sl7g x'G5 . t/,
oL hLjgsf] kf7zfnfsf lzIfsdf Tof] u'0f 5,
h;n] df]xDdbnfO{ rfF8} g} tflgxfN5 . oL tLg
lzIfs 5'§f–5'§} ljz]iftf 5g\, h;n] df]xDdbnfO{
pgsf] cfFvf cefjsf] cfef; x'g lbFbg} g\ . pgL
;w}F l;Sg k]l| /t ul//xG5g\ . hLjgnfO{ lg/fzfsf]
lzsf/ x}g sd{7 t'Nofpg] lzIff lbg tLg} hgf
lzIfssf] e"ldsf ;kmn 5 .
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lz If s c;f]h @)^% 63
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cfjfh g} rsf]{ 5
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zfob lzIfs ;a}eGbf dof{lbt k]zf ePsfn] . olb ○
x'F eGg] nfU5 .
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kfpF5 . uj{ 5 . lsgeg], dfG5]n] vf]Hg] eg]sf] cfTd;Gt'li6

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:s"n k9\bf d]wfjL, cf};t jf sdhf]/ s:tf] ljBfyL{ xf] . d]/f] dgsf] cfgGb o;}df 5 .
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x'g'x'GYof] < s] s'/f eOlbP c‰ /fd|/L k9fpg ;lsGYof] eGg]

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d dWod sf]l6sf] lyPF . ;a} l8u|L ;]sG] 8 l8lehgsf nfU5 <

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5g\ . t/, af]Ng] s'/fdf cufl8 lyPF . ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf af/]df ca ;/sf/n] lg0f{o
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klxnf] k6s lzIfs k]zfdf s;/L k|j]z ug'{eof] < ug'k{ 5{ . ls k"/} ;/sf/n] lhDdf lng'k¥of] ls ;d'bfonfO{
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lrghfgaf6, v'nf k|lt:kwf{af6 jf s;}sf] cfu|xdf < lbg'k¥of] . o;/L aLrsf] agfP/ :s"n /fd|f] agfpg
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@)#@ ;fndf v'nf k|lt:kwf{af6 lzIfs ePsf] x'F . ;lsFb}g .

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s'g ljifo k9fpg'xG' 5 < lsg < :s"ndf k'/f0f lsg nufpg'ePsf] <
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g]kfnL k9fpF5,' d]/f] l8u|L g} g]kfnLsf] 5 . :s"nsf] cfFug 5}g . xfdLn] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf]
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cfk"mn] k9fpg] ljifosf afx]s c¿ k':tsx¿ slQsf] ;flxlTos kqsf/ ;ª\3sf] hUufsf] ljifodf @$ jif{b]lv
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k9\gx' G' 5 < kl5Nnf] s'g xf] < d'2f lyof] . ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf ldnfkq ePkl5 :s"nn]
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k9\5' . :s"ndf nufPsf] k'/f0fsf sf/0f clxn] cln ;flxlTos kqsf/ ;ª\3nfO{ ?=#% nfv lbg'kg]{ eof] .
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k'm;{b 5}g . kl5Nnf] lstfa s0f{ zfSosf] …;f]rÚ . o;n] t/, :s"n;Fu k};f lyPg . sDKo'6/ Nofasf nflu gofF
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d]/f] hLjgjfbL / cfzfjfbL b[li6sf]0fnfO{ yk alnof] ejg agfpg'kg]{ lyof] . o;}sf nflu k'/f0f nufPsf] .
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agfpg d2t u¥of] . o;af6 8]9 s/f]8 hlt /sd p7]sf] 5 .

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slQsf] ug'k{ ¥of] < OHht, u'gf;f] jf Oiof{ s] u5{g\ <

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7fpFdf Nofpg'k5{ . d}n] vr{ lbg g;s]/ b'O{ jif{ v]/ uPkl5 clxn] pm
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s/fPF eg] ;a} sIffdf ;'lgG5 . eg] s;sf] lng'x'G5 <

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cfk"mn] k9fPsf] ljifodf ljBfyL{ k]mn x'bF f jf sd ljZj lgs]tg :s"nsf k"j{ k|c uDeL/dfg df:s],
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cª\s NofpFbf s:tf] nfU5 < zflGt s'~hsf k"j{ k|c a'4z/0f dfgGw/, 1fgf]bosf
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64 lz If s c;f]h @)^%
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k|fyldstf agfP . ;g\ !(^# b]lv !(&* sf cjlwdf slxn] ;f]2Z] o / slxn]
vfF§L 3'dSs8Lsf lx;fan] p8]/, u'8/] / w]/h} ;f] rflxF lxF8/] } ul/Psf oL
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ljljw nfO{ ;xL cy{df pxfFsf k|ltlglw n]v–/rgfx¿sf] ;Fufnf] eGg
;lsG5 .
•••
g]kfn M lxGb" clw/fHosf] Oltxf;
l;NefF n]eL
;g\ @))%, k[i7 xxxiv+@^), ?= $))÷–
-klxnf] v08_
;g\ @))&, k[i7 vii+@&*, ?= @&%÷–
-bf];f| ] v08_
l;NefF n]eL k"jL{o ;+:s[lt / Oltxf;sf
Vofltk|fKt k|mfG;]nL ljåfg\ x'g\ . pgL ;aeGbf
klxn] ;g\ !*(* df g]kfn cfPsf lyP .
pgsf] g]kfn a;fOsf] cjlw b'O{ dlxgf dfq
lyof], Tof] klg sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf ;Lldt .
a;fO 5f]6f] cjlwsf] eP klg pgsf] cWoog
/ cg';Gwfg uxg lyof] . To;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k
;g\ !()% df of] ljzb s[lt tLg efudf
k|sflzt eof] . Oltxf; eg]sf] zf;sx¿sf]
j+zfjnL / :t'lt dfq xf]Og eGg] dfGotf /fVg] l;NefF n]eLsf] o; s[ltnfO{ Ps ztfAbLcl3sf] g]kfnsf]
;f+:s[lts–/fhgLlts cj:yfsf] ljåtfk"0f{ ljZn]if0f dflgG5 .
ahf/df ;j{q pknAw 5 .
kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/, kmf]g g+= %%$@%$$÷@!@)#@!