sv 1 Bam 4 Age 1, Because Bs formed fom two copies of Bone sited down oe level, the height increase by 1a increase by, Beause had height 0, i follows by induction that By has Dwight, 17. Because the root of By istheroot of By with ‘ne ational child (mel the oat ofthe ther Bi) the de tee of the oot increases by 1a increases by 1 Because 5B had a rot with degree 0 i follows by indction tat By has a oot with degree NEA AR & 21, Usemathematical induction. The results fork = 0 Supposeitis true fork ~ 1.7) sth parentre for By ine Auction thechild ee for Tcan be obtined fom To. Tica in the moe sated. The fal connection of 7-2 07-1 & 8 sated inthe dfinion of Stee. 2 procedare level: ordered oced tee with 0tF) ‘queue := sequence consisting af st the oat r nile queue contin at east ne tem begin ‘= fist vertex in queve listy ‘remove vffom queue and pteilren of v onto the end of queue nd 25, Bulldthe wee by inserting a rot forthe addres 0, andthen insering asubuee foreach vertex labeled , for positive iege, ul up from sabes foreach vertex Ibe.) for {J apostveineger andsoon.27-a) Yes B)No. Yes 2. The resatng graph has no edge that iin more thn one ‘Sinpe eieit ofthe type described. Hence, ita cats. t pet me bes Ansvers to O8t- Numbered Enrcies $11 Lez3 migag : Op eas Ege [37.6 39,3) 0f0r00, 11 foe, 10 for 10, 101 for (east ‘ong depend on hoes were broken ut al ersons are auivalen) 0.645 fr seing of length nb) for 00,100 for 001, 101 for 010, 110 for 100, 11100 fo O11, 11101 foe 101, 1110 for 10, 11111 for 111 (exact cing depends on how ies were broken, tall versions are equivalen0 $3261 forsting of length » 1, Let G’ beth graph obtained by een from G the vertex anal edges indent to. Amin ‘mum spanning wee of G canbe obiained by takingan ede of ‘minimal weight incident ov together with a minimum span- ning tee of G43, Suppose that edge es the edge of ast ‘weight incident to vertex and suppose that Tis a spanning tre that doesnot include ed to, and delete fom he simple creuit formed thereby the other edge ofthe erat that contains. Theres wilbea spanning eof strictly smaller ‘weight (because the deleted edge as weight greater than he ‘weight of). This isa contradiction, so T must include (CHAPTER 11 Section 11.1 Lat bt 90 Mo aay T+O40)=140-+0)=141= DIT AT VR ATIVE), z =| Soxb TTS >e >]: p=eR TyIyA} 0 Tpy ififolo a ifoli}o tfolt 1fofolo rola} a offal a ofifi} a of ifol a ofifof o ofol if o ofofi} o ofofol o ofofo} o DR pers b> pote Thypip Tryp afoot ififol oo rfofif 4 ifoli} 0 ifofo} i ifofo} 4 ofifiy a ofifif oo ofifol a ofifof oo ofoliy a ofofi} oo olofo] 1 ofofo] oS-72_Anoverso Odd Numbered Exercises ty oy } x woo i fo oy on fo) jou oo on o pom » vo fa 10 n ay jon ow on oh oa an Thay atl + Wa]etapex '3>eai [eo op oye To dite iio ww =] ea) afslefyreforalery| +e [rel x00 ]29] ne 0 iff fo fafa polo fifo sfoafr fa fafa polo fof o ifofaf ofr fa | a fol o fof o a, = = ip Tel p Pal [ems TPT foley of +] fo ofofol i fifi} i fof iti 23.0.0=0-1=0;1-T= 1-0-0 [sor] ey] 9] oi] + 00 of 2, 7 SSea|e 27, a) Tre, a8 a tble of values can show) False; ake y= lz yforinstance —) Fake; ake x 1.2 =0, forinsance 29. By De Morgan's laws, the com plement of an expression i ik the dual except thatthe cor plement ofeach arable hasbeen taken. 3M. 16-38. Ife replace each by Fy T, Boolean sm by v, Boolean prod ety and” by (and by andy by otha the vaables look ike they represent propositions, andthe equals sign by the logical equvalene symbol then x¥'= 47 becomee ip Ag) = —py ~gand =) =F becomes Ap v4) = mpary. 38.By the domination, disebutve, and iden- iy ls, rv2=Gvx)Al=@va)AGVD (axa rvOrx, Similety, rAx=(ens)y QV@AN=arAGVA=arAl=x.37-Because Ov 1=1 and 0.1=0 by the identity and commutative ‘ns, it follows that = 1 Similar, because 1 0 =I and TAO=|itfollonstha T= 0. 38. Fist. noethatx 00. and v1 = foal, aseaneasly be proved. To prove the fist identy, itis suet to show that (xv 3) AF) and (x 9) 9) = O. By the associative, commatative, distributive, domination, and identiy laws, (ey) v A VEVEAMI=y VEY AG VI =) VA evn Vand (rv ig AUG AXVEAM=FA VGA y= FAGAN=T AY A= Td. ‘Thesecondidentiysprovedinasimilar way. 4. Using the hypotheses, Exercise 38, and the disbutive law it follows that r= rVO=xv (Evy) = (Va) vy=xvy=0. Sima = 00 prove tes Stent ote ht x AGA) BEEAR)AY 1. Sim iy) = 1.1. Use Execs $9 and ln the Sup. lementary Exercises in Chapter 8 and the definition of a complemented, distbued late to extablish the five pats of law inthe definition, Section 11.2 bat OF: OF Saya tort Spee yeeky tae try Ways taye+Tys OOO HTT? @xee7? Lwnit wage + wrye + Way + Way? + WERE + W Laysyte Dxtyt: Qxbytz Sy tye to + ye = Oifand only ify =0 for! 2eeseame This holds if and only if x, =0 when 9) andy) = Iwheny) =. Weade-ty te Bet) +2) bys Dity tome yeamtyt2) Olt yee ty tMetFeMerT+D Mery +, Whyte tytou ty DETTE HEDsn Bade xt +t OFF Ou+asIF \S [Rare n *r p= ER poe ——— oxy aa EATETNTETH 1.9 15) | GL | Gels) | GL | el) HUlelNGlavIMe IIE laI) oe DLT EETG 19) eles impose w repre Sent wing + and because the iso way gt eal ire pats Section LGtyF MPHEH Sty tee GHyeytesy+7) 1 fan raw *S14 Answers Odd Numbered Execs sn "SDA, . * Cieuie : 1 from |]? Cary ay nox k 1s za Cob9 implicants: xy, 293, x 9, 9, x9 98, 98 rime impli as ny, x,y ese prime implicants yx, 97 Answers Odd Numbered Exercises $-78 15.8) stu oa ay yt tt Tay Btls ats » se as sly sy Tas ay Baa Fa 1. The 3cube onthe sight corespondstows he 3-cabe given bythe top surface ofthe whole igure represents x; the cube sweaty the bck surface ofthe whole gure reqesens the Seubegiventy the right surfaces ofboth the land the right Seube represents In each ase, the opposite ce repre- ‘seats th complemented litera. The 2-cbe that epresents w2 Js the right face ofthe 3-cube onthe right the 2-ube hat represens is bottom rear the 2-ube that represents Vis font le. Bus, ae how a wos ay a ens) lane oE ae Ba mor by mye, EYE RATE, TE sy aa ss Tay Fay yt as vel] afa el | rye o sat aa ay rie rioS-76 Answers Odé Numbered Eseries ©) ut et a otk Tas Hs Sa Fas s7 vf [a [a afo 17.a)64 b)6 19.Rows | and ae considered aiacet. The pairs of columns considered adjacent are: columns | and 4 Land 12, Land 16,2 and 1,2 and 15,3 and 6,3 and 10,4 snd 8, and8, Sand 16, 6 and 15,7 and 10, 7 and 14,8 and 13, 9nd 12,1 and 14,13 and 16 Bat wy oe Oxtiyt BS. a)wxz wap t nye tw bagrew vay +e FF o) yet way + WET + wy by eiyt was twHe I. x(y +2) are looking ata line segment, labeled 0 atone end and 1 at ‘he other end. The only posible valu offs also I, aif the itera is-x, hem the subeube we have isthe Odimensinal subcube consisting ofthe endpoint beled I, an ifthe it eral is ¥, then the subeube we have i the dimensional subcube consisting of the endpoint labeled 0. Now assume that he statement i tue for n we must show that itis tue for n+ Lf the eral x5 (its complemen) is not pat ofthe product, then bythe inductive bpothesis, the peod- uct when viewed in the sting of variables corresponds to an (n~A).dimensional subeube ofthe n-dimensional cube, andthe Cartesian product ofthat subcube with the ine se. ‘ment 0,1] gies us a subcube one dimension higher in out ven (n+ Ipdimesional ebe, namely having dimension (r+ 1), a desired. On the oter han if the teal {oe its complement) spat ofthe product, then the product ofthe remaining F~ 1 literals corespond to subeube of dimension x (&~ 1) =(n-+1)— Ein the n-dimensional cube and that slice, at ether the Tend or the Oend inthe last variable, she dosed subube, Supplementary Exercises x= y e)Novalues 3.a)Yer" B)No No des 52" DF Fyne %q) = then (F + GX, 00.8) Fess 40)+ Gls) = 1 by the dominance lav Hence, FSF +G." "BI CEG)ay.-...¥0)= 1 then Fy ooo89) Glee eeuta)=1. Heme, FOR) I It follows that PGF.” 9, Because Fj.) = 1 implies that F(,....84) = I, is eflenve, Suppose that FSG and GF. Then Pls ooo%4)™= 1 if and only if Gltysoo44) = le This implies that F =G. Hence, ‘is antsymmetic. Suppose that F = G- cany = 21. x) +87 23. Suppose it wee with weights @ and b ‘hen here woud be areal number T such hat xa +6 T for (1,0) and (0,1), but with xa + yb = for (00) 30d (1) Hence,a > T,b>T,0 a > T, a contac: CHAPTER 12 Section 12.1 1.8) sentence > noun phrase intranive ver phrase ale adjective noun inranlve verb phrase > arile adjective noun intransitive yrb ter’ step). > th hay are as. Sean aon pre” are ver pene SS rtte adjective noun Intrale verb phrase tle sectve noun intranlve verb, aver. (ar dae) te eepy ore ans ue ‘Sentence > noun phrase tansive verb phrase oun phrase artle “noun transi ver phrase town phrase» arte noun tranite verb noun phrase» article noun "tansive yeh article oun» sts). the rte pases the hare 4 sentence > noun phrase transive verb phrase foun phrase article adjective noun. transite verb phrase_noun phrase article adjective noun tranive ver noun phrase = ate adjectve noun ramsne verb article adjective sou Safer tp) >the sleepy har pases th apy Anoers to O84 Numbered Exercises $77 3. The only way to get noun, suchas sortie athe ends to havea noun phrase at th end which an be achieved only via ‘he production sentence > moun phrase transitive yer phrase noun phrase. However, transitive verb phrase > transitive verb passes, and this sentence dos not sonia passes. S.a) 5.6 14. 10B->101A-> 10108 > 10101 b) Because ofthe productions in hs grammar, every 1 must be followed bya Dunlesitoceursattheend ofthe sting. e) All rngs consisting of 20 ra I followed by one or more repetitions fo 4 $9051 00811 0005111 + 000111 8a) So: 08 00S 0081-» 00S11->O0S111- 0051111» OLLI) S=»08-005 = 0014-00114 001114 + GOIN "11.5 505A 00SABAR-+00ABAR 00 AABB > OOIABB = OOLLBS -» 001128 - 001122 850,851,511 W)S 15,892 QSr0Al, A> 1A, AOA, Aa S04, AS UAA 1 1S) 005,554 S104, ASWAASA SAAS.» BBS,AB—> BA. BA» AB,S—>,A~»0,— 1 )S-» 06000000004, AS0AA-} | @)S>AS,S—> ABS, SA, AB BABA AB,A+0,8-> 1 S-» ABS,S > 2 AB > BABA» AB,A->0,B 1 g)S > ABS, STS UT > ATT > AU + BU.U > 8 AB BA,BA™ AB.A~>0,B-1 17.8) 05. S72 WSS AAS IAA gS 0005, S$) 19.4) Type2, not pe} b) Type} Type 0, rot ype 1 @) Type 2, not spe 36) Type 2, not pe 3 ‘Type O, not ype |g) Type 3h) Type O, not type ‘)Type2, not ype3 jp Type 2. notype 32 Let Sand be the stat symbols of G; and G, respectively. Let S be 2 ew stat symbol a) Add apd productions > Sy and S— Ss. D)AGE Sand production S— 5:5.) Add S and production § > hand $= S,6. 2a) senegce eu piers rb pra JIN. are sijecve ian itanstie er teary ee