-

6.11 The variance of the sample mean X, based on a sample of size n, is a2/n. Thus

the standard deviation, or standard error of the mean is a / Vn.

(a) The standard deviation for a sample of size 50 is a /.J55. The standard
deviation for a sample is size 200 is a / J2OO. That is, the ratio of standard
errors is
a/J200 .J55 1
a/V50 ~ 2'
so the standard error is halved.
(b) The ratio of standard errors is
a/J900 J400 2
a/0WO - J900 3' so the standard error for a sample size 900 is 2/3rd's that for sample size 400.

(c) The standard error for a sample size 25 is

J225

--=3

y'25

times as large as that for sample size 225.

(d) The standard error for a sample size 40 is

V640

--=4

v'4O

times as large as that for sample size 640.

6.12 The finite population correction factor is given by (N - n)/(N - 1).

Thus, when

(a) n = 5 and N = 200, the finite population correction factor is

200 - 5 = .9799. 200 -1

4QO - 10 = .9774. 400 - 1

(b) ti = 10 and N = 400, the finite population correction factor is

(c) ti = 100 and N = 5, 000, the finite population correction factor is

5,000 - 100 = .9802. 5,000 - 1

6.13 We need to find P(IX - fLl < .6745· a I Vii,). Since the standard deviation of the mean is a I fo, the standardized variable (X - fL) I (a I fo) is approximately a normal random variable for large ti (central limit theorem). Thus, we need to

find:

X - fL

P(I a I vIn I < .6745).

Now, interpolating in Table 3 gives

X - fL

P( alvin < .6745) = .75.

Thus,

X-fL X-fL

P(alvln < -.6745) = P(alfo 2.6745) = .25

so

X - fL

P(I alvn 1< .6745) = .75 - .25 = .50.

The probability that the mean of a random sample of size ti , from a population with standard deviation a, will differ from fL by less than (.6745)( a I fo) is approximately .5 for sufficiently large n,

6.14 (a) Chebyshev's theorem for X ( which has standard deviation a I vIn ) states that:

In this case, a = 2.4 and n = 25 so we take k = (1.2)5/2.4 = 2.5. Then

_ - 2.5a 1

P(IX - ILl < 1.2) = P(IX - ILl < r,;:; ) ~ 1 - -( )2 = .84.

yn 2.5

(b) Under the central limit theorem

- ka

P(IX -ILl < .;n) ~ F(k) - F( -k),

where F is the standard normal distribution in Table 3. Thus,

P(IX - ILl < 1.2)

IX -ILl .

P( a /.;n < 2.5) ~ F(2.5) - F( -2.5)

.9938 - .0062) = .9876.

6.15 Here a /.;n = 16/10 = 1.6 and

_ _ X - 176

P(175 < X < 178) = P(-1 < X - 176 < 2) = P(-.625 < / < 1.25).

- - - - - 16 10 -

Since n = 100 is large, the central limit theorem yields the approximation

X -176

P( -.625 ~ 16/10 ~ 1.25) ~ F(1.25) - F( -.625)

- .8944 - .266) = .628.

6.17 We need to find

36

P(I: Xi > 6,000) - P(X > 166.67) = P(X - 163 > 3.67)

i=l

P X -163

( 18/6 > 1.222).

Since n = 36 is relatively large, we use the central limit theorem to approximate this probability by

1 - F(1.222) = .111.

6.20 Since the sample is from a normal population

t = x - I-l = 47.5 - 42.1 = 3.214

s/fo 8.4/5

is the value of a t random variable with 24 degrees of freedom. From Table 4,

X -I-l

P( S / fo > 2.797) = .005.

Before sampling, the probability of getting a value of t > 2.797 is .005. ThE

probability of being as large or larger than the observed t = 3.214 is even smaller. Consequently, the data tends to refute the claim that the population mean is 42.1 . It is likely that the true mean is greater then 42.1.

6.21 The mean of the data is x = 23 and the sample standard deviation is 6.39. Thus, if the data is from a normal population with I-l = 20, the statistic

x -I-l 23 - 20

t = -- = = 1.15

s/fo 6.39/J6

is the value of a t random variable with 5 degrees of freedom. The entry in Table 4 for a = 10 and v = 5 is 1.476. Before the data are observed, we know that

X -I-l

P( S/ fo > 1.15) > .10.

Thus, the data does not give strong evidence against the ambulance service's claim.

6.22 If the sample is from a normal population with J1 = .5000

i - J1 .5060 - .5000 74

t---- -4

- slvln - .00401JIO - .

is the value of a t random variable with 9 degrees of freedom. From Table 4,

x - J1

P( 81v1n > 3.25) = .005.

Before observing the data, the probability of getting a value of t > 3.25 is .005. The probability of being as large or larger than the observed t = 4.74 is even smaller. Thus it is very unlikely that the process is under control. The data suggest that the true mean is greater then .5000 cm.

6.23 We need to find

P(82 > 39.74)

_ P( (n - 1)82 > (n - 1)39.74)

0-2 0-2

(n - 1)82 (14)39.74) = p(1452 > 26.12).

= P(. 0-2 > 21.32 0-2

Since the data are from a normal population, the statistic (n - 1)52/0-2 has a X2 distribution with n - 1 degrees of freedom. From Table 5, with v = 14 degrees of

freedom, we see that

1452

P(- > 26.12) = .025.

0-2

Thus, the probability that the claim will be rejected even though 0-2 = 21.3 is .025 or 2.5 percent.