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.. 'I

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a'nJLH[Jm1miJfI:lJiJ1:a'1'Yli>lm1 m1LnCil~lYi>ln~111~nn'L-b1'L-b~El1l hfl 'ij'L-bl:IJ1Cil:'

\I QJ II \I

~... .cd Q.d'.dod Q .:I • .d OJ,.I

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. ~ .

1950 LL~:'Yll1V11~n~'L-bi1~>lEl'L-bml[J,;]lnm1iJ'L-bLnEl'L-b~1 [Ja'11LfI~

~ fI'L-b 1 'L-bL~ El>liJ1:dJ>I L~n '] ~ El>l'Yl'L-b'Yln,J'Yl1dJ1'L-b,;]ln mrmn ~1:IJ L dEl ~ El'L-bLL1>1

'U •

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0IIII 1 .. 1 d d 0 w dI I

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~li11ru.~'lJ~·HJ

•

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vllt'll rJ:Ol'\.j,LI'I1M:on';')'lJ El-.'ll1ii111f1U'\.j,El ~l-.'11'\.j,Lm

01:1 01:1 cu II

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•

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" .

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lJ1 m:Ol'\.j, 1 '\.j, 1:~'lJ L~ mn'lJ lJ1m:Ol'\.j,'lJ El-.'liJ1: L 'YlI'I~U 1 L'lil Ell'V1l1 t1l Ell'V1l1~lJ~~i''lJm1

~ ~

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'\I III \I \I III

~-.'I ElEln~1 rJt1l1:~'lJm1iJ'\.j,Lti El'\.j, ~lJt'l~t'l-.'l

LnMmm~~a~Ell'V1l1L ~m~·-.'IElElnlJ1nn1l,;,):~~~L ~El'lJ11nmEl-.'l nn hdJ~~~

"

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•

iJ1El'Yl LlI'\.j,~'\.j,L 'VI ~vll1 iLn~YlM LL 'VI~-.'Irll L U,~'lJ El-.'l~1iJ1El'Yln~ El'lJ El-.'l LHrJ~iJ ~ El umn

•

'lJ1M'Yl Lfl ~n ru.'Y11 '\.j,." El-.'l~'\.j,,r '\.j,LEl-.'l

U'lJi-.'lLL@i fI.f'f. 1973 LlI'\.j,~'\.j,lJl 'lJ1M'Yl~L~m'liEl-.'ltlmJ-.'Ifi''lJ1i~lm~'\.j,'lfCilH

"

LLfi~Lfll1:'IHlmLt'l:vllmldJ~:El1Ci1~11LlI'\.j,L~'\.j,lJ1nn1l 500 il'\.j,iJEl'\.j,1Il ~Lfll1:~fw

" "

Ell-.'11li':O'lJlt'lii-.'lLL@i fl.I'I. 1952 LLi11l~11iJ1El'YlLlI'\.j,YlM@iEl~'\.j,~iJ1:lJ-.'I LL@i

~ "

i':jj'lJl t'lnt'll-.'1~lJ u EllJi''lJ ~CiI'lfEl'lJ ~Lml:~il rJ-;ll'\.j, 1'\.j,lJln~-.'I ~-.'I1Elfi El u L~'\.j,'lf~ L 'lfrJ El ~

a" "

, ...

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13

..I ~."'. 1976 L'V'lEl

•

mT;) snu LLiil::"il [J-:Jlu. "i::i'lJ use LL 1.1.11 ,z3J"IJ El-:J ~l"iUu.L~ Elu.1 u.EllV1l"i 1~ [J El1~[JoUEl3Jiil,;]lnU"i::L'Ylf'l~LoUl~13J 1m-:Jm"i~1 hnori1mlu.Lnm1m13J

'II

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~ 'II

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• • 'II

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'II

•

•

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•

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'II • 'II

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• 'II

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'II

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'II ~ 'II

~L~mn'lJLLElyJ1m~,zEl[J3J1n LLa:::~L~moUEl-:Jn'lJ[J 1"iUCiI::1u.ElElnLLa::a::~u.ElL3J1m 1m-:Jm"i

•

Cil"i1,;] ~El'lJii'!T-:J mEl'lJ ~ a 3JL3-lii-:J

•

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'II 'II

oUEl3Ja L VI~lii'Ell,;] 1iL ~ Elm1,;]~El'lJU"i:::H'Yln-1l1'V'l"IJ nsn lloU EllJ-:Jfl'lJ~rhi-:J 1iEl ~ L ~ ElYl ~';]"r

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•

m"i'lJ1111f1 LU~ [Ju. LU Vl1El L 'V'l"il:::LL VI~-:Jm"iUu.L~ Elu. L~i''lJm''im'lJfl3J LLa:::'V'l'lJ LL VI ~-:Jm"i

•

Uu.L~Elu.1 VI 3-1 ~ L ~3J~u. ir';]i [JVlal [JU"i:::m"i~13J1Yl,;]1"inbl L~ElL;Eln11EllV1l"iLLiil:::~1"i

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15

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..

m"jlh:~ii'l;l,~~"1JEl_' GEMS

10 10 12 13 15

~f~n1".iAm~11~tI ~".i PCB

..

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~".ilhElYl

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'II

~".i&JJ1~1I1"j-rl"1l'~~~:iIl11 ElEl{m 1 '1;1, y.J El~y.J El1~

'II

20 20 23 27 29 32 35 40

43

49

1. n1"llL1El'1-!.m::"'i1n

2. off'\.j, LEl L"ll'\.j,

3. 'lh:JLLEl'tJ'1m

4. lJ~Yl~El1mI'l1'\.j,L~El\l

5. El1'V1l'i1J'\.j,L~El'\.j,

6. lJ~Yl~1'\.j,LL'VI~\lJ1~~

7. ~~m::'Yl1J"'i11nm"j"'Yh~1~off'\.j,LEl1"ll'\.j,

8. 1J"l"1n!lm"j"ruLEl~ULtjJ

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1 o. ~~m::'Yl1JLdEllliiEl1mI'lL1J~~'\.j,LL1J~.:I

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11. m1lJ'VI~1n'VI~1~'Yl1\1ii11l1~'1JEl\l Isn

12. lJ~Yl~1 '\.j,'Yl::L~I.n1J LL~::~1\1 Lfi1JJ1

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,

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(Steve Satushek,

The Image Bank)

1::@lJ PCB lu U3J T fI 1J::~1Ll"::"~M Ll~'lu

~ ,. ~

ffVl WU1iffT1f11m1j

WEmJU1::@lJ PCB 11.1 U3JTFlffJLnUfh~ri'1V1u~

"

H'i-lVI1lJU3J Tfl

20

all PCB

1~~f1iilEl1L'[.I,L~IiI~U?Jii,iil (Polychlorinated biphenyls Vl1El PCB) dj'[.l, "lJ El\l L Vliil1~\1 Hn'[.l,LL ~1V1iil1 [J 1 '[.I, VllJElLLUiil\l~ 'V'Jvh "lJ El\l L Vliil11::U1 [Jm1111El'[.l, LLiil::1::UU ~~1iI1El~n ~1 PCB iJ\lhn'[.l,El~~Vlm111~nVliil1[JEl~1\1 L"ll'[.l, ~~l1nu; m::IiITlyi1L'[.I,1

,

LYlUm1 LLiil::~iil1~~n LVlElLYhJm111~IiIVI~'[.I, m1~~1iI~11d1'[.1,L.:n\l~1ru.'l!EJL~111'[.1,

,

Y1m11jy 1930 LLCilL~El~~-;],rt~11~11U1::LllYld~~jy m1~~~LLiil::m1Hniilliliil\l-;]'[.I,El~

" "

1'[.1,1\1,)1nIilEl ~1\111Ii1L111'[.1,Vliil1[JU1::LYlf'li\lLLCil~'[.I,Y1m11jy 1970

m1U'[.I,L~El'[.l,"lJEl\l~11 PCB 1'[.1,J1lJ'[.I,U1\1El1V111LU'[.l,~jyEl~1\11'[.1,Lm1'[.1,U1::LYlI1I

, ,

nbJ'[.I,L~El fl.l1I. 1968 LLfl::1'[.1,~~Wr'[.l,L~El fl.l1I. 1979 m1~njy1ii[J11~1[Jm1m::-;]1[J

" ,

"lJEl\l~1 PCB 1'[.1,U1L1ru.~~f1'[.1,vi'1\11'[.1,~u11~1LVI~1dL;[J\lCilElm1LU'[.I,lJ::L1\11'[.1,lJ'[.I,jyEJ

" ,

"IJEllJfl"lJEl\l GEMS L~mnu PCB ~~m-;]1nu1::LYlf'lCil1\1 '] 23 U1::LYlI1I

"

LLfl::mElUfl~l1El1V111Cil1\1 '] L"ll'[.l, '[.1,11 it!JVl'l! Ufl1 ~"lJlJ'[.I, J1lJ'[.I, LLfl::J1'[.1,1111111i11

1'[.1,1::~m::Vl11\1U1::LYlI1I~~~Lnru.~fhVl'[.l,IiI~11111\1m[J11'[.1,jyEJ~1111f1i'U~1it'1~inL'I'hh

,

LLCilU1\1U1::L Y1l11n1V1'[.1,1iI H

1::~U~1 PCB ~11[J\l1'[.1,L~mnuJ1'[.1,lJ1f1 11i1[J~1 '] ~ULVI~El'[.l,nU"lJEl\lU1::LYlf'I njlJ'[.I,~LL~IiI\I~11'[.1,m1'V'J"IJ1\1~1\1d 1::~UEl~~1n11Lnru.~~1~m::~U'l!1~~\ln1V1'[.1,IiIH~

ILl q III q

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"

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" "

110

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(1lJ 1mni'lJ/n1~ni'lJ)

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

o 1970

1975

1980

1985

1::@lJ PCB lu U3J T fI 1J::~1Ll"::"~M Ll~'lu

~ ,. ~

ffVl WU1iffT1f11m1j

WEmJU1::@lJ PCB 11.1 U3JTFlffJLnUfh~ri'1V1u~

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H'i-lVI1lJU3J Tfl

20

all PCB

1~~f1iilEl1L'[.I,L~IiI~U?Jii,iil (Polychlorinated biphenyls Vl1El PCB) dj'[.l, "lJ El\l L Vliil1~\1 Hn'[.l,LL ~1V1iil1 [J 1 '[.I, VllJElLLUiil\l~ 'V'Jvh "lJ El\l L Vliil11::U1 [Jm1111El'[.l, LLiil::1::UU ~~1iI1El~n ~1 PCB iJ\lhn'[.l,El~~Vlm111~nVliil1[JEl~1\1 L"ll'[.l, ~~l1nu; m::IiITlyi1L'[.I,1

,

LYlUm1 LLiil::~iil1~~n LVlElLYhJm111~IiIVI~'[.I, m1~~1iI~11d1'[.1,L.:n\l~1ru.'l!EJL~111'[.1,

,

Y1m11jy 1930 LLCilL~El~~-;],rt~11~11U1::LllYld~~jy m1~~~LLiil::m1Hniilliliil\l-;]'[.I,El~

" "

1'[.1,1\1,)1nIilEl ~1\111Ii1L111'[.1,Vliil1[JU1::LYlf'li\lLLCil~'[.I,Y1m11jy 1970

m1U'[.I,L~El'[.l,"lJEl\l~11 PCB 1'[.1,J1lJ'[.I,U1\1El1V111LU'[.l,~jyEl~1\11'[.1,Lm1'[.1,U1::LYlI1I

, ,

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" ,

"lJEl\l~1 PCB 1'[.1,U1L1ru.~~f1'[.1,vi'1\11'[.1,~u11~1LVI~1dL;[J\lCilElm1LU'[.I,lJ::L1\11'[.1,lJ'[.I,jyEJ

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"IJEllJfl"lJEl\l GEMS L~mnu PCB ~~m-;]1nu1::LYlf'lCil1\1 '] 23 U1::LYlI1I

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The Contamination of Food

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Asian Development Bank. Handbook on the use of pesticides in the Asia-Pacific region. Manila, Asian Development Bank, 1987.

Buchet, 1. P., Lauwerys, R., Vandervoorde, A. and Pycke, 1. M. 'Oral Daily intake of cadmium, lead, manganese, copper, chromium, mercury, calcium, zinc and arsenic in Belgium: a duplicate meal study'. In Fd. Chern. Toxic. 21: 19-24,1983.

FAD. Prevention of mycotoxins. Rome, FAO, 1979.

FAO. Guidelines for can manufacturers and food canners. Rome, FAO, 1986, Paper No. 36.

FAO. International code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides. Rome, FAO, 1986.

FAOIWHO. Guidelines for establishing or strengthening national food contamination monitoring programmes. Geneva, WHO, 1979.

FAOIWHO. Summary report of data received from collaborating centres for food and animal feed contamination monitoring programme. Geneva, WHO, 1979.

FAOIWHO. Summary of 1980-83 monitoring data. Joint UNEPIFAOIWHO Food Contamination Monitoring Programme, Geneva, WHO, 1986.

FAOIWHO. 'Codex Maximus Limits for pesticide residues'. Codex Alimentarius Vol. XIII, Second edn. Rome, FAO, 1986.

FAOIWHO. Alinorm 91/12 A. Report of the twenty-third session of the Codex Committee on food additives and contaminants. Rome, FAO, 1991.

Galal-Gorchev, H. Conference document 'Chemical contamination of food in Europe' prepared for the Joint WHO/CEC Consultation on Food Safety in Europe in the 1990s. Brussels, 20-22 November 1989.

ISO. Ceramic ware in contact with food-release of lead and cedmium=Psxt 2: permissible limits. International Standard 6486/2. Geneva, ISO, 1981.

Kaphalia, B. S., Siddiqi, F. S and Seth, T. D. 'Contamination levels in different food items and dietary intake of organochlorine pesticide residues in India'. Indian 1. Med. Res. 81,71-78, 1985.

Muller J. and Schmidt, E. H. F. 'Heavy metals in the infant diet'. In Health evaluation of heavy metals in infant formula and junior food. Schmidt, E. and Hildebrandt, A. (eds). Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1983.

UNEPIF AOIWHO. 'Assessment of the present state of pollution by mercury in the Mediterranean Sea, and proposed control measures'. (UNEPIWG. 91/5), Athens, 1983.

UNEPIFAOIWHO. Assessment of chemical contaminants in food. Nairobi, UNEP, 1988. UNEPIFAOIWHO. Summary of 1984-85 monitoring data. Joint UNEPIFAOIWHO Food Contamination Monitoring Programme, Geneva WHO, 1988.

UNEPIFAOIWHO. Summary of 1986-88 monitoring data. Joint UNEPIFAOIWHO Food Contamination Monitoring Programme, Geneva, WHO, 1991.

WHO. Environmental health criteria no.2: polychlorinated biphenyls and terphenyls.

Geneva, 1976.

WHO. Environmental health criteria no.3: lead. Geneva, 1977.

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