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Monterey Institute of International Studies; Previous Worked, State Department, Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, and the Arms
Control and Disarmament Agency] ³Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox´ First Edition, Atlantic Monthly Press, p.
1, 2001 (ISBN 0-87113-830-1) [JCKR]
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End quote. What Tucker is talking about is the postponed elimination smallpox. For years
the United States has failed to deal with this deadly disease. This is why my partner and I
stand Resolved: That the United States Federal Government should significantly reform its
policy towards Russia.

Observation 1: To better understand todayǯs debate round, we define the following

terms:

1. Significantly: in an important way or to an important degree.

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2. Reform: to amend or improve by change of form or removal of faults or abuses.

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Ö. Smallpox: Smallpox is a serious, contagious, and sometimes fatal infectious disease.

There is no specific treatment for smallpox disease, and the only prevention is vaccination.
The ' part of #"' is derived from the Latin word for Dzspotteddz and refers to the
raised bumps that appear on the face and body of an infected person.
There are two clinical forms of smallpox. Variola major is the severe and most common
form of smallpox, with a more extensive rash and higher fever. There are four types of
variola major smallpox: ordinary (the most frequent type, accounting for 90% or more of
cases); modified (mild and occurring in previously vaccinated persons); flat; and
hemorrhagic (both rare and very severe). Historically, variola major has an overall fatality
rate of about 30%; however, flat and hemorrhagic smallpox usually are fatal.
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/overview/disease-facts.asp)
Observation 2: The Standard for todayǯs debate round.

In this round, the affirmative team will be providing a goalǯs case. The affirmative teamǯs
goal is that of Security. What this means is whoever upholds this goal better at the end of
todayǯs debate round should win.

Observation Ö: Inherency, or what is going on in the current system

1. U.S. and Russia set to keep remaining smallpox strains

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2. Smallpox is deadly and contagious

S. Van McCrary [Ph.D., University of Texas Medical Branch; M.P.H., Johns Hopkins
University; J.D., University of Tennessee; B.A., Vanderbilt University; Associate Professor in
the Center for Medical Humanities, Compassionate Care, and Bioethics, Stony Brook
University; previous academic experience includes appointments at Baylor College of
Medicine; University of Houston Law Center; University of Florida College of Medicine;
University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and East Carolina University School of Medicine; as well
as two years in the private practice of law], ³Smallpox and Bioterrorism: A Growing Threat,´
published by the Health Law & Policy Institute, August 3, 1999,
(http://www.law.uh.edu/healthlaw/perspectives/Bioethics/990803Smallpox.html) [JLA/JS]



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Observation 4: Harms, or what the risk in our current policy is.

Point 1: Insecure Labs


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Point 2: Retention of smallpox could be used as an excuse to make biological

weapons

Katherine Bourzac (materials science editor at Technology Review) Journal of Young

Investigators (Peer-Reviewed Science Journal)(Smallpox: Historical Review of a Potential
Bioterrorist Tool) September 2002
http://www.jyi.org/volumes/volume6/issue3/features/bourzac.html

While the stocks exist, it is possible for terrorists to steal and use them. One of the primary
arguments against retaining the American and Russian stocks of virus is the possibility that
terrorists will use the retention as an excuse to develop weapons of biological warfare.
Virologist Jeffrey Almond of the University of Reading (UK) would "argue for the
preservation of smallpox" for research if we lived in "an ideal world," but as things stand,
we should destroy our stocks to make it clear that "it's a crime against humanity to develop
such weaponry."
Point Ö: Accidental release is possible from high-security labs

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If released, smallpox would put millions of people at risk

Kristin Choo explains:

Kristin Choo [freelance journalist focusing on environmental and disease issues, graduate of the Science, Health, and Environmental Reporting
Program in the Department of Journalism at New York University], ³A Plague in the Making: U.S. lacks legal structure to fight bioterrorism,
critics say,´ published by the American Bar Association, December 1999, (accessed via Lexis/Nexis) [JLA]



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Observation 5: We offer the solution to the problem.

Agency: The United States Federal Government

Mandates:

1) The United States will propose a resolution to the World Health Organization to
destroy the remaining stocks of variola virus that are held in Russian and American
WHO-recognized laboratories.

2) The United States will propose a treaty with Russia to make synthetic engineering
of smallpox illegal.

Ö) The United States will sign, ratify, and enforce the treaty of illegalization of
synthetic engineering of smallpox immediately.

Enforcement will be through the United States Federal Government

Funding: No funding will be necessary.
Timeline: The plan takes affect directly after an affirmative ballot.
And the affirmative team does reserve the right to clarify the plan as needed in
future speeches.

Observation 6: We solve the problems in the current system and create the following
advantages

1. No reason to keep smallpox


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2. Russia will destroy smallpox stocks if the United States destroys their own

Jonathan B. Tucker [B.S., Biology, Yale University; Ph.D., political science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Currently
the Georg Zundel Professor of Science and Technology for Peace and Security, Darmstadt University of Technology; Served on the
professional staff of the Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism; Expert on US Chemical
and biological weapons], ³COMMENTARY: Breaking the Deadlock Over Destruction of the Smallpox Virus Stocks,´ published in the Journal:
Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, 2011, (Vol. 9, No. 1; pp. 1-13; DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2010.0065) [JS]



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Ö. Advocacy

Edward Hammond (Director of the US Office of the Sunshine Project {1999-2007 international
NGO working to expose research on biological and chemical weapons}, holds two master¶s
degrees from University of Texas, maintains two biodefense websites {Immunocompetent and the
Biodefense Barbecue}, frequently published in peer-reviewed journals, member of the Pugwash
Study Group on the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions), April 14, 2007, British
Medical Journal (BMJ), vol. 334, p. 774, ³Should the U.S. and Russia Destroy Their Stocks of
Smallpox Virus?



 
 

  
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