KpW\ne-hm-c-ap≈ hnZym`ymkw

Ip´nIfpsS AhImiw
QEPR

Hcp°w2011
Hcp Xo{h]T\ ]cn]mSn

Pohimkv{Xw

s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIc-fw

 hnP-bc
- Y
- ¯
- n-te-dm³
KpWta∑bp≈ hnZym`ymkw Ip´n-IfpsS AhImiw (Quality Education Pupil’s Right) ]≤Xn
A©p h¿jw ]q¿ØnbmhpIbmWv . Ign™ \mev h¿jßfnembn \SØnb \nch[n
{]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS A°mZanIcwKØpw `uXn-Ic- w-KØpw henb apt∂‰ßƒ D≠m°phm≥ \ap°v
Ign™n´p≠v. Cu apt∂‰ßƒ°v IqSpX¬ IcpØv ]Icm≥ \ap°v IgnbWw. AtXmsSm∏w
ap≥h¿jßfnep≠mb ]cnanXnIƒ adnIS°pIbpw thWw. Cu e£ytØmsS hnZymebh¿jØns‚
XpS°w apX¬ Xs∂ Nn´bmb {]h¿Ø\߃ \mw \SØn hcp-∂p≠v. ‘Fs‚ hnZymebw anI®
hnZymebw’ F∂ ImgvN∏mtSmsS \S∏m°nb X’Ye]n≥XpWm kwhn[m\w (H.Fkv.Fkv), t{KUvv
hniIe\w, AhtemI\tbmK߃, XpS¿{]h¿Ø\ßfpsS Bkq{XWw, ^e{]Zamb ¢mkv ]n.Sn.F,
¢m vk`Iƒ, ]T\{]h¿Ø\߃°mbp≈ tªmKv, D®`£WT..... XpSßnbh Ahbn¬ NneXmWv.
AtXmsSm∏w i‡amb tamWn´dnwKpw \SØn.
ChbpsS XpS¿®sb∂ \nebn¬ 2011 P\phcn 10 apX¬ \S°p∂ {]h¿Ø\߃°v IqSpX¬
IrXyXbpw e£yt_m[hpw \¬Ip∂Xn\mbn ‘Hcp°w ’ ]T\klmbn ]pd-Øn-d-°p-∂p.
ap≥h¿jßfnse ‘Hcp°w’ {]h¿Ø\ßfpsS XpS¿®bmbn´mWv CØhW ]T\{]h¿Ø\߃
Xømdm°nbn´p≈Xv. ]n.Sn.F., Fw.]n.Sn.F., {]mtZinI`cWkanXnIƒ F∂nhbpsS klIcWtØmsS
‘Hcp°w’ ]T-\I
- ym-ºp-Iƒ ^e{]Zambn \SØWw. CØ-cØ - nep≈ Iq´mbvabneqsS Fkv.Fkv.F¬.kn
]co£bn¬ anI® hnPbw Bh¿Øn°m≥ Ignbs´ F∂miwkn°p∂p.

F.]n.-Fw. apl-½Zv l\ojv sF.F.F-kv.

s]mXphnZym-`ymk Ub-dI
- vSÀ

A[ym]I kplr-Øp-Is - f,
KpWta-∑-bp-ff hnZym-`ymkw Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Imiw (QEPR) ]≤Xn A©p h¿jw ]q¿Øn-bm-hp-I-bm-Wv. hnZym-e-
bsØ H∂mbn I≠p-sIm≠v sa®s∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn Fs‚ hnZym-ebw anI® hnZym-ebw ]cn-]mSn Pq¨ amkw apX¬
Xs∂ \Ωƒ Bcw-`n-®p. t{KUv hni-I-e-\w, XqS¿{]-h¿\-ß-fpsS Bkq-{X-Ww, D®-`-£-Ww, {]tXyI ¢m p-Iƒ, ]T-\-
Iym-ºp-Iƒ XpSßn \nc-h[n {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-∏n-em-°n. Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS XpS¿® F∂ \ne-bn¬ P\p-hcn 10
apX¬ \S-∏m-°m-\p-ff Hcp°w ]T\ ]mt°-Pm-Wn-Xv. Ch Hmtcm hnZym-e-b-Ønepw \S∂p F∂v {]Y-am-≤ym-]-I¿ Dd-∏p-h-
cp-Ø-Ww. AXn-\p-ff \n¿tZ-i-߃ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.
• P\p-hcn BZy-hm-c-Øn¬ Fkv.-B¿.-Pn. tbmKw tN¿∂v ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNø-Ww.
• ]n.Sn.-F., Fw.]n.-Sn.-F., P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ F∂n-hc- psS tbmKw hnfn®v {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ hni-Za- mbn Bkq-{XWw sNø-Ww.
• P\p-hcn 10 apX¬ Hcp°w Iymºp-Iƒ \S-°p∂p F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.
• Ip´n-Iƒ°m-h-iy-amb `£Ww Xøm-dm°n \¬I-Ww.
• Hmtcm A[ym-]I - \pw ZsØ-SpØ Ip´n-If- psS ]T\ ]ptcm-KXn \nc-¥cw hne-bn-cpØn N¿®-If- n-eqsS sa®-s∏-Sp-ØW - w.
• Iymºns‚ `mK-ambn Ip´n-Iƒ°v tam´n-th-j≥ ¢m p-Iƒ \SØ-Ww.
• 8,9 ¢m p-I-fnepw kam\ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-°p-∂p-s≠∂v Dd∏m°Ww.
Nn´bmb {]h¿Ø-\ß - f- n-eqsS KpWta-∑b- p-ff hnZym-`ymkw Ip´n-If- psS Ah-Imiw F∂ e£y-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cm≥ \ap°v
HsØm-cp-an®v {]h¿Øn-°mw.
F√m-t]¿°pw anI® hnPbw t\Sm≥ Ign-bs´ F∂v Biw-kn-°p-∂p.

bp. sI. iymaf

Un.Un.C (Iyp.sF.-]n)
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw

samUyqƒ 1
bqWn‰v ˛ 1
n kwtbm-P-I-X-bn¬ \n∂v cmk-kq{Xw Fgp-Xm≥
Nne ASn-ÿm\ [mc-W-Iƒ
l Hcp kwbp-‡-Øn¬ c≠p dmUn-°-ep-Iƒ D≠v
l CXn¬ t]mkn-‰ohv dmUn-°¬ BZy-`m-Khpw (+ve) s\K-‰ohv dmUn-°¬ (-ve) c≠m-asØ
`mK-hp-am-Wv.
l dmUn-°-ep-I-fpsS Nm¿÷v t\m°n kwtbm-P-IX Is≠-Ømw.
l Nm¿÷v F{X-bmtWm AXp-X-s∂-bmhpw kwtbm-P-I-X-bpw.

H GXm\pw kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ch ]cn-tim-[n®v Hmtcm-∂n-ep-ap≈

dmUn-°-ep-Iƒ Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

kwbp-‡-Øns‚ t]cv +ve dmUn-°¬ -ve dmUn-°¬

Im¬kyw kƒt^‰v Im¬kyw kƒt^‰v

s]m´mkyw ss\t{S‰v s]m´mkyw .....................................
tkmUnbw HmIvsskUv ....................................... HmIvsskUv
Aep-an-\nbw t¢msdUv ....................................... .....................................
a·ojyw t^mkvt^‰v ....................................... .....................................
............................................................................ kn¶v Im¿_-tW‰v
]´nI 1
H ]´n-I-bn¬ dmUn-°-ep-I-fpsS t]cpw {]Xo-Ihpw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ch ]cn-tim-[n®v Hmtcm-∂n-
s‚bpw kwtbm-P-IX Is≠-Øp-I.
(Hmtcm tImfØnepw \¬In-bh hni-I-e\w sNøp-I)

\º¿ dmUn-°-ens‚ t]cv {]XoIw Nm¿÷v kwtbm-Pp-Iƒ

1 tkmUnbw Na 1+ 1+ 1
2 a·ojyw Mg 2+ 2+ 2
3 Aep-an-\nbw Al 3+ 3+ ..............
4 Im¬kyw Ca 2+ .............. 2
5 Atam-Wnbw (NH4) 1+ .............. ..............
6 kƒt^‰v SO 42- .............. ..............
7 ss\t{S‰v NO31- 1- 1
8 t^mkvt^‰v PO 43- .............. 3
9 t¢mssdUv Cl 1- .............. ..............
10 HmIvsskUv O2- .............. ..............
]´nI 2

5
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw

cmk-kq{Xw Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Nne [mc-W-Iƒ

l BZyw dmUn-°ep-I-fpsS {]Xo-I-߃ Fgp-XpI.
l kwtbm-P-IX Is≠-Øp-I.
l kwtbm-P-IX ]c-kv]cw am‰n dmUn-°-ep-I-fpsS FÆ-am°n Fgp-XpI.
l kwtbm-P-IX Xpey-am-sW-¶n¬ {]Xo-I-߃ am{Xw Fgp-Xp-I.

H ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb ]´n-I-tbbpw apI-fn¬ \¬Inb [mc-W-I-tfbpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Xmsg sImSp-

Øn-cn-°p∂ kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS cmk-kq{Xw Fgp-Xp-I.
1. tkmUnbw HmIvsskUv 6. Im¬kyw HmIvsskUv
2. a·ojyw t^mkvt^‰v 7. a·ojyw ss\t{S‰v
3. Aep-an-\nbw ss\t{S‰v 8. Aep-an-\nbw t^mkvt^‰v
4. Im¬kyw t¢mssdUv 9. tkmUnbw kƒt^‰v
5. Atam-Wnbw kƒt^‰v 10. Atam-Wnbw t¢mssdUv
(]-´n-I-bn¬ \n∂pw IqSp-X¬ kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Is≠Øn cmk-kq{Xw FgpXn t\m°p-I.
Iq´p-Im-cp-ambn ]¶p-sh®v icn-bmtWm F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I)
H s]m´mkyw HmIvsskUv (K2O), Aep-an-\nbw t{_mssaUv (Al Br3) F∂n-h-bpsS cmk-kq{Xw ]cn-tim-
[n®v Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
1. Hmtcm kwbp-‡-Øn-tebpw dmUn-°-ep-Iƒ Fgp-XpI.
2. Hmtcm dmUn-°-ent‚bpw kwtbm-P-IX Fgp-Xp-I.
3. NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS cmk-kq{Xw Fgp-Xp-I.
l s]m´mkyw t{_mssaUv
l Aep-an-\nbw HmIvsskUv

n kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ \n∂pw kz`mhw/{]tXy-IX Is≠-ج

Nne ASn-ÿm\ [mc-W-Iƒ

l c≠p aqe-I-߃ tN¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS t]cv ide (sF-Uv) F∂mWv
Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xv.
Nacl ˛ tkmUnbw t¢mssd-Uv, Al2O3 ˛ Aep-an-\nbw HmIvssk-Uv
l Hcp kwbp-‡-Ønse s\K-‰ohv dmUn-°¬ HmIvkn-P≥ D≈-Xm-sW-¶n¬ HmIvkn-Ps‚
FÆw IqSp-X-em-sW-¶n¬ ate (F-bv‰v) F∂pw, HmIvkn-Ps‚ FÆw Ipd-hmsW¶n¬ ite
(sF-‰v) F∂pw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p.
Na2SO 4 ˛ tkmUnbw kƒt^-‰v, Na2SO 3 ˛ tkmUnbw kƒss^-‰v.

H Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kwbp-‡-ßsf t]cv Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xcw

Xncn-°p-I.
1. s]m´mkyw Ab-ssUUv 4. Aep-an-\nbw kƒt^‰v
2. Im¬kyw ss\ss{S‰v 5. tkmUnbw sslss{UUv
3. Atam-Wnbw t¢mssdUv 6. s]m´mkyw ss\t{S‰v

6
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
n {Kmw B‰w, {Kmw tamƒ, tamƒ F∂nh XΩn-ep≈ _‘w
Nne ASn-ÿm\ [mc-W-Iƒ
l {Kmw B‰w : aqe-I-Øns‚ At‰m-anIamkv F{X-bmtWm A{Xbpw {Kmw.
l {Kmw X∑m-{Xm-amkv : Hcp ]Zm¿∞-Øns‚ X∑m-{Xm-amkv/tamfn-Iyp-em¿ amkv
F{X-bmtWm A{Xbpw {Kmw.
l tamƒ : B‰-߃, X∑m-{X-Iƒ, Atbm-Wp-Iƒ XpSßn AXn-kq£va
IW-ß-fpsS (h-fsc hfsc sNdn-b-h) FÆw ]d-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈
bqWn‰v
Hcp tamƒ F∂Xv 6.022 X 1023 FÆ-am-Wv. CXv Ah-Kmt{Um kwJy
F∂pw ]d-bpw.
l {Kmw B‰-Øn¬ Hcp tamƒ B‰-ß-fp-≠m-Ipw. DZm: Im¿_Wns‚ At‰m.-amkv 12. F¶n¬
12g Im¿_-Wn¬ Hcp tamƒ C B‰-ß-fp-≠m-Ipw.
l {Kmw X∑m-{Xm-am-kn¬/{Kmw tamfn¬ Hcp tamƒ X∑m-{X-I-fp-≠m-Ipw. DZm: sh≈-Øns‚
(H2O) X∑m{Xm amkv 18. F¶n¬ 18g Pe-Øn¬ ({Kmw tamƒ Pe-Øn¬) Hcp tamƒ H2O
X∑m-{X-I-fp-≠m-Ipw.
H GXm\pw aqe-I-ß-fpsS At‰m-anI amkv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. {Kmw B‰w F{X-sb-s∂-gp-Xp-I.

aqeIw At‰m:amkv {Kmw B‰w aqeIw At‰m:amkv {Kmw B‰w

HmIvkn-P≥ 16 16g t¢mdn≥ 35.5 ...............

ssl{U-P≥ 1 ............... tkmUnbw 23 ...............
Im¿_¨ ............... 12g loenbw ............... 4g
ss\{S-P≥ 14 ............... s]m´mkyw ............... 39g
]´nI 1
H apI-fn¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb ]´n-I-bnse hnh-c-߃ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂
]´n-I-bnse hnh-c-߃ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
Hmtcm aqe-I-ß-fp-tSbpw Afhv {Kman¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Hmtcm∂pw F{X-tamƒ Ds≠∂v Fgp-Xp-I.
X∂n-cn-°p∂ B‰ß-fpsS X∂n-cn-°p∂ B‰ß-fpsS
aqeIw aqeIw
amkv FÆw F{X-tamƒ amkv FÆw F{X-tamƒ
HmIvkn-P≥ 80 {Kmw .......... t¢mdn≥ 71 {Kmw ..........
ssl{U-P≥ 10 {Kmw .......... tkmUnbw 230 {Kmw ..........
Im¿_¨ 120 {Kmw .......... loenbw 20 {Kmw ..........
ss\{S-P≥ 28 {Kmw .......... s]m´mkyw 117 {Kmw ..........

]´nI 2
Nne ASn-ÿm\ [mc-W-Iƒ
l {Kmw B‰-Øn¬ Hcp-tamƒ B‰-ß-fp-≠m-Ipw.
tamfp-I-fpsS X∂n-cn-°p∂ amkv
l X∂n-cn-°p∂ amkn¬ F{X tamƒ B‰-ß-fp-
s≠∂v Is≠-Ø≥ X∂n-cn-°p∂ amkns\ {Kmw FÆw }= {Kmw B‰w
B‰w sIm≠v lcn-°p-I.

7
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
H Hmtcm aqe-I-Øn-t‚bpw B‰-ß-fpsS FÆw F{X-tamƒ Ds≠∂v ]´nIbn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw BsI amkv F{X-sb∂v Is≠-Øp-I. At‰m-anI amkv ap≥]-´n-I-bn¬ t\m°p-I.
tam-fp-I-fpsS tam-fp-I-fpsS
aqeIw amkv aqeIw amkv
FÆw FÆw
ssl{U-P≥ 5tamƒ .......... tkmUnbw 3tamƒ ..........
ss\{S-P≥ 10tamƒ .......... Im¿_¨ 8 tamƒ ..........
HmIvkn-P≥ 2tamƒ 32{Kmw loenbw 2 tamƒ ..........
]´nI 3
apI-fnse ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ Nne [mc-W-Iƒ
l Hcp-tamƒ B‰-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v At‰m-anI amkv F{X-bmtWm A{Xbpw {Kmw aqe-
I-am-Wv th≠-Xv.
l HmIvkn-Ps‚ At‰m-anI amkv 16 BWv. F¶n¬ Hcp tamƒ HmIvkn-P≥ B‰-ß-fp-≠m-
Im≥ 16g HmIvkn-P≥ thWw.
l At∏mƒ 2 tamƒ HmIvkn-P\v 32{Kmw amkp-≠v.
AXm-bXv tamfp-I-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ \n∂pw amkv ImWm≥
amkv = tamfp-I-fpsS FÆw X {Kmw B‰w

H GXm\pw ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS X∑m{Xm amkv(Molecular Mass) \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm-∂nepw {Kmwtamƒ

F{X-sb∂v Fgp-Xp-I.
]Zm¿∞w X∑m{Xm amkv {Kmwtamƒ ]Zm¿∞w X∑m{Xm amkv {Kmwtamƒ
sh≈w (H2O) 18 18g ss\{S-P≥ (N2) ............. 28g
ssl{U-P≥ (H2) 2 ............. HmIvkn-P≥ (O2) 32 .............
Im¿_¨ ssU
HmIvsskUv (CO2) 44 ............. Atam-Wnbw (NH2) 17 .............
]´nI 4
]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ Nne [mc-W-Iƒ
l X∑m-{Xm-amkv F{X-bmtWm A{Xbpw {KmamWv {Kmwtamƒ AYhm {Kmw X∑m{Xm amkv.
l sh≈-Øns‚ X∑m{Xm amkv 18. {Kmw tamƒ sh≈w = 18g

H ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS `mcw X∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm-∂nepw F{X tamƒ hoXw X∑m-{X-I-fp-s≠∂v

Is≠-ØpI
1. 90g h≈w 2. 4g ssl{U-P≥ 3. 96g HmIvkn-P≥
4. 440g CO2 5. 56g ss\{S-P≥ 6. 85g NH3
X∑m-{X-I-fpsS FÆw F{Xtamƒ Ds≠∂v ImWm≥
X∂n-cn-°p∂ amkv
ltamfp-I-fpsS FÆw =
{Kmw X∑m-{Xm-amkv {Kmwtamƒ
H CXp-hsc a\- n-em-°nb Imcy-߃ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ
icntbm sXt‰m Fs∂-gp-Xp-I.
(a) 10g ssl{U-P-\nse X∑m-{X-I-fpsS FÆhpw 5g ssl{U-P-\n-ep≈ B‰-ß-fpsS FÆhpw
Xpey-am-Wv.
(b) 2g ssl{U-P-\n-ep≈ X∑m-{X-I-fpsS Cc-´n-bmWv 4g loen-b-Øn-ep≈ X∑m-{X-Iƒ.
(c) 2 tamƒ Im¿_-Wn-t‚bpw 24g a·o-jy-Øn-t‚bpw amkv Xpey-am-Wv.
kqN\ : At‰m.-amkv : Im¿_¨ ˛ 12, a·ojyw 24
8
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
n LSI iX-am\w

Adn-™n-cn-t°≠ Nne [mc-W-Iƒ

l Hcp kwbp-‡-Øn¬ LSI aqe-I-߃ GX-f-hn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v iX-am-\-
Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
l Hmtc aqeIw c≠p kwbp-‡-ß-fn¬ AS-ßn-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ GXn-emWv IqSp-X¬ D≈Xv
F∂v I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ CXv D]tbm-Kn-°pw.
l {]tbm-K-kq{Xw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

\n¿t±-in® aqe-I-Øns‚ BsI amkv

LS-I-i-X-am\w =
X∑m{Xm amkv

LSI iX-am\w Is≠-Øm≥

l At‰m-anI amkv {]tbm-P-\-s∏SpØn X∂n-cn-°p∂ kwbp-‡-Øns‚ X∑m{Xm amkv I≠p-
]n-Sn-°p-I.
DZm: Pew (H2O) : At‰m: amkv ˛ ssl{U-P≥ ˛ 1
HmIvkn-P≥ ˛ 16
Pe-Øns‚ X∑m{Xm amkv ImWm≥
Pe-Øn¬ 2 ssl{U-P≥ B‰-ßfpw Hcp HmIvkn-P≥ B‰hpw D≠v.
l ssl{U-Ps‚ BsI amkv = 2 x 1 = 2 (1 F∂Xv ssl{U-Ps‚ At‰m:amkv)
l HmIvkn-Ps‚ BsI amkv = 1 x 16 = 16
Pe-Øns‚ X∑m-{Xm-amkv = ssl{U-Ps‚ BsI-amkv +
HmIvkn-Ps‚ BsI amkv
= 2 + 6 = 18
l kwbp-‡-Øn¬ \n¿t±-in® aqe-I-Øns‚ BsI amkv t\m°p-I.
l ka-hm-Iy-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°p-I.
DZm: Pe-Øn¬ ssl{U-Ps‚ LS-I-i-X-am\w ImWm≥
ssl{U-Ps‚ BsI amkv ˛ 2
2
ssl{U-Ps‚ LSI iX-am\w = x 100
18

H I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI
1. t_mIvssk‰v (Al2O3) Ifn-aÆv (Al2 (SiO3)3 F∂nh Aep-an-\nbw teml-Øns‚ [mXp-°-fm-Wv.
CXn¬ GXn-emWv Aep-an-\n-b-Øns‚ Afhv IqSp-X-ep-≈-Xv. sXfn-bn-°p-I.
kqN-\-Iƒ : At‰m-anI amkv : Aep-an-\nbw : 27
X∑m-{Xm-amkv : Aep-an-\nbw HmIvsskUv ˛ 102
Aep-an-\nbw knen-t°‰v ˛ 282
2. tkmUnbw t¢mssd-Uns‚ (Nacl) X∑m{Xm amkv 58.5 BWv. tkmUn-b-Øns‚ At‰m-anI
amkv 23. F¶n¬ tkmUnbw t¢mssd-Un¬ t¢mdns‚ LS-I-i-X-am\w F{X ?

9
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
n {]tbm-K-kq{Xw (Empherical Formula)

lHcp kwbp-‡-Øn¬ LS-I-aq-e-I-߃ GX-\p-]m-X-Øn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v {]Xo-

I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v kqNn-∏n-°p∂ coXn.
l{]tbm-K-kq{Xw Is≠-Øm≥
Ý LS-I-i-X-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hmtcm LS-I-aq-e-Ihpw 100 {Kman¬ F{X {Kmw
F∂p Is≠-Øp-I.
Ý CXns\ {Kmw B‰w sIm≠v lcn®v Hmtcm aqe-Ihpw F{X-tamƒ B‰-߃
Ds≠∂v Is≠-Øp-I.
Ý tamfp-I-fpsS A\p-]mXw Fgp-XpI.
Ý eLp A\p-]m-X-Øn-em-°p-I.
Ý A\p-]m-X-a-\p-k-cn®v Hmtcm aqe-I-ß-fp-tSbpw FÆ-a-\p-k-cn®v {]Xo-I-߃
D]-tbm-Kn®v tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-I.
AXm-bXv
100 {Kman¬ F{X{Kmw Ý tamfp-I-fpsS FÆw Ý tamfp-I-fpsS A\p-]mXw Ý eLp
A\p-]mXw Ý {]tbm-K-kq-{Xw.

Hcp-Zm-l-cWw
H Hcp Im¿_-WnI kwbp-‡sØ LS-I-ß-fm-°n-b-t∏mƒ 85.7% Im¿_Wpw 14.3% ssl{U-P\pw
e`n-®p. F¶n¬ Cu kwbp-‡-Øns‚ {]tbm-K-kq{Xw F¥v ?
kqN\ : At‰m-an-I-amkv : Im¿_¨ ˛ 12, ssl{U-P≥ ˛ 1
Is≠-Øp∂ coXn
l BZyw LS-I-i-X-am\w F{X-sb∂v t\m°p-I.
Ý Im¿_¨ (C) = 85.7%, ssl{U-P≥ (H) = 14.3%
l Im¿_Wpw ssl{U-P\pw 100 {Kman¬ F{X{Kmw hoXw Fs∂-gp-Xp-I.
Ý Im¿_¨ (C) = 85.7g, ssl{U-P≥ (H) = 14.3g
l tamfp-I-fpsS FÆw
85.7g (tam-fp-I-fpsS FÆw =
Ý Im¿_¨ Ý

Ý ssl{U-P≥ Ý
12g
85.7g
= 7.1 tamƒ

= 14.3 tamƒ
[
X∂n-cn-°p∂ amkv
{Kmw B‰w)
12g
l tamfp-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]mXw = 7.1 tamƒ : 14.3 tamƒ
= 7.1 : 14.3 [ 7.1 s‚ 2 aS-ßmWv 14.3
l eLp A\p-]mXw = 1:2
Im¿_-Wns‚ Hcm-‰hpw
l {]tbm-K-kq{Xw = CH2
[ ssl{U-Ps‚ c≠m-‰-hpw

H ssl{U-P≥ s]tdm-Ivssk-Un¬ ssl{U-P≥ 5.9%hpw HmIvkn-P≥ 94.1% hpw AS-ßn-bn-´p-≠v. CXns‚

{]tbm-K-kq{Xw ImWp-I.
kqN\ : At‰m:amkv ˛ ssl{U-P≥ (H) Ý 1, HmIvkn-P≥ (O) ˛ 16
H Hcp Im¿_-WnI kwbp-‡-Øn¬ 92.3% Im¿_Wpw 7.7% ssl{U-P\pw AS-ßn-bn-´p-≠v. F¶n¬
Cu kwbp-‡-Øns‚ {]tbm-K-kq{Xw I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.
H C6H12O6 F∂ kwbp-‡-Øns‚ {]tbm-K-kq{Xw F¥m-bn-cn°pw ?
(Hmtcm aqe-Ihpw tN¿∂n-cn-°p∂ eLp A\p-]mXw I≠m¬ aXn)
AXm-bXv
6 Im¿_-Wn\v 12 ssl{U-P\pw 6 HmIvkn-P\pw F¶n¬
1 Im¿_-Wn\v F{X ssl{U-P\pw HmIvkn-P\pw D≠mhpw ?

10
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw

n {]tbm-K-kq-{X-Øn¬ \n∂pw cmk-kq{Xw Is≠-Øm≥ (tam-fn-Iypem¿ t^m¿ape Is≠-Øm≥)

l Hcp kwbp-‡-Øns‚ X∑m{Xm amkpw {]tbm-K-kq-{Xhpw Adn-™m¬ AXns‚ cmk-

kq{Xw (Molecular Formula) I≠p-]n-Sn-°mw.
l CXn-\p≈ ka-hmIyw
X∑m{Xm amkv
cmk-kq{Xw = X {]tbm-K-kq{Xw
{]tbm-K-kq-{X-amkv
l {]tbm-K-kq-{X-amkv ImWm≥
{]tbm-K-kq-{X-Øn¬ LS-I-aq-e-I-ß-fpsS BsI amkp-Iƒ
XΩn¬ Iq´pI
DZm: {]tbm-K-kq{Xw CH2 BsW-¶n¬ [ A-t‰m-amkv
C - 12, H - 1

{]tbm-K-kq-{X-amkv = 12 + 2 = 14 (Hcp Im¿_-Wns‚ amkv 12, 2 ssl{U-Ps‚ amkv ˛ 2)

H CH2 {]tbm-K-kq-{X-ap≈
]Zm¿∞-Øns‚ X∑m{Xm amkv 28. CXns‚ cmk-kq{Xw F¥m-bn-cn°pw?
X∑m{Xm amkv 42 BsW-¶n¬ cmk-kq{Xw F¥m-bn-cn°pw ?
kqN\ : At‰m : amkv ˛ 12, ssl{U-P≥
Is≠-Øp∂ coXn
X∑m{Xm amkv
cmk-kq{Xw = X {]tbm-K-kq{Xw
{]tbm-K-kq-{X-amkv
X∂n-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-߃
X∑m{Xm amkv = 28, {]tbm-K-kq{Xw = CH2
{]tbm-K-kq-{X-amkv = 12 + 2 = 14
28
cmk-kq{Xw = x CH 2 = 2 (CH2) = C2H4
14

(C-Xp-t]mse X∑m{Xm amkv 42 Bb kwbp-‡-Øns‚ cmk-kq{Xw ImWp-I)

H ap≥ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ {]tbm-K-kq{Xw Is≠-Ønb kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS cmk-kq{Xw ImWp-I.
Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw X∑m{Xm amkv NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.
1. DZm-l-c-W-Øn¬ \¬Inb kwbp-‡-Øns‚ X∑m{Xm amkv ˛ 56
2. ssl{U-P≥ s]tdm-Ivssk-Uns‚ X∑m-{Xm-amkv ˛ 34
3. FssY≥ F∂ Im¿_-WnI kwbp-‡-Øns‚ X∑m{Xm amkv ˛ 26

11
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
]m¿´v ˛ 2. bqWn‰v 1 (sN-bvXp-]-Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ tNmZy-߃)

1. GXm\pw dmUn-°-ep-Ifpw Ah-bpsS {]Xo-Ihpw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

dmUn-°¬ {]XoIw
Atam-Wnbw (NH4) 1+

t^mkvt^‰v (PO 4) 3-

kƒt^‰v (SO 4) 2-

Im¬kyw Ca 2+

sslt{Um-IvsskUv (OH) 1-

Aep-an-\nbw Al 3+

l Cu dmUn-°-ep-Iƒ tN¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ Nne kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.

Im¬kyw kƒt^-‰v, Aep-an-\nbw sslt{Um-Ivssk-Uv,
Atam-Wnbw t^mkvt^-‰v, Aep-an-\nbw kƒt^‰v
l X∂n-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Xmsg sImSp-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
(a) kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ t\m°n Ah-bnse dmUn-°epw {]Xo-Ihpw Fgp-Xp-I.
(b) Hmtcm dmUn-°-ep-I-fp-tSbpw kwtbm-P-IX Is≠-Øn-sb-gp-Xp-I.
(c) kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS imkv{X-kq{Xw Fgp-Xp-I.
(d) CXp-t]mse a‰p 3 kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS t]sc-gpXn cmk-kq{Xw Is≠-Øp-I.

2. c≠p kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS t]cpw Ah-bpsS cmk-kq-{Xhpw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

a·ojyw ss\t{S‰v Mg(NO 3) 2
tkmUnbw Im¿_-tW‰v Na2 CO3

CXns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n X∂n-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.

(a) Cu kwbp-‡-ß-fnse dmUn-°-ep-Iƒ Gh? Ah-bpsS kwtbm-P-IX F{X ?
(b) Hmtcm dmUn-°-ep-I-fp-tSbpw {]XoIw Fgp-XpI
(c) a·ojyw Im¿_-tW-‰v, tkmUnbw ss\t{S‰v F∂o kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS cmk-kq{Xw Fgp-Xp-I.
3. GXm\pw kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Xmsg-bp≈
tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.

tkmUnbw kƒss]-Uv, s^dkv kƒt^-‰v, kn¶v Im¿_-tW‰v

a·ojyw t^mkvss^-‰v, Im¿_¨ sS{Sm-t¢m-ssd-Uv, tkmUnbw kƒss^‰v

(a) Hmtcm kwbp-‡-Øn-sebpw s\K-‰ohv dmUn-°-ep-Iƒ GsXms° ?

(b) Ch-bn¬ 2 aqeI B‰-߃ am{Xw kwtbm-Pn-®p-≠m-Ip∂ kwbp-‡-߃ GsXms° ?
(c) HmIvkn-P≥ B‰-ß-fpsS FÆw IqSp-X-ep≈ kwbp-‡-߃ GsX√mw ?
(d) t]cns‚ {]tXy-I-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwbp-‡-ßsf Xcw-Xn-cn-°pI

12
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw

4. GXm\pw aqe-I-ß-fpsS At‰m-anI amkv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

HmIvkn-P≥ (O) - 16, Im¿_-¨ (C) - 12, ss\{S-P≥ (N) - 14

t¢mdn≥ (Cl) - 35.5 tkmUnbw (Na) - 23

l Ch ]cn-tim-[n®v Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.

(a) Hmtcm aqe-I-Øn-s‚bpw {Kmw B‰w ({Kmw. At‰m-anI amkv) F{X ?
(b) Hmtcm-∂nepw F{X-tamƒ B‰-߃ D≠mIpw ?
(c) Cu aqe-I-ß-fpsS X∂n-cn-°p∂ amkn¬ F{Xtamƒ B‰-߃ D≠mIpw? B‰-ß-fpsS FÆw
F{X?
(i) HmIvkn-P≥ (ii) Im¿_¨ (iii) ss\{S-P≥
(iv) t¢mdn≥ (v) tkmUnbw
(d) Cu aqe-I-ß-fpsS tamfp-I-fpsS FÆw X∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm-∂ns‚ B‰-ß-fpsS FÆw F{X?
amkv F{X? F∂nh Is≠Ønsbgp-Xp-I.
(i) 10 tamƒ HmIvkn-P≥ (ii) 2 tamƒ Im¿_¨ (iii) 3 tamƒ ss\{S-P≥
(iv) 2 tamƒ t¢mdn≥ (v) 1 tamƒ tkmUnbw
5. GXm\pw ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS X∑m{Xm amkv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Pew (H2O) - 18 ; HmIvkn-P≥ 32

Im¿_¨ssUHm-Ivssk-Uv (CO2) - 44 Atam-Wnb (NH3) - 17

(a) Hmtcm ]Zm¿∞-Øn-t‚bpw {Kmw X∑m{Xm amkv F{X ?

(b) C{Xbpw Af-hn¬ F{X-tamƒ X∑m-{X-I-fp-≠mhpw? X∑m-{X-I-fpsS FÆw F{X ?

(c) Cu ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS X∂n-cn-°p∂ amkn¬ F{X tamƒ X∑m-{X-I-fp-≠mhpw ? X∑m-{X-I-fpsS

FÆw F{X ? F∂nh Is≠-Øn-sb-gp-XpI.
(i) Pew (ii) 96g O 2 (iii) 440g CO2 (iv) 85g NH3

(d) Cu ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS tamfp-I-fpsS FÆw X∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CXn¬ F{X X∑m-{X-I-fp-s≠∂pw,

amkv F{X-sb∂pw Is≠-Øn-sb-gp-Xp-I.
(i) tamƒ Pew (ii) 2 tamƒ O2 (iii) 5 tamƒ CO2 (iv) 2 tamƒ NH3

6. Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ icntbm sXt‰m F∂v Is≠-ØpI

(a) 3 tamƒ HmIvkn-P≥ B‰-ß-fp-tSbpw 4 tamƒ Im¿_¨ B‰-ß-fp-tSbpw amkv Xpey-am-bn-cn°pw

(b) 88g CO2 epw 34g NH3 bnepw D≈ X∑m-{X-I-fpsS FÆw Xpey-am-bn-cn°pw

(c) tkmUnbw Hcp GIm-t‰m-anI X∑m-{X-bp≈ aqe-I-am-Wv. F¶n¬

230g tkmUn-bØ
- n-ep≈ B‰-ßf
- p-tSbpw X∑m-{X-If
- p-tSbpw FÆw 10 tamƒ Bbn-cn-°pw.
(d) 84g ss\{S-P-\nepw Im¿_-Wn-ep-ap≈ B‰-ß-fpsS FÆw Xpey-am-bn-cn-°pw.

(e) 7 tamƒ Im¿_Wnt‚bpw 6 tamƒ ss\{S-P-t‚bpw (B-‰-߃) amkv Xpey-am-bn-cn-°pw.

13
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
7. a·ojyw Im¿_-tW-‰n¬ (MgCO3) a·o-jyw, Im¿_¨, HmIvkn-P≥ F∂n-h-bpsS LS-I-i-X-am\w
ImWp-I.
kqN\ : At‰m: amkv : Mg - 24, C - 12, O - 16
8. Hcp kwbp-‡Ø- ns‚ t]cpw cmk-kq-{Xhpw LS-Ia - q-eI
- ß
- f
- psS At‰m-anI amkpw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Im¬kyw Im¿_-tW‰v - CaCO3
At‰m : amkv :˛ Im¬kyw ˛ 40, Im¿_¨ ˛ 12, HmIvkn-P≥ ˛ 16

CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n \¬Inb tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.

(a) Cu kwbp-‡-Øn¬ LSI aqe-I-ß-fpsS FÆw F{X ?
(b) Hmtcm-∂n-s‚ BsI amkv F{X ?
kwbp-‡-Øns‚ X∑m{Xm amkv (tam-fn-Iyp-em¿ amkv) F{X?
Hmtcm-∂n-t‚bpw LS-I-i-X-am\w F{X ?
9. Im¬kyw t¢mssd-Uns‚ X∑m{Xm amkv 111 BWv. t¢mdns‚ At‰m-anI amkv 35.5 BsW-¶n¬
Im¬ky-Øns‚ LS-I-i-X-am\w F{X-sb∂v Is≠-Øp-I.
10. Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS {]tbm-K-kq-{Xhpw
(EF) cmk-kq-{Xhpw (tam-fn-Iyp-em¿ t^m¿ap-e) Is≠-Øp-I.
(a) tkmUnbw s]tdm-IvsskUv F∂ kwbp-‡-Øn¬ tkmUnbw 59% hpw HmIvkn-P≥ 41%hpw
AS-ßn-bn-´p-≠v. kwbp-‡-Øns‚ X∑m{Xm amkv 78 BWv.
kqN\ : At‰m: amkv Na - 23, O - 16
(b) Hcp Im¿_-WnI kwbp-‡sØ LS-I-ß-fm-°n-b-t∏mƒ 92.3% Im¿_-Wpw, 7.7% ssl{U-P\pw
In´n. CXns‚ X∑m{Xm amkv ˛ 26 BWv.
kqN\ : Im¿_¨ 12 ssl{U-P≥ 1
tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-sa-gp-XpI
(i) kwbp-‡-Øn¬ Im¿_Wpw ssl{U-P\pw 100 {Kman¬ F{X{Kmw hoXap≠v ?
(ii) Im¿_-Wn-t‚bpw ssl{U-Pt‚bpw {Kmw B‰w F{X ?
(iii) Hmtcm-∂nepw F{X-tamƒ B‰-ß-fp-≠mhpw ?
(iv) Ch-bpsS tamfp-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]m-Xhpw eLp-A-\p-]m-Xhpw F¥v ?
(v) {]tbm-K-kq{Xw Fgp-XpI
(vi) Cu kwbp-‡-Øns‚ imkv{X-kq{Xw F¥m-bn-cn°pw ?
(c) Hcp Im¿_-WnI kwbp-‡-Øns‚ LS-I-ß-fn¬ 88.9% Im¿_Wpw 11.1% ssl{U-P-\p-am-Wp
≈-Xv. CXns‚ X∑m{Xm amkv 54 BsW-¶n¬ {]tbm-K-kq-{Xhpw cmk-kq-{Xhpw Is≠-Øn-
sb-gp-Xp-I.
(d) c≠p kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS cmk-kq-{Xhpw {]tbm-K-kq-{Xhpw X∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Ch ]cn-tim-[n®v
NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
]Zm¿∞w cmk-kq{Xw {]tbmKkq{Xw
ssl{U-P≥ s]tdm-IvsskUv H2O2 HO
FYo≥ C2H4 CH2

V
14
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw

samUyqƒ ˛ 2
bqWn‰v ˛ 2 hmXI \nb-a-߃
H Adn-tb≠ {][m\ Bi-b-߃
n t_mbn¬ \nbaw : a¿±hpw (P) hym]vXhpw (V) XΩn-ep≈ _‘w
l Dujvamhv ÿnc-am-sW-¶n¬ a¿±w hym]vX-Øn\v hn]-coX A\p-]m-X-Øn-em-Wv.
l KWn-X-cq]w V OO 1 OR PV = K ( K Hcp ÿnc-kw-Jy)
P
l ka-hmIyw P1V1 = P2V2
n Nmƒkv \nbaw : Dujvamhpw (T) hym]vXhpw (V) XΩn-ep≈ _‘w
l a¿±w ÿnc-am-sW-¶n¬ hym]vXw Dujvam-hn\v t\¿ A\p-]m-X-Øn-emWv
V OO T OR V
l KWn-X-cq]w = K ( K Hcp ÿnc-kw-Jy)
T
V1 V2
l ka-hm-Iyw =
T1 T2

{Km^v t_mbn¬ \nbaw

Ý

Ý
Ý

P PV 1
P PV P
VÝ 1 PÝ VÝ VÝ
VÝ
Nmƒkv \nbaw
Ý

Ý
Ý

T V V T P
T T
VÝ PÝ V V
VÝ TÝ TÝ
Ashm-Kmt{Um \nbaw
Ý

Ý
Ý

n V V V n
n n
VÝ VÝ nÝ V V
nÝ nÝ
BZ¿i-hm-XI ka-hmIyw
n = 1 Bbm¬
Ý

nT P P

PVÝ PV PV
nT Ý T Ý

H aq∂v {Km^p-Iƒ X∂n-cn-°p-∂p. GXv hmX-I-\n-b-asØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂psh∂v Is≠-Øp-I.

(a) (b) (c)
Ý
Ý

V V V
o TÝ o nÝ o PÝ
15
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
H Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂hbn¬ icn-bmb ka-hm-Iy-taXv
P2V2 P2V1 V1 V2
(a) P1 = , P1 = , P1 = ,
V1 V1 P2
V1T 1 V1T 2 T 1T2
(b) V2 = , V2 = , V2 = ,
T2 T1 V1

n tamfm¿ hym]vXw

l STP -bn¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp∂ Hcp tamƒ hmX-I-Øns‚ hym]vX-amWv tamfm¿ hym]vXw.

CXv 22.4 l BWv.
hym]vXw ˛ tamfp-I-fpsS FÆw ˛ `mcw F∂nh XΩn-ep≈ _‘w
l STP bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ hmX-I-Øns‚ hym]vXsØ tamfm¿ hym]vXw sIm≠v lcn-
®m¬ tamfp-I-fpsS FÆw In´pw.
l tamfp-I-fpsS FÆsØ {Kmw tamƒ sIm≠v KpWn-®m¬ `mcw In´pw.
t\sc Xncn®pw : X∂n-cn-°p∂ amkns\ {Kmw B‰wsIm≠v lcn-®m¬ tamfp-I-fpsS
FÆw In´pw.
l tamfp-I-fpsS FÆsØ tamfm¿ hym]vXw-sIm≠v KpWn-®m¬ hym]vXw In´pw.

H GXm\pw hmX-I-ß-fpsS STPbn-ep≈ hym]vXw X∂n-cn-°p-∂p. `mcw ImWp-I.

44.8 l CO2, O 2, H2 kqN\ : X∑m-{Xm-`mcw : CO2-44, O 2-32, H 2-2

H GXm\pw hmX-I-ß-fpsS `mcw X∂n-cn-°p-∂p. STP bn¬ CXns‚ hym]vXw ImWp-I.

1. 71g Cl2 2. 56g N 2 kqN\ : X∑m-{Xm-`mcw : Cl2 - 35.5, N 2 - 28

4. Hcp Ipf-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-´n¬ \n∂pw ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ Ipan-f-bpsS hym]vXw 2ml Dw a¿±w 4atm Dw
BWv. AXv apI-fn-se-Øp-tºm-tg°pw a¿±w 1atm Bbn Ipd-bp-∂p. Ipan-f-bpsS hym]vXw F{X-bm-
bn-cn°pw ?

5. hn´p-t]mb Af-hp-Iƒ Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

BZy-hn-e-Iƒ A¥y-hn-e-Iƒ
P (atm) V (c.c) T (K) P V T
1.0 290 290 1.0 ....... 310
1.1 50 275 .......... 50 300

6. 315 K bn¬ hmXIw \nd-®n-cn-°p∂ Hcp _eq¨ XWp-∏n-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ hym]Xw 2.40 L ¬
\n∂v 2.20 L Bbn amdp-∂p. a¿±-Øn¬ hyXym-k-an-s√-¶n¬ Dujvamhv F{XbmIpw ?

16
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
bqWn‰v 2
1. GXm\pw hnh-c-߃ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. CXns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v
DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
(i) 500 L D≈ Hcp hmXIw 2 atm a¿±-Øn-emWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. hmXIw Aa¿Øn-sbm-Xp-°n-b-
t∏mƒ 250 L Bbn Ipd-™p. Dujvam-hn¬ hyXymkw D≠m-bn.
(a) \S∂ {]h¿Ø\w GXv hmXI \nb-a-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-XmWv ?
(b) Cu hmXI \nb-a-Øns‚ ka-hm-Iy-taXmWv ?
(c) Aa¿Øn-sbm-Xp-°m\p-]-tbm-Kn® a¿±w F{X ?
(ii) 100 L D≈ Hcp hmXIw 300 K Dujvam-hn-emWv NqSm-°n-b-Xv800
. K hsc NqSm-°n-b-t∏mƒ hym]vX-
Øn-ep-≠mb h¿≤-\hv F{X ? a¿±w ÿnc-am-Wv.
(a) CXv GXv hmXI \nb-a-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-XmWv ?
(b) hmX-I-k-a-hmIyw Fgp-XpI
(c) hym]vX-Øn-ep-≠mb am‰w F{X ?
2. t_mbn¬ \nb-aw, Nmƒkv \nbaw F∂n-h-bpsS {]mtbm-KnI ka-hm-Iy-߃ bYm-{Iaw
V1 VL
P1V1 = P2V2 F∂pw = F∂p-am-Wv.
T1 T2
CXns\ Bkv]-Z-am°n \¬Inb tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-sa-gp-XpI
icn-bmb ka-hm-Iy-taXv ?
P2V2 V1 V2 P2V1
(a) P1 = , P1 = , P1 =
V1 P2 V2

V1 V2 V1T 1 V2T 2
(b) T2 = , T2 = , T2 =
T1 V2 V1
3. tamfm¿ hym]vX-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne hnh-c-߃ \¬Ip-∂p. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
(i) GXm\pw hmX-I-ß-fpsS STP bnep≈ hym]vXw NphsS \¬Ip-∂p.
1. 67.2 L CO2 2. 44.8 L O 2
3. 448 L NH3 4. 112 L H 2
(a) tamfm¿ hym]vXw F{X ? (kq-N\ : STP bn¬ Hcp tamƒ hmX-I-Øns‚ hym]vXw)
(b) Hmtcm hmX-I-ßfpw X∂n-cn-°p∂ Af-hn¬ F{X-tamƒ hoX-ap≠v ?
(c) X∂n-cn-°p∂ hym]vX-Øn¬ Hmtcm hmX-I-Øn-t‚bpw amkv F{X ?
kqN\ : X∑m{Xm amkv CO2 - 44 , O 2 - 32, NH3 - 17, H 2-2
(ii) GXm\pw hmX-I-ß-fpsS amkv X∂n-cn-°p-∂p.
1. 120 g CO2 2. 96g O 2 3. 85g NH3 4. 20g H 2
(a) Hmtcm hmX-I-ß-fp-tSbpw {Kmw X∑m{Xm amkv F{X ?
(b) {Kmw X∑m{Xm amkn¬ F{X tamƒ X∑m-{X-I-fp-≠mhpw ?
(c) Hmtcm hmX-I-Øn-t‚bpw X∂n-cn-°p∂ amkn¬ F{X-tamƒ X∑m-{X-I-fp≠v ?
(d) Hmtcm hmX-I-Øn-t‚bpw STP bnse hym]vXw F{X ?
kqN\ : tamfm¿ hym]vXw : 22.4 L
4. hmXI \nb-a-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {Km^p-I-fmWv NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
P 1 T
Ý V/T

P n
Ý

V Ý V Ý V Ý V Ý V Ý
Hmtcm∂pw GXv hmXI \nb-a-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-h-bmWv ?
17
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw

samUyqƒ ˛ 3
bqWn‰v ˛ 3 : B‰w LS-\bpw Bh¿Ø-\-]-´n-Ibpw

n Adn-tb≠ {][m\ Bi-b-߃

1. k_vsj¬ {Ia-Øn-ep≈ Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ hn\ym-k-sa-gpXn ]nco-Uv, {Kq∏v, tªm°v F∂nh
Is≠-Øp-I.
2. Ab-Wo-Ic - W Du¿÷hpw B‰-Øns‚ hep-∏hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w a\- n-em°n {Kq∏nepw
]nco-Unepw Ab-Wo-I-cW Du¿÷-Øn-\p-≠m-Ip∂ am‰w Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.
3. d tªm°v aqe-I-ß-fpsS (kw-{I-aW aqe-I-ß-fp-sS) khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-I.
n ]Tn-®n-cn-t°-≠h:
l F√m sj√n\pw k_vsj-√p-I-fp-≠v. k_vsj-√p-I-fn-emWv Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ ImWp-∂-Xv.
l s, p, d, f F∂n-h-bmWv k_vsj-√p-Iƒ. k_vsj-√p-Iƒ Cw•ojv `mj-bnse sNdn-b-£cw
sIm≠m-Wv kqNn-∏n-°p∂Xv.
l s k_vsj-√n¬ ]c-am-h[n 2 Ce-Ivt{SmWpw p k_vsj-√n¬ ]c-am-h[n 6 Ce-Ivt{SmWpw,
d k_vsj-√n¬ ]c-am-h[n 10 Dw f ¬ ]c-am-h[n 14 Dw Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ D≠m-hpw.
l Hcp sj√nse k_vsj-√ns\ kqNn-∏n-°m≥
k_vsj-√ns‚ {]Xo-I-Øn\v CS-Xp-`m-KØv sj√ns‚ \ºdpw he-Xp-`m-KØv
apI-fn-embn Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fpsS FÆhpw Fgp-Xp-∂p.
DZm: 5˛mw sj√nse p k_vsj-√n¬ 3 Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ F∂Xv 5p3 Fs∂-gp-Xpw.
l k_vsj-√p-I-fn¬ Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ \nd-bp∂ {Iaw (Hm^vt_mXXzw - Aufbau Principle)
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s , 3d, 4p, 5s ...................
(A-Xm-bXv 3d tb°mƒ Du¿÷w Ipd-hmWv 4s k_vsj-√n-\v)

n k_vsj¬ Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ hn\ymkw Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn\v k_vsj-√p-I-fn¬ Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ \nd-bp∂ {Iaw

a\- n-em-°m≥)
[ Btcm am¿°v (A-º-S-bm-fw) Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ \nd-bp∂ {Iaw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p ]

Hmtcm k_vsj-√nepw Dƒs°m-≈m-hp∂

Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fpsS FÆw

s p d f

2 6 10 14

18
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
H Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ hn\ymkw Fgp-Xm≥
l At‰m-anI \º-dn¬ \n∂pw Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fpsS FÆw Is≠-Øp-I.
l apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® {Ia-Øn¬ Hmtcm k_vsj-√nepw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]c-am-h[n Ce-Ivt{Sm-
Wp-I-fpsS FÆw Fgp-Xp-I.
l Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fpsS FÆw Xocp-tºmƒ \n¿Øp-I.
DZm : At‰m-anI \º¿ 11 Bb aqe-I-Øns‚ Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ hn\ymkw
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1
H Bh¿Ø-\-∏-´n-I-bnse tªm°v GsX∂v Is≠-Øm≥
l k_vsj¬ {Ia-Øn-ep≈ Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ hn\ymkw Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ Ah-km-\sØ k_vsj¬
GXmtWm AXmWv tªm°v
DZm: apI-fn¬ \¬Inb aqeIw s tªm°n¬ D≈-Xm-Wv.
H ]ncoUv I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥
l G‰hpw IqSnb sj¬\-º¿ (k-_vsj-√n\v CS-Xp-`m-KØv Fgp-Xp∂ kwJy) F{X-bmtWm
AXm-bn-cn°pw ]nco-Uv.
DZm: apI-fn¬ \¬Inb aqeIw 3˛mw ]nco-Un-em-Wv.
H {Kq∏v I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥
s tªm°v aqe-I-ß-fmsW-¶n¬
l Ah-km-\sØ s k_vsj-√n-ep≈ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fpsS FÆw.
l H∂mw {Kq∏pw c≠mw {Kq∏pw s tªm°v aqe-I-ß-fm-Wv.
l s tªm°v aqe-I-߃ Bh¿Ø-\-∏-´n-I-bpsS CS-Xp-`m-K-Øm-bn-cn-°pw.
p tªm°v aqe-I-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬
l Ah-km-\sØ p k_vsj-√n-ep≈ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fpsS FÆ-tØmSv 12 Iq´p-I.
l 13˛mw {Kq∏v apX¬ 18˛mw {Kq∏v hsc-bp≈ aqe-I-ß-fm-Wn-h.
l CXv Bh¿Ø-\-∏-´n-I-bpsS he-Xp-`m-K-Øm-Wp-≠m-hp-I.
d tªm°v aqe-I-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬
l Ah-km-\sØ d k_vsj-√n-ep≈ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wns‚ FÆ-tØmSv 2 Iq´p-I. (6, 11 {Kq∏p-
Iƒ°v CXv _m[-I-a-√. ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I)
l 3 apX¬ 12 hsc {Kq∏n¬ ImWp-∂p.
l Cu aqe-I-ßsf kw{I-aW aqe-I-߃ (Transition Elements) F∂v ]d-bpw.
Ch-sb√mw teml-ß-fm-Wv.
l \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂hbn-e-[n-Ihpw Cu hn`m-K-Øn-ep≈ teml-ß-fm-Wv.
(C-cp-ºv, sNºv, kz¿Æw, sh≈n, kn¶v)
{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
l tªm°v aqe-I-߃°v H∂n-e-[nIw HmIvko-I-c-Wm-h-ÿ-I-fp-≠v.
Ccpºv (fe) - Fe2+, Fe3+ ; sNºv (cu) - Cu1+, Cu2+ ; awK-\o-kv (Mn) - Mn2+, Mn4+ ....
l Ch-bpsS eh-W-ß-sf√mw s]mXpsh \nd-ap-≈-h-bm-bn-cn-°pw.
l s]mXpsh {Kq∏n-ep≈ aqe-I-߃°mWv KpW-ß-fn¬ kmayX ImWp-I. F∂m¬
kw{I-aW aqe-I-߃ ]nco-Un-emWv kmayX ImWn-°p-∂-Xv.
ImcWw: sj√p-I-fpsS FÆw Xpey-am-bn-cn-°pw. AXn-\m¬ B‰-Øns‚ hep-∏-Øn\v henb
hyXymkw ImWn-√. IqSmsX F√mØn\pw _mly-sj√n¬ 2 Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fm-Wp-≠m-hp-I.

19
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
H Ab-Wo-I-cW Du¿÷w
l Hcm-‰-Øns‚ _mly-sj-√n¬ \n∂pw Hcn-e-Ivt{Sm-Wns\ \o°w sNøm-\m-h-iy-amb Du¿÷-
Øns‚ Af-hv.
l B‰-Øns‚ hep∏w Ipd-bp-t¥mdpw Ab-Wo-I-cW Du¿÷w IqSp-∂p. ImcWw hep∏w
Ipd-bp-tºmƒ \yq¢n-bkv Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Isf i‡n-bmbn BI¿jn-°pw. Ahsb \o°w
sNø-W-sa-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ Du¿÷w thWw. t\sc Xncn-®pw.
l Ab-Wo-I-cW Du¿÷w IqSn-bh Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Isf kzoI-cn-°pw. Ipd-™h hn´p-sIm-Sp-
°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
l Bh¿Ø- \ - ∏ - ´ n- I bn¬ {Kq∏n¬ Xmtgm- ´ p- h - c p- t ¥mdpw hep∏w IqSp∂Xn\m¬
Ab-Wo-I-cW Du¿÷w Ipd-bpw.
l ]nco-Un¬ he-tØm´p t]mIpw-tXmdpw hep∏w Ipd-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ab-Wo-I-cW Du¿÷w
IqSpw.
l Bh¿Ø-\-∏-´n-I-bn¬ s tªm°v aqe-I-߃°v (C-S-Xp-`m-K-Øv) Ab-Wo-I-cW Du¿÷w
Ipdhpw p tªm°v aqe-I-߃°v (h-e-Xp-`m-Kw) IqSp-X-ep-am-bn-cn-°pw.
H GXm\pw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ (]-Tn® Imcy-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°n sNtø-≠-Xv)
1. GXm\pw aqe-I-ß-fpsS At‰m-anI \º¿ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. k_vsj¬ {Ia-Øn-e≈ Ce-Ivt{Sm¨
hn\ym-k-sa-gpXn ]nco-Uv, {Kq∏v, tªm°v F∂nh Fgp-Xp-I. (B-h¿Ø-\-∏-´n-I-bp-ambn HØp-t\m°n
icm-i-cn-sb∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I)
aqeIw At‰m: \º¿ aqeIw At‰m: \º¿ aqeIw At‰m: \º¿
Im¬kyw (Ca) 20 Im¿_¨ (C) 6 amwK-\okv (Mn) 25
enXnbw (Li) 3 B¿K¨ (Ar) 18 \n°¬ (Ni) 28

2. aq∂v aqe-I-ß-fpsS At‰m-anI \º¿ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

A = 12 B = 16 C = 24
Xmsg ]d-bp∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-sa-gp-XpI
(a) Ch-bn¬ c≠p aqe-I-߃ Htc ]nco-Un-ep-≈-h-bmWv ? GsXms° ?
(b) s, p, d tªm°n¬s]-Sp∂ aqe-I-߃ GsXs° ?
(c) Ch-bn¬ H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ HmIvko-I-c-Wm-hÿ ImWn-°p∂ aqe-I-taXv ?
(d) X∂n-´p-≈-h-bn¬ B‰-Øns‚ hep∏w Ipd™ aqe-Ihpw IqSnb aqe-Ihpw GXv ?
(e) GXv aqe-I-Øn-\mWv Ab-Wo-I-cW Du¿÷w Ipdhv
(f) Cu aq∂p aqe-I-ß-tfbpw B‰-Øns‚ hep∏w IqSn-h-cp∂ {Ia-Øn¬ Fgp-XpI
3. GXm\pw aqe-I-ß-fpsS k_vsj¬ Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ hn\ymkw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
P = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p3
Q = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5
R = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2
S = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2
T = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d6
(a) X∂n-´p-≈-h-bn¬ At‰m-anI \º¿ IqSnb aqe-I-taXv ?
(b) X∂n-´p-≈-h-bn¬ Htc {Kq∏nepw Htc ]nco-Unepw ImWp∂ aqe-I-߃ Gh?
(c) B‰-Øns‚ hep∏w IqSnb aqe-Ihpw Ipd™ aqe-Ihpw GXv ?
(d) Ab-Wo-I-cW Du¿÷w Ipd™ aqe-I-taXv ? IqSn-b-tXXv ?
(e) Ab-Wo-I-cW Du¿÷w IqSn-h-cp∂ {Ia-Øn¬ X∂n-´p≈ aqe-I-ßsf {Iao-I-cn-°p-I.
(f) 8˛mw {Kq∏nepw 17˛mw {Kq∏nepw ImWp∂ aqe-I-߃ GsXms° ?
(g) kw{I-aW aqe-I-taXv ?

20
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
bqWn‰v ˛ 3
1. GXm\pw aqe-I-ß-fpsS k_vsj¬ {Ia-Øn-ep≈ Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ hn\ymkw Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p.
( P, Q, R, S, T, U F∂nh bYm¿∞ {]Xo-I-ß-f-√)
P - 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5 R - 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2
Q - 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1 S - 1s2, 2s1
T - 1s2, 2s2, 2p3 U - 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2
Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-sa-gp-XpI
(a) P, U F∂o aqe-I-ß-fpsS At‰m-anI \º¿ Fgp-XpI
(b) Htc tªm°n¬ ImWp∂ aqe-I-߃ GsXms° ? tªm°v GXv ?
(c) Htc ]nco-Un¬ ImWp∂ aqe-I-߃ GsXms° ? ]ncoUv GXv ?
(d) Hmtcm aqe-I-Øn-t‚bpw {Kq∏v \º¿ Fgp-XpI
(e) X∂n-´p-≈-h-bn¬ hep∏w G‰hpw Ipd™ aqe-I-taXv ?
(f) X∂n-´p≈ ]ncn-tbm-UnIv tS_n-fn¬ G‰hpw CS-Xp-`m-KØv Xmsg ImWp∂ aqe-I-taXv ?
(g) Ab-Wo-I-cW Du¿÷w G‰hpw IqSnb aqe-Ihpw G‰hpw Ipd™ aqe-I-hp-taXv ?
(h) X∂n-´p-≈-h-bn¬ hyXykvX HmIvko-I-c-Wm-hÿ ImWn-°p∂ aqe-I-߃ GXv ?
(i) kwtbm-P-IX 1 Bb aqe-I-߃ GsX√mw ?
2. GXm\pw aqe-I-ß-fpsS At‰m-anI \º¿ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Na - 11, O - 8, Cl - 17, Ca - 20, Mn - 25, Mg - 12
CXns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
(a) t¢mdn≥, amwK-\okv F∂n-h-bnse Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fpsS FÆw F{X ?
(b) F√m aqe-IßfptSbpw k_vsj¬ {Ia-Øn-ep≈ Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ hn\ymkw
(c) Htc tªm°n-ep≈ aqe-I-߃ GsXms° ?
(d) Htc ]nco-Un-ep≈ aqe-I-߃ GsXms° ?
(e) Hmtcm aqe-I-ß-fp-tSbpw {Kq∏v GXv ?
(f) B‰-Øns‚ hep∏w G‰hpw IqSnb aqe-Ihpw Ipd™ aqe-Ihpw GXv ?
(g) Ab-Wo-I-cW Du¿÷w G‰hpw IqSn-bXpw G‰hpw Ipd-™Xpw GXv ?
(h) Ch-bn¬ teml-kz-`mhw ImWn-°p-∂-hbpw Atem-l-kz-`mhw ImWn-°p-∂-hbpw GXv ?
(i) hyXykvX HmIvko-I-c-Wm-hÿ/\nd-ap≈ kwbp-‡-ß-fp-≠m-°p∂ aqe-I-taXv ?
(j) Htc {Kq∏n-ep≈ aqe-I-߃ GsXms° ?
3. A, B, C F∂o aq∂v aqe-I-ß-fpsS At‰m-anI \º-dp-Iƒ bYm-{Iaw 9, 19, 27 F∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv.
(a) Ch-bpsS k_vsj¬ {Ia-Øn-ep≈ Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ hn\ymkw F¥v ?
(b) Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw tªm°v, ]nco-Uv, {Kq∏v F∂nh Is≠-Øn-sb-gp-XpI
(c) Bh¿Ø-\-∏-´n-I-bn¬ CS-Xp-`m-KØv ImWp∂ aqeIw GXv ?
(d) Ab-Wo-I-cW Du¿÷w G‰hpw Ipd™ aqe-I-taXv ?
(e) B‰-Øns‚ hep∏w Ipd-™p-h-cp∂ {Ia-Øn¬ Fgp-XpI
(f) Ch-bn¬ kw{I-aW aqe-I-taXv ?

V
21
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw

samUyqƒ ˛ 4
bqWn‰v : 4

n cmk-{]-h¿Ø\w \S-°p-tºmƒ sshZypXn D≠m-Ip∂ sk¬

n sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn®v cmk-{]-h¿Ø\w \S-°p∂ sk¬
Adn-™n-cn-t°≠ {][m\ Bi-b-߃

Km¬h-\n-Ivsk¬ v
Zn Cu

Ý
c≠v A¿≤-sk-√p-Iƒ tN¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂p kmƒ´v
{_nUvPv

Ý
ZnSO4 CuSO4
Hcp temlw AXns‚ eh-W-em-b-\n-bn¬ apßn-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ
Ý
Hmtcm∂nepw Ce-Ivt{SmUv s]m´≥jy¬ D≠m-Ip∂p
Ý

Ce-Ivt{SmUv s]m´≥jy¬ IqSn-bXv Ce-Ivt{SmUv s]m´≥jy¬ Ipd-™Xv

ImtYmUv Bt\mUv

sk¬ emf = ImtYm-Uns‚ Ce-Ivt{SmUv s]m´≥jy¬ ˛

Bt\m-Uns‚ Ce-Ivt{SmUv s]m´≥jy¬
EO = EC - EA

n Ce-Ivt{SmUv s]m´≥jy¬ I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥

l S.H.E (Ãmt‚Uv ssl{U-P≥ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Uv) D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

l S.H.E bn¬ HmIv k o- I - c Ww \S- ° p- t ºmƒ Ce- I v t {SmUv s]m´≥jy¬ aqeyw +ve
Bbn-cn-°pw.
l S.H.E bn¬ \ntcm-Ivko-I-cWw \S-°p-tºmƒ Ce-Ivt{SmUv s]m´≥jy¬ -ve Bbn-cn-°pw.
l S.H.E bn¬ \S-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v hn]-co-X-ambncn°pw Ce-Ivt{Sm-Up-I-fn¬/A¿≤-
sk-√p-I-fn¬ \S-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\w.

H Nne teml-ß-fpsS Ce-Ivt{SmUv s]m´≥jy¬ \¬Ip-∂p. Ah tN¿Øp-≠m-°m-hp∂ sk√p-Iƒ

GsXm-s°-sb∂pw Ah-bpsS sk¬ emf Dw I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.
Al / Al 3+ Ý 1.66 Ag/Ag+ Ý + 0.83v
Cu / ai2 Ý + 0.34v Mg / Mg2+ Ý - 2.53v
sk¬ emf G‰hpw IqSnb sk√ns‚ A¿≤-sk-√p-I-fpsS Ce-Ivt{SmUv s]m´≥jy-ens‚
{]tXy-I-X-sb¥v ? (X-∂n-cn-°p∂ 4 FÆw hne-bn-cpØn Is≠Øp-I)
H apI-fn¬ X∂n-cn-°p∂ A¿≤-sk-√p-Iƒ/Ce-Ivt{Sm-Up-Iƒ S.H.E bpambn _‘n-∏n-°p-tºmƒ
S.H.E bn¬ HmIvko-I-cWw \S-°p-∂h GsXms° ? \ntcm-Ivko-I-cWw \S-°p∂ GsXms° ?

22
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw

H GXm\pw Ce-Ivt{Sm-Up-Iƒ S.H.E bpambn _‘n-∏n-®-t∏mƒ In´nb hnh-c-߃ Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.

]cn-tim-[n®v hn´-`m-K-߃ ]qcn-∏n-°p-I.

S.H.E bn¬ \S-°p∂

Ce-Ivt{SmUv thmƒ´v ao‰¿ doUnwKv Ce-Ivt{SmUv s]m´≥jy¬
{]h¿Ø\w
Cu2+ / Cu HmIvko-I-cWw 0.34 + 0.34
Mg / Mg
2+
\ntcm-Ivko-I-cWw 2.52 - 2.52
Sn2+ / Sn \ntcm-Ivko-I-cWw 0.28 ....................................
Al 3+
/ Al .................................... 1.66 - 1.66
Ag / Ag
+
.................................... .................................... + 0.8
Fe2+ / Fe .................................... .................................... - 0.44

H ]´n-I-bn¬ X∂n-cn-°p∂ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Up-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v \n¿Ωn-°p∂ sk√p-I-fn¬ Ft∏mgpw

Bt\m-Umbn am{Xw {]h¿Øn-°p∂tXXv ? ImtYm-Umbn am{Xw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-tXXv ?
apI-fn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Up-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v G‰hpw IqSnb sk¬ emf D≈
Km¬h-\nIv sk¬ GXv ? cell emf F{X ?
n sshZypX hnt«-jW sk¬

l sshZypX hnt«-jWw : sshZypXn IS-Øn-hn´v Hcp ]Zm¿∞sØ LS-I-ß-fm°n am‰p∂

{]{Inb
l Ce-Ivs{Sm-sse‰v : sshZypXn IS-Øn-hn-Sp-tºmƒ hnL-Sn-°p∂ ]Zm¿∞w
l ImtYmUv : sk√ns‚ -ve {[ph-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-∂Xv (\ntcm-Ivko-I-c-Ww)
l Bt\mUv : sk√ns‚ +ve {[ph-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-∂Xv (Hm-Ivko-I-c-Ww)
l sshZypX hnt«-jW sk¬ ˛ `mK-߃
l Ce-Ivs{Sm-sse‰v
l Ce-Ivt{Sm-Up-Iƒ (B-t\m-Uv, ImtYm-Uv)
l sk¬
l Hcp ehWw sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-°p-tºmƒ +ve Atbm-Wmbpw -ve Atbm-Wmbpw
amdp-∂p.
l +ve Atbm-Wp-Iƒ (tem-lß - ƒ) ImtYm-Un-te°v \oßp∂p. Ahn-sS-\n∂pw Ce-Ivt{Sm¨
kzoI-cn®v ImtYm-Un¬ kzX-{¥-am-hp-∂p.
l -ve Atbm-Wp-Iƒ (A-tem-l-߃) Bt\m-Un-te°v \oßp-∂p. Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ hn´p-
sIm-SpØv Bt\m-Un¬ kzX-{¥-am-Ip-∂p.

H Dcp-Inb NaCl2 / KCl / CaCl2 s‚ sshZyp-X-hn-t«-jWw

l tkmUnbw t¢mssd-Unse Atbm-Wp-Iƒ Ý Na +, Cl -
l tkmUnbw Atbm¨ (Na +) ImtYm-Un-te°p \oßp-∂p. kzX-{¥-am-Ip-∂p.
l t¢mssdUv Atbm¨ (Cl -) Bt\m-Un-te°v \oßp-∂p.
ImtYm-Unse {]h¿Ø\w Bt\m-Unse {]h¿Ø\w
Na + + 1e Ý Na Cl - Ý 1e + Cl
Cl + Cl Ý Cl2
(C-Xp-t]mse KCl, CaCl2 F∂n-hbpw amdp-∂p)

23
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
H NaCl Peo- b - e m- b \n (D- ∏ p- s h- ≈ w) sshZyp- X - h n- t «- j Ww sNbv X mWv ImÃnIv tkmU
(NaOH - tkmUnbw sslt{Um-Ivssk-Uv) D≠m-°p-∂-Xv. Fßs\ ?
l D∏p-sh-≈-Ønse Atbm-Wp-Iƒ
l +ve Atbm-Wp-Iƒ Na +, H +

l -ve Atbm-Wp-Iƒ Cl - , OH -
l +ve Atbm-Wp-I-fn¬ Ce-t{Œm¨ kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ignhv IqSp-X¬ H + Atbm-Wn-\m-Wv.
(C-e-Ivt{SmsIan-°¬ kocnkn¬ Na + apI-fnepw H + Xmsg-bp-am-Wv)
l AXn-\m¬ H Atb¨ ImtYm-Un-seØn kzX-{¥-am-hp∂p
+ [ H + + ie Ý
H + H Ý
H
H2
l +ve Atbm-Wp-I-fn¬ Cl - Atbm-Wn\v Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ hn´p-sIm-Sp-°m-\p≈ Ignhv IqSp-X-
em-Wv. Cl - Bt\m-Un¬ kzX-{¥-am-hp-∂p.
l Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂Xv Na + Dw OH - Dw BWv
H CuSO 4 emb\n sshZyp-X-hn-t«-jWw sNbvXm¬ Bt\m-Un¬ HmIvkn-P≥ D≠m-Ipw. F¥p-sIm≠v ?

l CuSO 4 emb-\n-bnse +ve Atbm-Wp-I-fm-Wv SO 4-2 Dw OH - Dw

l CXn¬ OH - \v Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ hn´p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Ignhv IqSp-X-em-Wv.
l OH - Bt\m-Un-se-Øp-∂p. Ce-Ivt{Sm-¨ hn´p-sIm-SpØv HmIvkn-P≥ kzX-{¥-am-°p-∂p.

[ OH -
4OH
Ý
Ý
OH + 1e
2H2 + O2
Ý

H Dcp-Inb KCl (s]m-´m-kyw t¢mssd-Uv), KCl emb\n F∂nh sshZyp-X-hn-t«-jWw sNøp-tºmƒ

Bt\m-Unepw ImtYm-Unepw D≠m-Ip∂ D¬∏-∂-߃ GsX√mw ?
H sshZyp-X-hn-t«-jW ka-bØv IS-Øn-hn´ sshZyp-Xn-bpsS Afhpw Ce-Ivt{Sm-Up-I-fn¬ D≠mb
D¬∏-∂-Øns‚ Af-hp-amWv ]´n-I-bn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

{Ia IS-Øn-hn´ sshZyp-Xn-bpsS ]Zm¿∞-Øns‚ amkv

\º¿ Afhv {Kman¬

1 1000 2

2 2000 4

3 .................... 8

4 8000 ....................

(a) ]´nI ]cn-tim-[n®v hn´-`mKw ]qcn-∏n-°pI

(a) CXv GXv \nb-a-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p

(a) CXns‚ KWn-X-cq]w F¥v ?

24
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
bqWn‰v 5

n ]Z-{]iv\w ]qcn-∏n-°pI (5˛mw A[ymbw hmbn-®v)

(kq-N-\-Iƒ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p)

5 6

kqN-\I- ƒ
n he-tØm´v ]qcn-∏n-°pI
1. Hcp {]Ir-Xn-ZØ \mcv (ss^-_¿)
2. Hcp Ir{Xna d∫¿
3. Ch \n¿Ωn-°m≥ ^vfn‚v •mkv D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p
4. AUn-∏nIv BknUpw slIvkm-sa-Yn-en≥ ssU Aao\pw tN¿Øp-≠m-Ip∂ t]mfn-a¿
8. Hcp sX¿tam sk‰nwKv πmÃnIv
n CS-tØm´v ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI
5. CXn¬ kƒ^¿ tN¿Øv NqSm-°n-bmWv F_-ssW‰v \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xv.
4. Cu aqe-I-an-√msX kky-߃°v t{]m´o≥ \n¿Ωn-°m-\m-hn√
Xmtgm´v ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI
1. amwK-\okv ssU HmIvsskUv tN¿°p-tºmƒ •mkn\v In´p∂ \ndw
5. Hcp Ir{Xn-a-∏´v
6. d∫-dn¬ kƒ^¿ tN¿Øv NqSm-°p∂ {]h¿Ø\w
7. Hcn\w t{]m´o≥
Assignment
l 5˛mw A[ym-bsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n CXp-t]mse as‰mcp ]Z-{]iv\w Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw
Xøm-dm-°p-I. a‰p-Ip-´n-Iƒ°v \¬In ]qcn-∏n-°m-\-h-kcw \¬Ip-I.

V
25
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw

samUyqƒ ˛ 5
bqWn‰v : 6

n Im¿_-WnI kwbp-‡-߃°v t]cp \¬I¬

Adn-tb≠ ASn-ÿm\ [mc-W-Iƒ

l Im¿_-Wns‚ Nne khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

l kwtbm-P-IX ˛ 4, CeIvt{Sm s\K-‰n-hn‰n ˛ 2.5
l Im¿_-Wns‚ kwbp-‡-ß-sf√mw kl-kw-tbm-PI kwbp-‡-ß-fm-Ipw.
l kl-kw-tbm-PI _‘-\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-tºmƒ 4 tPmSn Ce-t{Œm-Wp-Iƒ ]¶p-sh-°m-\m-
hpw.
l c≠p Im¿_¨ B‰-߃ XΩn¬ GI-_-‘\w (C - C) Zzn_-‘\w (C = C) {Xn_-‘\w
(C C) F∂n-ßs\ _‘-\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm-\m-Ipw.
l Hcp Im¿_¨ B‰-Øn\v XpS¿®-bmbn F{X Im¿_¨ B‰-ß-fp-ambpw _‘-\-Øn-
te¿s∏-Sm-\mhpw (Im‰-t\-j≥)
C
C C
l CXv heb cq]-Ønepw irwJem cq]-Ønepw C - C - C - C - C ......... Bhmw
C C
C
l Im¿_¨ ssl{U-P-\p-ambn tN¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ ]Zm¿∞-ßsf sslt{Um-Im¿_-Wp-Iƒ
F∂p ]d-bpw. CXv irwJem cq]-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-sW-¶n¬ Aen-^m-‰nIv sslt{Um-Im¿_¨
F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

n Aen-^m-‰nIv sslt{Um-Im¿_-Wp-Iƒ°v t]cp-\¬I¬

l G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb Im¿_¨ sNbn-\nse Im¿_¨ B‰-ß-fpsS FÆ-a-\p-k-cn®v
]Z-aqew (Word root) \n›-bn-°p-I.
l _‘\-a-\p-k-cn®v (G-I-_-‘\w ˛ Fbv≥ (ane), Zzn_-‘\w ˛ Cu≥ (ene), {Xn_-‘\w
˛ sF≥ (yne) ) t]c-h-km-\n-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v Is≠-Øp-I.
l c≠pw tN¿Øv ASn-ÿm\ t]sc-gp-XpI
DZm: sNbn-\n¬ 4 Im¿-_¨ B‰-ap-≠v. F√mw GI-_-‘-\-amWv F¶n¬
]Z-aqew ˛ _yq´v, Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv ˛ Fbv≥
At∏mƒ t]cv ˛ _yqs´bv≥ (CH3 - CH2 - CH3)
l imJ-I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ imJ-I-fnse B¬ss°¬ {Kq∏pw(-CH3 ˛ saYn¬, -CH2 - CH3 - FYn¬...)
FÆhpw I-s≠Øn ASn-ÿm\ t]cn-t\mSv tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-I.
DZm : _yqs´-bv\n¬ imJ-bn¬ Hcp saYn¬ {Kq∏p-s≠-¶n¬
t]cv saYn¬ _yqs´bv≥ (CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH3)
CH3
l imJ-bpsS ÿm\w \n¿Æ-bn®v (F-{Xm-asØ Im¿_¨ B‰-Øn¬) ÿm\-hne \¬In
t]cn-t\mSp tN¿°p-I.
DZm: saYn¬ _yqs´-bv\n¬ 2˛mw Im¿_¨ B‰-Øn-emWv imJ. AXn-\m¬ t]cv ˛
2 saYn¬ _yqs´bv≥
l imJ-bpsS ÿm\-hne ImWm≥
l CS-tØm´pw he-tØm´pw ÿm\-hne \¬In G‰hpw Ipd™ ÿm\-hne
kzoI-cn-°p-I.
l H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ imJ-If
- p-s≠-¶n¬ ÿm\-hn-eI
- f
- psS XpI Ipd™ {Iaw
kzoI-cn-°p-I.

26
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
n ]Z-aqew (Word root) ImWm≥ n B¬ss°¬ {Kq∏p- I - f psS FÆw
kqNn-∏n-°m≥
sNbn-\nse Im¿_¨ B‰-ß-fpsS
l imJ- b psS FÆw 1 BsW- ¶ n¬
FÆw
B¬ss°¬ {Kq∏ns‚ t]sc- g p- X n-
1 ˛ saYv
bm¬ aXn.
2 ˛ FYv
l 2 imJ-I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ ˛ ssU
3 ˛ s{]m]v
l 3 imJ-I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ ˛ ss{S
4 ˛ _yq´v
l 4 imJ-I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ ˛ sS{Sm
5 ˛ s]‚v l 5 imJ-I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ ˛ s]‚m
6 ˛ slIvkv
l saYn¬ {Kq∏pw, FYn¬ {Kq∏pw imJ-
7 ˛ sl]v‰v I-fm-sW-¶n¬ imJ-bpsS ÿm\-hne
8 ˛ HIv‰v \¬In-b-tijw Cw•ojv A£-c-amem
9 ˛ s\m¨ {Ia-Øn¬ BZyw hcp-∂Xv BZyw
10 ˛ sU°v Fgp-Xp-I.

H GXm\pw Im¿_¨ kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS LS-\m-hmIyw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm-∂n-t‚bpw t]cv

Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-I.
1. CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH3 2. CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH3 3. CH3 - CH - CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3
4. CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH - CH3 5. CH3 - CH - CH - CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
6. CH3 - CH - CH - CH2 - CH3 7. CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH - CH3
CH3 CH3 - CH3 CH3
n t]cn¬ \n∂pw LS\m-hmIyw Fgp-Xp-hm≥

l A-Sn-ÿm\ t]c-\p-k-cn®v Im¿_¨ sNbn-\pw, _‘-\hpw F-gp-Xp-I.

DZm: 2, 2, 3 ss{Ssa-Yn¬ slIvskbv≥
ASn-ÿm\ t]cv ˛ slIvskbv≥ Ý C - C - C - C - C - C
l ÿm\-hn-ebpw imJ-I-fpsS FÆhpw \n›-bn®v Fgp-XpI
CH3
DZm: C - C - C - C - C - C
CH3 CH3
l kwtbm-P-IX 4 BIp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb{Xbpw ssl{U-P≥ Im¿_-Wns‚ he-Xp-`m-KØv
Fgp-Xp-I. (Hmtcm Im¿_¨ B‰-Øn\p Np‰pw F{X hc-bp-s≠∂v t\m°pI ˛ 4 Bhm≥
F{X thW-sa∂v Is≠-Øp-I.
CH3
DZm: CH3 - C - CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
CH3 CH3

H GXm\pw Im¿_-WnI kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-bpsS LS-\m-hmIyw

Fgp-XpI
1. 2, 3 ssUsa-Yn¬ _yqs´bv≥ 3. 3 FYn¬ 2 saYn¬ s]s‚bv≥
2. 2, 2, 3, 3 sS{Sm-sa-Yn¬ _yqs´bv≥ 4. 2, 2, 3, 3, 4 s]‚m saYn¬ s]s‚bv≥

27
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
n sFtkm-sa-dnkw
l Htc cmk-kq-{Xhpw hyXyÿ LS-\m-hm-Iyhpw ImWn-°p∂ khn-ti-jX
l CØcw kwbp-‡-ßsf sFtkm-a-dp-Iƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
n hnhn-[-Xcw sFtkm-a-dn-k-߃
l ^ßvj-W¬ {Kq∏v sFtkm-a-dnkw ˛ sFtkm-a-dp-I-fn¬ ^ßvj-W¬ {Kq∏p-I-fn¬
hyXym-k-ap-≈-h.
DZm l

l
satYmIvkn sasYbv≥
FY-t\mƒ
˛ CH3 - O - CH3
˛ CH3 - CH2 - OH } cmk-kq{Xw
C2H6O

l s]mkn-j≥ sFtkm-a-dnkw : ^ßvj-W¬ {Kq∏ns‚ ÿm\-Øn¬ hyXym-k-ap≈

sFtkm-a-dp-Iƒ

}
DZm: l 1 s{]m]-t\mƒ ˛ CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - OH
cmk-kq{Xw
l 2 t{]m]-t\mƒ ˛ CH3 - CH - CH3 C3H3O
OH
l sNbn≥ sFtkm-a-dnkw : Im¿_¨ sNbn-\n-ep≈ Im¿_¨ B‰-ß-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬
hyXym-k-ap≈ sFtkm-a-dp-Iƒ (sF-tkm-a-dp-I-fn¬ ASn-ÿm\ t]cv
hyXym-k-ap-s≠-¶n¬)
DZm: l

l
_yqs´-bv≥
saYn¬ s{]ms]bv≥
˛ CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
˛ CH3 - CH - CH3 } C4H10

CH3

H Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kwbp-‡-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v sFtkm-a¿ tPmSn-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

GXp-Xcw sFtkm-sa-dn-k-am-sW∂v ]dbpI. (kw-bp-‡-ß-fpsS t]cpw Fgp-Xp-I)
1. CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - OH 2. CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

3. CH3 - O - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 4. CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH3

CH3 OH
5. CH3 - C - CH3
CH3

l - OH {Kq∏v ^ßvj-W¬ {Kq∏v Bb kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS t]sc-gp-Xm≥ ASn-ÿm\ t]cns‚

Ah-km-\-`mKw am‰n ol (Hmƒ) F∂p tN¿°p-I.
DZm: CH3 - CH2 - OH (A-Sn-ÿm\ t]cv ˛ FsY-bv≥,
kw-bp-‡-Øns‚ t]cv ˛ FY-t\mƒ)
l - O - (CuY¿) ^ßvj-W¬ {Kq∏v Bbm¬ - O - bv°v Ccp-h-i-hp-ap≈ Im¿_¨
sNbn-\n¬ \ofw IqSn-bXv ASn-ÿm\ t]cv. sNbn-\ns‚ ]Z-aq-e-tØmSv IqSn HmIvkn
F∂p tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-I.
DZm: CH3 - O - CH2 - CH3 satYmIvkn FsYbv≥

28
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
n sa‰m-sa-dnkw

l CuY¿ (Hm-Ivkn-˛-^-ßvj-W¬ {Kq∏v) kwbp--‡-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ sFtkm-a-dnkw

l Chsb sa‰m-a-dp-Iƒ F∂p ]d-bpw.
DZm: CH3 - O - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 ˛ satYmIvkn _yqs´bv≥
l

CH3 - CH2 - O - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 ˛ FtYmIvkn s{]ms]bv≥

l

cmk-kq{Xw ˛ C5H12O

n X∂n-cn-°p∂ Im¿_-WnI kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS t]sc-gp-XpI

1. CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3
2. CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH - C - CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3

3. CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - OH

4. CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - COOH

5. CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH3
OH
6. CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - O - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

7. CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH - CH2

CH3
8. CH C - CH - CH3
CH3
n X∂n-cn-°p∂ kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS LS-\m-hmIyw Fgp-XpI
1. 3, 3, 4, 5 sS{Sm-sa-Yn¬ slIvskbv≥
2. 2 saYn¬ 3 s]‚-t\mƒ
3. s{]mt]mIvkn s]s‚bv≥
4. s{]m]-t\m-bnIv BknUv
5. 2 saYn¬ _yq´o≥
n X∂n-cn-°p∂ kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS t]sc-gpXn sFtkm-a¿ tPmSn-Iƒ Is≠-ØpI Hmtcm-∂nepw
GXp-Xcw sFtkm-a-dnkw Fs∂-gp-Xp-I. sa‰m-sa-dp-Iƒ GsXms°?
1. CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 2. CH3 - O - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
CH3
OH 4. CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - OH
3. CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH3
6. CH3 - CH - CH - CH3
5. CH3 - CH2 - O - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3
7. CH3 - C - CH2 - CH3 8. CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - O - CH3
CH3

29
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
n Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Im¿_-WnI kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS t]sc-gp-Xp-I
CH3 CH3
1. CH3 - CH - CH2 - C - CH3
CH - CH3
CH2 - CH2 - CH3

CH3 CH3 - CH3 CH3

2. CH3 - CH - CH - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH3

aqey-\n¿Æb tcJ ˛ 1
n Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS t]sc-gp-XpI
OH CH3
1. CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH3 4. CH3 - CH2 - C - CH3
CH3 - CH3
2. CH3 - CH2 - COOH
CH3
3. CH3 - CH2 - O - CH2 - CH3 5. CH3 - CH2 - C - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
CH2 - CH3

n LS-\m-hmIyw Fgp-XpI
1. 2, 2, 3, 3 sS{Sm-sa-Yn¬ _yqs´bv≥
2. FY-t\m-bnIv BknUv
3. 3 FYn¬ 2, 2 ssUsa-Yn¬slIvskbv≥
4. satYmIvkn s{]ms]bv≥
n Xmsg- s °m- S p- Ø n- c n- ° p∂ kwbp- ‡ - Ø ns‚ Hcp s]mkn- j ≥ sFtkm- a - d pw, ^ßv j - W ¬
sFtkm-adpw Fgp-Xp-I.
1. CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - OH (Hm-tcm-∂n\pw 2 kvtIm¿ hoXw)

30
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw

samUyqƒ ˛ 6
bqWn‰v : 7
n Adn-™n-cn-t°≠ ASn-ÿm\ Bi-b-߃
lIm¿_-WnI kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃
BtZi cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\ß
l - ƒ
˛ Hcp Im¿_WnI kwbp-‡-Ønse ssl{U-P≥ B‰sØ BtZiw sNbvXv a‰v aq-e-I-߃
h∂p tNcp∂ {]h¿Ø\w ˛ CH3 - CH3 + Cl2 Ý CH3 - CH2Cl + H
AUo-j≥ cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃
l

˛ Zzn_-‘-\ap≈ / {Xn_-‘-\-ap≈ sslt{Um-Im¿_-Wp-Iƒ, ssl{U-P≥, Im¿_¨ F∂o

aqe-I-ß-fp-ambn IqSn-t®¿∂v ]qcnX sslt{Um-Im¿_Wp-I-fmbn amdp∂ {]h¿Ø\w
CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 Ý CH2Cl - CH2Cl
CH2 = CH2 + H2 Ý CH3 - CH3
ChnsS Zzn_-‘-\-ap≈ kwbp-‡-߃ GI-_-‘-\-ap-≈-h-bm-bn-am-dp-∂p.
Pze\w
l

˛ Im¿_-WnI kwbp-‡-߃ HmIvkn-P-\p-ambn {]h¿Øn®v CO2 Dw H2O Dw D≠m-Ip∂

{]h¿Ø-\w. ˛ CH4 + O2 Ý CO2 + 2H2O
Xm]ob hnL-S\w
l

˛ henb sNbn-\p≈ sslt{Um-Im¿_-Wp-Iƒ NqSm-°p-tºmƒ sNdnb sNbn-\p≈ kwbp-

‡-ß-fmbn amdp∂ {]h¿Ø-\w ˛ CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 Ý CH3 - CH = CH2 + CH4
t]mfn-a-ssd-tk-j≥
l

˛ sNdnb Im¿_-WnI X∑m-{X-Isf \n›nX kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v `mcw IqSnb

X∑m-{X-I-fm°n am‰p∂ {]h¿Ø\w ˛ { CH2 = CH2 } Ý n { CH2 - CH2 }
n
t]mfn-a¿ : t]mfn-a-sd-tk-j\p hnt[-b-am-Ip-tºmƒ In´p∂ ]Zm¿∞w
tamtWm-a¿ : t]mfn-a-dp-Iƒ D≠m-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ASn-ÿm\ ]Zm¿∞w.
t]mfn-a¿ tamtWma¿
t]mfn-Øo≥ FYo≥
t]mfnhnss\¬ t¢mssdUv (PVC) hnss\¬ t¢mssdUv
t]mfn-sb-ÿ Fÿ
t]mfn-s{]m-]o≥ s{]m]o≥
H Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´n-I-bnse hnhn[ tImf-߃ hne-bn-cpØn A\p-tbm-Py-ambh Is≠Øn
tN¿sØ-gp-XpI
A`n-Im-c-߃ cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ C\w D¬∏-∂-߃
CH3 - CH = CH2 + H 2 Xm]ob hnL-S\w CH3 Cl + HCl
2(CH3 - CH3) + 7O2 BtZi cmk-{]-h¿Ø\w CH3 - CH2 - CH3
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 AUo-j≥ {]h¿Ø\w CH3 - CH2 - CH = CH2 + CH4
CH4 + Cl2 Pze\w 4 CO2 + 6H2O
n B¬-°-tlm-fns‚ \n¿ΩmWw ( CH3 - CH2 - OH ˛ FY-t\mƒ)
s^¿a-t‚-j≥ ˛ Icn-ºn≥ ]©-km-c hmjv B°n am‰p-∂Xv
l

UnÃn-te-j≥ ˛ hmjv NqSm°n tkzZ\w sNbvXv dIv‰n-ss^Uv kv]ncn‰v B°n am‰p-∂-Xv.

l

31
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
l s^¿a-t‚-j≥ ˛ ]©-km-c-bn¬ boÃv {]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ C≥h¿t´kv, ssktakv F∂o
F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p.
lC≥h¿-tSkv ˛ ]©-km-csb •qt°m-kpw, {^Iv-tSm-kp-am°p∂p.
C12H22O11 Ý C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
l ssktakv ˛ •qt°m-kn-t\-bpw, {^IvtSm-kn-t\bpw FY-t\m-fpw, CO 2 B°p-∂p.
C6H12O6 Ý 2C2H5OH (CH3 - CH2 - OH) + 2 CO2
Cßs\ In´p∂ an{in-X-amWv hmjv
l dIv‰n-s^Uv kv]ncn‰v ˛ 95% KmV-X-bp≈ B¬°-tlmƒ
l A_vk-eyq´v B¬°-tlmƒ ˛ 100% KmV-X-bp≈ B¬°-tlmƒ
l ]h¿ B¬°-tlmƒ ˛ B¬°-tlmƒ s]t{Sm-fp-ambn Ie¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ C‘-\w.
l {^oknwKv anIvkvN¿ ˛ tdUn-tb-‰-dn¬ B¬°-tlmƒ sh≈-hp-ambn Ie¿Øn-b-Xv. CXns‚
{Zh-Wm¶w Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ sh≈w Ffp∏w I´n-bm-hp-∂n-√. XWp∏p cmPy-ß-fn¬
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
l saYn-te-‰Uv kv]ncn‰v ˛ FY-t\m-fns‚ Zpcp-]-tbmKw XS-bp-∂-Xn\v saY-t\m-fp-ambn Ie¿Øn-
bp-≠m-Ip∂ an{in-Xw. ]ncn-Un≥, d∫¿ UnÃn-te‰v F∂n-hbpw CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
n FÃ-dp-Iƒ : B¬°-tlmƒ Im¿t_m-Ivkn-enIv Bkn-Up-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂
Hm¿Km-\nIv ehWw ]qhp-I-fpsS aW-Øn-\pw, ]g-ß-fpsS cpNn-bv°pw, aW-Øn\pw Imc-W-ambh
FÃ-dp-I-fmWv.
D]-tbmKw : Ir{Xna ]m\o-b-߃, Ir{Xna kpK-‘-{Z-hy-߃ F∂nh D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
l

{]h¿Ø\w : l CH3 - CH2 - OH + H OOC - CH2 - CH3 Ý CH3 - CH2 - OOC - CH2 - CH3 + H 2O
(F-Yt- \mƒ) (s{]m-]t- \m-bnIv Bkn-Uv) (FYn¬ s{]m]-t\-tb-‰v)
(F-ÿ)
l
CH3 - OH + H OOC - CH3 Ý CH3 - OOC - CH3 + H 2O

B¬°-tlmƒ, Bkn-Uv, Fÿ F∂n-h-bpsS t]sc-gpXpI

n km°-ssd-Up-Iƒ : Im¿_¨, ssl{U-P≥, HmIvkn-P≥ F∂nh tN¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ Im¿_-WnI
kwbp-‡-ß-fmWv Im¿t_m sslt{U-‰p-Iƒ / km°-ssd-Up-Iƒ.
lIm¿_¨ B‰-ß-fpsS FÆw 6 Bb Im¿t_m sslt{U-‰p-Iƒ
tamtWm km°-ssd-Up-Iƒ ˛ C6H12O6 (•q-t°m-kv)
lIm¿_¨ B‰-ß-fpsS FÆw 12 Bb Im¿t_m-ssl-t{U-‰p-Iƒ
ssU km°-ssd-Up-Iƒ ˛ C12H22O11 (]-©-kmc ˛ kqt{Im-kv)
lIm¿_¨ B‰-ß-fpsS FÆw 18 Bb Im¿t_m-ssl-t{U-‰p-Iƒ
ss{Skm-°-ssd-Up-Iƒ ˛ C18H32O16
lIm¿_¨ B‰-ß-fpsS FÆw 24 Bb km°-ssd-Up-Iƒ
sS{Sm km°-ssd-Up-Iƒ ˛ C24H42O21
lIm¿_¨ B‰-ß-fpsS FÆw hfsc IqSp-X-ep≈ km°-ssdUv
t]mfn-km-°-ssd-Up-Iƒ ˛ A∂-Pw, sk√p-temkv

32
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw

samUyqƒ ˛ 7
bqWn‰v : 8
n Adn-™n-cn-t°≠ {][m\ Bi-b-߃
l [mXp-°ƒ ˛ {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ I≠p-h-cp∂ teml-kw-bp-‡-߃.
Ch HmIvssk-Up-Iƒ, kƒss^-Up-Iƒ, Im¿_-tW-‰p-Iƒ, knen-t°-‰p-Iƒ, kƒt^-‰p-
Iƒ XpSßn hnhn[ cq]-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂p.
l Abn-cp-Iƒ ˛ Hcp temlw G‰hpw Ffp-∏-Ønepw sNehp Ipd™ coXn-bnepw th¿Xn-cn-
°m-\m-hp∂ [mXp.
{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ : [mcmfw e`y-am-IWw, temlmwiw IqSp-X-em-I-Ww. Ffp∏w th¿Xn-cn-°m-
\m-I-Ww, Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap-≈-Xm-I-Ww.
H Nne teml-ß-fpw, Ah-bpsS Abn-cp-Ifpw

temlw Abncv kwbp-‡-Øns‚ C\w e`yX

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬
Aep-an-\nbw t_mIvssk‰v Al2O3 2H2O (Hm-Ivssk-Uv) ImWp∂ [mXp
Ccpºv sla-ss‰‰v Fe2O32H2O (HmIvssk-Uv) aq∂mw ÿm\w
NpÆm-ºp-I-√v, am¿_nƒ
Im¬kyw I°, ]hn-g-∏p‰v CaCO3 (Im¿_-tW-‰v) c≠mw ÿm\w

sNºv tIm∏¿ •m≥kv Cu2S (kƒss^-Uv)

kn¶v sª‚v Zns (kƒss^-Uv)
kn¶v Iem-an≥ ZnCO3 (Im¿_-tW-‰v)

l KmwKv : Abn-cn¬ ImWp∂ amen-\y-߃

n teml-\n¿ΩmW L´-߃ : 1. Abn-cns‚ km{µWw
2. temlw th¿Xn-cn-°¬
3. teml ip≤o-I-cWw
n Abn-cns‚ km{µWw
{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂
am¿§w Abn-cns‚ / KmwKns‚ kz`mhw Abn-cp-Iƒ
1. Pe-{]-hm-l-Øn¬ km{µX IqSnb Abncv kz¿Æ-Øns‚ Abncv
Igp-I¬ km{µX Ipd™ KmwKv
km{µX Ipd™ Abncv
2. πh-\-{]-{Inb kƒss^Uv Abn-cp-Iƒ
km{µX IqSnb KmwKv
3. Im¥nI hn`-P\w Im¥nI kz`m-h-ap≈ Abncv Ccp-º-bncv
\nb- { ¥nX hmbp- h n¬ NqSm°n
4. Im¬kn-t\-j≥ _mjv]-io-e-ap≈ KmwKv \o°w- Im¿_-tW‰v
sN-ø¬
i‡n-bmbn NqSm°n HmIvko-I-cn-
5. tdmÃnwKv kƒss^Uv
°p∂ {]{Inb
Abn-cns\ ebn-∏n-°p∂ emb-I-ap-
6. eo®nwKv t_mIvssk‰v
]-tbm-Kn®v
KmwKn-t\mSv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂
7. ^vfIvkv Ccp-º-bncv
]Zm¿∞-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v

33
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
n temlw th¿Xn-cn-°¬
l {Inbm-ioew IqSnb teml-߃ ÿncX IqSnb kwbp-‡-߃ D≠m-°p-∂p. Ch
th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ i‡n-tbdnb \ntcm-Ivko-Im-cn-bmb sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
{]{Inb ˛ sshZyp-X-hn-t«-jWw
CeIvt{Sm sIan-°¬ koco-kn¬ K apX¬ Al hscbp≈ teml-߃
l anX-amb {Inbm-io-e-ap≈ teml-߃ :˛ Im¿_¨ / CO D]-tbm-Kn®v
Zn apX¬ Pb (seUv hsc)
l {Inbm-ioew Ipd-™h i‡n-bmbn NqSm°n th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu, Hg etc.,
l kzX-{¥m-h-ÿ-bn¬ ImWp∂ kz¿Æw, πm‰n-\w- F∂nh kb-ss\Uv {]{Inb hgn
n teml-ip-≤o-I-cWw
l Dcp°n th¿Xn-cn-°¬ : Ffp∏w Dcp-Ip∂ teml-ß-fpw ({Zh-Wm¶w Ipd-™h) Dcp-ImØ
amen-\y-ßfpamsW-¶n¬. DZm: Hg, Pb, ..... etc.,
l tkz-Z\ {]{Inb ˛ Ffp∏w _mjv]o-I-cn-°p-∂h ˛ Zn, Sn etc.,
l sshZypX hnt«-jWw ˛ 100% ip≤X Bh-iy-am-sW-¶n¬
{i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃ : ip≤o-I-cn-t°≠ teml-Øns‚ ehWw CeIvt{Sm sse‰v
l

ip≤-amb temlw ImtYmUv

l

ip≤o-I-cn-t°≠ temlw Bt\mUv

l

ã tIm∏-dmWv ip≤o-I-cn-t°-≠-sX-¶n¬
Ce-Ivt{Sm-sse‰v ˛ tIm∏¿ kƒt^‰v (CuSO 4)
l

ImtYmUv ˛ ip≤-amb tIm∏¿

l

Bt\mUv ˛ ip≤o-I-cn-t°≠ tIm∏¿

l

ã kn¬h¿ (sh≈n)
Ce-Ivt{Sm-sse‰v ˛ kn¬h¿ ss\t{S‰v (AgNO3)
l

ImtYmUv ˛ ip≤-amb kn¬h¿ (sh-≈n)

l

Bt\mUv ˛ ip≤o-I-cn-t°≠ kn¬h¿ (sh-≈n)

l

n Aep-an-\n-b-Øns‚ \n¿ΩmWw. Abncv ˛ t_mIvssk‰v (Al2O3 - 2H2O)

Abn-cns‚ km{µWw (eo-®nw-Kv) sshZyp-X-hn-t«-jWw

embIw ˛ KmV NaOH

s]mSn® Abncv KmV NaOH Dambn Ie¿Øp∂p Ce-Ivs{Sm-sse‰v Al2O3 +

Ý

{Itbm-sse‰v
tkmUnbw Aep-an-t\-‰v D≠m-Ip∂p
Ý

Acn-®p-am‰n t\¿∏n-°p∂p l ImtYmUv ˛ Ccp-ºp-]m{Xw

tkmUnbw sslt{Um-IvsskUv, Aep-an-\nbw l Bt\mUv ˛ Im¿_¨ Zfip-Iƒ

sslt{Um-IvsskUv F∂nh D≠m-Ip-∂p.
(NaOH, Al (OH)3
Ý

Al (OH)3 tN¿Øn-f-°p∂p
Aep-an-\nbw Ccp-ºp-]m-{X-Øn¬
Al (OH)3 Ah-£n-]vX-s∏-Sp∂p th¿Xn-cn-bp-∂p.
Ý

Acn-®p-am-‰p-∂p. NqSm-°p∂p

Al2 O3 (ip-≤-amb Abn-cv)

34
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
n Ccp-ºns‚ \n¿ΩmWw : Abncv ˛ sla-ss‰‰v
l {]{In-b-Iƒ : ªmÃv ^¿W-kn¬ ]nKv Atb¨ \n¿Ωn-°¬
: Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv Ipd®v hnhn[ Xcw Ão¬ \n¿Ωn-°¬
n ªmÃv ^¿W-knse {]h¿Ø\w
L´w 1 BZy-L-´-Øn¬ NpÆm-ºp-I√v (CaCO3) hnL-Sn®v Im¬kyw HmIvssk-Up-Ifpw (CaO)
Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvsskUpw (CO2) Bbn amdp-∂p. CaCO3 Ý CaO + CO2
CaO KmwKp-ambn (SiO2) {]h¿Øn®v …mKv (CaSiO3) D≠m-Ip-∂p.
CaO + SiO2 Ý CaSiO3 (…m-Kv)
(^vfIvkv) (Kmw-Kv)
L´w 2 Im¿_¨ Db¿∂ Dujvam-hn¬ HmIvkn-P-\p-ambn tN¿∂v
CO (Im¿_¨ tamtWm-Ivssk-Uv) D≠m-Ip-∂p. 2C + O2 Ý 2CO
L´w 3 CO, FeO sb \ntcm-Ivko-I-cn-°p-∂p.
FeO + CO Ý Fe + CO2 ˛ Dcp-Inb Ccpºv th¿Xn-cn-bp-∂p.

n hnhn[ Xcw Ãoep-Iƒ

Im¿_-Wns‚
Ão¬ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ D]-tbmKw
Afhv
Ffp∏w hf-°mw, apdn-°mw, sI´nS \n¿ΩmWw
ssa¬Uv Ão¬ 0.05 % ˛ 0.2 % ASn-®p-]-c-Ømw, hen-®p- Irjn-bp-]-I-c-W-߃
(]-®n-cp-ºv) hsc
\o-´mw, Xpcp-ºn°pw Bbp-[-߃

Cem-kvXn-IX G‰hpw sdbn¬∏m-f-߃

aoUnbw Ão¬ 0.2 % ˛ 0.6 % IqSp-X¬, Db¿∂ ImTn-\yw, kv{]nwKp-Iƒ, tjm°v-A_v
hsc tXbv-am\w Ipd-hv, \in-°n√ tkm¿_¿eo^v

Xosc Xpcp-ºn-°n-√, ikv{X-{In-tbm-]-I-c-W-

ssl Im¿_¨ 0.6 % ˛ 1.5 % Gsd aq¿®-h-cp-Ømw, ߃
Ão¬ hsc Ffp∏w s]m´n-t∏mIpw Xø¬ sajn≥ kqNn

n Xmt]m-h-Nmcw : NqSm°n Ccp-ºns‚ KpW-ß-fn¬ hyXymkw hcp-Øp∂ {]{In-b-bm-Wn-Xv. Im¿jn-

tIm-]-I-c-W-߃, Bbp-[-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-emWv CXv IqSp-X-embpw {]tbm-P-\-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
l A\o-enwKv : i‡n-bmbn NqSm°n kmh[m\w XWp-∏n-°¬ (Mild Steel)
l lm¿U-\nwKv : i‡n-bmbn NqSm°n s]s´∂p XWp-∏n-°¬ (High Carbon Steel)
l sSº-dnwKv : lm¿U-\nw-Kpw, A\o-enwKpw \SØn KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ coXn.
BZyw i‡n-bmbn NqSm°n s]s´∂v XWp-∏n-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v NqSm-°p-Ibpw kmh-[m\w
XWp-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. At∏mƒ aoUnbw Ãoen-t‚-Xn\p kam-\-amb KpW-߃
D≠m-Ip-∂p.

35
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw
1. ªmÃv ^¿W-kn¬ \S-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv NphsS tN¿°p--∂-Xv.
H∂mw L´w ˛ CaCo3 Ý CaO + CO2
CaO + SiO2 Ý CaSiO3
c≠mw L´w ˛ C + O2 Ý 2CO
aq∂mw L´w ˛ FeO + CO Ý Fe + CO2
CXns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n \¬Inb tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
(a) H∂mw L´-Øn¬ amen-\y-߃ \o°w sNøp-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-amWv Cu
{]kvXm-h-\-tbmSv \n߃ tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? F¥p-sIm≠v ?
(b) D≠m-Ip∂ Im¬kyw knen-t°-‰ns\ (CaSiO3) s]mXp-hmbn ]d-bp∂ t]sc¥v?
(c) Ccp-ºns‚ th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°-en¬ \ntcm-Ivko-Im-cn-bmbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ]Zm¿∞-taXv ?
CXv GXv L´-Øn-emWv D≠m-Ip-∂Xv ? Fß-s\ ?
(d) ªmÃv ^¿W-kn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂ Ccp-ºp-I-´-Iƒ°p ]d-bp∂ t]sc¥v?
2. hnhn[ Xcw Ãoep-Isf kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ß-fmWv aq∂p-tIm-f-ß-fn-embn \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh Is≠Øn tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-I.

Ão¬ {]tXy-IX Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv

Xosc Xpcp-ºn-°n√
aoUnbw Ão¬ 0.05% ˛- 0.2%
Ffp∏w s]m´n-t∏mIpw
Cem-kvXn-I-Xbpw ImTn-\yhpw
ssa¬Uv Ão¬ 0.61% ˛ 1.5%
G‰hpw IqSp-X¬
arZp-hm-Wv. hf-°m\pw
ssl Im¿_¨ Ão¬ 0.21% ˛ 0.6%
apdn-°m-\p-sams° Ignbpw

3. Ccp-ºns‚ Xmt]m-]-Nmc {]{Inb-I-fmWv A\o-enw-Kv, lm¿U-\nw-Kv, sSº-dnwKv. Ch Hmtcm-∂nepw

\S°p∂ KpW-ß-fn-ep≈ am‰-amWv Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm-∂n\pw tbmPn®h Is≠-
Øn-sb-gp-Xp-I.
1. ImTn\yw IqSp-∂p.
2. Cem-kvXn-I-X-bpw, Dd∏pw IqSp-∂p.
3. arZp-hm-Ip-∂p.
4. Abn-cns‚ km{µ-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ am¿§-߃ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ch°v A\p-tbm-Py-
amb Abn-cn-t‚-bpw, KmwKn-t‚bpw kz`mhw {_m°-‰n¬ \n∂pw sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I.
1. πh\ {]{Inb 2. Pe-{]-hm-l-Øn¬ Igp-I¬ 3. eo®nwKv
l km{µ-X-Iq-Snb Abncv ˛ km{µX Ipd™ amen\yw / KymwKv
l km{µX Ipd™ Abncv ˛ km{µX IqSnb amen\yw / KmwKv
l Im¥nI kz`m-h-ap≈ Abncv
l _mjv]-io-e-ap≈ KmwKv
l Abn-cns\ am{Xw ebn--∏n®v tN¿°p∂ emb-Iw)

V
36
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw

samUyqƒ ˛ 8
bqWn‰v : 9
n Adn-™n-cn-t°≠ {][m\ Bi-b-߃
l D`-b-Znim {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ khn-tj-j-X-Iƒ
l se jm‰v enb¿ XXzw ˛ {]m[m\yw
l D`-b-Znim {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kml-N-cy-߃
H D`-b-Znim {]h¿Ø\w khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
l Ccp-Zn-i-I-fnepw \S-°p-∂p. (]ptcm-{]-h¿Ø-\-hpw, ]›mXv {]h¿Ø-\-hpw)
]ptcm-{]-h¿Ø\w Ý A`n-Im-c-I-߃ Dev]-∂-ß-fm-Ip-∂-Xv.
]›mXv {]h¿Ø\w Ý Dev]-∂-߃ A`n-Im-c-I-ß-fm-Ip-∂-Xv.
l Hcn-°epw ]q¿Æ-am-Ip-∂n√ (A-`n-Im-c-I-߃ apgp-h-\mbpw Dev]-∂-am-Ip-∂n-√)
l \n›nX ka-b-Øn\p tijw k¥p-e-\m-h-ÿ-bn-em-Ip-∂p.
˛ A`n-Im-c-I-ß-fp-sS-bpw, Dev]-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw KmV-X°v / Af-hn\v
hyXymkw hcmØ Ah-ÿ.
˛ ]ptcm-{]-h¿Ø\ thK-X-bpw, ]›mXv {]h¿Ø\ thK-Xbpw
Xpey-am--Ip-tºm-fmWv k¥p-e-\m-h-ÿ-bn-em-Ip-∂-Xv.
l k¥p-e-\m-h-ÿ-bn-em-bm¬ kzbw am‰-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-In-√.
n se jm‰ven-b¿ XXzw :
k¥p-e-\m-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ hyqlØn¬ KmV-X, Dujvam-hv, a¿±w Ch-bn¬ am‰w hcp-Øn-
bm¬ AXns‚ ^ew C√m-Xm-°m≥ hyqlw kzbw {i-an-°pw. AXm-bXv am‰-Øns‚ ^ew
C√m-Xm-Ip∂ Zni-bn-te°v {]h¿Ø\w \S-°p-Ibpw ]pXn-sbmcp k¥p-e-\m-hÿ D≠m-
hp-Ibpw sNøpw. CXv D`-b-Znim {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kml-N-cy-߃
Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p-∂p.
n D`-b-Znim {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ / ]ptcm-{]-h¿Ø\w thK-Øn-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
{]h¿Ø-\-߃:
1. A`n-Im-c-I-ß-fpsS KmVX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I. AXm-bXv \n›nX A\p-]m-X-Øn\v tN¿Øp-
sIm-Sp-°p-I. (Km-VX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-tºmƒ sejm-‰ven-b¿ XXz-{]-Imcw AXv Ipd-°p-∂-Xn-
\mbn ]ptcm {]h¿Ø\w thK-Øn-em-°p-Ibpw Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS Afhv IqSp-Ibpw sNøpw.)
2. Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS KmVX Ipd-°p-I. AXm-bXv D≠m-Ip∂ Dev]-∂-߃ At∏mƒ \o°w
sNøpI. (D-ev]-∂-߃ \o°w sNøp-tºmƒ AXns‚ KmVX Ipd-bp-∂p. sejm-‰ven-b¿
XXz-{]-Imcw KmVX IqSp-∂-Xn-\mbn ]ptcm-{]-h¿Ø\w thK-Øn-em-Ip-∂p.)
3. ]ptcm-{]-h¿Ø\w Xm]-tim-j-I-am-sW-¶n¬ Dujvamhv Iq´p-I. ]ptcm-{]-h¿Ø\w Xm]-
tam-N-I-am-sW-¶n¬ {]h¿Ø\w \S-°m≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb Dujvamhv {Iao-I-cn-°p-I.
(cmk ka-hm-Iy-Øn¬ D-ev]-∂-ßfpsS IqsS-bmWv Xm]w F∂v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬
]ptcm-{]-h¿Ø\w Xm]-tam-N-I-hpw, A`n-Im-c-I-ß-fpsS IqsS-bm-sW-¶n¬ Xm]-tim-j-I-
hp-am-bn-cn-°pw.)
4. Dev]∂ - Ø- ns‚ hym]vXw Ipd-hm-sW-¶n¬ a¿±w Iq´pI. IqSp-Xe - m-sW-¶n¬ a¿±w Ipd-°p-I.
(hym]vXw I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ A`n-Im-c-I-ß-fpsSbpw, Dev]-∂-ß-fpsSbpw BsI XpI I≠v
X∑m-{X-I-fpsS FÆw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXm¬ aXn)
5. A\p-tbm-Py-amb D¬t{]-c-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.

37
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw

H N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + Xm]w. Cu {]h¿Ø-\- 2SO 4 + O 2 2SO 3 + Xm]w.

Øn¬ NH3 bpsS Afhv Iq´p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kml- SO 3 s‚ Afhv Iq´p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§-߃
N-cy-߃ GsXms° ? Fs¥ms° ?

l ss\{S-P\pw ssl{U-P\pw 1:3 F∂ A\p-]m- l 2 : 1 A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ SO 2 Dw O2 \pw tN¿Øp-

X-Øn¬ tN¿°p-I. sIm-Sp-°pI
l NH3 \o°w- sN-øpI. l SO 3 \o°w sNøpI
l Dujvamhv 5000c Bbn {Iao-I-cn-°pI l Dujvamhv 4500c Bbn {Iao-I-cn-°pI
(]p-tcm-{]-h¿Ø\w Xm]- tam-N-I-am-b-Xn-\m¬) l a¿±w Iq´pI
l a¿±w Iq´pI (1000 A¥-co-£-a¿±w)
l D¬t{]-c-I-ambn V2O5 (h-t\-Unbw s]t‚m-
(D¬]-∂-Øns‚ hym]vXw Ipdhv)
IvsskUv) D]-tbm-Kn-°pI
l D¬t{]-c-I-ambn Ccpºv D]-tbm-Kn-°pI

n HmIvko-Imcn, \ntcm-Ivko-Imcn F∂nh I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥

Adn-tb≠ Bi-b-߃ :
1. aqe-Im-h-ÿ-bn¬ HmIvko-I-c-Wm-hÿ O Bbn-cn-°pw.
2. Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ hn´p-sIm-Sp-°p-tºmƒ +ve HmIvko-I-c-Wm-h-ÿ-bpw, kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ
-ve HmIvko-I-c-Wm-h-ÿbpw BIp-∂p.
3. HmIvko-I-cW kwJy hn´p-sIm-Sp-°p-Itbm kzoI-cn-°p-Itbm sNøp∂ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-
fpsS FÆ-am-Wv.
4. Hcp aqe-I-Øns‚ HmIvko-I-c-Wm-hÿ Db-cp-∂Xv (Hm-Ivko-I-cW kwJy IqSp-∂-Xv) HmIvko-
I-c-Whpw Xmgp-∂Xv (Ip-d-bp-∂-Xv) \ntcm-Ivko-I-c-W-hp-am-Wv.
5. HmIvko-I-cWw kw`-hn-°p∂ ]Zm¿∞w \ntcm-Ivko-Im-cnbpw \ntcm-Ivko-I-cWw kw`-hn-
°p∂ ]Zm¿∞w HmIvko-Im-cn-bp-am-Wv.

o +6 +4 +4
H C + 2H2 SO 4 Ý CO2 + 2SO 2 + 2H2O

Im¿_¨ kƒ^yq-cnIv Bkn-Up-am-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. CXn¬ HmIvko-I-cWw,

\ntcm-Ivko-I-c-Ww, HmIvko-Im-cn, \ntcm-Ivko-Imcn F∂nh GsX∂pw F¥p-sIm-s≠∂pw
]d-bp-I.
1. Im¿_Wn\v HmIvko-I-c-Whpw H2SO 4 \v \ntcm-Ivko-I-c-Whpw kw`-hn-°p-∂p.
(ImcWw C s‚ HmIvko-I-c-Wm-hÿ O ¬ \n∂v +4 Bbn Db-cp-∂p. H2SO 4 ¬ S s‚
HmIvko-I-c-Wm-hÿ +6 ¬ \n∂v +4 Bbn Ipd-bp-∂p.)
2. Im¿_¨ \ntcm-Ivko-Im-cnbpw H2SO 4 HmIvko-Im-cn-bp-am-Wv.
(Im-cWw HmIvko-I-cWw kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv \ntcm-Ivko-Im-cnbpw \ntcm-Ivko-I-cWw kw`-hn-
°p-∂Xv HmIvko-Im-cn-bp-am-Wv)

38
Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw

1. H2 + I2 2HI

\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ cmk-k-a-hmIyw ]cn-tim-[n®v tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.

(a) CsXmcp D`-b-Znim {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. Xncn-®-dn--bp-∂-sX-ßs\?
(b) a¿±w Cu {]h¿Ø-\sØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\ ?
(c) Dev]-∂-Øns‚ Af-hp--Iq-´m≥ ssl{U-P-\pw, Ab-Un\pw GX-\p-]m-X-Øn¬ tN¿Øp-sIm-
Sp-°Ww?
2. ss\{SnIv BknUv \n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬ \S-°p∂ cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Xmsg-
sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Ch ]cn-tim-[n®v tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-sa-gp-XpI?
pt
I NH3 + O2 Ý NO + H2O

II 2NO + O2 Ý 2NO2

III 4 NO2 + 2H2O + O2 Ý 4HNO3

(a) Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Ønse D¬t{]-c-I-taXv ?
(b) BknUv \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xv GXv L´-Øn-emWv?
3. hnhn[ Bkn-Up-I-tf-bpw, eh-W-ß-tfbpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv ]´n-I-bn¬
\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-I.

ehWw / BknUv {]h¿Ø\w D≠m-Ip∂ am‰w

Xhn-´p-\n-d-ap≈ dnwKv
t¢mssdUv / Hcl BaCl2 D ambn {]h¿Øn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
D≠m-Ip-∂p.

kƒt^‰v / H2SO 4 AgNO3 D ambn {]h¿Øn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. shfpØ Ah-£n]vXw

shfpØ Ah-£n]vXw
ss\t{S‰v / HNO3 {_u¨dnwKv sSÃv A¬] t\c-Øn-\p-tijw
Nmc-\n-d-am-Ip∂p

4. Aep-an-\nbw t¢mssd-Un-ep≈ _‘-\-Øns‚ Nn{X-amWv Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv. CXv ]cn-

tim-[n®v AlCl3 eqhokv Bkn-Um-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm-s≠∂v hy‡-am-°p-I.

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Hcp°w 2011 s]mXp hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏v, tIcfw

samUyqƒ ˛ 9
bqWn‰v : 10

n PH aqeyw lHcp ]Zm¿∞w Akn-UnIv kz`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-tWm, t_knI kz`m-h-ap-≈-XmtWm F∂v

Xncn-®-dn-bm≥
lCXv IW-°m-°p-∂Xv H + KmV-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv.
l H + Atbm-¨ ZmVX IqSp-tºmƒ ]Zm¿∞w Akn-UnIv BIp-∂p. Ipd-bp-tºmƒ t_kn-I-
hp-am-Ip-∂p. (B¬°--sse≥)
l sh≈-Øn¬ H + Atbm-Wp-I-fp-sSbpw OH - Atbm-Wp-I-fp-sSbpw FÆw Xpey-am-Wv. sh≈-
Øn¬ H + Atbm-Wp-IfpsS KmVX 10 -7 tamƒ/en‰dpw , PH ˛7 Dw BWv. sh≈-Øn\v
Akn-UnIv kz`m-htam t_knI kz`m-htam C√. AXn-\m¬ \yq{S¬ BWv. \yq{S¬ Bb
GXv ]Zm¿∞-Øn-t‚bpw PH ˛7 Bbn-cn-°pw.

PH aqeyw H Atbm¨ PH aqeyw H Atbm¨

+ +
kz`mhw kz`mhw
KmVX KmVX
t_knIw
6 10 -6 Mol / L Ak-UnIv 8 86 Mol / L (B¬°-sse≥)
t_knIw
5 10 -5 Mol / L Ak-UnIv 9 10 -9 Mol / L
(B¬°-sse≥)
PH aqeyw Ipd- b p- t ºmƒ Akn- U nIv PH aqeyw IqSptºmƒ t_knI kz`mhw
kz`mhw IqSp-∂p. IqSp-∂p.

n eyqhnkv BknUv, eyqbnkv t_kv

Hcp GIm¥ tPmSn (Lone pair) Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ D≈ ]Zm¿∞w eyqbnkv t_kv
Hcp GIm¥ tPmSn (Lone pair) Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ign-hp≈ ]Zm¿∞w eyqbnkv
Bkn-Uv. Atam-Wn-b-bn¬
_‘-\-Øn-te¿
s∏-SmØ
NH3 Hcp tPmSn
Ce-Ivt{Sm¨
(eqbnkvt_kv)
D≠v

t_mtdm¨
ss{S^vfq-ssd-Un¬
BF 3
t_mtdm-Wn\v
(eqbnkv Bkn-Uv) Hcp-tPmSn
Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ
IqSn kzoI-
cn°m\mIpw

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