. .

, , ,
,

. ,
,
, .
, spin,
, ..
, 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 126

.
E :
-

, .

,
.

1 100.

212
84

Po .

.

.

. 2

,
. ,
, ,
,
.

V(r) ,
Schrodinger. ,

. artree,
n l
2(l+1) .
V(r) ,
.
,
,
auli. ,
,
, .
.

,
(50 eV).
.
, , ,
.
,

. 3

.

.
Pauli, .
,
.
 fi  
fi 
.

$ eff(r1,r2,,rn)=N(r1,r2,,rn)
H

2
$ eff=- h
H
i2 +Veff(r)

2m i

Veff(r).
:

( Fermi),

Woods-Saxon

. 4

USO(r)Ls

V(r)=Uc(r)+USO(r)Ls
Uc(r) Woods-Saxon

Uc (r) =

Uo
1+ e

r R

spin-
, L2 S2
[L2,LS]=0 [S2,LS]=0
l s , ml ms

[Lz,LS]0 [Sz,LS]0
L S .
J=L+S

(l,s,j,jz) l,s,j,jz>


(r)=(r,,)=Rnl(r)Ylm(,)
Rnl(r)=

unl (r)
r

Shrodinger

. 5

)
h 2 1 2 unl
unl L2
u
u
Ylm+
Y +[Uc(r)+USO(r)<Ls>] nl Ylm=E nl Ylm
r
2
2 lm
r
r 2mr
r
r
2m r r

unl(r) L2 lm=l(l+1)h2Ylm

[-

h 2 d2
l(l + 1)h 2
+Uc(r)+USO(r)<Ls>]unl=Eunl
+
2mr 2
2m dr 2

d2 l(l + 1) 2m
{ 2+ 2 [E- Uc(r)+USO(r)<Ls>]}unl=0
dr
r2
h
LS :
1
J=L+S J2=L2+S2+2LS LS= (J2-L2-S2)
2

1
<LS>=<l,s,j,jzLSl,s,j,jz>= <l,s,j,jzJ2-L2-S2l,s,j,jz>
2
1
<LS>= h2[j(j+1)- l(l+1)-s(s+1)]
2
1
1

1 2
l
+
=
+
lh
,
j
l

1
2
j = 2 , s= <LS >= 2
1
1
1
2
2
l
(l + 1)h , j = l
2
2
2

- fi
(4l+2)  (n,l) 

nlj 1
USO(r) ,
j=l+1/2
j=l-1/2
1

. 2p
l=1 .
. 6

1
1
2
nl ( j = l + ) = h 2l d3r nl (r) f(r)
2
2
1 1
2
nl ( j = l ) = h 2 (l + 1) d3r nl (r) f(r)
2 2

1
1
= nl ( j = l ) nl ( j = l + ) =
2
2
1
2
= h 2 (2l + 1) d3r nl (r) f(r)
2
:
J1 J2,
:
J = J1 + J2

j j1
j2 :
j = j1 + j2, j1+j2-1, ., j1-j2

j1-j2 j j1+j2
J1L J2s
l-1/2 j l+1/2
( 3)

. 7

1h9/2
1h

1h11/2

[82]

3s1/2

3s
2d

2d7/2
2d5/2
1g7/2

1g
1g9/2
2p1/2

2p
1f
2s
1d

2s1/2

[50]

1f5/2
2p3/2
1f7/2

[28]

1d3/2

[20]

1d5/2
1p1/2

1p

[8]

1p3/2
1s1/2

1s
nl
l=0s,1p, 2d
3f, 4g, 5h

LS

j=l1/2
l=0 j=1/2
nlj

[2]
2j+1

Rnl(r). . 2s n=1.

. 8

Z=
l

#n

(nlj)

#p

(nlj)

(2j+1)

(2j+1)

1s1/2

1s1/2

1p3/2

1p3/2

1p1/2

1p1/2

1d5/2

1d5/2

2s1/2

2s1/2

1d3/2

1d3/2
1f7/2

2
3

#n

4
1f7/2

2p3/2

1f5/2

8
8

4
6

2p1/2

2f5/2

1g9/2

10

2p1/2

2d5/2

1g7/2

1h11/2

3s1/2

2p3/2

1g9/2

#p

N=

8
10

12
2

1g7/2

2d3/2

2d5/2

2f7/2

1h9/2

10

3p3/2

1h11/2

1i13/2

12

14

2d3/2

2f5/2

3s1/2

3p1/2

2g9/2

10

1h9/2

1i11/2

10

12

2f7/2

2g7/2

8
. 9

, :
 - (-) (

) J=0+, =0.
 (- -)

.
 (-) . (-

) - ( 21H , 63 Li ,

10
5

B,

14
71

N ).

:
(Parity):

:
r -r

(-r) = + (r) (-r) =

- (r) .

J, =(-1)l

. 10

.

,
(r)=e*(r)(r) (*)
.
4He2 2e 1s1/2 (r)2

1s1/2.

208

Pb126 82
0.021

3s1/2.

207

Tl126

3s( r )

208

Pb

0.006
0.3

e 3s1/2 (r) . 3s1/2(r)

12

0.000387929

3s1/2 (r)

3s( r )

1.90091e-008
0.3

10

e 3s1/2 (r)2
.

207

Tl

206

Pb

205

Tl.

Antler .
(*)

15
8

(r)=2e(1S1/22+1P1/22+21P3/22)

. 11

J ( (j,jz)
,
, J,
.

<>=(/jh)<J>
,
,

spin:
=L+s=[gLL+gss](N/h)

gL(p)=1, gL(n)=0, gs(p)=5.59, gs(n)=-3.83

N=

eh
=3,15 10-8 eV/T .
2mp

=[

1
1
(gL+gs)(L+s)+ (gL-gs)(L-s)](N/h)
2
2

J=L+s
1
1
J=[ (gL+gs)J2+ (gL-gs)(L2-s2)](N/h)
2
2
( L s ).

l,s,j,jz> J=
<l,s,j,jzJl,s,j,jz>=

JJ,
jh

<l,s,j,jzJ2l,s,j,jz>= j(j+1)h2=(j+1)h
jh
jh

. 12

(j+1)h={

1
1
(gL+gs)j(j+1)+ (gL-gs)[ l (l+1)-s(s+1)]}(N/h)h2
2
2

l (l+1)-s(s+1)= l2+l-s2-s=l-s+l2-s2=l-s+(l+s)( l-s)=( l-s)( l+s+1)

(l s)(l + s + 1)
1
1
=[ (gL+gs)j+ (gL-gs)
]N
2
2
j+1
1
(l=0 j= )
2
(p)=

s=

1
2

1
gs(p)N
2

j=l

1
2

(n)=-

1
gs(n)
2

Schmidt.
1
1

jg

(
g

g
)
,
j
=
l
+
L
L
s

2
2
=
j
1
(g L g s ) , j = l jg L +

2( j + 1)
2

Schmidt

.

=(0,0,), z-,
,

. 13

=< H >=<->=- <J>=

jh
=-

<Jz>=- (hjz)=
jh
jh

=-(jz/j)
(2j+1) ,
jz=-j, -j+1, ..., j.

,
h=/j

.
fi fi fi (R).

5.7 ( .. - Greenwood, Cottingham)

=/jh

=1, h=4.136 10-21 MeVfm, =3.152 10-14 MeV/T

. l=0 j=

(p)=

1
.
2

1
gs(p)N=2.795.
2

(p)=42.6 MHz.
. 43Ca23 3n 1f7/2, l=3 j=

(n)=

7
.
2

1
gs(n)N=-1.92.
2

(43Ca23)=2.9 MHz.

. 14

. 15

. 16

. 17

(2)
(p-n) .
:
: J=1
 : d=0,8574
 : Qd=2,8210-27cm2
: =2,23MeV

J=sp+sn+l=1 2S+1lJ :

S=sp+sn

3S1>

1P1>

3P1>

-1

3D1>

3S1>
: ,
Vo r ro
V(r) =
0 r > ro

Schrodinger
. 18

h2 2
+(V(r)-E)](r)=0
2M

[
=

m p mn
mp + mn

M
=-=-2,23MeV
2

(r)=u(r)/r

Schrodinger

h2
u(r)+(V-E)u(r)=0
2M

u+k2u=0

rro

u-2u=0

r>ro (2)

(1)

k=

M
(Vo + E) = M2 (Vo B ) = M2 B
2
h
h
h

(1)
u(r)=Asinkr+coskr

u(r=0)=r(r=0)=0
=0.
, (2)
u(r)=Ce-r+Der

u(r)=r(r)=0
D=0.

A sin kr r ro
u(r) = r
r > ro
Ce
r=ro u(r)
.
sinkro=C e r

. 19

kcoskro=-C e r

kcotkro=-
ro
Vo
.

<<Vo
k=

M
Vo
h2

cotkro=-

M
B
0 kro = /2 2 Vo ro2 = 2/4
Vo
h

Vo ro2 102 MeV fm2

.

. 20

( 4)

J=1, :

fi

()

0,8797

0,5

0,6899

0,3101

<3S1 z 3S1>
<1P1 z 1P1>
<3P1 z 3P1>
<3D1 z 3D1>

0,8574
3S1>.
l ( ).

m(,) (-1)l.
l
l:
=+1: r;1mj>=3S1>+3D1>
=-1: r;1mj>=1P1>+3P1>

2+2=2+2=1

:
. 21

=+1: d=0.8574=(0,8797)2+(0,3101)2
=-1: d=0.8574=(0,5)2+(0,6899)2

2>=3S1>+3D1>
2=0,96 2=0,04 ( ).

. 22