Identification

What is meant by Identification?

 Definition

Identification means recognition of a person

through certain features that differentiate
him from all other persons.
More precisely;
It is the determination of the individuality of
a person based on certain physical
characteristics i.e. exact fixation of a
personality who is this person?
 Types

HOW?
 Types

When a person is known by his name with

complete address, this is known as

Complete Identification
Types
 Types

However, in other circumstances only

other details like age, sex, race,
stature can be established while other
characteristics are not known

Partial Identification
 Importance

Identification is necessary in:

1- Criminal Cases like persons accused of
assault, murder, rape………….etc
2- Interchange of newborn babies in
hospitals, impersonation………….etc
3- Civil Cases like marriage, inheritance,
missing person, passport insurance
claims, disputed sex…………….etc
 Importance

Identification is necessary for:

1- Collection of Bones or Skeletal
Remains
2- Dead Body or Part of a Dead
Body (either recently dead,
decomposed or even mutilated)
3- Living Person
Is there more than one way to be
identified?
Any device that uses biometric identification should
include more than one means of identifying the
user. In this example a user with both hands in casts
is unable to provide a thumbprint and will not be
able to pass through the identification station. This
standard applies to all devices that use biometric
identification including information transaction
machines, computers (laptop, desktop and
handheld), and security devices such as card
scanners, fingerprint scanners, random number
generation devices, retinal scanners and voice
recognition devices.
Identification of a Collection of Bones

Identification of a Dead Body

Identification of a Living Person

 Collection of bones

Sometimes a collection of bones is

discovered and referred to
medicolegal examiner or the
medicolegal experts to comment
and write a report.
 ORIGIN OF BONE

BELONGING TO PERSON OR MORE

The medicolegal report should

include the following data; AGE

SEX

9 Information RACE

STATURE

DEFORMITIES

TIME PASSED SINCE DEATH

CAUSE OF DEATH
 AGE

Estimation of age from the bones provided by;

skull Appearance of the Ossific Center

Mandible and Teeth Union of the epiphysis

 AGE

skull

DIMENSION
FONTANELLES
SUTURES
 AGE
Skull
DIMENSION
 AGE
skull
 AGE
Skull
FONTANELLES
 AGE
Skull
SUTURES
 AGE
Skull
SUTURES
 ORIGIN OF BONE

BELONGING TO PERSON OR MORE

The medicolegal report should

include the following data; AGE

SEX

9 Information RACE

STATURE

DEFORMITIES

TIME PASSED SINCE DEATH

CAUSE OF DEATH
 AGE

Estimation of age from the bones provided by;

skull Appearance of the Ossific Center

Mandible and Teeth Union of the epiphysis

 AGE
Mandible and Teeth
 AGE
Mandible and Teeth
 AGE
Mandible and Teeth
 AGE
Mandible and Teeth
Mandible and Teeth AGE
 AGE
Mandible and Teeth
 ORIGIN OF BONE

BELONGING TO PERSON OR MORE

The medicolegal report should

include the following data; AGE

SEX

9 Information RACE

STATURE

DEFORMITIES

TIME PASSED SINCE DEATH

CAUSE OF DEATH
 AGE

Estimation of age from the bones provided by;

skull Appearance of the Ossific Center

Mandible and Teeth Union of the epiphysis

 AGE
Appearance of the Ossific Center
 AGE
Appearance of the Ossific Center
 AGE

Estimation of age from the bones provided by;

skull Appearance of the Ossific Center

Mandible and Teeth Union of the epiphysis

 AGE
Union of the epiphysis
 AGE
Union of the epiphysis
 AGE
Union of the epiphysis
 AGE
Union of the epiphysis
 AGE
Union of the epiphysis
 AGE
Union of the epiphysis
 ORIGIN OF BONE

BELONGING TO PERSON OR MORE

The medicolegal report should

include the following data; AGE

SEX

9 Information RACE

STATURE

DEFORMITIES

TIME PASSED SINCE DEATH

CAUSE OF DEATH
 SEX

GROUND RULES:
1- RECOGNITION OF THE SEX CAN
BE BASED ON THE
CHARACTERISTICS DISPLAYED BY
SKELETON.
 SEX

2- IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO
DIFFERENTIATE THE SEX FROM THE
SKELETON BEFORE THE PUBERTY AS
THE SEXUAL CHARACTERS DO NOT
BEGIN TO MANIFEST THEMSELVES
 SEX

3- WHILE DETERMINING THE SEX

FROM THE BONES, THE
PERCENTAGE OF ACCURACY FROM
INDEPENDENT SKELETAL PARTS
AS GIVEN BY KROGMAN 1964, IS
 SEX

i) Whole skeleton 100%

ii) Pelvis and skull 98%
iii) Pelvis alone 95%
iv) Skull alone 92%
v) Skull and long bones 96%
vi) Pelvis and long bones 98%
vii) Long bones alone 80-85%
 SEX

Males Females
General 1-The bones are 1- The bones
Characters heavier, bigger are smaller and
and stouter slender
2-Muscular ridges, 2- Less
depressions, and prominent
processes are
more prominent
3-Shafts of long
3- Shafts are
bones are smooth
relatively rough
 SEX

Determination of sex from the bones provided by;

skull Sternum

Pelvis
Mandible
(Hip bone & Sacrum)
 SEX

Males Females
1- Prominent parietal 1- Smooth
eminence
2-Prominent superciliary 2- Less marked
Skull ridges 3- Smoothly
3-Angular frontonasal arched
5 junction 4- Short and
4- Long and narrow broad
occipital condyles
5- Short and
5- Long and big mastoid small
process
A- Cranial mass
B- Supraciliary margin
C- Zygomatic bone
D- Mandible
E- Cranial mass
F- Superciliary arch
 SEX

Males Females
1- More massive 1- Less
massive
Mandible 2- Chin is square 2- Pointed or
rounded
4 3- Ramus is more broad 3- Less broad
4- Angel is everted 4- Not everted
FEMALE

MALE
 SEX

Determination of sex from the bones provided by;

skull Sternum

Pelvis
Mandible
(Hip bone & Sacrum)
 Males Females
1- Highly arched iliac crest 1- Less curved
which form a big part of a iliac crest forming
Hip small circle a small part of a
big circle
bone 2-Narrow subpubic arch 2- Wide subpubic
arch, obtuse angel
3- Ill defined
3-Welldefined iliopectineal
7 line
4- Illdefined pre-auricular 4- Welldefined
sulcus
5- Oval obturator foramen 5- Triangular
6- Greater sciatic notch foramen
narrow 6- Wide notch
7- Body of the pubis is 7- Body of the
triangular pubis is square
 SEX

Males Females

Narrower, heart-shaped Open, circular

pelvic inlet pelvic inlet
pelvis
1
 SEX

Males Females
1- Long and narrow 1- Short & wide
2-Homogenous 2- Curved only
Sacrum
curvature in its lower part
3-Projecting sacral 3- Not
promontry projecting
4 4- Articulating surface 4- Only to the
with the ilium reach second sacral
third sacral segment segment
Greater
Sciatic
notch

Ischeal
tuberosity

Ischeal
spine
 MALE
FEMALE
 ORIGIN OF BONE

BELONGING TO PERSON OR MORE

The medicolegal report should

include the following data; AGE

SEX

9 Information RACE

STATURE

DEFORMITIES

TIME PASSED SINCE DEATH

CAUSE OF DEATH
 Negroid skull

1- PERSISTANT FRONTAL SUTURE

2- FLAT NASAL BRIDGE
3- WIDE NASAL APERATURES
4- FLAT HARD PALATE
5- PROGNATHISM
6- PROMINENT SUPERCILIARY RIDGES
7- SMALL MASTOID PROCESS
8- PTERION
9- STRONG IVORY WHITE TEETH
Negroid Race
 Estimation of time passed since death

Lindow Man was found in 1984 when workers

cutting peat to be used in gardens
discovered a leg. The acidic, oxygen-free
conditions in the bog slowed down the
rate at which the body decayed.
 Estimation of time passed since death

Lindow Man (pete boggy), whose 2,000-

year-old body was found in a peat bog in
Cheshire, was the victim of a simple murder
and not a ritual sacrifice, according to two
academics.

They say that the British Museum should

remove the preserved body from its galleries
and erase him from the history books.
 Estimation of time passed since death:
Age determination by Carbon

RADIOACTIVE CARBON:
C14 accumulate in living organic matter. The
C14 content of the organism is steadily
maintained as long as it lives.

After death, the radioactivity gradually

weakens taking about 5,600 years to reach
half of its initial activity.
 Estimation of time passed since death:
Age determination by Carbon

A simple carbon compound such as CO2 or

acetylene or even carbon itself is prepared
from the bone and the radioactivity is
estimated.

For medicolegal purposes, radiocarbon dating

is not useful as the technique cannot date
bones less than a century old
STATURE AND WEIGHT OF BONE

Pearson's formula
 STATURE AND WEIGHT OF BONE

Stature is determined using the another type

of formula called :

"Regression Formula for Estimating Maximum

Living Stature (with standard errors) from
Maximum Long Bone Length".
 STATURE AND WEIGHT OF BONE

Optimally, the Forensic Anthropologist will

have all 6 upper long bones and all 6 lower
long bones. Using the average of both right
and left humeri, both right and left ulnae and
both right and left radii, along with the
average of both right and left tibia, both
right and left fibulae and both right and left
femurs, including the standard error, one can
arrive at a fairly accurate estimation of
height.
 STATURE AND WEIGHT OF BONE

This range is then used to estimate weight. An osteometric board is

used for obtaining precise measurements of the long bones. Weight
is a function of the stature determination. The end result will be a
range of heights and weights based on the average standard error.
       Stature
            3.26 x (humerus) + 62.10 = stature +/-4.43cm
            3.42 x (radius) + 81.56 = stature +/-4.30
            3.26 x (ulna) + 78.29 = stature +/-4.42
    (there will be 2 calculations for stature, based on the upper and
lower standard of error)
       Weight
            Wt (in lbs) = 4.4 x (stature in inches) - 143
    (there will be 2 calculations for weight, based on the upper and
lower standard of error)
 Ages of Medicolegal Importance

1- Age of 2 years

Is the age of the END OF INFANCY PERIOD.

Execution is postponed if a condemned woman
has a child below this age till weaning .
It is detected by; closure of the anterior fontanel,
appearance of Ossific center in the lower of the
radius and eruption of all milk teeth
 Ages of Medicolegal Importance

2- Age of 6 years

Is the age of STARTING EDUCATION

It is detected by; appearance of Ossific
center in the upper end of the radius and
eruption of first permanent molar
 Ages of Medicolegal Importance

3- Age of 7 years

Is the age of DISCRIMINATION

It is detected by; Ossific center in the lower
of the radius reach 2/3 of its lower
epiphysis and eruption of permanent
central incisor.
 Ages of Medicolegal Importance

4- Age of 15 years

Is the age of BEGINNING CRIMINAL

RESPOSIBILITY. It is detected by; union of
trochlea and capitulum with the humeral
shaft
 Ages of Medicolegal Importance

5- Age of 16 years

Is the legal age of MARRIAGE in females. It is

detected by; union of the epiphyseal lines
of the metacarpal bones (two years before
males)
 Ages of Medicolegal Importance

6- Age of 17 years

Is the legal age of COMPLETE CRIMINAL

RESPOSIBILITY. It is detected by; union of
the epiphyseal lines of medial epicondyle
and upper end radius
 Ages of Medicolegal Importance

7- Age of 18 years

Is the legal age of MARRIAGE in males, first

call for MILITARY SERVICES. CONSENT IN
RAPE, DRIVING LICENSE in both. It is
detected by; union of the epiphyseal lines
of the metacarpal bones (two years before
males) and lower end ulna and radius.
 Ages of Medicolegal Importance

8- Age of 21 years

Is the legal age of COMPLETE CIVIL RIGHTS

IN BOTH SEX. It is detected by; union of the
epiphyseal lines of the knee joint in male
and sternal end of the clavicle in females
 Ages of Medicolegal
Importance

9- Age of 30 years

Membreing of people
assemply
 Ages of Medicolegal
Importance

10- Age of40 years

Legal age of being a president .

 Ages of Medicolegal Importance

11- Age of 65 years

Is the age of PENSION. It is detected by;

union of the epiphyseal lines of the body of
the sternum with manubirum sterni
Thank you !