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Old U S Marine Corps Close Combat
Old U S Marine Corps Close Combat
Close Combat
18 February 1999
FOREWORD
1. PURPOSE
Today’s Marines operate within a continuum of force where conflict may change from
low intensity to high intensity over a matter of hours. Marines are also engaged in
many military operations other than war, such as peacekeeping missions or noncom-
batant evacuation operations, where deadly force may not be authorized. During non-
combative engagements, Marines must determine if a situation warrants applying
deadly force. Sometimes Marines must decide in a matter of seconds because their
lives or the lives of others depend on their actions. To make the right decision,
Marines must understand both the lethal and nonlethal close combat techniques need-
ed to handle the situation responsibly without escalating the violence unnecessarily.
Marine Corps Reference Publication (MCRP) 3-02B, Close Combat, provides the tac-
tics, techniques, and procedures of Marine Corps close combat. It also provides the
doctrinal basis for the Marine Corps Close Combat Training Program (MCCCTP).
2. SCOPE
This publication guides individual Marines, unit leaders, and close combat instructors
in the proper tactics, techniques, and procedures for close combat. MCRP 3-02B is
not intended to replace supervision by appropriate unit leaders and close combat in-
struction by qualified instructors. Its role is to ensure standardization and execution of
tactics, techniques, and procedures throughout the Marine Corps.
3. SUPERSESSION
MCRP 3-02B supersedes Fleet Marine Force Manual (FMFM) 0-7, Close Combat,
dated 9 July 1993. There are significant differences between the two publications.
MCRP 3-02B should be reviewed in its entirety.
4. WARNING
Techniques described in this publication can cause serious injury or death. Practical
application in the training of these techniques will be conducted in strict accordance
with approved Entry Level Close Combat, Close Combat Instructor (CCI), and Close
Combat Instructor Trainer (CCIT) lesson plans. Where serious danger exists, the read-
er is alerted by the following:
WARNING
5. CERTIFICATION
J. E. RHODES
Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps
Commanding General
Marine Corps Combat Development Command
1. Purpose of Close Combat one person complies with the demands imposed
by another person. This range of actions is known
as a continuum of force. Continuum of force is the
Close combat is the physical confrontation be-
concept that there is a wide range of possible ac-
tween two or more opponents. It involves armed
tions, ranging from voice commands to applica-
and unarmed and lethal and nonlethal fighting
tion of deadly force, that may be used to gain and
techniques that range from enforced compliance
maintain control of a potentially dangerous situa-
to deadly force. The purpose of close combat is to
tion (MCO 5500.6_, Arming of Security and Law
execute armed and unarmed techniques to pro-
Enforcement [LE] Personnel and the Use of
duce both lethal and nonlethal results. Unarmed
Force). Continuum of force consists of five levels
techniques include hand-to-hand combat and de-
that correspond to the behavior of the people in-
fense against hand-held weapons. Armed tech-
volved and the actions Marines use to handle the
niques include techniques applied with a rifle,
situation (see the table below). Close combat
bayonet, knife, baton, or any weapon of opportu-
techniques are executed in levels three, four, and
nity.
five.
Continuum of Force
Level Description Actions
1 Compliant (Cooperative) Verbal commands
2 Resistant (Passive) Contact controls
3 Resistant (Active) Compliance techniques
4 Assaultive (Bodily Harm) Defensive tactics
5 Assaultive (Serious Bodily Harm/ Deadly force
Death)
Note: Shading indicates levels in which Marines use close combat techniques.
vi _________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCRP 3-02B
Level Three: Resistant (Active) achieve an effect that is greater than their separate
The subject initially demonstrates physical resis- sum.
tance. Marines use compliance techniques to con-
trol the situation. Level three incorporates close Achieving a Decision
combat techniques to physically force a subject to Achieving a decision is important in close
comply. Techniques include— combat. An indecisive fight wastes energy and
possibly Marines’ lives. Whether the intent is to
l Come-along holds. control an opponent through restraint or defend
l Soft-handed stunning blows. themselves in war, Marines must have a clear pur-
l Pain compliance through joint manipulation pose before engaging in close combat and act de-
and the use of pressure points. cisively once engaged.
(reverse blank)
Close Combat
Table of Contents
Page
Chapter 4. Strikes
Page
Chapter 5. Throws
Appendices
The fundamentals of close combat include ranges, During any engagement, these ranges may blur
weapons of the body, target areas of the body, and together or may rapidly transition from one to an-
pressure points of the body. These fundamentals other until either the opponent is defeated or the
form the basis for all close combat techniques. conflict is resolved.
They provide Marines with a common framework
regardless of the type of confrontation or the tech- Long Range
niques used. If Marines apply these fundamentals
properly in a close combat situation, they may During long range engagements, combatants en-
save their lives or the lives of fellow Marines. gage each other with rifles, bayonets, sticks, or
entrenching tools. See figure below.
Close Range
During close range engagements, combatants
grab each other. Close range engagements also in-
volve elbow strikes, knee strikes, and grappling. Palms. Because of the
palm’s padding, Marines
use the heels of the palms
to strike, parry, and/or
block.
with the forearms than when strikes are conducted devastating secondary attack to an opponent’s
with fists and fingers. face following an initial attack that caused him to
bend at the waist.
Elbows. Marines use the elbows as striking
weapons. Because of the short distance needed to
generate power, elbows are excellent weapons for 3. Target Areas of the Body
striking during the close range of close combat.
During close combat, Marines strive to attack the
Legs accessible target areas of an opponent’s body. The
The legs are more powerful than any other weap- readily accessible areas will vary with each situa-
on of the body, and they are less prone to injury tion and throughout the engagement. The target
when striking. The feet are protected by boots and areas are divided into five major groups: head,
are the preferred choice for striking. neck, torso, groin, and extremities. The figure be-
low illustrates target areas of the body.
Feet. Marines use the balls of the feet, the insteps,
and the toes to kick an opponent. Marines use the Head
cutting edge of the heels and the heels to stomp on
The vulnerable regions of the head are the eyes,
an opponent. Marines must be wearing boots
temple, nose, ears, and jaw. Massive damage to
when striking with the toes.
the head kills an opponent.
Knees. Like elbows, knees are excellent weapons
Eyes. The eyes are excellent targets because they
in the close range of close combat. Knee strikes
are soft tissue areas that are not protected by bone
are most effective while fighting close to an oppo-
or muscle. Attacks to this area may cause the op-
nent where kicks are impractical. The opponent’s
ponent to protect the area with his hands, allowing
groin area is an ideal target for the knee strike if
Marines to execute a secondary attack to other
he is standing upright. Knee strikes can deliver a
Temple Eyes
Ears Nose Cervical Vertebrae
Carotid Sinus
Jaw Clavicle
Solar Plexus
Extremities
Ribs
Kidneys
Groin
Extremities
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1-4 MCRP 3-02B
target areas while the opponent uses his hands to and spinal cord. Excessive damage to this area
protect his eyes. causes pain, paralysis, or death.
Ulnar Nerve the basic warrior stance, Marines put their feet
apart, hands up, elbows in, and chin down.
Ulnar nerves are on the outside of the forearms
along the ulnar bones. Strikes and pressure ap-
plied with the hand to the ulnar nerve serve as a Feet Apart
softening technique. Place feet shoulder-width
apart.
Pressure Point on the Hand
The hands contain a pressure point on the web- Keep the head forward and
bing between the thumbs and index fingers where eyes on the opponent, take a
the two bones of the fingers meet. half step forward with the left
foot, and pivot on the heels so
the hips and shoulders are at
To force an opponent to soften or release his grip, approximately a 45-degree an-
Marines apply pressure with their index fingers to gle to the right.
this pressure point or strike this pressure point
with their fists.
Distribute body weight evenly
on both legs. Bend the knees
Femoral Nerves slightly.
Femoral nerves are on the inside of the thighs
along the femur bones. Strikes to the femoral
nerve serve as a softening technique. Hands Up
Curl the fingers naturally into the palm of the
Peroneal Nerves hand. Position the thumb across the index and
middle fingers. Do not clench the fists. Clenching
Peroneal nerves are on the outside of the thighs the fists increases muscular tension in the fore-
along the femur bones. Strikes to the peroneal arms and decreases speed and reaction time.
nerve serve as a softening technique.
Bring the hands up to the face at chin level, with
Pressure Points on the Feet the palms facing each other. Hold the fists up high
There are pressure points on the feet that, when enough to protect the head, but not so high that
pressure is applied or when they are struck, serve they block the field of vision. Ensure continuous
to soften or distract the opponent. Marines apply eye contact with the opponent.
pressure with the toe, edge, or heel of their boots
to the following points:
6. Angles of Approach and Forward to the Left. To move forward to the left
from the basic warrior stance, Marines—
Movement
l Move the left foot forward at a 45-degree
Marines use movement to control a confrontation angle from the body (approximately 12 to
and to retain a tactical advantage. Movement in- 15 inches), keeping the toe pointed toward
creases power and maximizes momentum. By the opponent.
moving around the opponent, Marines gain access l Bring the right foot behind the left foot as
to different target areas of the opponent’s body. soon as the left foot is in place. This returns
Movement allows Marines to use different weap- Marines to the basic warrior stance.
ons of the body and different close combat tech-
niques to attack specific target areas.
Forward to the Right. To move forward to the
right from the basic warrior stance, Marines—
Angles of Approach
Marines move anywhere within a 360-degree cir- l Move the right foot forward at a 45-degree
cle around the opponent to gain a tactical advan- angle from the body (approximately 12 to
tage. This circle provides access to different target 15 inches).
areas of the opponent’s body. l Bring the left foot, toe pointing toward the
opponent, in front of the right foot as soon
as the right foot is in place. This returns
When facing an opponent, Marines move in a 45-
Marines to the basic warrior stance.
degree angle to either side of the opponent. Mov-
ing at a 45-degree angle avoids an opponent’s
strike and puts Marines in the best position to at- Backward to the Left. To move backward to the
tack the opponent. Marines should avoid being left from the basic warrior stance, Marines exe-
directly in front of an opponent during a confron- cute the forward movement in reverse. Marines—
tation. If a Marine is directly in front of an oppo-
nent, the opponent can rely on his forward l Move the left foot backward at a 45-degree
momentum and linear power to seize the tactical angle from the body (approximately 12 to
advantage. 15 inches), keeping the toe pointed toward
the opponent.
l Bring the right foot behind the left foot as
Movement soon as the left foot is in place. This returns
Marines must know how to move in all directions Marines to the basic warrior stance.
while maintaining the basic warrior stance. Dur-
ing any movement, the legs or feet should not be Backward to the Right. To move backward to
crossed. Once a movement is completed, the basic the right from the basic warrior stance, Marines
warrior stance should be resumed. Maintaining execute the forward movement in reverse.
the basic warrior stance protects Marines and puts Marines—
them in the proper position to launch an attack
against an opponent. l Move the right foot backward at a 45-degree
angle from the body (approximately 12 to
Note: Before body movement begins, Marines 15 inches).
turn their heads quickly to the new direction. The l Bring the left foot, toe pointing toward the
faster the head turns, the faster the body moves, opponent, in front of the right foot as soon
and the quicker Marines attain visual contact as the right foot is in place. This returns
with the opponent. Marines to the basic warrior stance.
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1-8 MCRP 3-02B
Off-balancing
Marines use off-balancing techniques to control
an opponent. These techniques are used to throw
an opponent to the ground while Marines remain
standing, or they are used to put Marines in a po-
sition for an offensive attack.
To push, Marines grab the opponent with their Fall forward, breaking the fall with the forearms
hands and drive him forcefully into one of the and palms. The forearms and hands, down to the
front quadrants or to the right or left. fingertips, should strike the ground simultaneous-
ly.
Marines execute bumping in the same manner as
pushing, but use their shoulders, hips, and legs in- Offer resistance with the forearms and hands to
stead of their hands to off-balance the opponent. keep the head raised off the ground.
8. Falls
Marines may lose their balance or be thrown to
the ground during encounters with an opponent.
Marines use falling techniques to absorb the im-
pact of a fall and to quickly return to their feet fol-
lowing an opponent’s attack.
Side Fall
Whether falling or being thrown by an opponent,
Marines strive to reduce the force of the impact, Marines execute a side fall to break a fall on the
to prevent serious personal injury, and to increase side. To execute the side fall, Marines—
the chances of survival. Falling techniques use the
body’s large muscles (back, thighs, buttocks) to Bring the right arm across the body so the hand is
protect vital organs and bones from injury and im- next to the left shoulder with the palm facing in-
mobilization. board.
Front Fall
Marines execute a front fall to break a fall on the
front. To execute the front fall, Marines—
raised off the ground. The chin should be tucked Fall backward and slap the ground with the fore-
to the chest at all times to prevent whiplash. arms and hands to absorb the impact of the fall
and keep the head off the ground.
Back Fall
Marines execute a back fall to break the fall when
being thrown or falling backward. To execute the
back fall, Marines—
Keep the left leg straight to absorb as much of the Bend the left leg upon impact to push off with the
impact as possible. The right leg is bent and the left knee and leg to a squatting and then a stand-
foot hits flat on the ground. ing position. Forward momentum should carry the
Marine to a standing position.
(reverse blank)
CHAPTER 2
protected by body armor or combat equipment. Horizontal Buttstroke. Marines use the horizon-
To execute the straight thrust, Marines— tal buttstroke to weaken an opponent’s defenses,
to cause serious injury, or to set him up for a kill-
Lift the left leg and lunge forward off the ball of ing blow. Target areas are the opponent’s head,
the right foot while thrusting the blade end of the neck, and legs. To execute the horizontal
weapon forward, directly toward the opponent. buttstroke, Marines—
blow. Target areas are the opponent’s groin and Drive the arms straight forward, striking the op-
face. To execute the vertical buttstroke, ponent with the butt of the weapon.
Marines—
one’s self or as a member of a group. By combin- Fighters 1 and 2 turn and attack the exposed flank
ing bayonet fighting movements and simple strat- of the opponent engaged by fighter 3 and destroy
egies, Marines can effectively overcome their the opponent.
opponent or opponents.
Defensive Strategy: One Against Two. If a
Offensive Strategy: Two Against One. If two fighter is attacked by two opponents, the fighter
bayonet fighters engage one opponent, the fight- immediately positions himself at the flank of the
ers advance together. nearest opponent and keeps that opponent be-
tween himself and the other opponent.
Fighter 1 engages the opponent while fighter 2
swiftly and aggressively attacks the opponent’s
exposed flank and destroys the opponent. Using the first opponent’s body as a shield against
the second opponent, the fighter destroys the first
opponent quickly before the second opponent
moves to assist.
Fighters 1 and 2 quickly attack and destroy their to hit the opponent with the rifle. The rifle is used
opponents before the third opponent closes in. as a barrier.
Blocking Technique
To execute a blocking technique, Marines— Apply bone pressure on the opponent’s finger to
initiate pain compliance.
Stand in a defensive posture.
Rotate the barrel to place it across the opponent’s Rotate the muzzle quickly in a circle motion.
forearm and apply downward pressure. This ac- Slash downward with the muzzle to release the
opponent’s grip.
Butt Strikes
Strikes with the butt
of the weapon con-
trol or ward off an
attacker. During
any of the retention
techniques, Marines
use the heel or cut-
ting edge of the
weapon to deliver
butt strikes to the
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2-8 MCRP 3-02B
inside or the outside of the opponent’s thigh. The Throw the opponent to the ground with a quick
inside butt strike targets the femoral nerve as il- jerking movement by lowering the muzzle and
lustrated in the pho- swinging the butt of the weapon.
to to the left.
Off-balancing Techniques
Marines apply off-balancing techniques to throw
an opponent to the ground and retain possession
of the weapon.
If the opponent grabs the weapon and pulls, Place the body between the weapon and the oppo-
Marines— nent by immediately pivoting so the weapon is
away from the opponent.
Step on the opponent’s foot and push forward to
off-balance him and drive him to the ground. Step back and away from the opponent while
placing the hand on the pistol grip.
Sweep the opponent’s feet out from under him by
hooking his leg with the leg and kicking back-
ward.
3. Nonlethal Handgun
Retention Techniques
Place the left hand across the opponent’s face and Note: If the opponent grabs the pistol with his left
apply pressure back and down to take the oppo- hand, Marines execute the wristlock with one
hand and step in toward the opponent, rather than
Wristlock Technique
Marines use the wristlock technique when an op-
ponent grabs their pistol while it is in the holster
with his right hand. To execute the wristlock tech-
nique, Marines—
Stomping on the top of the opponent’s foot may Pistol to the Front
distract him or loosen his grip on the weapon. This technique is used when Marines are unarmed
and the opponent has a pistol pointing at their
front (e.g., head, chest). The technique is the same
4. Firearm Disarmament if the opponent sticks the pistol under the
Marine’s chin. To execute the counter when an
Techniques opponent is pointing a pistol toward the front of a
Marine, Marines—
Marines use firearm disarmament techniques dur-
ing a close-range confrontation if they are un-
Grasp the weapon with the right hand by placing Grasp and pull the opponent’s wrist or forearm
the thumb underneath the pistol and the fingers away from the body while rotating the weapon.
over top of the pistol.
Rotate the weapon toward the opponent while
Keep the right hand wrapped tightly around the pulling it up and back and out of the opponent’s
muzzle and quickly rotate the pistol in the oppo- grasp.
nent’s hand so the muzzle is facing the opponent.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2-18 MCRP 3-02B
Pistol to the Rear Pivot on the left foot to face the opponent and, at
This technique is performed when Marines are the same time, raise the left elbow and reach over
unarmed and the opponent has a pistol pointing to the top of the opponent’s arm with the left arm.
the back of the Marine’s head. To execute the
counter when the opponent is pointing a pistol to Wrap the left arm tightly around the opponent’s
the rear, Marines— arm above his elbow to control it.
Place the hands close together about chest high, Push on the opponent’s shoulder with the right
palms out. hand while pulling up with the left arm to achieve
an armbar. This action releases the opponent’s
Step back with the left foot, pivoting on the right grip on the weapon. If necessary, the opponent
foot so the side is against the opponent’s front. can be taken to the ground with a leg sweep.
This action clears the body from the weapon’s
line of fire. Keep the left hand up. Note: To execute this technique, the weapon must
be close to or touching the rear of the Marine. If
the weapon is too far away from the body, this
technique would be difficult to execute or it would
be ineffective.
CHAPTER 3
HAND-HELD WEAPONS
Neck. Carotid arteries, located on either side of Wearing the Combat Knife
the neck, are good target areas because they are Marines must wear the combat knife
not covered by body armor or natural protection. where it is easily accessible and where
it can best be retained. It is recom-
Lower Abdomen (or Groin). The lower abdo- mended the combat knife be worn on
men (or groin region) is a good target area be- the weak side hip, blade down, sharp
cause it is not covered by body armor. edge facing forward. Marines can place
it behind the magazine pouch where it
Heart. The heart, if not covered by body armor, is is easily accessible to them, but not
an excellent target which, if struck, can prove fa- easily grabbed by an opponent.
tal in a matter of seconds or minutes.
Principles of Knife Fighting Maintain contact on the opponent’s body with the
The following are key principles of knife fighting: blade of the knife.
Drag the knife across the opponent’s body, from Snap or rotate the wrist through the slashing mo-
right to left, in a forehand stroke. The movement tion to maximize the blade’s contact with the op-
ends with the forearm against the body and the ponent.
knife at the left hip with its blade oriented toward
the opponent.
Pull the knife out of the opponent. Drop the right elbow and bring the knife to the
opposite side of the opponent’s body from where
it was inserted. At the same time, rotate the hips
and shoulders downward to bring body weight to
bear on the attack.
Rotate the palm down to twist the blade once the Entrenching Tool
knife is inserted.
An entrenching tool (E-tool) is commonly carried
by Marines. It can be an excellent weapon, espe-
cially when sharpened. Marines can use the E-
tool to block, slash, and thrust at an opponent.
Web Belt
Bring the knife to the opposite side of the oppo- Marines can stretch a web belt between their
nent’s body from where it was inserted. hands to block attacks by an opponent.
Battlefield Debris
Marines can use debris on the battlefield (e.g.,
sticks, glass, a sharp piece of metal) to cut, slash,
or stab an opponent. They can also use other types
of debris such as shovel or ax handles, boards,
metal pipes, or broken rifles to strike an opponent
or apply a choke.
Helmet
A helmet can be used to strike an opponent on an
unprotected area like the head and face. Grasp the
rim of the helmet and thrust the arms forward,
striking the opponent with the top of the helmet.
3. Weapons of Opportunity
During an unarmed close combat situation, 4. Fundamentals of Combative
Marines use their bodies as weapons, but they
should be ready and able to use anything around Stick
them as a weapon. For example, Marines could
throw sand or liquid in an opponent’s eyes to tem- On the battlefield, Marines must be ready and
porarily impair his vision or smash the opponent’s able to use anything as a weapon. They must learn
head with a rock or helmet. Marines must use and be able to use techniques that can be em-
whatever means are available and do whatever it ployed with most weapons of opportunity.
takes to take control of the situation and to win, or Among these techniques are combative stick tech-
they face the possibility of losing their lives. niques. Combative stick techniques can be used
Some weapons of opportunity are discussed in the with a stick, a club, a broken rifle, an E-tool, or
following subparagraphs. even a web belt.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Close Combat 3-7
Movement
Movement during combative stick techniques is
the same as it is for other close combat tech-
niques. Marines can move anywhere within a
360-degree circle around the opponent. This al-
lows accessibility to different target areas of the
opponent’s body and gains a tactical advantage. Rotate the forearm straight down off the elbow to
bring the weapon down on the opponent.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3-8 MCRP 3-02B
Rotate the hips and shoulders forcefully toward Rotate the forearm to the right of the elbow to
the opponent. bring the weapon down onto the opponent. At the
same time, forcefully rotate the hips and shoul-
ders toward the opponent.
Step forward with the left foot in the direction of Reverse Strike. The reverse strike is a follow-up
the strike. technique to a forward strike. It allows Marines
both a secondary attack and the ability to resume
Bend the right arm with the elbow extending out the basic warrior stance.To execute a reverse
to the right and the weapon extended over the strike, Marines—
right shoulder.
Step forward with the right foot in the direction of
the strike.
Bend the right arm with the hand near the left
shoulder. The weapon is extended over the left
shoulder.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Close Combat 3-9
Rotate the forearm to the right of the elbow to Lift the left leg and lunge forward off the ball of
bring the weapon down onto the opponent. At the the right foot. At the same time, thrust the end of
same time, forcefully rotate the hips and shoul- the weapon directly toward the opponent by
ders toward the opponent. thrusting both hands forward in a straight line.
Raise the left arm and block the strike with the Block on two points of contact to disperse the im-
meaty portion of the forearm. pact of the attack:
Thrust the forearms forward, hands up, against Block the attack with both arms bent so the fore-
the opponent’s attacking arm. Contact is made on arms make contact with the opponent’s biceps
the opponent’s arm with the backs of the fore- and forearm.
arms.
Step forward with the left foot at a 45-degree an- Step forward with the right foot to the outside of
gle to the left to move out of the line of attack. the opponent’s attacking arm.
Thrust the forearms forward, hands up, against Block the attack with both arms bent so the fore-
the outside of the opponent’s attacking arm. arms make contact with the opponent’s triceps
and forearm.
Block for a Forward Strike. To execute the Block for a Forward Thrust. To execute the
block against a forward diagonal or forward hori- block against a forward thrust, Marines—
zontal strike, Marines—
Bend at the waist, move the hips backward, and
Step forward with the left foot inside the oppo- jump backward with both feet to move away from
nent’s attacking arm. the attack. This action is known as "hollowing
out."
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Close Combat 3-13
Hollow out and block the attack with the arms l Block the attack.
bent and hands together on top of the attacking
arm. Note: The first two actions are taken simulta-
neously.
Counter Techniques
There are two techniques that can be used to
Overlap the hands slightly so one thumb is on top counter any armed attack: forward armbar
of the other hand’s index finger. The other thumb counter and reverse armbar counter. These tech-
should be under the other hand’s index finger. niques can be used to counter a vertical attack, a
forward diagonal strike, or a forward horizontal
strike. With minor variations, the same tech-
niques are used to counter reverse strikes. A third
technique, the bent armbar counter, is used to
counter a vertical attack.
Slide the left arm over the opponent’s forearm Control the opponent’s arm with the left hand and
and wrap the arm tightly around his arm, trapping pivot to the right so the back is against the oppo-
the opponent’s attacking arm between the biceps nent’s side. Immediately slide the right arm over
and torso. the opponent’s biceps and wrap the arm tightly
around his arm, trapping the opponent’s attacking
Place the right hand on the opponent’s shoulder or arm between the biceps and torso.
upper arm to further control his arm and to effect
an armbar. Grasp the opponent’s wrist with the left hand and
twist his thumb away from the body.
Execute an armbar and continue to exert steady
pressure against the arm.
Block the attack with both arms bent so the fore- Apply downward pressure with the hands against
arms make contact with the opponent’s biceps the opponent’s forearm to off-balance the oppo-
and forearm. nent.
(reverse blank)
CHAPTER 4
STRIKES
Strikes are unarmed individual hitting techniques. l Moving their body mass straight forward or
Strikes use the hands, elbows, knees, feet, and, in backward in a straight line.
some instances, other parts of the body as person- l Dropping their body weight into an oppo-
al weapons. Marines must know how to execute nent. Body mass can be transferred into an
strikes effectively. They must also know how to attack from high to low or from low to high.
counter strikes from an opponent.
Rapid Retraction
When Marines deliver a punch, rapid retraction of
1. Principles of Punches the fist is important. Once the hand has made
contact with the target, Marines quickly return to
the basic warrior stance. Rapid retraction—
Muscle Relaxation
Muscle relaxation is crucial when executing l Returns the hand and arm to the protection
punches. The natural tendency in a fight is to afforded by the basic warrior stance.
tense up, which results in rapid fatigue and de- l Prevents the opponent from being able to
creased power generation. Marines who remain grab the hand or arm.
relaxed during a close combat situation generate l Permits the hand and arm to be “cham-
greater speed, which results in greater generation bered” or “re-cocked” in preparation for de-
of power. Relaxing the forearms generates speed livering a subsequent punch.
and improves reaction time. At the point of im-
pact, Marines clench the fist to cause damage to
the opponent and avoid injury to the wrist and Telegraphing
hand. Telegraphing a strike occurs when body move-
ments inform the opponent of the intention to
launch an attack. Staying relaxed helps to reduce
Weight Transfer telegraphing.
Weight transfer is necessary to generate power in
a punch. Marines accomplish this by— Often, an untrained fighter telegraphs his inten-
tion to attack by drawing his hand back in view of
l Rotating their hips and shoulders into the at- his opponent, changing facial expression, tensing
tack. neck muscles, or twitching. These movements,
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
4-2 MCRP 3-02B
Punches may be thrown during any hand-to-hand Snap the lead hand out to nearly full extension,
confrontation. Most people resort to punching be- while rotating the palm to the ground.
cause it is a natural reaction to a threat. The pur-
pose of a punch is to stun the opponent or to set
him up for a follow-up finishing technique. How-
ever, punches should only be executed to the soft
tissue areas of an opponent. A correctly delivered
punch maximizes the damage to an opponent
while minimizing the risk of injury to Marines.
Basic Fist
Punches are executed using the basic fist. To
make the basic fist, the fingers are curled natural- Contact the opponent with the first two knuckles
ly into the palm of the hand and the thumb is of the fist.
placed across the index and middle fingers. Do
not clench the fist until movement has begun.
This reduces muscular tension in the forearm and
increases speed and reac-
tion time. Just before im-
pact, Marines exert
muscular tension on the
hand and forearm to maxi-
mize damage to the oppo-
nent and reduce their
chances of injury. Con-
Picture shows
finger position only. tact should be made with
the knuckles of the index Retract the hand immediately, resuming the basic
and middle fingers. warrior stance.
When striking with the basic fist, Marines must Rear Hand Punch
keep the hand straight, or in line, with the wrist to The rear hand punch is a snapping punch execut-
avoid injury to the wrist. ed by the rear (right) hand. It is a power punch
designed to inflict maximum damage on the op-
ponent. Its power comes from pushing off the
rear leg and rotating the hips and shoulders. To
execute the rear hand punch, Marines—
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Close Combat 4-3
Rotate the hips and shoulders forcefully toward unconscious, cause extensive damage to the neck,
the opponent and thrust the rear hand straight out, or sever the tongue. To execute the uppercut,
rotating the palm down, to nearly full extension. Marines—
Shift body weight to the lead foot while pushing Bend the arms, rotating the palm inboard. The
off on the ball of the rear foot. distance the arms bend depends on how close the
opponent is.
Thrust the right arm in a hooking motion toward that can be used to execute strikes including the
the opponent, keeping the elbow bent while hammer fist, chin jab, knife hand, eye gouge, and
forcefully rotating the right shoulder and hip to- elbow strikes. These strikes provide a variety of
ward the opponent. techniques that can be used in any type of close
combat situation.
Principles of Execution
There are several principles of execution that en-
sure a strike’s effectiveness.
Strikes stun the opponent or set him up for a fol- Movement. Movement puts Marines in the prop-
low-up finishing technique. The hands, forearms, er position for launching an attack against an op-
and elbows are individual weapons of the arms ponent as well as providing protection.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Close Combat 4-5
Movement is initiated from the basic warrior Rotate the wrist so the hammer fist makes contact
stance and ends by resuming the basic warrior on the opponent.
stance. Strikes can be performed with either the
left or right arm depending upon—
Step forward with the left foot toward the oppo- Outside Knife Hand. To execute the outside
nent, keeping the feet approximately shoulder- knife hand strike, Marines—
width apart and the knees bent. This is done to
close with the opponent. Execute a knife hand by extending and joining the
fingers of the right hand and placing the thumb
Keep the right arm bent and close to the side. next to the forefinger (like saluting).
Thrust the palm of the hand directly up under the
opponent’s chin. At the same time, rotate the right Retract the right hand. At the same time, rotate
hip forward to drive the body weight into the at- the right hip and right shoulder backward.
tack to increase the power of the strike. The at-
tack should travel up the centerline of the
Thrust the knife hand forward (horizontally) onto
opponent’s chest to his chin.
the opponent while rotating the right hip and
shoulder forward.
Knife Hand
The knife hand is one of the most versatile and
devastating strikes. The striking surface is the
cutting edge of the hand, which is the meaty por-
tion of the hand below the little finger extending Inside Knife Hand. To execute the inside knife
to the top of the wrist. hand strike, Marines—
The striking surface is
narrow, allowing strikes
Execute a knife hand.
on the neck between the
opponent’s body armor
and helmet. The knife Bring the right hand over the left shoulder. At the
hand strike is executed same time, rotate the right shoulder forward and
from one of three angles: the left hip forward.
outside, inside, and verti-
cal.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Close Combat 4-7
Vertical Knife Hand. When thrown vertically, Thrust the hand forward at the oppo-
the knife hand strike comes straight down in a nent’s nose level so the fingers or
straight line. thumb slide naturally into the
grooves of the opponent’s eye sock-
ets.
Elbow Strikes
The elbow is a powerful weapon that can be used
in several different ways to attack virtually any
part of an opponent’s body. Elbow strikes can be
performed either vertically (upward or down-
ward) or horizontally (forward or reverse). The
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
4-8 MCRP 3-02B
striking surface is 2 inches above or below the Contact the opponent with the right forearm 2
point of the elbow, depending upon the angle of inches above the point of the elbow.
attack, the opponent’s attack angle, and the posi-
tion of the opponent.
Contact the opponent with the right triceps 2 inch- Contact the opponent with the right forearm 2
es above the point of the elbow. inches below the point of the elbow.
Horizontal Elbow Strike (Forward). To execute Horizontal Elbow Strike (Rear). To execute the
the forward horizontal elbow strike, Marines— rear horizontal elbow strike, Marines—
Tuck the right fist near the chest with the palm Tuck the right fist near the left shoulder with the
heel facing the ground. palm heel facing the ground. At the same time,
rotate the right shoulder forward and the left hip
forward.
Rotate the right hip back and the right shoulder toe of the boot or the bootlaces. To execute the
backward to generate additional power. front kick, Marines—
Contact the opponent with the right triceps 2 inch- Raise the left knee waist high, pivot the hips into
es above the point of the elbow. the attack, and thrust the left foot forward toward
the opponent.
Kicks
The purpose of a kick is to stop an opponent’s at-
tack or to create an opening in his defense in order
to launch an attack. Kicks can be performed with
the left (lead) leg or the right (rear) leg. Kicks
with the rear leg have greater power because the
hips are rotated into the attack. However, the rear
leg is further away from the opponent so a strike
with the rear leg will not contact the opponent as
quickly as a strike with the lead leg. Return to the basic warrior stance.
Front Kick. The front kick is executed when the Side Kick. The side kick, delivered with the lead
opponent is in front of the Marine. The front leg, is effective for striking the knees. The side
kick, delivered with either the rear or lead leg, is kick is executed when the opponent is to the side
effective for striking below the waist. Attempting of the Marine. The striking surface is the outside
to kick higher results in diminished balance and cutting edge of the boot near the heel. To execute
provides the enemy with a greater opportunity to the side kick, Marines—
grab the leg or foot. The striking surfaces are the
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Close Combat 4-11
Raise the right knee waist high and rotate the right Raise the right knee and drive it up forcefully into
hip forward. the opponent. Power is generated by thrusting the
leg upward.
Knee Strikes
Knee strikes are excellent weapons during the
close range of close combat fighting. The knee
strike is generally delivered in close.
Raise the right knee above the waist with the right
leg bent at approximately a 90-degree angle.
5. Counters to Strikes
In a close combat situation, an opponent will at-
tempt to strike Marines with punches and kicks.
Drive the flat bottom of the right boot or the cut- When an opponent uses a strike, Marines must
ting edge of the right heel down onto the oppo- first avoid the strike. This is accomplished by
nent forcefully. At the same time, bend the left moving quickly and blocking. Next, Marines
knee slightly to drop the body weight into the must get into an offensive position. This allows
strike. Marines to use offensive strikes to attack the op-
ponent. Regardless of the strike, the counter to a
strike requires Marines to move, block, and strike.
Move
The first step in countering a strike is to move out
of the way of the strike’s impact. Movement re-
moves Marines from the opponent’s intended
strike point and positions Marines to attack.
Movement is executed at approximately a 45-de-
gree angle to the front or rear. Movement is al-
ways initiated from the basic warrior stance.
Return to the basic warrior stance with the toe of
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Close Combat 4-13
the lead foot pointing toward the opponent once Raise the left arm and block or deflect the oppo-
the movement is complete. nent’s lead hand with the palm of the hand or the
meaty portion of the forearm.
Block
Different blocks are executed based on the strike.
These will be covered by individual counters.
Strike
Any of the upper body or lower body strikes can
be executed as a follow-on attack or part of the
counter to an opponent’s strike. The follow-on
strike is determined by the angle to the opponent,
the position of the opponent, and the opponent’s
available vulnerable target areas.
Counters to Punches
Counter to a Lead Hand Punch. This counter is Hit and stick by leaving the left arm against the
used when the opponent throws a lead hand opponent’s right arm while stepping forward and
punch. To execute the counter to the lead hand to the left at approximately a 45-degree angle to
punch, Marines— close with the opponent.
punch. To execute the counter to the rear hand Hit and stick by leaving the left arm against the
punch, Marines— opponent’s right arm while stepping forward and
to the right at approximately a 45-degree angle to
Step forward and to the left at approximately a close with the opponent.
45-degree angle, moving in to the outside of the
opponent’s attacking arm.
Lower the left arm and block or deflect the oppo- Step forward and to the left at approximately a
nent’s leg with the palm of the hand or the meaty 45-degree angle, moving in to the outside of the
portion of the forearm. opponent’s striking leg.
(reverse blank)
CHAPTER 5
THROWS
Marines use throwing techniques to maintain the the opponent are wearing gear. To execute the
tactical advantage and to throw the opponent to turning throw, Marines—
the ground during close combat. Throws apply the
principles of balance, leverage, timing, and body Grasp the opponent’s right wrist with the left
position to upset an opponent’s balance and to hand.
gain control by forcing the opponent to the
ground. Throwing techniques are effective be-
cause they are size- and gender-neutral, and they
rely on the momentum and power generated by
the opponent rather than the strength or size of the
Marine. Marines also execute a throw as a devas-
tating attack against an opponent, possibly caus-
ing unconsciousness or broken limbs. When
Marines execute throws, they must maintain bal-
ance and, simultaneously, prevent the opponent
from countering a throw or escaping after being
forced to the ground.
1. Turning Throw
Marines use a turning throw to take the opponent
to the ground while they remain standing. A turn-
ing throw can also be executed from a stationary
position. It is particularly effective if Marines and
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
5-2 MCRP 3-02B
Step forward with the right foot, place it against moving forward or pushing. Marines use the op-
the outside of the opponent’s right foot, and pivot ponent’s forward momentum to execute the hip
so the back of the heel throw. To execute the hip throw, Marines—
is next to the middle of
the opponent’s foot. Grasp the opponent’s right wrist with the left
hand.
Hook the opponent’s
right arm with the right
arm and pinch his arm
between the biceps and
forearm, touching the
opponent with the
body.
2. Hip Throw
Marines use a hip throw to take the opponent to
the ground while they remain standing. A hip The back of the heel should be next to the oppo-
throw is particularly effective if the opponent is nent’s foot.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Close Combat 5-3
Step back with the left foot and rotate on the ball sweep is particularly effective if the opponent is
of the foot. The back of the heel is next to the op- already off-balanced and moving backward or
ponent’s toe. The knees are bent. pulling on the Marine. To execute the leg sweep,
Marines—
Rotate at the waist and hook the right hand around
the back of the opponent’s body (anywhere from Grab the opponent’s
his waist to his head). The right wrist with the left
side and hip should be hand and grab the op-
against the opponent. ponent’s left shoulder
with the right hand.
Rotate the hip against the
opponent. The hips must be Note: Grab the oppo-
lower than the opponent’s. nent’s clothing or gear
if his wrist and shoul-
Use the right hand to pull der cannot be grabbed.
the opponent up on the hip
to maximize contact. Step forward with the
left foot and place it on
the outside of the op-
ponent’s right foot.
Pull the opponent’s arm across the body and, at
the same time, lift the opponent off the ground Pull the opponent’s wrist downward, close to the
slightly by bending at the waist, straightening the body, and push his shoulder backward to off-bal-
legs, and rotating the body to the left. ance him.
3. Leg Sweep Raise the right knee no higher than the waist.
Marines use a leg sweep to take the opponent to
Kick the foot past the opponent’s right leg.
the ground while they remain standing. A leg
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
5-4 MCRP 3-02B
WARNING
During training, never execute a choke at full
force or full speed and never hold a choke for
more than 5 seconds.
When Marines correctly perform a choke, they 2 to 3 minutes. Due to the length of time it takes
render an opponent unconscious in as little as 8 to to immobilize the opponent, air chokes are not
13 seconds. Chokes are easily performed regard- recommended.
less of size or gender. Marines must know how to
apply chokes and how to counter a choke or a Blood Choke
hold executed by an opponent.
A blood choke is performed on the opponent’s ca-
rotid artery, which carries oxygen-enriched blood
from the heart to the brain. The carotid artery is
1. Types of Chokes located on both sides of the neck. If Marines exe-
cute a blood choke properly, the opponent will
There are two types of chokes: an air choke and a lose consciousness within 8 to 13 seconds. The
blood choke. An air choke closes off the airway to blood choke is the preferred choke because its in-
the lungs, thereby preventing oxygen from reach- tended effect (i.e., the opponent losing conscious-
ing the heart. A blood choke cuts off the blood ness) can be executed quickly, ending the fight.
flow to the brain. Both types can result in uncon-
sciousness and eventual death for an opponent.
2. Chokes
Air Choke
An air choke is performed on the opponent’s Front Choke
windpipe (or trachea), cutting off the air to the Marines execute a front choke when they are fac-
lungs and heart. If Marines execute the air choke ing the opponent. Marines use the opponent’s
properly, the opponent loses consciousness within
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
6-2 MCRP 3-02B
Side Choke
Marines execute a side choke when they are fac-
ing the opponent. The side choke is particularly
effective when deflecting a punch thrown by an
opponent. To execute the side choke, Marines—
Bring the right arm underneath the opponent’s Exert pressure on the side of the opponent’s neck
arm and up around the front of his neck. with the forearm.
Clasp both hands together. gain more leverage than the rear choke. If the rear
choke cannot be secured, the figure-four variation
is employed to increase the pressure of the choke
on the opponent. To execute the figure-four varia-
tion of the rear choke, Marines—
Figure-Four Choke
A variation of the rear choke is the figure-four
choke. The figure-four choke allows Marines to
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Close Combat 6-5
Push the opponent’s head forward and down with grip and to clear their airway. Softening tech-
the left hand. niques are particularly effective if Marines lack
the physical strength of their opponent. These
techniques include groin strikes, eye gouges, foot
stomps, etc. Softening techniques are not offen-
sive; rather, they are used to loosen an opponent’s
hold.
hands to choke a Marine around the throat. To ex- his right arm around a Marine’s throat. To execute
ecute the counter to the front choke, Marines— the counter to the rear choke, Marines—
Grasp the opponent’s right forearm (where the el- Grasp the opponent’s forearm (at the radial nerve)
bow bends) with the left hand and apply down- and bicep with both hands and pull down just
ward pressure on the opponent’s radial nerve with enough to clear the airway. Once the airway is
the fingers. clear, tuck the chin to protect the airway and to
prevent the opponent from reapplying the choke.
Strike and drive the left elbow into the opponent’s Move the right hand and arm across the oppo-
torso while rotating the hips and pivoting to the nent’s torso.
left, throwing the opponent back and to the
ground. Step forward and to the left with the left foot at a
45-degree angle.
Counter to a Rear Headlock Grab any part of the opponent’s face (chin, nose,
Marines use a counter to a rear headlock when the eyes) and pull back while rising to a standing po-
opponent approaches from the rear and puts his sition.
right arm around the Marine’s neck, bends the
Marine forward, and locks the Marine’s head Execute, with the right hand, a hammer fist strike
against his hip. To execute the counter to the rear to the opponent’s exposed throat.
headlock, Marines—
Grasp the opponent’s torso or arms to gain bal- the Marine’s arms to the sides. To execute the
ance and to assist in throwing the opponent. It counter to a rear bear hug, Marines—
may be helpful to hook the opponent’s right arm
with the left arm. Step behind the opponent’s right leg with the left
foot, keeping both legs bent (almost in a squatting
position). The left side of the body should be
against the opponent’s.
(reverse blank)
CHAPTER 7
GROUND FIGHTING
Marines should avoid being on the ground during in a position to control the situation. To execute
a close combat situation because the battlefield the guard position technique, Marines—
may be covered with debris and there is an in-
creased risk of injury. However, many close com-
bat situations involve fighting on the ground. The
priority in a ground fight is for Marines to get
back on their feet as quickly as possible. In any
ground fighting scenario, Marines will usually
end up in one of four positions with the opponent.
The offensive positions, in which Marines have a
tactical advantage, are the guard and mount. The
defensive positions, which are used as counters
when the opponent has the tactical advantage, are
the counter to the guard and the counter to the Trap the opponent’s hands on the chest by cross-
mount. Marines can also employ chokes during ing the hands on the chest so the forearms are
ground fighting to quickly end a fight. resting on the opponent’s forearms. Apply pres-
sure with the elbows or forearms.
Strike the outside of the opponent’s thigh with the Pull the opponent’s arm straight up and fall back
cutting edge of the right heel. This causes the op- sharply, pulling his arm to the side in the direction
ponent to jerk to that side. of his little finger.
Return to standing.
Move the head quickly to the left and swivel the
hips to the right. At the same time, bring up both Mount Position
of the legs. Both legs are on the right side of the Marines execute the mount if the opponent is ly-
opponent’s body. ing on his back on the ground and the Marine is
on top with legs wrapped around the opponent’s
body. This position is an offensive position be-
cause Marines are in a better position to control
the opponent and to execute ground fighting tech-
niques. To execute the mount position technique,
Marines—
Maintain control of the opponent’s arms with the Pull the opponent’s arm straight up and fall back
left arm and apply pressure to the opponent’s bra- sharply, pulling his arm to the side in the direction
chial plexus (tie in) with the right hand. of his little finger.
Return to standing.
Strike the opponent’s groin with the right fist. Grab the opponent’s gear or clothing on his upper
torso and pull him down close.
Hook the left arm underneath the opponent’s right Use the right arm to hook the opponent’s left arm,
knee from the inside. Throw the opponent’s leg from the inside around the outside, above his el-
over the head. bow. With the right foot, hook the opponent’s left
leg or ankle.
Return to standing. Strike the opponent’s side with the left hand.
Push the opponent over and roll him off to the 3. Ground Fighting Chokes
right side.
WARNING
During training, never execute a choke at full
force or full speed. Never hold a choke for
more than 5 seconds.
Keep the right hand pressed against the oppo- Use the left hand to parry the opponent’s right
nent’s carotid artery, reach under the right arm arm inboard (to the inside of the opponent’s
with the left hand, and grab the opponent’s left la- reach). Bring the right arm underneath the oppo-
pel, forming an X with the wrists. nent’s arm and up around the front of his neck.
Pull the opponent toward the chest. Use the fore- Use the right arm to reach over the opponent’s
arm to exert pressure on the side of his neck. This right shoulder and hook the bend of the arm
is done by pulling the clasped hands toward the around his neck.
chest.
choke, lean backward by arching the back and Use the left hand to push the opponent’s head for-
pulling the opponent back. At the same time, ward and down.
push the feet against the opponent’s thighs.
Figure-Four Choke
A variation of the ground fighting rear choke is
the figure-four choke. The figure-four choke al-
Draw the right arm in while maintaining pressure
lows Marines to gain more leverage on the rear
with the biceps and forearm on both sides of the
choke. If the rear choke cannot be secured, the
opponent’s neck.
figure-four variation may be applied to increase
the pressure of the choke on the opponent. To ex-
ecute the figure-four variation of the rear choke,
Marines—
Grasp the left biceps with the right hand and place
the left hand against the back of the opponent’s
head.
NONLETHAL TECHNIQUES
and elbows only bend in one direction and Exert downward pressure
when pressure is applied in the opposite di- with the thumb to bend the
rection, pain compliance can be achieved. opponent’s joint. Rotate the
l Beyond the point where the joint stops natu- opponent’s hand to the
rally in its range of movement (i.e., it no right to twist the joint.
longer bends).
Lean forward to use body weight to add addition- Enhanced Pain Compliance on Wristlock. En-
al pressure to the joint. hanced pain compliance techniques are applied in
the third and fourth levels in the continuum of
force. Additional pain be applied to a wristlock
by—
Two-Handed Wristlock. Both hands can be used Applying pressure against the opponent’s finger
in the wristlock to maximize the leverage and joint to bend it in a direction it cannot bend (i.e.,
pressure needed to bend and twist the joint. To ex- splitting the fingers).
ecute the two-handed wristlock, Marines—
Come-Along Holds
Marines use a come-along hold to control and
move an opponent.
Use the right hand to firmly grasp the opponent’s Wristlock Come-Along. To execute the
right wrist. With the left hand, firmly grasp the wristlock come-along, Marines—
opponent’s right triceps.
Use the left hand to execute a basic wristlock. In-
corporate the right hand in a two-handed
wristlock for more control.
Use the left hand and ap- Apply downward pressure with both hands until
ply downward pressure on the opponent is taken to the ground.
the opponent’s wrist.
Armbars
An armbar is a joint manipulation in which pres-
sure is applied on a locked elbow, just above the
joint, in the direction the joint will not bend. An
armbar has to be locked in quickly, but still re-
quires a slow, steady pressure to gain compliance.
Bring the left hand down on or above the oppo- Bring the left hand down
nent’s elbow joint. To gain additional leverage, on or above the oppo-
pivot to face the opponent. nent’s elbow joint.
Takedowns
A takedown is used to bring an opponent to the
ground to further control him.
Use the right hand to grab the opponent’s right Use the right foot to push down
hand and execute a reverse wristlock. on the opponent’s calf or Achilles
tendon.
Armbar to a Takedown. This technique is used Lean back, placing the body weight on the oppo-
to take a noncompliant opponent to the ground nent’s arm until he complies or is taken to the
from an armbar. To execute the armbar takedown, ground.
Marines—
Apply downward pressure on the wristlock, pivot Apply pressure with the knee against the oppo-
on the ball of the right foot, and quickly turn to nent’s triceps while pulling back on his arm.
the right to take the opponent to the ground.
Slide the left foot under the opponent’s back, un- Kneel down with one knee on the opponent’s
derneath his armpit. back. The other knee is placed on the opponent’s
neck and shoulder on either side of his arm. Apply
inward pressure with the knees to lock his arm in
place.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Close Combat 8-9
Tell the opponent to put his other hand in the mid- the right while continuing to apply downward
dle of his back. Bring the opponent’s controlled pressure on his arm to bring him to the ground.
hand to the center of his back.
2. Nonlethal Baton
A baton or nightstick can be an effective compli-
ance tool when used correctly. Batons can be used
defensively (blocking), offensively (striking), and
as a restraining device when needed. In the fourth
level of the continuum of force (assaultive [bodily
Use the left hand or forearm and apply downward harm]), defensive tactics include baton or night-
pressure above the opponent’s elbow where the stick blocks and blows. Blows to the head or other
triceps meet. bony parts of the body are considered deadly
force. When deadly force is not authorized,
Marines must be able to employ blocks, strikes,
and restraints with the baton with the minimum of
force.
Grips
One-Handed Grip. To execute
the one-handed grip, Marines—
Step back with the right foot and, keeping the op- Wrap the thumb and index finger
ponent’s hand controlled against the hip, pivot to around the baton so they are
touching one another. The grip on
the baton should be firm, but natu-
ral.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
8-10 MCRP 3-02B
Two-Handed Grip. To execute the two-handed Two-Handed Carry. This carry is effective for
grip, Marines— blocks. To execute the two-handed carry,
Marines—
Use the right hand to grasp the
lower end of the baton, about 2 Grip the baton using the two-handed grip.
inches from the end. Wrap the
thumb and index finger around Elevate the baton, with the left hand higher than
the baton so they touch one an- the right hand.
other.
Orient the weapon toward the subject.
Use the left hand to grasp the
upper end of the baton, palm
down, about 2 inches from the
end. The hands should be ap-
proximately 10 to 12 inches
apart.
High Block. Marines execute a high block to de- Bend the elbows slightly to help absorb the im-
ter a downward vertical attack directed at the head pact of the blow. The arms should give with the
and shoulders. To execute the high block, strike of the blow.
Marines—
Place the baton perpendicular to the opponent’s Place the baton perpendicular to the opponent’s
striking surface to absorb the impact of the blow. striking surface to absorb the impact of the blow.
Bend the elbows slightly to help absorb the im- Bend the elbows slightly to help absorb the im-
pact of the blow. The arms should give with the pact of the blow. The arms should give with the
strike of the blow. strike of the blow.
Continue exerting downward pressure with the Legs. Primary targets are the thighs and lower
left forearm while pulling back on the opponent’s legs. Avoid striking the knee and ankle joints be-
biceps with the left hand. This places the oppo- cause this can cause permanent damage.
nent in a position where he is controlled and can
be moved. Arms. Primary targets are the upper arms. Avoid
striking the shoulder and elbow and wrist joints
because this can cause permanent damage.
Bend the right arm and cross the arm to the left Two-Handed Reverse Strike. This strike is an
side of the body. The baton should be close to or effective follow-up to a middle block or left
over the left shoulder. block. To execute the two-handed reverse strike,
Marines—
Place the right hand palm down, swing the baton
from left to right, and make contact with the op- Pull back with the right hand while driving the
ponent. left hand forward toward the opponent. The baton
should be horizontal to the ground. Power is gen-
erated by stepping forward slightly with the left
foot and rotating the left hip and shoulder into the
strike.
A pugil stick is a training device used to simulate l Use the right forearm to lock the lower end
a rifle bayonet so that effective, but safe, training of the pugil stick against the hip.
can be conducted to build proficiency of rifle bay- l Orient the blade end of the pugil stick to-
onet techniques. Pugil stick training builds on the ward the opponent.
techniques used to throw punches. Pugil stick
training is the only “full contact” training provid- Safety Equipment
ed to Marines in the Close Combat Program. Pu-
gil stick training teaches Marines to function The following safety equipment must be worn
when faced with stress and violence, and it pre- during any pugil stick bout.
pares them to deliver a blow and take a blow. It
also provides them with the physical and mental Groin Protection. Groin protection protects the
skills vital to success on the battlefield. groin from an accidental blow. It should be pulled
high around the waist to protect the groin area,
with the concave portion against the body.
1. Pugil Stick Training Flak Jacket. The flak jacket provides protection
to the body. It is worn completely fastened.
Design
A pugil stick consists of a stick wrapped in pad- Neck Roll. The neck roll prevents whiplash if
ding at both ends that can be gripped like a rifle. Marines receive a blow to the head. The neck roll
The pugil stick is approximately the same weight further supports the head and protects the neck
and length of an unloaded rifle with a bayonet at- from blows. The neck roll is worn above the flak
tached. jacket and below the helmet. The tied end of the
neck roll faces the front.
Holding the Pugil Stick
The pugil stick is held in the same manner as the Helmet. A regulation football helmet protects the
service rifle. All movements come from the basic face and head. The helmet must fit snugly and the
warrior stance. To hold the pugil stick correctly, chin straps must be adjusted and snapped.
Marines—
Mouthpiece. The mouthpiece is worn on the up-
l Use the right hand to grasp the lower end of per teeth to protect the teeth.
the pugil stick overhanded.
l Use the left hand to grasp the upper end of Gloves. Marines wear gloves to protect the hands
the pugil stick underhanded. if pugil sticks do not have gloves built-in.
A-2 _______________________________________________________________________________________________ MCRP 3-02B
Pugil Stick Screening lot. A boxing ring may be used to conduct pugil
Prior to pugil stick training, instructors must ask stick bouts; ring dimensions can vary as long as
participating Marines the following questions. If a there is ample room to execute the techniques in
Marine answers “yes” to any question, he must the training area.
see the corpsman or a competent medical authori-
ty who evaluates him and determines whether or Second Impact Syndrome
not the he can participate in the training. Second Impact Syndrome occurs when a second
blow to the head produces a second concussion
l Are you on light duty? that occurs within 1 week following a previous
l Are you restricted to running shoes by a concussion (before recovery from the first con-
corpsman or a doctor? cussion). Second Impact Syndrome causes rapid
l Have you fought in a pugil stick bout within brain swelling and can cause death. Therefore,
the last 7 days? there must be 7 days between pugil stick bouts to
l Have you received a blow to the head within reduce the risk of severe injury resulting from
the last 7 days? Second Impact Syndrome. The 7 day separation
l Have you had a concussion within the last 6 between pugil stick bouts significantly reduces
months? the possibility of injury, particularly in someone
l Have you had dental surgery within the last who may have suffered a brain injury or concus-
24 hours? sion but shows no symptoms.
l Do you have stitches or staples on your
body? Any Marine who experiences headaches or the
l Have you had a shoulder or head injury following symptoms after training must be exam-
within the last 5 years? ined by appropriate medical personnel:
l Are you taking a prescription drug?
l Do you have an ear infection or current si- l Blurred vision.
nus infection? l Ringing in the ears.
l Have you had a broken bone within the last l Dilation of the pupils.
6 months? l Slurred speech.
l Bleeding from ears or mouth.
Safety Personnel l Swelling in head or neck area.
The following safety personnel are required to l Any unnatural discoloration in head or neck
conduct pugil stick training: area.
l One close combat instructor must officiate The Marine should not be allowed to participate
the bout. in pugil stick training or any other activity where
l One close combat instructor trainer, com- a heavy blow might be sustained for a minimum
missioned officer, or staff noncommissioned of 7 days after the headache or other symptoms
officer must be in the training area to serve have subsided.
as range safety officer.
l One corpsman must be in the training area. Safety Measures
The following safety measures must be followed:
Training Area
To prevent injury, Marines train on areas with soft l Gear must be worn properly throughout
footing (i.e., sand or grass). Training mats are not training.
recommended because feet can stick to the mats, l Contact lenses or glasses will not be worn.
prohibiting movement or causing joint injuries by l False teeth will be removed from the mouth.
twisting a knee. Bouts should not take place on a l Nothing will be worn around the neck ex-
hard surface area; e.g., a flight deck or parking cept the neck roll.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Close Combat A-3
l Competition among groups of Marines is Note: There should be enough gear so that when
authorized as long as it does not overshadow two Marines are training, two other Marines can
training objectives or compromise safety be donning safety equipment for the next bout.
procedures.
l Safety and proper techniques are paramount. During the Bout
l Safety is more important than competition. The bout begins when the close combat instructor
blows the whistle. All strikes are directed above
the waist. Upon hearing a whistle blast, all fight-
ing immediately ceases.
2. General Rules and
Regulations Governing Pugil Stopping a Bout
Stick Bouts There are two reasons for stopping a bout: deliv-
ery of a scoring blow or an unsafe condition. The
close combat instructor trainer, close combat in-
Instructors and Support Personnel structor, or the range safety officer may stop the
Requirements bout at any time an unsafe condition is observed.
At a minimum, one close combat instructor ob- Scoring Blow. A scoring blow is an offensive
serves a pugil stick bout. For safety purposes, it is technique delivered to a vulnerable area of an op-
better to have two instructors judging a bout be- ponent with sufficient force and precision to be
cause each instructor can fully observe each of the considered as a disabling or killing blow. Scoring
fighters. The best position for observation is to the blows are not judged solely on the degree of force
right of a fighter. This allows the instructor to see with which a blow is delivered, but on the accura-
the fighter’s facial expression and body move- cy and techniques employed. A scoring blow is
ment. The instructor’s position must not interfere defined as—
with the fight.
l A straight thrust with the blade end of the
In addition, one commissioned or staff noncom- weapon (red end of the pugil stick) to the
missioned officer (to serve as range safety officer) opponent’s face mask or throat.
l A slash to the side of the opponent’s helmet
and one corpsman will be in the training area.
(below the ear) or neck with the red end of
the pugil stick.
Prior to the Bout l A heavy blow to the opponent’s head with
an authorized technique (i.e., buttstroke,
Prior to the bout, Marines— smash) using the butt (black end) of the pu-
gil stick.
l Are paired according to height, weight, and
gender. When a scoring blow is delivered, the close com-
l Wear the proper safety equipment. bat instructor blows the whistle to stop the bout.
condition also exists if a Marine lets go of one end 3. Directions for Making Pugil
of the pugil stick, the equipment (e.g., helmet,
neck roll) falls off, or a Marine fails to use the Sticks
proper techniques.
Close combat instructor trainers are taught to
make pugil sticks to standard specifications at
If any of these conditions occur—
school. It is recommended that all pugil sticks be
made under the supervision of a close combat in-
l The close combat instructor trainer, close structor trainer. Until the Marine Corps acquires a
combat instructor, range safety officer, or standardized pugil stick that units can order
anyone supervising training stops the bout through the supply system, instructors use the fol-
and separates the two Marines. lowing information and instructions to make pugil
l The corpsman evaluates the possibly injured sticks locally.
Marine to determine if the fight can contin-
ue. The corpsman— Supplies
n Ensures that he is alert and responsive,
The following supplies are needed to make one
both verbally and physically.
pugil stick:
n Talks to him to see if he is coherent.
canvas from wear and to reinforce gluing Step 3. Cut canvas material to make two cover-
action of spray adhesive. (Duct tape or rig- ings for the inner handguards. Cut material to
gers tape is available from self-service.) make two coverings for the outer handguards.
l One roll para-cord or 5-50 cord to tie both Two inner handguards and two outer handguards
the inner and outer handguards together. are required for each pugil stick.
l One roll of thread strong enough to sew can-
vas material together.
l Sixteen grommets, one for each of the four
corners of the inner and outer handguards.
l One foam sleeping mat (NSN 8465-01-109-
3369). Use unserviceable foam sleeping OUTER
HANDGUARD
mats obtained from Defense Reutilization
and Marketing Office.
Tools
The following tools are needed to make a pugil
stick:
INNER
HANDGUARD
l Tape measure, ruler, or yardstick.
l Scissors. Step 4. Use a sewing machine to make a sleeve
l Grommet machine. out of the 9" by 27" canvas. Sew down three
l Knife. sides. Insert foam pad inside the canvas sleeve
l Sewing machine. and then sew down the fourth side. Use the grom-
met machine to create holes reinforced with metal
Directions grommets in each of the four corners. Once fin-
To make a pugil stick, Marines perform the fol- ished, the inner handguards are complete.
lowing steps.
Note: It is recommended that the Fabric Repair
Preparing Materials Shop be used to sew canvas sleeves and apply
grommets.
Step 1. Cut foam sleeping mat into the dimensions
listed above. Cut mats to double thickness.
SPRAY
ADHESIVE Step 5. Repeat step 4 to make the other inner
handguard and both outer handguards.
INNER FOAM
PAD
A-6 _______________________________________________________________________________________________ MCRP 3-02B
Constructing Ends, End Plugs, and End Caps Step 5. Use duct tape or riggers tape to secure and
reinforce the foam pad once the end plug is insert-
Step 1. Apply spray adhesive on approximately 8 ed in the end.
inches of one end of the dowel. This adhesive
serves to glue the foam pad to the wooden dowel. INNER FOAM
PAD
SPRAY
ADHESIVE
OAK DOWEL
TAPE TAPE
INNER FOAM
PAD
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Close Combat A-7
Step 2. Wrap duct tape or riggers tape around the Step 2. Fold the inner handguard around the pugil
foam pad to secure. stick and run the para-cord or 5-50 cord through
the metal grommets.
TAPE
Step 3. Tighten down the corner ends of the inner
handguards by pulling on the para-cord or 5-50
cord.
FOAM
(reverse blank)
APPENDIX B
1. General Safety Precautions speech, swelling in head or neck area, or any un-
natural discoloration of head or neck. They should
not be allowed to participate in pugil stick train-
When training close combat techniques, certain
ing or any other activity where a heavy blow
safety precautions must be adhered to to prevent
might be sustained for a minimum of 7 days after
injuries.
the symptoms have subsided.
Most training should be conducted on a training
area with soft footing such as a sandy or grassy
area. If training mats are available, they should 2. Safety Precautions for
be used. A hard surface area is not appropriate for Individual Techniques
close combat training.
force or full speed. No choke should be held for Pugil Stick Training
longer than 5 seconds. A blow to the head during training will bruise the
brain. A second blow to the head can cause death.
Unarmed Restraints and This is known as the Second Impact Syndrome.
Manipulation There must be 7 days between pugil stick training
When training Marines to execute unarmed re- to prevent injury or death.
straints and manipulation techniques, they utilize
slow and steady pressure. Never apply these tech-
niques at full force or at full speed.