Calculus Cheat Sheet

Limits Definitions

Precise Definition: We say lim f ( x ) = L if Limit at Infinity: We say lim f ( x ) = L if we

x--+a x-+ao

for every e > 0 there is a 8 > 0 such that whenever 0 < Ix-al < 8 then If(x)-LI < e .

"Working" Definition : We say lim f ( x ) = L

x--+a

if we can make f ( x) as close to L as we want by taking x sufficiently close to a (on either side of a) without letting x = a .

Right hand limit: lim f ( x ) = L. This has

x--+a+

the same definition as the limit except it requires x > a .

Left hand limit: lim_ f ( x ) = L. This has the

x--+a

same definition as the limit except it requires x « a .

can make f ( x) as close to L as we want by taking x large enough and positive.

There is a similar definition for lim f ( x ) = L

x-+-ao

except we require x large and negative.

Infinite Limit : We say lim f ( x ) = 00 if we

x--+a

can make f ( x) arbitrarily large (and positive) by taking x sufficiently close to a (on either side of a) without letting x = a.

There is a similar definition for lim f ( x ) = -00

x--+a

except we make f ( x) arbitrarily large and negative.

Relationship between the limit and one-sided limits

limf(x)=L => lim f(x)= lim_f(x)=L lim f(x)= lim_f(x)=L => limf(x)=L

x--+a x--+a+ x--+a x--+a+ x--+a x--+a

lim f ( x ):;t: lim_ f ( x) => lim f ( x) Does Not Exist

x--+a+ x--+a x--+a

Properties

Assume lim f ( x) and lim g ( x) both exist and c is any number then,

X-----)oQ X-----)oQ

4. lim[f(( x))] ~ ?'!! It i provided limg( x)" 0

x-va g x lim g X x--)a x--)a

5. ~~[f(x)r =[~~f(x)r

6. ~~[ ~f(x) ] = n ~~f(x)

l. lim [ cf ( x )] = c1im f ( x )

x-----)oa x-----)oa

2. lim[f(x)±g(x)] = limf(x)±limg(x)

x-----)oa X-----)oQ x-----)oa

3. lim[f(x)g(x)] = limf(x) limg(x)

x-----)oa x-----)oa x-----)oa

Basic Limit Evaluations at ± 00 Note: sgn (a) = 1 if a > 0 and sgn (a) = -1 if a < 0 .

l. lim eX = 00 & lim eX = 0 5. n even: lim x" = 00

x-+ao x--+- ao x-+±ao

2. lim In(x) = 00 & lim In(x) =-00

x-+ao x--+o _

3. If r > 0 then lim _k_ = 0

x-+ao x"

4. If r > 0 and xr is real for negative x then lim _k_ = 0

x-+-ao x"

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

6. n odd: lim x" = 00 & lim x" = -00

x-+-ao

7. n even: lim a x" +···+bx+c = sgn( a)oo

x-+±ao

8. n odd: lim a x" +> ··+bx+ c = sgn] a)oo

x-+ao

9. n odd: lim a x" +···+cx+d = -sgn(a)oo

x-+-ao

© 2005 Paul Dawkins

Evaluation Techniques L'Hospital's Rule

If lim f ( x) = Q or lim f ( x) = ± 00 then

x~a g(x) ° x~a g(x) ±oo '

lim f ( x) = lim f' ( x) a is a number 00 or -00

x~a g(x) x~a g'(x) ,

Polynomials at Infinity

p (x) and q (x) are polynomials. To compute

lim p (( x)) factor largest power of x out of both

X~±OO q X

P ( x) and q ( x) and then compute limit.

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Continuous Functions

If f ( x ) is continuous at a then lim f ( x ) = f ( a )

x~a

Continuous Functions and Composition

f ( x) is continuous at b and lim g ( x ) = b then

x~a

~~f(g(x)) = f(~~g(x)) = f(b)

Factor and Cancel

. x2+4x-12 . (x-2)(x+6)

lim 2 = lim --'-------;---'--'-----:-___:_

x~2 X -2x x~2 x(x-2)

=limx+6 =!=4

x~2 x 2

Rationalize Numerator/Denominator

1· 3-Fx -1· 3-Fx 3+Fx

1m2-1m2 I

x~9 X - 81 x~9 x - 81 3 + " x

. 9-x . -1

= lim = lim ------,------=::-:-

H9 (X2 -81)(3+Fx) H9 (x+9)(3+Fx)

-1

1 108

(18)( 6)

Combine Rational Expressions

lim_!_(_l -_!_) = lim_!_(x-(x+ h )J

h~O h x + h x h~O h x ( x + h)

2 x2(3-_i_) 3-_i_

lim 3x - 4 = lim x2 = lim _____£_ = -~ H-OO 5x - 2X2 H-OO x2 ( ~ - 2) H-OO ~ - 2 2

Piecewise Function

lim g ( x) where g ( x ) = {X2 + 5 x~-2 1-3x

Compute two one sided limits,

lim g ( x ) = lim x2 + 5 = 9

x~-T x~-T

lim g ( x ) = lim 1- 3x = 7

x~-2+ x~-2+

if x <-2

if x ~-2

One sided limits are different so lim g ( x)

x~-2

doesn't exist. If the two one sided limits had

been equal then lim g ( x) would have existed

x~-2

and had the same value.

Some Continuous Functions

Partial list of continuous functions and the values of x for which they are continuous.

1. Polynomials for all x. 7. cos ( x) and sin ( x) for all x.

2. Rational function, except for x's that give () d () id d

division by zero. 8. tan x an sec x provi e

3. {Ix" (n odd) for all x. x ;;j:. ••• _ 3n _ n !!_ 3n ...

, 2' 2' 2' 2 '

4. {Ix" (n even) for all x ~ ° .

5. eX for all x. 9. cot ( x) and esc ( x) provided

6. lnx for x> 0. x;;j:. ···,-2n,-n,0,n,2n,··

Intermediate Value Theorem

Suppose that f ( x) is continuous on [a, b] and let M be any number between f ( a) and f ( b ) .

Then there exists a number c such that a < c < b and f ( c ) = M .

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

© 2005 Paul Dawkins

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Derivatives Definition and Notation

If y = I ( x) then the derivative is defined to be I' ( x) = lim I ( x + h) - I ( x) .

h~O h

If Y = I ( x) then all of the following are equivalent notations for the derivative.

f'(x)=y,=dl =dy =~(/(x))=DI(x) dx dx dx

If Y = I ( x ) all of the following are equivalent notations for derivative evaluated at x = a .

f'(a) = y'lx=a = dll = dyl = DI(a)

dx x=a dx x=a

equation of the tangent line at x = a is given by y = I ( a ) + I' ( a ) ( x - a) .

Interpretation of the Derivative

2. I' ( a) is the instantaneous rate of

change of I ( x) at x = a .

3. If I ( x) is the position of an obj ect at time x then I' ( a) is the velocity of

If Y = I(x) then,

1. m = f' ( a) is the slope of the tangent line to y = I ( x) at x = a and the

the object at x = a.

Basic Properties and Formulas

If I(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions (the derivative exists), e and n are any real numbers,

1. (e/)' =el'(x) 5. ~(e)=O

dx

2. (/±g)' = I'(x)±g'(x) 6. ~ ( x" ) = n xn-I - Power Rule
3. (I g)' = I' g + I g' - Product Rule ~ (/(g(x))) = I'(g(x))g'(x)
(~ J' ~ r g ;/ g' - Quotient Rule 7.
4. This is the Chain Rule ~(x)=1 dx

~(sinx) = cosx dx

~(cosx) = -sinx dx

d

-(tanx) = sec" x dx

d

-(secx) = secxtanx dx

Common Derivatives

d

-( cscx) = -cscxcotx dx

~(cotx) = -csc2 x dx

~(sin-Ix)= p

dx I-x

~(COS-IX)= P

dx l-x2

d ( -I) 1

- tan x =--

dx l+x2

~ ( aX) = aX In ( a ) ~ (ex) = eX

d 1

-(In(x))=-, x>O

dx x

d 1

-(lnlxl) =-, x:;t: 0

dx x

d 1

-(loga(x))=-, x>O

dx xlna

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

© 2005 Paul Dawkins

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Chain Rule Variants The chain rule applied to some specific functions.

1. ~ ([/(x)J) = n[f(x)J-l f'(x)

2. ~ (ef(X)) = f' (x )ef(x)

3. !?_(In[l(x)]) = f'(x)

dx I(x)

4. ~ (sin[f(x)]) = I'(x)cos[f(x)]

5. ~ (cos[/(x)]) = - I'(x)sin[f(x)]

6. ~ (tan[f(x)]) = 1'(x)sec2 [f(x)]

7. ~ (sec [f(x)]) = f'(x) sec[f(x)] tan [f(x)]

8. !?_( tan " [/(x)]) = I'(x) 2

dx 1+[/(x)]

Higher Order Derivatives

The Second Derivative is denoted as The nth Derivative is denoted as

f"(x) = /2) (x) = ~ and is defined as /n) (x) = ~ and is defined as

f" (x) = (I' (x))' , i.e. the derivative of the f(n) (x) = (f(n-l) (x))' , i.e. the derivative of

first derivative, I' (x) . the (n-l tt derivative, I(n-l) (x) .

Implicit Differentiation

Find y' if e2x-9y + x3 y2 = sin (y) + llx. Remember y = y (x) here, so products/quotients of x and y

will use the product/quotient rule and derivatives of y will use the chain rule. The "trick" is to differentiate as normal and every time you differentiate a y you tack on a y' (from the chain rule). After differentiating solve for y'.

e2x-9y (2-9y') +3x2y2 + 2x3y y' = cos(y )y' + 11 2e2x-9y _ 9y'e2X-9Y + 3x2y2 + 2x3y y' = cos(y) y' + 11 (2X3 Y - ge2x-9y _ cos (y)) y' = 11- 2e2x-9y _ 3x2 y2

, 11- 2e2x-9y _ 3x2 y2

y=

2x3 Y - ge2x-9y - cos (y)

Increasing/Decreasing - Concave Up/Concave Down

Critical Points

x = c is a critical point of I ( x) provided either

1. f' (c) = 0 or 2. I' (c) doesn't exist.

Increasing/Decreasing

1. If f' ( x ) > 0 for all x in an interval I then

f ( x) is increasing on the interval 1.

2. If f' ( x ) < 0 for all x in an interval I then f ( x) is decreasing on the interval 1.

3. If f' ( x ) = 0 for all x in an interval I then f ( x) is constant on the interval 1.

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

Concave Up/Concave Down

1. If J' ( x ) > 0 for all x in an interval I then

f ( x) is concave up on the interval 1.

2. If J' ( x ) < 0 for all x in an interval I then f ( x) is concave down on the interval 1.

Inflection Points

x = c is a inflection point of f ( x) if the

concavity changes at x = c .

© 2005 Paul Dawkins

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Absolute Extrema

1. x = c is an absolute maximum off ( x )

if I ( c ) ~ f ( x ) for all x in the domain.

2. x = c is an absolute minimum off ( x ) if I ( c ) ~ f ( x ) for all x in the domain.

Fermat's Theorem

If f ( x) has a relative (or local) extrema at

x = c, then x = c is a critical point of f ( x ) .

Extreme Value Theorem

If f ( x) is continuous on the closed interval

[ a, b] then there exist numbers c and d so that, 1. a ~ c, d ~ b ,2. I ( c) is the abs. max. in [a,b],3. I( d) is the abs. min. in [a,b].

Finding Absolute Extrema

To find the absolute extrema of the continuous

function f ( x) on the interval [a, b] use the following process.

1. Find all critical points of f ( x) in [a, b] .

2. Evaluate I ( x) at all points found in Step 1.

3. Evaluate I ( a) and I ( b ) .

4. Identify the abs. max. (largest function value) and the abs. min.(smallest function value) from the evaluations in Steps 2 & 3.

Extrema

Relative (local) Extrema

1. x = c is a relative (or local) maximum of

I ( x) if I ( c ) ~ f ( x) for all x near c.

2. x = c is a relative (or local) minimum of I ( x) if I ( c ) ~ f ( x) for all x near c.

1 st Derivative Test

If x = c is a critical point of I ( x) then x = c is

1. a rel. max. off(x) iff'(x) > 0 to the left of x = c and f' ( x ) < 0 to the right of x = c .

2. a rel. min. of I( x) if I' (x) < 0 to the left of x = c and f' ( x ) > 0 to the right of x = c .

3. not a relative extrema off ( x) iff' ( x) is the same sign on both sides of x = c .

2nd Derivative Test

If x = c is a critical point of I ( x) such that

I' ( c ) = 0 then x = c

1. is a relative maximum of I ( x) if I" ( c ) < 0 .

2. is a relative minimum off ( x) iff" ( c ) > 0 .

3. may be a relative maximum, relative minimum, or neither if I" ( c ) = 0 .

Finding Relative Extrema and/or Classify Critical Points

1. Find all critical points of I ( x ) .

2. Use the 1 st derivative test or the 2nd derivative test on each critical point.

Mean Value Theorem

If f ( x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and differentiable on the open interval (a, b)

then there is a number a < c < b such that I' ( c ) = I ( b ) - f ( a) .

b-a

Newton's Method

If x. is the n'" guess for the root/solution off ( x ) = 0 then (n+ 1 )'t guess is XMt = x. _ f, ~ x. ~ f xn

provided f' ( xn) exists.

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

© 2005 Paul Dawkins

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Related Rates

Sketch picture and identify knownlunknown quantities. Write down equation relating quantities and differentiate with respect to t using implicit differentiation (i.e. add on a derivative every time you differentiate a function of t). Plug in known quantities and solve for the unknown quantity.

Ex. A 15 foot ladder is resting against a wall. Ex. Two people are 50 ft apart when one

The bottom is initially 10ft away and is being starts walking north. The angle () changes at

pushed towards the wall at tftlsec. How fast 0.01 rad/min. At what rate is the distance

is the top moving after 12 sec? between them changing when () = 0.5 rad?

tM~~g~O~

~"'i"'_"''''

We have ()' = 0.01 rad/min. and want to find

x' . We can use various trig fens but easiest is,

x x'

sec() = -- ~ sec() tan() ()' =--

50 50

We knowf = 0.05 so plug in ()' and solve.

x'

sec(0.5)tan(0.5)(0.01) = 50

Optimization

Sketch picture if needed, write down equation to be optimized and constraint. Solve constraint for one of the two variables and plug into first equation. Find critical points of equation in range of variables and verify that they are minimax as needed .

.---------------------------------~

Ex. We're enclosing a rectangular field with Ex. Determine point(s) on y = x2 + 1 that are

500 ft offence material and one side of the closest to (0,2).

field is a building. Determine dimensions that ~ 3 ~( 0 ~)

will maximize the enclosed area. '

HmldIDg ~~~ ~~~

yl

-x' =-7.(

x' is negative because x is decreasing. Using Pythagorean Theorem and differentiating,

x2 + y2 = 152 ~ 2x x' + 2 y y' = 0

After 12 sec we have x = 10-12(t) = 7 and

so y = .J152 - 72 = Jfi6. Plug in and solve

for y'.

7(-t)+Jfi6 y'=O ~ y'= 4~ ftlsec

x

Maximize A = xy subject to constraint of

x + 2y = 500. Solve constraint for x and plug into area.

A = y(500-2y) x=500-2y ~

= 500y-2y2

Differentiate and find critical point(s).

A' = 500-4y ~ y = 125

By 2nd deriv. test this is a rel. max. and so is the answer we're after. Finally, find x.

x = 500-2(125) = 250

The dimensions are then 250 x 125.

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

x' = 0.3112 ftlsec Remember to have calculator in radians!

n

Minimize J = d2 = (X_0)2 +(y-2t and the

constraint is y = x2 + 1. Solve constraint for x2 and plug into the function.

x2 =y-l ~ J=x2+(y-2)2

= y_l+(y_2)2 = y2 -3y+3 Differentiate and find critical point(s).

J'=2y-3 ~ y=1-

By the 2nd derivative test this is a rel. min. and so all we need to do is find x value(s).

x2 =.1-1=.l ~ x=+ h

2 2 - ,,2

The 2 points are then (12,1-) and (- 12,1-)·

© 2005 Paul Dawkins

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Integrals Definitions

Definite Integral: Suppose f (x) is continuous Anti-Derivative: An anti-derivative of f (x)

on [a, b] . Divide [a, b] into n subintervals of is a function, F ( x ) , such that F' ( x ) = f ( x) .

width 8 x and choose x; from each interval. Indefinite Integral: I f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c

b CXJ

Then Ia f(x)dx = !~~f(X;)8X.

where F (x) is an anti-derivative of f (x) .

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Part I : If f ( x) is continuous on [a, b] then Variants of Part I :

g(x) = I: f(t)dt is also continuous on [a,b] !J:(X) f(t)dt =u'(x)f[u(x)]

and g'(x) = ! I: f(t)dt = f(x). ! I;x)f(t)dt = -v'(x)f[ v(x)]

Part II : f(x)is continuous on[a,b], F(x) is !!:_IU(X) f(t)dt=u'(x)f[u(x)]-v'(x)f[v(x)] dx v(x)

an anti-derivative off(x) (i.e. F(x) = I f(x)dx)

then I: f ( x ) dx = F ( b ) - F ( a ) .

I f(x)±g(x)dx = I f(x)dx± I g(x)dx

I: f(x)±g(x)dx = I: f(x)dx± I: g(x)dx

I: f(x)dx=O

I:f(x)dx=-I: f(x)dx

Properties

I cf ( x ) dx = c I f ( x ) dx , c is a constant

I: cf ( x ) dx = c I: f ( x ) dx , c is a constant

I: f(x)dx = I: f(t)dt II: f(x)dxl ~ I:lf(x) Idx

If f ( x ) ~ g ( x) on a s x s b then I: f ( x ) dx ~ I: g ( x ) dx If f ( x ) ~ 0 on a s x s b then I: f ( x ) dx ~ 0

If m ~ f ( x ) ~ M on a s x s b then m (b - a ) ~ I: f ( x ) dx ~ M (b - a)

Ikdx=kx+c

Ixndx=_1_xn+1+c n-::f:.-l

n+l '

Ix-1dx= I±dx=Inlxl+c

I_l_dx =..!..lnlax+bl+c

ax+b a

I In u du = u In ( u ) - u + c

I e" du = e" +c

Common Integrals I cos u du = sin u + c

I sin u du = - cos u + c I sec" u du = tan u + c

I sec u tan u du = sec u + c I esc u cot udu = - esc u + c I esc" U du = - cot u + c

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

I tanudu = Inlsecul+c

I secu du = lnjsec« + tanul +c

I a2~u2 du = -!ztan-1 (%) + c

I~du = sin' (~)+c

a2_u2 a

© 2005 Paul Dawkins

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Standard Integration Techniques

Note that at many schools all but the Substitution Rule tend to be taught in a Calculus II class.

u Substitution: The substitution u = g(x)will convert Jb f(g(x))g'(x)dx = Jg(b) f(u) du using

a g(a)

du = g' (x) dx. For indefinite integrals drop the limits of integration.

Ex. L2 5x2 cos ( x3 ) dx u = x3 ~ du = 3x2 dx

~ x2dx =l.du 3

X = 1 ~ u = e = 1 :: X = 2 ~ u = 23 = 8

= t sin ( u )1 ~ = t ( sin ( 8) - sin (1) )

Integration by Parts: J u dv = uv - J v du and J: u dv = uv I: - J: v du. Choose u and dv from integral and compute du by differentiating u and compute v using v = J dv .

.-----------~-----------------------.

Ex. J xe-x dx Ex. J:lnxdx

U=X dv=e-x ~ du==dx v=-e-x u=lnx dv+ dx ~ du=1..dx V=X

x

J xe-x dx=-xe-x + J e-x dx=-xe-x _e-x +c J:lnxdx=xlnxl~ _ J: dx=(xln(x)-x)l:

= 5ln( 5) -3ln(3)- 2

Products and (some) Quotients of Trig Functions

For J sin" xcos" xdx we have the following: For J tan" xsec" xdx we have the following:

1. n odd. Strip 1 sine out and convert rest to 1. n odd. Strip 1 tangent and 1 secant out and

cosines using sin 2 X = 1- cos 2 X , then use convert the rest to secants using

the substitution u = cos X • tan 2 X = sec" x-I, then use the substitution

2. m odd. Strip 1 cosine out and convert rest u = sec X .

to sines using cos" X = 1- sin" X , then use 2. m even. Strip 2 secants out and convert rest

the substitution u = sin x . to tangents using sec" x = 1 + tan 2 x, then

3. nand m both odd. Use either 1. or 2. use the substitution u = tan x .

4. nand m both even. Use double angle 3. n odd and m even. Use either 1. or 2.

and/or half angle formulas to reduce the 4. n even and m odd. Each integral will be

integral into a form that can be integrated. dealt with differently.

Trig Formulas: sin (2x) = 2sin( x )cos( x), cos" (x) = HI + cos(2x)), sin" (x) = Hl- cos( 2x))

Ex. J sin5 x dx

cos3 x

J sin5 x dx = J sin4 xsinx dx = J (sin2 xisinx dx

cos3 x cos3 x cos3 x

= J (1-cos2xisinx dx (u = cosx)

cos3 x

= -J (1_u2)2 du = -J 1-2u2+u4 du

u3 u3

=tsec2 x+2lnlcosxl-tcos2 x+c

Ex. J tan" xsec" xdx

J tan ' xsec" xdx = J tan" xsec" x tan xsecxdx = Jt=' x-l)sec4 x tan xsec xdx

(u = secx)

= l.sec7 x -l.sec5 x + c

7 5

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

© 2005 Paul Dawkins

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Trig Substitutions: If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and formula to convert into an integral involving trig functions.

.Ja2 _b2x2 ~ x = ~sinO b

cos 2 0 = 1- sin 2 0

.J a2 + b2 x2 ~ X = s. tan 0 b

sec" 0 = 1 + tan 2 0

Ex. J 2~dx

x 4-9x2

x = l.sinO ~ dx = 1. cos 0 dO

3 3

.J4-9x2 = .J4-4sin2 0 = .J4cos2 0 = 21cosOI

Recall N = Ixl. Because we have an indefinite integral we'll assume positive and drop absolute value bars. Ifwe had a definite integral we'd need to compute O's and remove absolute value bars based on that and,

Ixl = {x ~f x ~ 0

-x lfx < 0

In this case we have .J4-9x2 = 2cosO.

J 16 (1.cosO)dO = J_l1_dO

~sin2 1l(2cosll) 3 sin2 e

= J l Zcsc ' ao = -12cotO +c Use Right Triangle Trig to go back to x's. From substitution we have sin 0 = 3; so,

L3X

.)4 -9;

From this we see that cot 0 = ~4;~x2 . So,

J 16 dx= 4~ +c

x2~4-9x2 x

Partial Fractions: If integrating J ~~:~ dx where the degree of p( x) is smaller than the degree of Q ( x ) . Factor denominator as completely as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the denominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the following table.

Factor in Q(x) Term in P.F.D Factor in Q( x) Term in P.F.D
A (ax+bt A[ Az Ak
ax+b --+ + ... +
ax+b ax+b (ax+b)2 (ax+b t
Ax+B (ax2 +bx+cr A[x+B[ + ... + AkX+Bk
ax' +bx+c ax' +bx+c (ax2 +bx+c r
ax' +bx+c Ex. J 7x2+13x dx

(x_l)(x2+4)

J 7x2+13x dx = J....1...+ 3x+16 dx

(x_l)(x2+4) x-I x2+4

= J....1...+-..l:L+_1Ldx

x-I x2+4 x2+4

7x2+13x =...A.. + Bx+C = A(X2+4)+(Bx+C) (x-I)

(x_l)(x2+4) x-I x2+4 (x_l)(x2+4)

Set numerators equal and collect like terms. 7x2 +13x = (A+B)x2 +( C-B)x+4A-C Set coefficients equal to get a system and solve to get constants.

A+B=7 C-B=13 4A-C=0

A=4 B=3 C=16

= 4lnlx-ll +fln( x2 + 4)+ Stan." (f) Here is partial fraction form and recombined.

An alternate method that sometimes works to find constants. Start with setting numerators equal in previous example: 7 x2 + 13x = A ( x2 + 4) + ( Bx + C) (x -1). Chose nice values of x and plug in.

For example if x = 1 we get 20 = SA which gives A = 4. This won't always work easily.

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

© 2005 Paul Dawkins

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Applications of Integrals

Net Area : J: f ( x ) dx represents the net area between f ( x) and the x-axis with area above x-axis positive and area below x-axis negative.

Area Between Curves : The general formulas for the two main cases for each are,

y = f ( x) ~ A = J: [upper function] - [lower function] dx & x = f (y) ~ A = J: [right function] - [left function] dy If the curves intersect then the area of each portion must be found individually. Here are some sketches of a couple possible situations and formulas for a couple of possible cases.

y y=j(x) .r y y=«x)

~

a

y=g(x)

A= J:f(x)-g(x)dx

A = Ld f(y)- g(y)dy

a

A= [f(x)-g(x)dx+ J: g(x)- f(x)dx

Volumes of Revolution: The two main formulas are V = J A (x) dx and V = J A (y) dy. Here is some general information about each method of computing and some examples.

Rings Cylinders

A = n ((outer radius)2 - (ioner radius)2)

Limits: x/y ofrightlbot ring to x/y ofleftltop ring

Horz. Axis use f (x) , Vert. Axis use f (y) ,

g(x), A(x) and dx. g(y), A(y) and dy.

A = 2n (radius)(width I height)

Limits : x/y of inner cyl. to x/y of outer cyl.

Horz. Axis use f (y) , Vert. Axis use f (x) ,

g(y), A(y) and dy. g(x), A(x) and dx.

Ex. Axis: y = a > 0 y

x outer radius : a - f ( x )

inner radius : a - g ( x )

Ex. Axis: y = a ~ 0 y

g(x0c>

?----'.,-, j ( x)

outer radius: lal + g (x) inner radius: lal + f (x)

Ex. Axis: y = a > 0 y

radius :a- y

width: f(y)- g(y)

Ex. Axis: y = a s 0 y

g

~y)

--x

radius: lal + y width: f(y)-g(y)

These are only a few cases for horizontal axis of rotation. Ifaxis of rotation is the x-axis use the

y = a ~ 0 case with a = o. For vertical axis of rotation (x = a > 0 and x = a ~ 0) interchange x and y to get appropriate formulas.

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

© 2005 Paul Dawkins

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Work: Ifa force ofF(x) moves an object ina s x s b, the work done is W = J: F(x)dx

Average Function Value : The average value

1 Jb

of f(x) on a ~ x ~ b isfavg = b-a a f(x)dx

Arc Length Surface Area: Note that this is often a Calc II topic. The three basic formulas are,

L = J: ds SA = J: 2nyds (rotate about x-axis) SA = J: 2nxds (rotate about y-axis)

where ds is dependent upon the form of the function being worked with as follows.

Gd;\2 dx Z (d)Z

ds = VIi- ~ -;h) dx if y = f ( x ), a ~ x ~ b ds = ( dt) +;' dt if x = f (t ) ,y = g ( t ), a ~ t ~ b

dS=~I+(:r dy if x=f(y), a~y~b

With surface area you may have to substitute in for the x or y depending on your choice of ds to match the differential in the ds. With parametric and polar you will always need to substitute.

Improper Integral

An improper integral is an integral with one or more infinite limits and/or discontinuous integrands. Integral is called convergent if the limit exists and has a finite value and divergent if the limit doesn't exist or has infinite value. This is typically a Calc II topic.

Infinite Limit

1. Loo f(x)dx = ~~ J~f(x)dx

3. J: f ( x ) dx = J:oo f ( x ) dx + J COO f ( x ) dx provided BOTH integrals are convergent. Discontinuous Integrand 1. Discont. at a: J b f ( x ) dx = lim J b f ( x ) dx

a t-M+ t

2. Discont. at b : J b f ( x ) dx = lim J t f ( x ) dx

a t-vb" a

3. Discontinuity at a < c < b : J: f ( x ) dx = J: f ( x ) dx + J: f ( x ) dx provided both are convergent.

Comparison Test for Improper Integrals: If f (x) ~ g (x) ~ 0 on [a, 00) then,

1. IfJ: f(x)dx conv. then J: g(x)dx conv. 2. IfJ: g(x)dx divg. then J: f(x)dx divg.

Useful fact: If a > 0 then J 00 -tdx converges if p > 1 and diverges for p s 1.

a X

Approximating Definite Integrals

For given integral J: f(x)dx and a n (must be even for Simpson's Rule) define ,h = b~a and

divide [a, b] into n subintervals [xo, Xl]' [Xl' Xz] , , [xn-I, xn] with Xo = a and xn = b then,

Midpoint Rule: J: f(x)dx ~ ,h[f( x;)+ f( x;)+ + f( x:) J, x; is midpoint [Xi_I,Xi]

Jb ,h [ ]

Trapezoid Rule : af(x)dx~2 f(xo)+2f(xl)++2f(xz)+···+2f(xn_I)+ f(xn)

Simpson's Rule: J: f(x)dx ~ ~ [f(xo) +4f(xl) +2f(xz) + ... + 2f(xn_z)+ 4f(xn_I)+ f(xn)]

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

© 2005 Paul Dawkins