ae ae 068 order v=5) Even order (N= 6) « © Fig. 9.9 Frequency Response of Chebyshev Type I Filter for Orders N = 5 and N = 6 ere H.{0) ~ (1 ~ e*Y"? if N is even, and 17,0) ~ 1 if N is odd. Given the passband and band cutolT frequencies, ©, and 2, and the passband and stopband ripples, 8, and 6, (or the ters € and 4), the steps involved in designing a type I Chebyshev filter are as follows: the values for the selectivity factor, &, and the discrimination factor, d. ermine the filter order using the formula Ma ye costa) cosh") 3. Form the rational funetion 1 = HA) H-) = — + Ole) HA id= a where e= [(1 — 6)? ~ 1)", and construct the system function H,(s) by taking the N poles of Gs) that lie in the lef-half s-plan. TF we were to design a low-pass type I Chebyshey filter to meet the specifications siven in Example 8.4 where we fone d= 00487 and k= 0.5, the required iter rer would be cosh *(¥/d) peel ane cosh (1/k) or N= 4, Therefore, with €= [0 — 6)*- n= o48as Te) = 40 = gay = 4 inhere, = 266000). Is aKa/a ala, —1Fae] ipa inet Procession ‘Avype I Chebyshev Ser, unlike ype I filter, has a monotonic passband and an acne, tad the sytem Nnction fas bh poles and zeron The magnitude of he oom 1 LETT (O,/2,)/Ty(Q,/) where Vis the order ofthe filter, 2, is the passband cutofT frequency, ©, is the stopband Tequeney, and e isthe parameter that controls the stopband ripple amplitude. Again, a the {Vis inereased, the numberof ripples increases and the transition width becomes narrower are given in Fig 9.10 for N= 5,6 Ha = runt rac 4 ' 1 uA os 4A Even order(N=6) 04 order (v= « ©) Fig. 9.10 Frequency Response of a Chebyshev Type II Filter for Orders N= 5 and N= 6 ‘The system function ofa type I Chebyshev filter has the form ngs) = TI Ly a, “The poles are located at OF awe where 5; for k=O, 1, «ny N— Late the poles of a type I Chebyshev filter. The zeros by lie on “jlbaxis atthe frequencies for which Ty(@/) = 0. The procedure for designing a type Il Ch filter isthe same as for a type I filter, except that e- GP Elliptic Filter ‘An clliptic filter has system function with both poles and zeros, The magnitude ofits freq response is joules 152 u3 (@10,)Filter Design ae] where Uy((0/0,) is a Jacobian elliptic function. The Jacobian elliptic fumetion U(x) isa rational function of order N with the following property ula) lic fiers have an eguiple passband and an eqlipple stopband. Beense the riples are seme wnltornly tras bth bends (unl the butervart and Chebyshev ites, which hve tonal desteang pasbend andor sopbad), thee ies ave optimum in the sense of aaa pe alt easton wi agen erode, cua feauene) and pssband and pelad nipples Te Requeny repens for rd it ite is show in Fi. 9.1 Hauoie 0, Fig. 9.11 The Magnitude of the Frequency Response of a Sixth-onder Elliptic Filter ‘The design of elliptic filters is more difficult than the Butterworth and Chebyshev filters, because their design relies on the use of tables or series expansions. However, the filter order necessary to meet a given set of specifications may be estimated using the formula, ut yp ead”) where dis the disrimination factor, and a= qo 245+ 1543 +18002 1a 2140-84 where vith & being the selectivity factor. 9.4.2. Design of IIR Filters from Analog Filters ‘The design of a digital filter from an analog protatype requires that we transform A,(0) 10 (a) oF HL{0) to HE), A mapping from the sane tothe z-plane may be written as HE)= HAeome) whore s = m(z) i the mapping function, In order for this transformation to produce an acceptable Uigial fier, the mapping m@) should have the following properties 1 The mapping from the /Q-axis to the unit ciel, e| = 1, should be one to ane and onto the nit circle in order to preserve the frequency response charactersties of the analog filter.Digital Signal Processing 2. Points in the left-half s-plane should map to points inside the unit circle to preserve stability of the analog filter, 3. The mapping m(2) should be a rational function of = so that rational #,(s) is mapped to rational H(2). Described below are two approaches that are commonly used to map analog filters into di filters, Impulse Invariance With the impulse invariance method a digital fier is designed by sampling the impulse reopen of an analog fier: Hn) = hglo.) From the sampling theorem, i follows that the frequency response ofthe digital ier, H(!) i related tothe fequeney response #0) ofthe analog filers follows oye AS yf jh 2H Helm)~ 3 Lw(se+s8 ) More generally, this may be extended into the complex plane as follows: Tet fg eyane Hla 7, BMF) hu op toa th wen lod ge sk SREGE tous sco, Ri tring Het fre a yee pisces eee Se a ie teeta tose coe te wai cian a te Bon ea aliased). In addition, each point in the left-half s-plane is mapped to a point inside the unit circle. Spectsly acta of GAN TNT tay pants lai Re Bepay anos oth al ree HUG lol bined te me) Ln (2 ic z nf T, ‘Although th impulse invatiance may produce a reasonsbie design in some cass, his technique i essentially limited to bandlimited analog ites im) Fig. 9.12 Properties of the s-plane to z-plane Mapping in the Impulse Invariance MethodFier Design aa] ‘To see how poles and zeros of an analog filter are mapped using the impulse invariance method, consider an snalog filter that has a system function 49) = 5 ‘The impuse response, hy), is ago Y Ave™utty ‘Therefore, the digital filter that is formed using the impulse invariance technique is Wn) = hat) = Y Ave ulat,) =P Aale™ utr) and the system function is - ah m= SA 10 ‘Thus, a pole at s = 5, in the analog filter is mapped to a pole at z= ¢*" in the digital ter, ‘I 1 wa 1 The zeros, however, do not get mapped in any obvious way. The Bilinear Transformation ‘The bilinear transformation is a mapping from the s-plane to the =-plane defined by sagen: Tl+z4 Given an analog filter with a system function Hs), the digital fie is designed as follows: 2i-zt = al? Ie ) ‘The bilinear transformation is a rational function that maps the leff-half s-plane inside the unit circle and maps the jf2-axis in & one-to-one manner onto the unit circle. However, the relationship Foetween the jO-axis and the unit circle is highly nonlinear and is given by the frequency warping function ean or, nl) oa Bs Nea alee tte eed cn et en aaa peace ata at 8 a Bee a acerca wet eames SP ae nc as re apa i ls bon mm