You are on page 1of 14

, '

P6T£R LANG

N.ewYor'k' Wnshingt;_on,D,CJBaltimore • Bern Frarikfurt M1 Miiln •. Berlin • Bru~seh • Vienna' DXfi:;lrd

THE· HistoryOF Media AND Corrtmunlcarion Research

CONTESTED MEMORIES

Edited by

David W. Park & Jefferson Pooley

PETER LA~.G

Ne.w York' W(llihiri~On_, D:C;/Ba,IQmor'e>' S'Em 'Frankfi.lttl am M1I!in • Berlin • Br'i:)ssels • \I\¢nna" Oxford

Ljpi"i\,I"f'of Congrl}si5 Catalog.ng~il'l ... P;u6Iication D~aJ;ii

The history',Wriletilahlld.cOm):t:llltrkation r:eseam:h: (;ol1"esr:e~ membrii;c; I . ediEedbyDavid W,~!rl<;Jeffe!'Sg'n PQ"pil;-Y, ...

p, <;iJ1.

. ,ln~l,ude~'.bibliog"'phfel1l roiteT'e"rtl':.~;;al1,.a iB~$", .

I, MaS's meclia-Re)!?ar-cn-H,ist9!j': 'l. C~i11)'nUMi9\tiQll;....-.Re·.ear(d:i-Hi.i!tQry, I. Pad<, O~jd'\iV. IJ. Rbo'i e}! , Jefi'eiiRfl •.

P(,N,JHS73~2~4.0Z~.2;___drl,f' 2QQ7QS II ¥-O I~BN .978,.,,'1-43:.31·.024,0.10, {hwl'd~ove/) ISBN .n;s-0c82P4-8el~;'5\P;,!,p~rp<i;Gk)

~lbliqg__r:<IpHic :inf€lrt'f'la,ti'afl published by-Die Dellf$G.hii B,ibUothek., Die Deut;!t~he Biblli),the,I.<::lis:t.s~Ii1$,pu.blit.Q.!ipJl.ln tb:e'tl'eutschec N~\ron'al~ib\lqgrn!ie": ~j'ial)O!d'bibJ.i~g~aplllC data is:'a)!1l,ilablg

on fhe Ii1 (,e.rMt,llt'"\'j t~p:l/~,nb)ijd b';d,€./',

The p~per ib, thi!; book meets.the ~Id,e~p~. fpr pi,!,~man·eri.s:ea:Ad~\JFabilir;y of l:h~~O'InJ1littel! o~ PI19'8~Gtio,r:t Guicielif)es fbr BOlok: Longa\dt)'

of the COLlIl,dl ®f libji~}yRi:ifburl::eJ.

©'1oos: Peter La'~g:Puoli$liihg, Int" N~w Y~rk 29'·S,(da9way., ,I Bth:flO'e:r. New·York. NY Hi@i:#,. www,peTierlang~oom

All righ't1£"reserve.d"

Rep rint.or '~-,"producfJoR. eve~"pa'ttl~lly'{ Pn 'l,11 f9tmS~tlcth a.:s microfilm, ~~~~Rt .. ;mitl"qfl!l~e; mie~~,t.Land 0i'fsetsrrktly p'rQhibi~CI,

Pril1t,e'i:l 'I M the' United Stat!!.'; of Aro e r rca,

I' I

'$ij:ii(1\U1:(l!l;,spi4ilJ !;s,Slll1.l1.7.!lIti!S, I;ftJijAmorimp,_:,/katiem~4'I!iJ1iJii4t ;mJ 8~C;'grs.fii ... c~ 6S. (~~~)~

, .~~ ,.

n5~z.~\ ' ,.

~f~tid§Iln.,., _V~ieh~el. ""Why; 'CO:I)~'e.n)'l'btt' j~ Not i1'i~:Si;1:'ul of: PeifiP.t+P%yt (JrWkql $t"i1i~,i"'~~

'croJm,jJi'~ifDtJM 14;n;~; 4: (Dec~_ro!;ler~'9,9n297~~99.. m, "" , "'>~'_""",

S~m.oi'''9!l,.Ee\e,r. "lll.(rt>~l!cti(ifi'~ I~ ~Wi;ti\i" ~Rlii:il Ne~~fks" [lJl(;Lthefli$t9ij"oiM~'Cq@,m\lUi~;o'').~c , RgseuGh: ReAt\cl.il'(g B~rjlitJd r.,!fjI,l4li~'!,~p;ted, hy P,eter$i-ti.liJ,t\'SJ:'):i; ~p~i:5ru lhpJ". Anff4l:_,,7fjt

.A1'IJ!'r~c{l,f! AqnrU"'I!/,a_rPIJtirNIJ.! i1fiJj., Staltd ,s;~It:'110B (Np?l!fliher 20g~),6'-l4. .' _

StJ!I'ffiiers,)i,ml;!+I. "P'¢qlem1!l ,Re,:VIlil::i:!!iFus: C. Wli\gh1!"11'1Wl;,'Jind 'P:r,u! ~j$rcld:'l!l, ·~jjdltS~~~a

·t.;re\"j'0rkij. :ind the' HLW1it 'rJ:f Yla~d"R.~,,*~§bI)l:_)~~e\U:eh; itt*':i~lrtg B~"R~ill Jnl,I'II~!i:";'i' ,

IOdlt~d bl:" Peter ~irto~oq.";;Pi;cilll i,s,jJe', Y1'11'imli 9ft:ljtA,"!0Ti"t!'mA~a:kml ttl ' ... ",_:,-,",;,",".1"","''''>,'If'''lJ!l J(i~m:. 66s: (Ni7v"mber 2865h ~:i4.,

CHAPTER ELEVEN



Making Sense

OF Social Change:

Studying_Meclia AND Culture

IN 19605 Britain

W~n;lVe 'i\ thoPs:apll pwble~ to I~_sol"'W fu thl.':lco_untrw bUwUle'llSsemiill ol"!e'isthis: ·WIi."t;,\;;il).t! ,,1 Bri,l'll.In do "'fC 'l?'<!nrr Wh~t idmll ;JI~ w~g()il'lg' to set o.m.ruV:es, in mil tt~o~de.rlfi:g,:oJ,@cie%y!_'Vi1hii/t, ttu11\s:dQ ~%h01d, to be .6-df-evide.!lti?,

C\.!:~.re is ordinary: ch;it is w:b.e;:,1: ,.ye. must start .. , . The m>ikill~ ora sQrieo/ i, _~kllli 'fj,lltliii§;or-c.QlUrnon meanings and'-,din:utlofl.'l! and iits growth j~ an nctJ;1e gd:>:a:te:M.d. amendment under-the Btes!~re_s {Jr'e.>.l'el'i~m"e. (;MUaGt, >W1ddiS,il?YI>I;Y; .~titit1.l';~t:h'fuJ-~ Kcivtl51ntQ theland.

, In the tWGl,deg~de:s ifiil1QwmfN Wodi;! WU! Il, IMtiUn ~petleIi;ii:ed '~peciodof:p;tipable'-$Qii.lrl"cnmge th.a tfo-rcem an engageme nt on tl~e part <;iltjts!.t(')'i;.:'ia..!.is t irltel1e.ctuals with pnlJf9u:nQ politic:alqueS'itii;)fJ:~; Of!nfi"Ol;itif{.g-:a(l ,Up~>tpeGt~d wt:dd of c.arlsu.rt!'er enpitaii:sIti,,'fi t_el~,dveii :affiu:en'~ werklng,dass inside a nawwdfare state, and me

, ~en'a.5h(\'Jness sf the~ mn,ss l'Ilt:rlill, whiiJl·de.'j;ta:qilized- 9f1:S~ line's .l\trtb:,~1', rhey-.qlie-$'I tiolne;rl !;,geilliis.m!'lI'drtl;ire a\Il., ~i1ll'ili: shi1t:s 'lUldertnir(ea tr:aruti!Jnru Mftoast ,asslIDlp~ tion&.~bOllt the )oll0fkffig~eia~& as' th~,.::at8j,xs'c (or rO'V/iflgtipJ!:, 1JlO:ii.g$ide (f.1lpitaliSffi'); jrj~Jmbl~'i;1:~,pUli~. Lab;iDliItls B~'sJYii<lJ triU;1npn, fOf all iUllltihlty. atcompli<;Jted, had --;;'~~I:;:t:"V'1"rjE-"l stllgnatecI:; mIred in bvreauuany and a re!,r(':nch:e(f.fion.a~J'1!tis_ftl. i.~ the [M$ :o:f!!.n: ~'!II\Wi'!ri'I:r' ea,~'i.o.:~(1);' 'chilly C'0)d w~r,,;Q'p:e,nir\gthe-d0bx ftfa Toryre1;tU;rl under Ghurchill in

.tL2lt,:Q~t§fiil~'~~~~l;t%'¢7tJ9l!;iwtl't@!~~~$i~'W.w;h) Vi"iJ,~W~~ti~l&l1aW\1~~ ., ,~tr(vil:~41tmlitglt.P:\!l~~~i:att'iWlkt~l~J;;i!li~i'ij'~~'!fioJft-f1~~ w@\'J.ld®f)lg,ilJ,ce mm ,';;ltid

'3 ,cl.iitSPOF'Q' fffrt~ 'Would ol\l.rchnfi'p1h~ 1:'®t:iOfijiil'taitf& )'1 $fil~ J'D'1'hlt'!·rtt::~fj'l- '?l~Jlir_~~ll.pm to,,'Wllnt matef§t Bhe1r~lh~es-th~.:n,~MiFlytite l'~tli¢':$;~,'mp-h\1Y~~C-0rz9

ri.tfJ;i{" . rll~-n¥~l~ ~h'!!Ji:'i!'Ji., ~lgJ1JWg,<i4. ]~~.!!tt)~ RY' 'tlre. .}@f,a ~"1le''!I,r~}' 'Ql4>bflat¢~.t'~ltlfii:ri jrr~Iif.':Mt,lli~S';.&; '~~(q!'W#Fl"'V})'at"::"'ere cl~e~fbrEt'lS,ofp,!l'lll1si,~ _m·

{jft\'Jilil~\l'riJcr ~&BH~1.'o:ililili.6ft1t€ ~..to1kiJ~g :~Ut§~d \tile' -l;i'tliLl-RiIb;lie,g:¢;li~t~ ,~0YkHhfl!t rHhiliih~d Foo121di;(5'1l\ fci1ilitin8ymw:i1~,\}'~at1!)1il(;:$~~~~'?h:l;tl&I¢1'rJb~y

t;lUy---!s~~A~ja£#ly (;;~~~J1t,fP' n~gi~'i1..drtt\IFjix~t:j;rti1y.· ,d~~l!I$~lJeJ1('\v~l~tJ.;ne&tt(1~'

Y,ilh!Qub:tW):J, ,tl1fiilly l?"f~pre:i~Jtit~ w~ "ae:rJ;~,"~'S!p.em.\p,lt '~,la':w~t~li~l~:ti'M~, 'j 'S:u4i . i~mr~s~;,~ltru'1.t.e-B .~';~~-n.t hJ~",y 'ttf:t \V'ltlfl: \V~~- ~~,dtlin.g:IUl~Ij~es,of

'v.\l;l:'k~):e,:g~s:m~~ '~~'~0~~;!!)'B'Qli~ jnth<l'·.;'Qn~t'lM,i'l,jr J<!O'rll\5~ Yet a:di1lilil ~16ne(l , i~~'@:;~1,a~".:lJ~,W'M:~ in-S~IJL~rn;~ 'h~;;li;Ii:Thn:g;, ~rlbGai!ion,,;rif{l~i,cQ.l!I~~I't'"

'i:CM 'l!!fjil\~'UftJ~Jfe. .. t~~l: ~hi;t lia~ N~&n';l[nJi1Uji)e'8~wljl§:' J:!Vt',i2,,~ru~Wl4tiri;ID}- ,. tieI'11!,a~~'the;,~rt~;?El~Msj o.t )t:,.~~ffiW;1h.~~$.~s.:j~d:~l'!jq1lq&!.~,~~~ .. ·~~~~ p~~si

iel:t:~ '~!1: ~h;,4h,a' ht~-aa), hlll'Fl.'Il'L1tl 'e.tlhii~~p:r~vai1e~'.lt 'Iw.as;m0J;@!l;.' ,3. ~itltQ!y @fsotl;S , ,~}W~r?ttKG.:V;~'ll'l}$l\' J@!IiJjl~F- IP,"tIi'Wa1 E0 tbe!l~ FroJ.~t '',:;is., 'anl1.e:t);g~ititll\ ~%:"'F,h.

JQlf'a,t1¥lt¢~:f).f:j;¢:d5i\\'t:illt\li',tfw. '\'~fu':i;f$:~lJ.P~~'s'i'Il,P¢~~ with,~:~lgJmr~~-s.;.~;n:~':QG:n= ,;t.h@, ,&hal:tnih ~Ii~ jliGou\.I'S,.o:fth'e:m!f&,fu "'\f.hi"~~~~ epHG<lrn<:rli.:0:!Jli'

n;ad1Gtib}::, ... The: dir.(;am>oi:~. a ,eoIDp.lere 'tta.risf@rmau@R1'llN-sfuchil ~(afu:OO i:;¢.ffi~cl , to/.~Aif,;l.¢lf,~Sl;',l3:~i~i1~~~gci~~·'B;r :the' mIi:I-j 9':60i, hIDirerol}'s:.,,~t~~4~riii>m:,

'~m'-;~~~~~ , ,m€tIlit·S'M'4i& 'l1 ... e'u1Q;:I§i,)fitd~ti\(a;y) 1!$J;J,~!fcl.(1:#rQ;1AMby t't~i1]t(!.g:ee:eu{['1:s iJ&iS'bei-

'i1;lm,ul?Ft~1'lIls. rh thoMsbclal t~'Iiil'aiil ;u6miihlJ'tciI ll]l~(; l~(I1d't t1ifll%&$;):¥,Ik@ , ~(!i!;~iW'wJ;fh:.t1'l-~1PInoallh that (l;lrlll'e ,~t:o ba1u'LCwttfu'S Giililt\'lia;L slwilit-< Q\I,t ~MJl~;rn:'

;:{i;t~]rt,,~,.~~· 't9~:gi1i'FiS"~ ~J:1phiJn,n~pi_~-1G~6$. 'ThC\?y :r~f~~- ,~a:·t ,arty ,en~'t6~c~d,~-Pifer~lm'(miti1t1.l~1 a$: Vi;~l!:

'fil~'re,f.i)JtI'/s$tl.iili;R:Ditw.i!ifiJ:dn'j}.-'i,,>e"":to 'I~~~e tli~ p6hlr~ ~t£a~lfii~))i~.,;o;Ir '.',' " ~~ ~hait~T r<wJ~rts~Sirltai:tt iti'ome",eAtly 1~:6D'~'ff~"c~iiJt~}) s;!X~t$-ve~ty)1e!Y

tll1:'il«~#~,;th~ __ q1' <)t~~t~,wEl,\l,~ .tl$d'~~~<LinJeg.j;1mliiti~s (jjl~a'l: sorne rh'at' Jil:t~f t~~~w$l'I; tQ'x 11; ,1t!itl:J,~~~~~~ ~H!l.:e~sfr-'bo\ty :tJf'tiicd:ii',~~~t$:,

_p'il'B'lld _the~6'il'~~e~Ii i,t~ jI~±il&~~la:e~WM i(s.1lritd,. -o:ae~%ta,?f~@ tht;mle· b.y,fhe \~¥Os .. ]t-sintlj:nlli0flo.f$ iI\5'r lijj'ij,r~6b ;±,e~Q~jFe:tfj:~l~~.;det~1 al;i.o.u,~the :hi'&:,

t,l'i::lX . qq~t.!*~ ,~lID!$i in ~.\frhi(l~O~OWI .. at It-silj~$:1;i 1t ~s Pci'1,iri:es'l was-etu2ill1.Aiitill'E . ~iitl:cl ~~W.i;.t~:rL~ \~t_~~~JI.I',,?J;!.i:CP $§Wilal 'm~d~a l'eBe~ri4. efi~a\!'''''~i~~l~i

iail;b,lP!'t~~eli ~til!lll :'&'bJnM;atf]'Jr;~Qll1n¢¢tt(;).p}v~wb' ,:'tn:e "Th;1-'1}~\\p,~n~~ ',!r~Fewp',~~s, .. ;~ftil;:i'i last·hi ~der~' in ~-itihllte,tIWl&r¥Re)1oiP'ti~c:)r"¢lli~e~liiea~19' bett:I il!t'llhi.,

'ev@9~1i~J4.V\~ ill' <:j'lte in wJ._j_(1h poJl:t<ical 'oStmgtite;: iliIit&ve: I~fa).lH{ ;o.ut-w feF{1':ert:i'L}!,·;j,·'S,' ,,"" .,; Xii'~I~n 001.li:tl«e. m9~1:1i-U!!i)::sof0r-,;~~ J?ursuitsl\ but ,ais0'<tO i€v€al 'i1ie\!.dtii:!~i:Ii~1iY''¢:fJliiii.iJit@~s

itJ,~1:~Wtj:~>ip-Faf!;Y:'~1i,1)'il1a~~~$~~!fe1iftE~le:f~\(Ii]l.if, n:~l\':ftS7'¢WJI;s:!4o~ts+l.; "'vii vtlliW ili%:'e~t1iffna i~t,Qti'es m(($'g~~e;:di~I·~.'fr~r~~:lld~r~lh~Il;"£®:v(u",,irin.plifill~

_A'YO~lff~Ehi:att'~r;,M, p~el~Hy~li;aaua.·eB'.:frotrl,,@ba?oo'a e-l!i@ID g;j;_:·,f;¢,G~. .1Ii~1p1;1~· '~~\lUtt~1.:Q;ften Lper-patm1:b:; •. &\s.U1~{H$.rihW:-'~i~~:c~ ~W!~@'§I)

'l!i]l;d~yi~q'~!:l.it~p'J;i ,}h +-,O~'Qh" wh~!i: lW€;.t~Qk ¢:t~ '~~kn '0£ thp 14~;Z.iJ.r1l(fii'B.'If} I 't~}iity¥t}ftiilifli:l ~eI1J;J$:'~$l'{n~!';t1.ia"~'W¥~,; llt ~~t,\Dk,1f ~aarinC:si~on, }\p:d

TN!l:.R"ltvlt@~~ midl;. iIDti:i~~, 'iili!Lt!ool in. '19ifrtl; . , . 'Whl1~:-thei§:€tw~flliPPt:o:'ilchM, th3';'t~C1i~.e::to, be Jm~Yi':ri a~..t~i~i~~j:ldt_i;\t,ilj·S-,tqdies, 'l-ya.:s

(4'lh.1iI ~f(;J;j_~~vet jl~il!bl§wati'~ "fi~~ r;n,q~r ha~; b~G0~')).eJ I1flq:les£iO:h~blr ~!i JxtllutHtial pruAdj'glll iiI thinking <tb:oul tfu: ~J:auotiOc!:W.plr~.D~~~Ji iJ)!~.:dia~lJd"s'Qi;e1Y,' it ~SGe,:~y~U>l;j$;~'9.ti;ly~,!, efidAAs m1~ mdh·1}@·s tliltt . .&h:ap:ed=tt€~lP:rg:.~~~g a'tmedi2 re..st-a'r.cil.i'h··the law'p'b~~,):.-~at~., T~·,~!l'~R~tt"$.~~l1.§; to:,tdll the fllll€if stom;:~ \vh11fii~g;P~t:Jhg-m-a't tll-h,auo~,t; roo, is ri1.evjta~l~l~ l~~:t~ JY-r~Yi~v:.·

~ '-'. If.'f,!J:&,i;;'a; ~ '~Yln;gfiti'it:~"(i: t9;tlQ;jiPWi$;'_thH1;u:e!~~!we(1.qgfliti6.n:tIl*'~~' rmg;$~ l1i;et#~ ,wl!l& llGt~,rJ)~- a.w~timi1..te- f[j.eu:i;',d£,3.G~1tt tA~mry.~~,tlt;;)1~!\l ,a~ (!$~~1- 'flij, dnl!\ 'J!li·~'M\~.t~tr@~~.WQ0.ia W@llls~~~~_w,;r~gt~,~rr!l~' offb[m~,a'vim!j:~:f~r .:q,Jee.l$a sitI'<:Q\C%;m :B~ittfu.J. in the d:eEade fi;;,oome/~tiimate~~~~,1ih~it-J:-s,~:t- p'fques-." iiio-ll's that 'hi.~,Qlflf~' a_1 W\'lt::fij pt~~fW~1Pw'g~lii;p:h'JW C~1!l. the: tblg'.~fW'i;li~:re lS& ~ger~t,l!il()diu' thG)qp.est fCl'r'a~mm:e-'t,V;wz:Id:?.-M@;' ean 1{b·.¢;if18l.1'MP~P in tb:ese;,:\ii£e~, .pf~~]j;'~"gQ"'H Hi;t,w~'\tttJU~~ttri\l ~~) 2t--iOO heaff",rus'ti QeROJ1'1:i~$l~F~P.ti~el~' :S;l.l~k gue:stieilswei~i'l0J new lh .1'9'5.0:, 'htiwt'V~ tli~I%>}"~' b~l1pC1'G0'1ak i~~t·¥e~.$ .1E: ~.d,liJt#\tca:M_o,~r·11;isl:d~ ,die' WoikeFs. Eidutatkn:'i ~§"~~cl::l.dQli!?a';iJ!.~ li!¢liruml1nl~Hru:die'~ t'irtJtrlj]j'j-S'irr-W'ht.Cli Rlli;ha,rd'·H9~rt ... J'~ym0;t1ti Wil1iill11S,-Ml:'& J~$ H;all'g:ra!I,w'lw:,M.q~ b,eeome<:lnfiue<rrti:al i~@' fiJ, B;~:rij;i1h :'r;h:f!l,it>J,"'~S!i}~,.

We: are ~,q~xin~~+-rlj;'itli-li9litia~i' ,~~)ii~,Q"..,~t'~Q.-'ri'@j\~i;!:J .. ~#s;_l;imt' ~;,:n~iPJ:l' §(U§i!;'Q{ 11l1-\'!1tl;~ ·~W~g~HI,':jJ1 fr!iP jiav!xtryJil'£d.:,_qM,~lil~~"r~_gml_ {el! :l;lJt ~~ijf,3'bi!m ~i.'rl Mi'Q~I£!jl;}~s,~jiil}l~w.rg:PffQ}1~'~1irJ.iim,,4.lilr. :nt:f,~$!',J:Jr:Wf~~ ~:~;$.~#l1l'lim;; 'i9A£<il:!1 ~i ih.~(i01.$ai&Q11s, £,61" 1tg;e'iiwg~j _~{11;:)l'~~i~1l5~rt\lo.lid~nt1ij,&.'tdI:e de,l,d:lQP~€:d.ii:i.,®'~-aIW .Qti!~tiim.&.$·"wtlJ isiin e.;;~~jti!);nQ~pg;U'ti!ra1, "" Th.Q pUL,Eo.st ('.;f.dlio.mSio,~ me,.emem~ ode¢.(1-:tl}ii\j:_Ihll1:,i;Ii;'ii\rLR{~; :PQtJI1i"Mtowi;Ntl;,jl!

'$ume"merusit wfLz,.we;".J;1'} kwrfn)~''lI~'wiiJ::dhel'imes, 'fh.!,!$e'a:~ec?tly',:htej,;'t()i1lito. Ui;e Ima&i~"-tlVHI:l&i!itall~'~S dfr~p1e~to:,b,*€ wi With c;a,e;itiilJ,w '; :\'."J}je; ~'orri:tl'Q'ii.i'5W . ;~4o meetp!l'C~Jle. 'when'! the}' !If&, whese they lUe',(0udlhli Mtt~l'I1,m(\V:~i 1'rn!tui!ed,· nij;tlseat~~ ~endgp;cli:;~ollt~nt-,amr!'at tbec:slww6fnlej U>":SW~' th~<iiocl~t~ .mfwe"" ~EItsptJ1;':'~~isl;;i'tS;{!)?fth~ ,tlm<W*-illl'a- w'W~<f<l"wlllclt v"lldi'lle:.'"

'·W1;~;r,~ .. ~~"'P~Pilll§I ()~Q'were:~"'9::fc,o,!~;. )'l!l'!l'wafM'ing< tde-v1smn, §q~gaS' m~ ,,~ ,~~'t~sftnin~'OP P:{fp't1l!)'i';mtl~ft}.gff.ii&l$IgOiQ.it~-~~lterp~¥¢'l\hfl;C~~,,_ ,m~'t~h- 1~i) lJlre~!l; and 'OOnHllHij~~ 2,.ll"e¥,~r greate:r. S\~ee 0f~bll!d'3:bJe ,Rr0~-utlts:'pus:]:fedib:y, G;l:l'l.~litit'er.~ ibi aleQttl1¥t~~'z~Ji 11l~~h(lib.,RQ~;rt),1S1kt~~~ ~(rti,1ligfn:t.tlQl",$' be',

, ,

• __ I

fi,g,ated ptb'rnin:~n;tlylE:., 1. ThompsiJ'J't W~~,i",ilh!Q d,e¢:pty i.n¥~lve~bngrQ:uh .¢tl.lJQ'a,tielil~' al~d ""hil.;, :he was ,never dlrec;t1y involved in ,medlir"stu.ruei>; 'his enOflnotL>l' p~t}~ '~nge~n" thg ,New·L .. \!~, aqd fli~ id;ea~. 'J!~~oJJ-t t4e:J;~l~ti,QiliI~hip eet;1N,lf{l.u (lultuJ:Q<ai\1;i. _p<fh'fel"--spee-i£GalJy the role- df illitftam:'\gei'lcy and lheim~!llrt'!ln6e of the imagjt_ " tJ,awn in tni:Kittg a bett~t'WOi[:l@-""'€fuJdcQnttiOu£e :<;iw;»ppantly to' _new W3,}!s::~&"' tfufi.king ,(01)1:1;1:.l1'I:e -'irt~lpilm"e-:nt:Sof ffi'llSS', commli:!1ieadQn '(0 ]1~sBrejn'l'ltiS;tv ' s:aci~.ty.' Usirig\ :1l!1CQ~'Vl;n~Oll':i.l ,[l1;e~~bds, ~ei~ign 'W'- the a£ad'errucflst[J,bIl,Eru.11);i;,-q~i thes e Iroto,ts: "Votkt~giD,tl~siOe_ the, ¢,du~ati(j_nal .e stabi_liS'l\.rn,!iFH wer~ tellftitt_~l the )'; tl1d~ ofcultural p:roduet> to the wi:ijer world in "",);deh 1ih(lf were-;pmduc-ed,ailld Q;l1e:01JtJ,~, tl)I,e~i", a neml~~ ~c~d£ makilig:,ili~ir :ClltLr${!S _rel~v:ant _ t@'!tli:i:: 'e;xperlen.G'es .Qtili~, ~ adult p~ils whom the..Y seruefi. It ~ms a, 'rsfiitt of £eFSp;e~tivce about the ~eachifl:g, GfntS':'!1l~t lft~.r:atw"i!':ap.c1 th~~f, re~t:i~n.to histQry' aliq, ,tonte~p9_rjlty s:oeieu' b~lftJ Efecg;an tll:c}\-G:irlt Edliiilalfi'<'ln,<' atilB'srding to :\iVilli:Ws-\5 I '

. :'tQTi-e~j hnwevo:;'r:.: :G,1,l!fSQty h~s:tb;r;h::s";:dfB-riti~h t;necliu. ~tq__dle-§ subswn~ :~{I;;b)j , fleia :r€S~Gh 'll'nti'eL th'ei1ltltw:~u stlJ-l1ii:i"s Uitlh"rlilli ~ilille' sim;uLta.rl.e"Ot.Ltlypfae, i:Jlg c_ultw.-d _S:tp.d~'IO's' ,gel'lysis,!Pi _U tr_Qj~ pr'~,W),_d"iflg- t~s. ';T rad'i tionaL~~ incllJd~,~ ~e $crrard E<lo~<\tt~ 'Fife Vii"! iJfLiRt«cy ft-95'l),Rra*'mp.titd. 'Wi;J1~"m~~!; :'G!,Iltu~4· {!.tlJSocielY\r~S~~,;mcl E:. P. Thompson's Th~ M(jffl_j'ng.olt~(!.'English-WOrk'ing Glws· C1,~6~-, :which tena.ro he l\1mp~Q,:-tQ'gl'ltl1« a'$ th~ .itJ:ithu"~tu:.ei11isf' ~Jtlttfd, ~ opp-osecioo tlie~iitwttt.1J'ali:'St"Sl(rand of-culturaletudies that would ~nrerge. in th"e, t9/l~~, uncl&r 'the l:'nflue.n!;¢ "of'.c.ontin-l;ntaltftebt],', );,}j-e., htt€r queSti'ffcit.t'g w~'1lt;wet~ . by tH-tlll re~ttied ifs tQo-si:mplis tic n0ii,0ri~ of in,diVitUual ,«~en~y lo.iliec:ril:iti0Jl"IOl{ @u1:tpra'j, f6:(ms- 'md'-'pxu~tie~s: 1 Whilec;mu:lnuitie_s be!;W<;Q-fi the: t\ar:.ee ~ru«sc;rre ofte:p slt:e.5S~:Ii!; few aetti0ht:i abfuel' ~Q, track thy .substantial ·d];lle':tgeJi.c'e:E b~tW.e¢o beliefs and approaches of British media studies ploneers arid the respective mtc let~1L:circles rher~~llbited, tl~ffe;fene,QSl :t.1j;a;t \'Ile'~ 'Ui l'n~y ;c~,<;li at "~i&l:ifi;qantJ$ e6mmon, threads. ThompSON, fnr Insranee, would never have alig:ned,birn'sel.fw~~h " -1tcu~t\lr;d, smdi\ls,,'; actbt¢ll:I'I'g~t~_ hi's Wl~9'1~) DotlJthy 1'h'OmpsIPl'l} nlj)r 'GO~~i~et~~ bitriself_:___'a socialist bjdori:a:li-------an i:m:p.orn.6't",figul'e'in the . studt of mass c:Q:rr1- municarlon. j-iJthoug~' he:didc~ntripuit¢grD,:un.dbfealring i:nt.ell.ectuill. wQrk to dn - re:frh:irtkit1g of "cul1'iJf!'i~ ,):0 mld-twe.atl:e;tb -eentury B:ri~ait'J:, M: Wl!~hi. vli0a1.\;;titii if '\:VU4iU'1l's and 0th~r N~w'Lii;£'t·pee-cs' wto"eam~':rfl be-:a'ftlliated with culrusal S'rua~ i~$,. te,gatciiFrgtbe'ii w(l~.dt"a,s·lack-ing ·s__uffiiiie.!ie ree.<-lgniti:ell '0X b:i;st'(fr-tGartigt:My-'~n::a _poYI'er f~lu.tioI1s inhe.r,i:ngln actua!1mmllIl boings Kfld'th~irdecisions.lI

The tliln-d;~rtc;y f~'placg: Qf_;_gin~,ip' sil:rWfial t~,~_~ hide:$ o-thll-t q~\tcl9P-:ue'll-J;~ integrai'ie the insii:rntiQ milizanon of medi'l.studies in 'Brltmi1. FQr.exa~ple" a holi£. Qf,gove-1'nmer:rt,:al in<4~ie_s in th~ !.ltoy 1 '9:tOs'FrQ;9id~d :1,-n impe:p;,u; and: f_llfiding~' more fi1ethltdiChl-an:i1ysis oHhemass media-llargdy employing em:piriChl :m~ethoclli' r~~,l\trw~i1:lu'n: .th¢i:~'oybtl ~ci~'tl.e'~s g.rounded in!l behavib.cii;t piar1ld~.Medi'q.te5ea:r~h, 1¥~~. ,aJ;sb I1cwrhng Mth:it:t' sociology, often GOI1ei!trted :willi rhe.efi'ects,ef televislD'fl '

an;d iggetp'(>raM~ )j,~l ins.citutit)'Q-;U fotui>-, B1"eaking g{,0~.md' for R.ppw-acn;es, ,t~a_t' :'lVbuld l:ater c~al:escear0Hnd po1it1cal~e1!lI1@1f1:W Bo:.ye,,'~:r, th~, <impnaSls ia many h.ist~i!ls of Ifrlei~:Q medi~ re~e(L(th, is on' eOll'tinuities }i,nd. breaks within Jiter~ ·st\;l.diesiund,et the 'Ilr1I'brclla IDfwhich cultural stRciiee Ipjri<ll1y l;:1j'j,tfg~S. 'Wmle'1iliis _ ehap ter ,men;cp,tS' to r:(l:1p i]; more'tbo1"tiLtgh plcttin;: bfBriflsn media ~oooorah 111 the

19· ,;:,.., 'I Iv <Ii ", •• t,.., I''': .. ".,,~-~I ' ~\;.t- ~'!l . 'Tt..· ~

','PV~;,~ ea.!'""" l" .. E"'-lno;:1.n_g: CULL,,,--,,e was CI'mU'''-l. tQ UJ_~ {]I!'<l;lia:u ·en~(r;lt. .l~t~ l.o¢U.'S,

was the ffiQtiV'aliag. f9DGebeh$dth¢::'~Jne:tg:l:ng BtiJ;dy i!Jf tIre meHla and the grow-

io:g-ilistl;~ronall'tatipn:of ;s:uthpriaGtlee-s wit!liD the aO\lden;UC realm, ..

Although the term "culturll1$tudt~i" cam~' to pe~:$;ppli,z;db¥ ~bSeNleIS to theo k11"licl of 'i'!;Ql"k 1;'V:illlams :Was dumg; at 'Camb1"idge on fum,~ fi&:F:ex;"aIJil:gle, ~e:r 1l:~ :lGEeplf,fi:hul internal REIst th~re in 19,6,9,i;r;s PSt!>)'· H.~gg.ail't WlJ.~'4elib.e'b~are1y ch:osert A ;yea.Ji _afte-r 1:h'~ ~thgt>j_,,"stht' l'ee.eJ(l'ti'eEin for T'he us'es.1fLNm:ae;y; Hqggart was &ffe~d a E.Qst rt$CEeh~El:r L'ffefurer in Eng-fish at the\I'niVll:tJiit'Y:(j!_Lili$~'s'l;e;x:",Wt.e h,eJj,egau teadiing inJ95S1 . .As ,f[R, ex:t':r!UPil:lril t);ftsr hlS itiicial hue 'WfiS a long shot, y~t the ~'lJ:f.!tfd:9Iif~iiG..oess'(lf;:the book pFoveQ decisive. Estahll$_hed I1Q\V";in~itte a"1pJli~,~r,5i,n~ Ho~rt "was off'er-ed R I)l:Q'ie.sSN'sltiP>:1t ]4min~Il~m j~r ~ighteen months l-at';~ -whi\,;;q; 111: \lcct:ple.d pd(.:!;i_u$e 'cll:Ey~gi!eed EO'let him set up a 8g:s!;gt~tit1aq::,re~eareh. tenter tcr continue.;the::kind·ef work 1,e' h'R!ibe~}ltloing-i\I;itll The TJie;, qfBI¢if'Fth7v. In 1§164, B.~_;eg-;tb:li~hed_.;dle; Cef,tti;e fur(;;0n:~rnp'Qrarx eUltural $tud.ies, (Cr::_CS)" th\'.!S namins- \ro:d instittltlQ!l:llill'Zing. the pr-.ac#ceof',tulttrfai. SN01'eS F~r rh~ fia::sJ fim~

" in ,fill}! offtQaI ~n~. Blilggart'itnp4ts: thar dre resp0!JS'e bx his depm;arHl11[ w-as., .-t,u~~w:aon'Y¢'t,dff~ctill;y iSUI2worriv«.lO Yet Hall !~m_ell).pe:(jl rufl;l sl1yingct'b:at.t1rei,df:k, , was. filet widl"dis:b_euefan,p q.lSnjay. HaY1:ng·'\!PPQ~Ql€.d h1tQ., they-'oo.L11dn'.t -say he

'co1.11dr,J.'t ~Q: if; but tb:eY'tertJrinlyuidsitjt'b:ey weren't gomg;:tQ gjveb,!Ol!lny" J,l1:~ney wirh \vhich to do 'It"!! That was enough to p<;_:r;~,u'bdeB(Jggarr ro,take the ~pb. The <cl:~~ail$( w,(i)'&ddb,~"l'>Ctecl oi:l:t1~!ter, ~He1te lit the l~'i]:eJi,and-mot~ <l8:taDlis.necl·"~(jb-_fick" :UnJve1'Sity~ Ho~galt bil.!ifwed there VIaS: a ~anc-e ~w put his fl~vt ptqjett en ,thetr\~p. ~~ would,b;aw@vf4; _[~1\l.ajn\it ti'J'?' 1l1Iitr~~~;6f fh<1tmap for a long"l,vhile.

HoggMJ wa~ c0:illp€l1ea- tEl understand t.he llig_rlific<J,Qt~ ~dJ1(}nsequener;!$ :of the cha'Il;g~ at:re~g,sq,cial $.lj_dC!i:lQ.U'llllifecnl' B'rif3ln, many of whithhe dld n6'[';t:.{:~_ard PQ,S.ltive,{Yi_p~rricu1arlrthe.conl.merd::ahm that .l:J,_ll:d come tq pi:![''\\atl~ cul~al2mduction and the dl'ltn:p_-i~h -of PVbJ!t:¢{l:xnmutUtatiOl1. In a :];961 essay '(,)I~'~Ch~l1¥es in WOJ;ki:ng'-Cl(;'fs Li£e;Nll he at~empteJ' to, 'c-rrtai@_gJ.!_e', ~the u-~sfotmations he was oberv.ing, aad th.e de!l.pe;tqU'~_!itibnQ th~ J:ais,ed. VVlia~d<lind of tcli1!iposhlW with neigJ:t:bqys; dtfe;tl orie hav.e in all irn_eIllS'Qllal ;suburb-an .hQusing est'J:re;. for exantpld And wbat is. to hec?,l11e b'[-.(ltpsll~knit exj:encLed tamili'¢.s itfid; thtS':J±lp_l)irt l'i;et\o/9Tk 'tPe)~ ~otJ~:\ib;l-te When relatives no Iongerlh® around thW' t~{ll:e'f in the ]'1ext; s:treet~"\i\That dqes; "fwnij~" me'lil..tlJ. a :soc;,i:ei1 Iv wl!1)di tlew geog<t(1:p~ic $.Qbilizy is _se:en as t,l:r~ 'titk~~ 'to: 'gwater i0t1al tneoilit),r And how is., 'loliclailiiywong workers being resrmctl.rred,olt'S olp, larri'ilinr p'ittem~ of ",'~r~g:

l;1a:rAy- ~ ~9J~)~; the,n:; ate E~\'V€'f' d1i:l?efeht 'obw~p.a.ttetS: piiQt$'$r_4 tl'i.liJ.l lih€(e w:e'Ef§ -tw,MtlXl:e;;li;s-p,-,(J~:. S<i;!;i"h- a;.~itqflti-,!J1,{s- OiJ-g~[Jl!0~lw.b-l~tOll t~:e 'Gvm~0fth$ t:f!'!t,'1g·_ ""p:iMP:e~s chat ~0i]llal.i'q"wh:i:le :lu,~, 'J1#o't'e' (i;MG:~ni!t'\tjjj!::il t'ij1U3kM~ap:\.l.pf'r~",~pell~ _~-Jiia,v~tis-~ ,as wfiit l,ih~:SW'Q'~''koWJi\~_''fl i'i#'!Jg;~phenOl'l'lel,,,jjn -l~;:a.;e~ifQtj irr' q{h'CJ; 'l11@.dia, fucludiqg,11@F-111\lsi~ !mG.' tj1¥l~~iSi(l:rl P~~1Bi~tt~, ~b-e_dd'ed:1o,:Sjlw ftmW~rri!l:'s,Jl~'~~:%t!jj i51M,-j,m,~J-tcd:t ,d1Sd!i[~r die' ,~,Ql!l$;i\~trlla~;;\a B,~rc~piinQ. 0fdtlll::,,;1~1~1'@~ a%'fQ6,is:ti't\!i;'!I;n'r-~;li,'t@d~'tl~M.D;g;~i'ti~§)l:~zy/tDbe.:lj:I!i1:_¢ f¢ :1pll1'r:«$i:[rcf'~i"et~~W OJ W;~~roGaci\(e;-o.t;( hiillt'!rtgj;[J.~ lll'llwlJiJJa-l;Ii: ~~;,a~InI!'ts

"';O~~t~~~fu:ex~ri-d'''i~~ Q~ni~~~~rt~!i'itlJ1$lt~Q~., " , ,-

I\-',~5S' @@JTI:l1l~catlG,jim iaFe, iide11'~lfi'ed as rn.reF! 'mOIe "tfuru.ljllle·;p1tsfil;ri~._'F~" -~ ~, " II ,Atr",'t@ j~&~~~ ,~1~0.:g-ga;tt~5'<1'/:"gend~aAd that 0'1' ill:l:@ wlkI~t F~~.( L't:f,s- ~",as;;a

~,~--.",""k",--""""~;fl,, .". L· .~1c r' .:';i; ,~1: j~. !, '~'; .. if '~l' ;I~ ~,,;,l ,:of "]- ,,'I..;;:'---""<-!"-':a1

. fl)~',)1u,i:'i';Ii"~8}"",{','-~n:r j1iliIt¢:s;:fl.(a;t~i1\r¢ ,iJ~ plh'g ~t)J~A~''t9~~$.e.~:t~%'W~~1.~·ll",e: -ll;iissi6.n.\-Ii0"lHitrlilih'¢"au:bt~¢:ti;;"''i)'/~i-q!'P~:t11f l'1~~'F!JjP a,~ 1'Q 'Ii<!i\'Ji .Op', ~rf;§.ll~.!,(-;,

,iWfth" th~fr Ine-.w wo!',ld'>a'tla Mi" s_£p:6xtUhitiM.= 0ilf.lo6ib!t¥tirli.:'tltW truat1/fQlaal- ,,£4p:})U!i~~ ~u~thf}m t;'~r;~Sf-st lihliHg-ldi'O,rn;~a-ngis~i!et~g~od;\i~LJll'i;,Jl.:Sp-llci\lI\f'

!tl~(tj~)W§ I -p:~op:le;::ri'#t[l M~g~~'~~51ttm;-~lt$,@:' ~11Me-~q@~'l't9 .heIR then]:' .;irg; 'l",e~etu-1ittil ~ t;b)ji .(ti;a~ 'm~i\;o,,:O[j:e4(ll£%' :~ffi~~B;d 'tI~arlil!~OOp'mlfJ_~~if!i'$:

,B~fu1e7i.:.tIt,w,-~?,le0l1if.l HiIT~t ~Ohiehils¥as, ilie--~deiiillll!in ~prff;Qo_tI~'jll~:{kt.\1~~tFi.-~'a;0;~ !riI4'li~~r'fbJ,,;Q'th~I'~~ adult (!:duM1-j'entntQl$~anl1·:fi!'1it..~t Ir¢h~i~fa lm~g nne' 'of:

~i'fu~}.tit¥'t~~i~i*Nll'§:3,g(lm--'e'J]J. tl.!!>iS''NJLWQ:.{~b\l:~w.~fa~iy,. thtfu. sllscrtpti~ , Eh:~l1%lR~~Q*,:e$"i~r~tr:g~iXi:J~}\I,\~tiff.na'SL~'Ni;(al 'mean!' o~Hb'etll:t;1;ujt_w.~plJi;ii'~m~

Dilitjrt~'S'Qp1S:rifitt~ti lli:~w~Qd~§ Q:f~Rl~Jt;atmfl~:b'd1:e s,~iW"~:ltqm~Mi~i!", .~f$S' th$r:~strlaifl ,~~LOiril:luI'ft;9;'W~i~~. ;Q~ri~WJ$,qg'S~J It\i~ -00:t ~rGi'jh;U'i~"

~,i1i\tJ, ~o/:p:ll~h:, m&r-es,\~:tlia$#,\:.J::U ~~w i~~t:i~lilJl;~~!S-W*,~''-@spe~~.y popula-r .ci.llttrr~tit1\;t~ll:-~ hEe!}': t'tGJipee:. wiig~M, moo$ullM~" itrffi'l:ri1!Wl ~~,~~d¢~~PJl rn'll,~i '~S.:&i@Y.t1;(~! ~~t~"'~p;!l' ,jl~V~{!j:d~1t):diUi~d;(l ijl,[gi!riwltt1Olll:,.SW( l'a:Ol':wel':C:li,6'tl¥;'~d1tll'ip:_).-nJ~~;~swilles., "~,,t[1:l6iiil ittIfutelie~/h!1l\\V:i'it;;tr,~s ~~~. it·,t~$j'Qs:,"a; l1l;}n~b&' of -k~a\l'_';:~%: ltt:it,§ WW·p:,¢p~·it¢ ;to:; 'e'lHbra."etfif:,pIDptJ1ar -in: -&~dMtQ l't:i~~~i:~rl;l'l.¢l:t~'!:5' "'[l4~hitl" ~t. 'rb~, ,wOJJ:M D¢c-fhll t4$;~~"$j!i: 'Qtw;ttttt::J!i.'!l&t ~~jnlIlimingl~am.--i ,'tiS -.;v~i -iJ,s--'tll ,911)£1 'f1i'QAA~i'l1g \'eI)tut(;:-s; -in,"m~:ll <stmli~~ bl;~g,_rla~_pe:f!l!;~,~t f0-l1Fi:illn$ pl

-tl'i:fl,~b!j{et-£iJt.lll.6!}, -

The' e.---t1'l Jot:' ffi(i)~e$~;gtmafit; $1lJ.ld1fb£;'li~e;m~Ja" ooP!J:~j1y tefu.ll~amjwa~ ~rQ\'{ill:~., ~y- 1:9,60, tltf~vGjqt) h~ cl'''bemin~- gflxtl~~e ~·~;~0rl~}" jrimlllfl:'1it-e, ;w.a !m"arl-Y p€:op't~ c~l1li!.etl a'~111e -~-i_1i.i abn~i'''WJ''f\h.1ip;e_ i!\w;J;-e:l!W.t(lh>I'tl~f %"'t'P:i,'Q~ i~t(fi8 ;fh~ .cb~'tci3j_h, fitp..med In_,d~ndeRt\[{dcim~(}tl"MeliWOJ:lt:~lTV) ,ar~th(;e'di~ 1<:tr~5 -a~ -ii·'~Q~p~rli~;>rO·"'t1J1 "aBC l~spf}l1l¢rtit'wne;;:~ ;.'er· .; ab~ni!!1 't{;i':·~:D~~ "P'f~ii;~ C_W,~»,WI1f'l;tli"9"IDIti1\ ,vJider than: eier;'Q-efdt'&.,,-lt>'W@;'i;Y¢\tj~'!: a &w te:tl~:.,t,::r_til'i'It€ittte~ ina fu:t'f~~1ng:l;Ii:'tI':_U~t\~'!W11i1l 'WN~:W'~f$f;:-st;,:d In t11.e~~~"i!'Jj~ld~a by tv and; ri'tW~!1"dul,,~[)am 'f6rmi"offl·(\1p.u1.-a~ m4:.iMa,·1tJ!iIi:t1~l'1$! ~o! SO,i1\gj};t-~ eof;nel't&;~~'S:""ttli'iijj~~wpw~u!--~-~ -Q'f'q~F~ic-{f.tl:on_s.

"'\'lI:r~m the B-B:[:\''30~.b?.r~e:f~lm- "-1P ~'1ii~-f¢j1¢;~ i),Q:P: p~l1_J_1f -'{<lora t!1Jid ''(i.b:;I!,l'r;:;

,Ii:f:;Lh~ t~e ~-a4;i)}-Fji:f,ijiUtl'eid~ ~Q~ntd '? RQ~ 'Commlssfd11 Qn'ilig%-~e,Glliti;j];';~: t_9.~O,t~ Ul:t tl.'m"d),ree,t.j~h,Jo:r thiWfuttut~, tl!\,e:c~~~e J!f;l::¢tr~ode± me J~MsJ.i;j,1f; :6lftycWst.fi}111S<t_~lFl-:rallrV' F'j~Qgj;tl;1~" ~d:-Ho$Stlift was s: jji1ii~ki.~t, nli1,~~f has' be{Ml ert;-dl.wd ,Jo:r \Ql:5p'a'rlLg-e&j ~1;J1dl:n:~uqJJill :¢:n:~~~ ~5:f,tt'@£ ,;i'-e\~c) ~y!;!h~ ~llr. (f,TI:d'*tt~- ~lf~ fif dle~~aJ~EQf\t',)~lucP' ~Fh.i>1cit tJiian~.'f)A~1 J\!1jl\i}~~~ ,S~f';ice ,p~m~, iiples, -seen by 't-®-lij_e .. all_J@.p,_,~~t,~!'Wlilleqii'4C'~'g ~<; t~detlt¥ in inj;l~p-il<i;r.dF~

rd@.tt~)'j;€hip;.s'ltt~J¢";{t y;·fil,Jfl'f ml$i¢ §$·l1!Jii~,e·l~~~i~~~ '¥¢t~s:wfially;'1~~ni€;}l>wd;'~' ~<l:p,pt:0a:oh-2s-'tf) _rn-a'lJ_sti,falmaOlageme:ltf'-?'''~'V;''fJteGha_flg~~~'rft:t}a:5e\'i Ht'g.p,t fufgw.!td;

'\~t.Jii~'oifi_>;l'e:t'iflj£~ -ll;,~,t('>_-.."t~'~f-1lit 'J\;1!i"",- b,~l~!' " . '.

." 'M:-:J+ "',. H, _, ®_N ,-,. ",--,,,.,,,,1 >

1 ij. _il~W-Ui)lIiXlitti. :Pi\9c1'~W~~'hJ~w~"gr",g~';~i'k!'1;all;q~;P'n!~A)W;~tr!!lci~~ ili;ffit:P)ti",I,f.i1l.~:jI,i ,'!tgr:-iJ,'iiY qtJ;iI'!) ~ pr~i'¢,~.!'%,,!l.~.d'jifr;l:zy ,4l,i\$~fJ?.m. Qf ,~e ,;,ro~p, f;fffl~~~m':,6_fd~il!im~,,;p-lit:Uftd.,wnS:6i;\11. jj]"*lditarl'liel>hl:6ns,~'~~ 1.\fi;];·tefj1

"tf'" r' . . ~~ ...... "" .... ~I. ~..,..,~ .1,;{ ",.... ~~ ,~.--- ;;..-<~ 0,.>;-.,., ~oIt '''':;_"-n~

WW~ilfui}::¢).iWellJ\l\ itiy Li~cil'~bi',I:--J,~'~ii{frqle, :l\~~IN'#::tif»'J1i!l;j~(l1l'fJi_qt;l'io;~:iJi ~on$1y:'Dti~.,b:m-1$"ilii\~~iQffi;l~

The~~~n"ihe,~s(;·k~ me~lB--dd"erilis~r",':tl';eir ,m&'t&aIJd'1WEY\lil'mr,,,t-eie'/,,,

6 ""II: ..'. ,. I

ilmm f:$;~e'rt';ollii,i<;~,. ,mFipg-,wlUjItrilS'~llro (1F.m:tin~-aJ:I{5m~' trf>a ne-w !'>lay oiPJire

"i¥ll.tcli:_tt~1fI.Gt-~'~pqg;~{), tli-'!; ajd:t;1~~d~o'e-diW&1!!I)r-Qlfhll':p~~,4~ttQb-~.n~ ,~ocia1w '

tilfj;¥flriidJE 4~'r:~ 1tLml' 1{fR_m\'\l~l!itC' . _lti~tefli,f~ at!£! II-.-"e'mlr/,s-uspectta'e S0r't

!;lI;!l!f,jbf1 ~f9Jifi~.l?'lit"i\"!l'~-i''Sjj--il~ '4;. th~(I~!;~j!'?l1P,\il"U!>I4h~.:ilte'>Iljl_rillg

\R'!o!lil\);\'kffl~'.®lIilin_bR>;P~r~d'!l!~"ll),):I,a.i~otl~ 'Wi1li,l.qa.:1ll'afll J1;t.tWsp._tl!!!,~'il' .

-YeJ EtQgJi~f~ttci1al(@,}h'~~:i:fft,\la~ t(ra~~oi1i TiiJ' Tht}N('kJP/'Di!!ft ~h-.2tt,1t~(\f±>;:J!; can El:)sis.t 'Char~f1.!'1 iI.S well as assimilarll,. rnQciifx1alld ada,pi thib,:g:~ tdhvRrdtilQj-1;:. 7fi:~aitiQ~i1 ~~na~, M5:d~l)al'j;'a~~g'J@)Ji~m.R~~t\Ut-e WQul'a 1t~)1~q1!i ~apS' to'

:pibIJiJ@t--e sucll r~&tlliM--e, , .

Ul'l o'hiftittto~m~~if.m;NiW\'i, ifl'~!{i,~iY!,qtk§':j;~ ,[ht\~9'Sl!'€I.f'~'W,~ yet ~hBir ;Scare 1f000 .. s,€til~.siill'nled t~ be ach~l~rali6,£, infh-e l%OS;il'l;f!.i;ned,<0'j1 hiy JlE;~ -f!i¢vf!'"' ~'S~il'):!:t~,err~3:>r ,f{le- f);re_di-t\. M:ut-.h. 'o~c1\!:e;'9'fig~!;l:a!. irnlP"'-'~1&i&q:1' ·e_U;lru:r~r ,s:tud~-s'-wMl' !ttq4fn'g',t0:_diJUt~ tp fjl~i),&:<'~~ ~1le,fqill.l1i~ an~t' tM iJij,g~;J1~ruS iJp;p~~ 'Q{'the-mal;iS'''m:I}~'' ~w~r~g-"tQi'HliIl, -teg' 'e~min~' .thi}ir T~lli'i 111 th.I"l':!:n~mir€st\rea~· ,ot"b<~ftlQtfal?uh,~.€]'p~d~tljBf3_dit~lli~-~~'s ~~~~ijJf'I 'V.th;~ sjjl [(!_Qft?eDfi~ RQ",(':ga:r;t.-

6-'~~t>'§:<t:w. i!jfia~·:¢~lfIoili:j1:pj:~at;9;1\ iffl'.-il.'&f~:QM.'¢ng tft.:' a'~j.:J1i:~w;i,.t:Jig Il,ncl'~,!X,tJfy,," ir!g ofth(icsmtfhl' '6tder, ~ a±J;-e.l'\\, ofgr~'ing;c{)&OOI1 trot! o.n lI'l@\"I1rh\:'v~~Pirt:Js i#ugt:a~it$j~itg, t~ )jWi.td;>i':t~:>~ir:lt{rs~SPt~ J~it,o:_i!i~tt~j): .I1JQ*~,fJ;¢ ~Fl.atEl;Si ~fJ:d ~@h ta,off~r up;a pJli2aJJ:Ct, d(l_,%~'td' tov.appeaI t6: -fh-nt' ta-a:ss' :lu-®!11mti:e.,He m~1ii{oj;G_~ ~ p;t,'i~~. ¢h~~i"ing tqilo'~w©jle'<tt)i.t(FtiB:ci,'1;9jl$ ~;~l!'Jq}ii1;g t:tWtt~ Jle:w~v\}p!lf~;imthe

" ,

:nkl I THE HISTORY OF MBD.J:(I :>iNO COMMUNICAil0N R·Ei5EARCH

,

pl.'o.gr~arnlP.iftg.lt~p_y:to PMtt}'e:r to '\massJa'SXt;'" $tj,>J.g:h cb'M.'p-}~sS,·9;t iW'i">~ ..

·t'.i'

biaJrd;eo.te;wt.6ihmefit: ' . '1'

One ~~@ILof tllc -PiJ;k;ffi:~9in R.epQr~, is'll)fe.1!i ill 19,6l, was '~'a; q14e'st~Q Girrg_0f thetuJwal in.£I.u·erii!¢ of te}evisiq'tiiti· ge.ne:raJ/ M\')ij;d Ht\~i.so;r& ha~ ohserved:hl

thiN~;gard" the report' . '.

. '~~,.-.. ~~'. t, :ii: ';' 4

.)}aIfl~ totwo • .lm:portant~OnclLWrons;. One was.th~t.ent~[~tn:mwt .,..-ru;TiGt me'ptl:>b- ,:.~

km,,@ut 8iiliblha·ciDn,'whl~b·Qou)d'1}ap!?el1 Iltilliylewe1. Thesecotfdwll~ thilt ~() tt>n-l, ,<;,~,.p.f fli\;'s5 i\iJdieIT(:1i'S'.~t a,l.l ,'fl(s pw-iJtilting'O,ntl qti1Qgjnfl'~ . "Ghttl'giilie P\llc!iCI~4:; 'W1i~t 'it >y,11.t)1'@"'~. iln'!6Jt i" u:iiac:reS;i:riiiittloh efanY in;:ji'1.iijLfal't; raSte,Jlnd,1\ fJ1J;n~ , ;ft) re~ Ilf1!int t1f!l.0Ci il ~'n d cul.tl).~,1'1 ~trltfffi¢a.tiu'n; w . .. ";

1;,~h-af fine' EClInmil"te'e diS. not address was,·ml~ syst-ema.tic,inquir;y imO; th'll aCW;.~ - d1c(i;[s gf te.l'8"'ifi'!)1~. n~lirnbing it. as a "'.m1ssrod 'iJlpp;p:,fl;!,lmW;" l':!igle'S Ha!1,ornli 'q'jtltW~'l'hthe iltport f®l' makirig ~.s)lUl¥ci(}dS aoo.llt.tclev:isi'bn!seifects ~hat'WeJ:e based more on prevaUi~gopini011 'fh~,t al1.ycmpil'l~lnHg ~vide.lllce or ';tlt's\t,lrah'cL

fe$:e~el1.."J 'r:..' •

,,¥'lhili\l the P'i:lklngt\;m ':~Ii!_p0rt set agreeci-;upt'.lu direcuoI1s for the·fu~el;.af '. b.ro.a~e.~~tIn;g; it· qi'(h1.pI(tm:elibfail~gpV~dlIfI~tm:;(l1li1j;:i(:m" 0.~ej the 'PDWlli: of'tiBe pervastLve new merlium. The. flame 5ec.;Tet3iy thus created the'felevis!on,R:esear'~b::l ' CDl:u,lT)1rp!:e!; '(Tl~;C):.lfi J~y 19,~3' to. 'fic;iLit~tfl::m(j .~$.dy Qf t~ey&si!Jdse£f~t~ ~ti~ . ciill}'~.n' ~1e moral values and iltti:tudttlj' \)f:yrrung,pofJpl~, who- were I'l?gmtccLas partipulaJi1;rvulilelltbt~ to Jts CQ.\lt~e~ a1?p~~s a.nd .~~ipurari~'e ·te:chi)igpe.s..;, !-11'e C'Qw:roi¢le.'e: reebltlmen..e:gid ;tN:a:t. the gQv,.-cii:uti'ent~ t±u't}ugj1 'lthi'f S:fuelil- . Research Council and the University' Gpanrr'Comm('ttee, p.ro:vide '1Q .. PQn f¢f n:t,,\$,S' c0aiQ11Jni<~i.tiQ;:1S res,ti;irch, fi:rC'.lsing 00. the prol'j_~j9n' of resources " st1iengtherr-the instiruri:onal.·eff'orts '1'11atwe-ru: beglnn1o.g-:i 11 tha:t veill.-'The €mp:ha.sl$'Wa:S;,'dh. usru;g .. :the !'n;~thQ,~'S of ~p.e~'~ .sl;:i;~·llC:e: to, rrf(ik!:'~n:erITrpm;illnq\-iipr m,td , tile subj eet, ,., .

Th~.IDain beneficiary was the Uuiyer-si!;)· of LeIG'<i?ter, when: .rAe t:<!_ntr@a;tut.

Maf3 €om,muIhca:ti.QIl RJ:!l;eJl,t(cih (CNICR) would bee:stabhsl-;fecl'0ndet the.leaa:~r-. ~hip sf TRC s-ecretary Ha.ll~rlUl. iII '1966. l]:allofan. a.;@cipl!Jg~~ whc'la:J)d '9;1;:';11 t;e:acl1i.r)'~ -lii1the ·m~dl;lr in Lelce~stels. adUln;:ciucanQu depllJ'fmett!, was th.e·.onvioU$ choiee to run the new senter, :\Vhereas the TRC'&g,oaii were 1:0 assessthe 'c.cmtu.t1e'n df t¥'i,stiM mass ,c:drtll'ri'tl:l11c:;ttlb IT rC!J.eat,t,b: ... 1t)-u:p. .the social &cl<m~>; J),nd t~ retornmend Wll'UB.M :for n.lture studies, the Leicester Gentle, was iroc-arry our f .u-es.eareh pl'egPUIl ir.rves:tig,a:tring bt\tl1~,the k;q,lntri:lin,~~tiM Pt0hl'i$$~<,and m..ecfra insl~ runQ.t1s?' At roiighlj,iliesame time, theTelevision Ri5lsear-C'h Unit had' been estil.b'lish~·a,t thi-'l 1JQiYe.\'~ity '.of ~e;ed.s und'~;r the 1,)flr,;J1n()'!,'s'hip, of GZ~'il:Kl¥tTeJeyis:r:Q31 it.ti.rl was,al'S6 mtclertaki..hgso.ci.aiscienlifie. mquUy' into ~be ffitl,di(un,i,fG'c'Using ,es'pt-=-

cially on televis.iort'sin:fluence -Oil the .?9Ii tical' pro~e.ss, l!

$):,l;~.m.·e·:!);tJy ~ff9J't~dmqJ<rW',ll:y ilmo~t cotermino1\lsly witb.Hqgga:Lt16 fID-unding of 'tile' Centre, wete very d:iFfenmt in tone ana emp<h~s:is' fl'@ffi wl'r<lt ""'~ tWn~. P}a,COl .at, Birmlngh:am. OrQul'!Q.~d hl'soti01ogy. ,61'1:i'sy¢hQ]qty", iUfdsh .. p.'tu by :cite

. :g.dliemmenfs' CQn:cet.tr:.S :'wth 'identil¥ing behavioral eftects, the¥~ w~ litdlf I%l,nteg:{. {\§f a \\;id.er co.;lsideta:p.:QII,~'Jf the cIil.W,ra,;! milie:JJ.wlthln"vib;(clI .t:O)'rtmQrucation took . . plape.or in' whic'h: (t.r:ed'ill in$tit;Ufi0JlS' wer-e simahld. The langp.age employed !ely ~~GialscientiBts ~g'dl~i}pally ·did qqt.incl-udtj:d1sglQ;0¢lH$ ,of iudgilleQV !lod·,'alue, $..¢m'.~as tile. _Pfovinceof

.il'i!!l t1r9i(l.14,,*ngliJ:e-f~lti. ~ftiirtS'md e,d\;!~atq.r$);I"hQijtldglllgfj-oro Itb.df cemments, ·often t\'~l thl.ltsQQilds:fl'~~ti'st, are~s(J pr-eoj:"!l~,ied with r~eai;Gb. t&0hniqucs and method.\i1agr!O[l),-a§/liees tb.aLfb~.wadWlaEl<; 1mm~ate.s!l!cial.rri!e.mn"e .and ,'t!laI tbq.s~er IU:cffier QIc'Cli,usnh'¢}r';ire tH'lrelat6d to the gen~J!aI intellectual d't~c\lssion mf mOS13'''ultjlre Q!Xtbe'Qm: OMaall.d its hislOdclli develepment 1]11: the od.lei'~ Th<:,~odaJ:sdendsts· tep~' to .ib.l~by ql'Le8cim:i1ng. the whole.nature of'the ellicien:eecproti'4cerl:by th-es.e :w:rj'ras and- i:Jl""Cri'ti cizil'lg rll e·· undi sci p1in~d -nature sf'the ~el'1'etal:i~a tiQ).1S .• intt;cp reta tiDrrs

and sp ect.&atll>ll6cwhicll ab otmcl rn .t!ii,. field. 2Cl .

The sumnutry of me. debat~,:isffa1tGifafl;s) who; to: h.i.5 \,:t~~iL.:aYi\.l~cl, for 3! ¢brnp1:emtht'a0' C:~u1l5m)lti!fiil of both apP-li:oaenes mJ' rh'e fi:(tiest u'n2fer-s&ndiqgr of mil: media in s0d.ety, and, saw such. poteJ1tial)":ath' 9H fur J3ilg'gW\'S Ft:p-je~ at Ejrrniniparfl:~i He",;ypJ'llg:~G1lJ.'¢ to )(ij1j'lVi' f-lo-ggatn1V'e-ll at%ossibe·l';IIidlands in' ~ht\ 1'9.60!>, wjlbwhomhe'~a.gte:ed that many of the irnportan tissues .Qou1B, not .be .wn:..' sici:cJGd solely. i:n';idea;~;i:al.sci~ti11t fr;ameY{Qft.ll):clu~ed }'i¢rli stich t:j;1Jc,sciol1s l1$J).h~'S-e:.

What is; high culttu:er is the. p~_'Jb.uj_zation Of~E:Ol ~rt~ro!,i_l!t~Ik:.chl.al~rgteJl1'S F0~siOl~'?' ~ao. genuine folk. cwrorMxTst in mass 50~i~W Aredi-N_i'on');. bJ:"~e)ght ,d{ lsrewcf al_l)lvaLidlty?,rs. a v,1rlelyili.tfusech;om rnon culti,li'<:'g.¢$i.ble ifl.Our.~P.IDci::'fti:\l-

societytW"ho decides .wila~ isgood and b~d? What 3t~dard'i:<re- to. b:» used'/1l

StI,c;h debfl,~et 'are be,gt :\;ly coJ:rtl.i.Q,disWeen'lil1,t,atid confusion, Halloran €:ont:ends,becl1us.e the terms are so fluid. V'iiithout the qb,ility to me:a.%uxe ,aq;ythilitg: ·~y$tetnaticnny,:'h9W ean W;ij .. p,o'~~jbly ,at:,riYi.! !lit any .con(H'i:.llilo.Q !!bUilt the allege a GO:rrupriV8 e:ff.cit':-ts ,of mass culture, or high oulrurei':;" he' a~ks; Yet to crit;iGiZ~.Wch an :-app.rp.ath ,is, 'IilQt to dlmini$'h fue- irnP:9rt:ikm~e bfit,s:. t:ol~. CJ.lJ1t)r~cr1tic-:S::ofte:n~ ~MilJ't· tlte :w,aYf"~'SP;~ HaU.riJ'l}n,sJ:l'ggesting Jines of invMtlga:ti.on and prodding socinlscienti?ts: intQ''+9tivit}I; while afl'tjng l).fi· thil"$oqi1il.,cQruriel'tcd' oboeieJy;M

In mab,Y ~qpeGt~mt!: langUage.tif the PlikinS\tOr1 R:epott played such a role:

It was' largely in wndem y,itbmllfl;¥ 9fthc'as$'-l1.lnpti.o.n:soi m,t¢.uel:~a.l$ who were :r'!ftblnki;qg QUlw.r~at!;he t.W;tiofth¢J;iec{J.4~,'hang.in~ on to.ves~ges of"L'eavislsml' in w.m[ing to promote "the belst for m€ most;~ yet'st~nrung Upf9t pocpuhr eult1J.t~

I.o. a d¢g'l:ee th;;th"dn't been seen bet~rf!. W'hat mattered was nor so much thequestion ()f whetber of nota, gty:e:n cultural pro;d~ltt \¥.a-5 "gp,od"in soine absu:"ict attdbbj,ettive: 8en~e or in'com.p:ttls,o;-J tOQ,tlJ;er <!!.lJtll.~ra1 f!~pduct~'{)n em assumed hierarchy, out wcas. it "good of its ki1J.~", 1?.b{iiulat _enl'ert~,t pro_gt;.ar:r;i.P-}1ng . o),)-sht not b:edis-m1slecl 0 ' t of ];umd,. 'went the ru:gulTlj!nt, but it shocld bt! crea tivC'i. ihsightfill, _prQvotativt!; even aLi.d;titi.O:.I1s-t11:~1l w:rs (Cwt:liniy the ~*w QfSir H~lgh Gretlle, who -4--ad be.en in$'t:i.l1ed as the new director-general of the BBe'in 1'9@. A sirfiilar ,view Vn$ keld by S1:t AlJetl L~ITe; .vh,~ ~e~de_a Pe~gci.o 'B91Jks, with

a mission of making qua1!): work available, to the bT0ad public aUln aff'0faable price. \:\7freJ1 r};~· U,ftlNt,f;-Literaty: carne Q.U,t as· a: 'Peng,-\p-u~plLF¢tbl!:.ek in 19'58; f;o~ example, i~ was fueij that the bookcgainl<u widespread attehtiori 'and i:n£l.nenoli.

. 'Mu~-jf!l_lpul~ ~Jtur~lm,\'i't!"'e'f"qi9 _L'l@,tc_m~t t1"l_~ ~till].p¥~,ry#d_ by QrE_i;ne or Lane. A g,r~wing ll.nxil!ty exist~iil over the na-t1-trClanii style ofth~ messages being prorl:l.oted \<1;1. most aVelill'es ~t CC'lll1t'jaer{:ial (;j;_drure. Tbeimpact ot mass media on -adblesceritS ~ws it wid~- sltanfd ci,j-nc.ei:n,\ p::lr:tJ:c\tlM:'Jy amcmg eq'uc~tQr~. In 1960 tht Nil::t{i@):lal Ul'liQll ofTeMh(rrs ~c,J-da conference on "Popular C'u:1turre and Pdseuai Re~p@nsibiltty~ to air:th:ose.f6:af5 and criticisws. j~mQng tl:5e parti!tipants were·'RllytQ.om:! \4liiliams, r!'l@ntly appointed at Cal-p_bridg~ after a 10l~g-1itIDt in exUil.mUrilLadult ed'$c,atLop, aitd Sfuar. Hall, w-nlil wa:~ then te;adiil\1gin:a s,etoqdazy R-lQdem- school in London, The _papel1s from the tonier6n.ce wire published ln1264 ill'.it, rat.htt de.s-pai):img\;ohu;nel <lme~_.ui!~it#il1ti;tipt,! 4'Rtil Pbpujq'l' Cult'l!il'ci edited b,y LeOllVis's colleagtJe Denys Tho rn pSQ\l'. ?h

'VVil15:c3ros. has identilled hi:; 1962 b.A~k;c~m.ttm:i!aj~}/,~~~las a response to trr& conference; His Vib~' df the media wa~ notas diSl'nis,sj-veas mflny pat~ie;F~l'lt&'; ra;ther, he, argtl:ed f0/= 1l1e poteo,tiility ote eommunicariorrs as a force 'for pdS:.i:til\!\f chal~.lt"",a-sn'tthe media tecilio.olQ~es mat were i.rmQ;Wltl.y thO!ptElbl= Q.\,J!-rb.p l~96S wwhiGh they·were: put, which were generally deceemined by the. tmctttre of 6vvriecimp"~:d !i;(;Jnbq1. W.illla~ issu'ed w ~-aJ.J. fop w e01rtptete en,d tQ ccmmercisl telsvision: ia mderto utilize fuJ.1ytbe 11l1edhrrm in he .service of publi~ ratb-ei: thM (,torpQl"~feint¢tests. It was netes$ary to .an;;tl.~7;e the raedia e.riti.aaJJ.y, he insi-sted, inl.dudlnKtheir institution'll fOII11lit!on, if society -was to> ertip10y thetdtQj;>;J04l\d ,a.~JIl-ocrort11: i!l1cis. 'QQ#/'l'fiiA/l7U;lltiOli-'J was Williams;s inittal con:rriliuy.lQo to thatgoaI, 0-ft'Grlng a textbook ci6oCl-J fer furtbe'r ,academic inquiry.

W.hile WilliJlmS~Vas ~~ginni'ng_his universi'tyca;-c,er a.t CambriJg_e.alld Hog~att rus ow-n it Leicester, eoth in trarution~ English ~dles p6silfi.bl'lS- HaD \>nl:S formally t~athihg n:reuia studies ·:u Chcls:ell 'Co1l~ge -in London, having ll.o:,e;preQ a ptlSition therdol!O\¥irig his departt;.re jT{dm t1l'e.Nt:.Rat the clese pf196l.

J3y then th.e Tg-wL.efi; as a movement, ana me journal 'that bor-e lts uarne, ""em ill decline. 1\ifany of tiyt\: dl)8 were rio long~r'meetingJJe-IDllar1y, an;.d the jom-n.a.l'.s circulation feU steadily amid dissension within New Ltff raril:;s. a,p.d

\1AKING SEN,5E OF SOCi'I',L CIi'I\NC.E I 279

c<:I'i:ticism of'Halfs performanee,28. Under suth pressure, a disparaged Ball f,csigoed his editQ;r-ship. S.¢lJsin-g.he b.aa blown a remarkable 0pp0rtun1ty, I11ill retreated in d-es:pal:r! th0ugh in ch;oostl1g: tQ;,f¢t¢P'I' an G'ffer till teach filmand m-eiila to. NLtege stjjd:~l!tts_in ll: pro,g-ram o$lt6er:tl:st'U'dies,'he may net have.sensed then the-impcrtam:e-oHhe pioneering role he WQ].lld play in a new field.

lq_ 1.962, Hall:j eined the st'llff of Chelsea College ofSeiene" an a rf,echn.oingy" fib)." p:w-tofLciudon 1J).1ive~s~fJ'. u'they h-ir~d, people to r~;a_Eh scientists wbat w~r~' '\?llJ1~a 'l<;ompl_~~mt'ary studies '" he, e.>:. lained, "1 think I wa me- first person. tfi~y'd ~vet: h.l:r¢O-_!O reaeb l11rl;J" an d !'tl$~ l;nep_~. Very, very early <:In. "2~ The -p~~i:tiiltl fit perfed:lx w1r11 hj_s'owI,'l-1ong-,standiog interest in the,ci tiem:l,aJ1d 'hellam alta,develQpe~ a kc,t;D. intef($t in television ~1.Jru1g the period oftht New L~t,3j) TQrsmgh. the ffi@:v.emeflt, he had d.welo_pin_a close :£hendshi:pvvith·Paddy"\Vl'rahtid,.hea'd df the, e-'clut.atloh -d:ep{l(trnento}lt the I3:rit':i'ShFllm.J11sti't].:J1&i ~da r:~"'frlt):r oo!ltributor lb Ul1iver$-iiil1~ ami LqflRi'llt4W_ {:ur:R) .llIHol NlW £11 RefJiew(NLR). -VVbanne! ba:!3be;e,n .11 ~y COflt!r,C-'tiO [~1all ip his.earliest eHOIts- to, re-lt0 'Students about film, Wl'len t1i.e) met, -in tlfda~e 195.Qs; .

"tlwre w:i!\ no tell.fidllg lhlm afkY'lIbete, ill the.oo\ill;1irli·" but me edue<_,t!.@1l '~f'i!'rtmel'lt tb,s'l:d.to,:mqlll)t le"ttirr;e!. ~c! (\Xmmunl C:Qtl1':m$ ,in .£lIm. ±h:lll(M eeuld me:ar0l:Ulxl ,ulcl diSQISS; ~o.l '-1 ,:xl to 90 t'fl'<l>t. People wb o knew'me} rhroug}ltfl e New Left and ilirtrugh tha;r-i13ti',Ns,.i11 pqp.uJar ~n.liU!e' a:qg te!e>'islon, :hlredme: tg~J:ljn- th'i!:t ;u:d.~

lA'~~c:b' a,:n~al=loPer Hall wa:s'oif.;::r~ the job' at 'Chelsea.

aut of this perrioa,_ 1-lall aPd· \~1hanne,l ptodlJt'~g a ,bgok c-a1l~d, The Pvpu/t;r Art .. :3) G~ed tow¥d .sef;olldarx school teachers, it served as <I. bFl:dge between Leavisite prinCiples of uterllry criikislll and a 1')10re open-minded ~l1glIgernent ith.'Gonhmlpornry. pOp'JJa~C\:I_rtu~e.0nits..owlLte;tnis. The beckassessed mep'r:o:wl-Qg s.GP;Efdf tl)~ cO.f)lm)i11itatiw).s medi~!. Mpng.,Jl9."Y much of ths:i:r 01l1:pUt was threeted towaJ.'d young audiences; he1pin.gtm oreate,"lh:i,hvas widely:regJ;\rdGd, as 11, distiact j ypu~b tru_tute~"Their ceneerns refteeteEl their proposition that the rpew'a

_provide ):011l~g people with I:nfonnatloD and.-i~:s;:i!-bQgf the ~o.ciety ibtb,.whkh $(:y are I'l·uttur-iog. They can tes~ few ofthesedesmptillns and rh,erptr.!~tJ6ns -agiins.'t their OWJl' o.:petie:tK.e. At the deeper level, the use of the. media to _provide iIIlll:ginative Mp:e~'f;h~s thrQugh -"a rious: l'onm of arraud-enrertainmentlras a .mooi1)i]1l'g.im~\:t UP\1ll.y\J_Ultg peClple's."rtd1;tJdes "'tid values. ~

. vvnnt isOJJcial, about such changes) they argu~ is that ~they G.1nno.t be'he'ldapar't '£om lil'du-ti.1itr0n.'~l! If _pm 'of a tea~t<r'cS:i task is t;Ob:e):p. sradents nnderstaad the ~V'_orld in wpi-c~ they!iv.e; then reachers had berter C0me -to closer teffi'lS with t.he ,.;tay-fo· whiclrtlie':liiedi:,wfl;I;(! ttan;sftiJ")'l1.iagthat wodd. n~ and Vffla)lnel 2S?tlTted

<:

'I~

, In such a manner, £01" mSl>ance, could'on'e set apact the, Ut,tlqil.eAe~'f cif] oan .Ee1ft }!i1Yi Dt.ttJi!}*t,Cle.m~_ntll1/!,trc:m '* plGlth(1t,l1. of I!UJ;gnt aM pr()E1i£tibre',vestenJ_S-I,wh'i1~' neither d1smiO,s1tr&,MJ; eX0:neiating the g;enn.e us;,a'wh.G'lt(;,. 'C'.qe:,V::<llu,€'_of rhe p.:~p~iLr ,art:@{tll'J'dThTh sala Hiill,'(is 110[:,;1):0 te:l,ch trs"iUJytiring i'iewAl.bO:ut h.l1t:i:ali e')fflerlenee) bt1;t t(lF~!m!;e what we- a1n:aay 1now'---y~,t with a PlutiG.ill.,ar fu;r~(J.'" 'i)1llQ! inte_\1-:l~i:,l1'.r. It was Find's .8a,r~(l_ll:4r-'JJse1> of'QettaiTi reCl;}ivt;d @l}veft,t;I(:)"ns: of the: w:e:;.te.r,n diil! set tke iiJm ;ll_fHIl'ff, Hall arg1fen, ~Yi~ it ,f;_rellter ~life -arid '<juali,ty" epJm ,O'thet, l-es-$ creative app,foaGhes."· S'uclidistin-::tlon-s '''!ete' the S,o,rt oPjll.QgW~.tlts H'IIll «;(jjugf,if . to ((;later, <;n;\;Otlfagillg his ~'1:u~kl1.,r.; Cd confront pop[uar- culture cr.itir:ali y, yet 0;; its -OWJ]- Eli rms, ~

At the same. nf)l~~ H~g;t_Ft e_.sp,utfaed .a.similar pedllgo;g1ta111ppnom:eh in his new PG'$t"fft Birrnlngham. Elghre,;m months before th_e,[orm;a! 6\sl'.ilhlis'lim!;1If.LCif

lOne sees how f,-ilw'ted die Mthor~ are in LeaYi-sIs.laiiguage" hdw much in ti~~ hh Centre, HbggaI;~ ~~-l~is ip:iu;~J'Ul !:eptlloo lI;S 'a }li-f!'lN~s[rr. The addJie'ss'c, 'fhled

ing with the tenets ,of'Jiterary ~i_tic:h;m i-s tgeir eJJ1J>hllSi$' upon the auille'n(lel~ I '·Scho.oll bfE-nglisn andCofi~.em.I'nrary 8ociety,'I~1 made the c:as,,'£onrige~g;th,~

~~!(msr; rather Iili:.~noti the p'teductiob o(messcq:ges abd (h~co.ndltipJ)s ill}derc boundaries ofEnglidlas ~t \wsta.ugnta:cUl'lrivli}fsitits. H0ggartru:g!J.ed-ior a ~ttQti:-

which they are made. Y"t ,tb~ departure !:romLeavis is ,apparent as well. W.bi:at- ! ,g¢l' ¢9nne~tion be.h<lf;e:n. -s~hGilnlF$QfEnglilih and the imag,imiti:ve life of :li1nrem1"~O~

is to be_ trained is, flQt "t%~e1' bu~ tL critii:l~ ffisp_onse" suclitha:r a lltt!:d.e,qt 'fO-tl'l,d, ' rary society, mJ~g fora bold eifan to' tac.hl;;; "i ntexqomte'ctio us. be'pke~~ hi'stO:(';4

find much in comernporaryjaozz..pnilseworth¥ .w-hile temaihmg able tb<triciqu¢'IDe policics and th~ ae~theti¢, q{pOP'ular tltste,'( .an k1'{ljJoath tm1~'"ffiay 'be proYlsiol'l~

vaf*,itJ.;e5~,;of :(nMY ty0.:p'-1yii'C:s .. W1g:ti;: 'F/t1!,POPiltar. A'f:1S '.\'.1 llotit'j'tOrthy within',ln - ally-callen Li texaturc. and Co nternpe-rary O_w..tu.caL~t\J<1!(!s.'111J' It ,<;;Q.\;l1pil$e,:d tl')i~e

hlstD~y,cif media studfe5 is in its willi:ngrll.f5s:.tow.::tend legitimacy-tO' £O!ms;'0fp~:- field$' r# ap_1I:llsj;s~ /;UstQt'fqal ;a,ad p;ffiJ$swphk:a;l, ~1)ciologic:al, a~8' literary critical,

,Pilar expre~siQ_lE!i r~gatcl~rrg th{;rn a~ Mtonly worthy of but in need of piticism f . blendirig,. anti going_ btyond tradi tion~di,scip1ia~ pr~dec§:S'§Qrs: 1) this i'egad~,

Hall taKe!;' w'e' game approach 1:11 an. eil:dy book on te'ilcniug,filin, P\l.bJj~!J.'{d euhusal .$tUrull,W would bt!l-llIc ne:lV g!"QUil,d. ')Cetone- c~ 8.~~ from the outset the.

bv the 1B-ritish FUm. Institute- ia 1964,41. ,ill wweh he ,e7q~t,UnS the purpose aH<:i, f.bunda.tion fOt(;lU'lt1-f<LJs.tuciies' he'avi@T .efl'lphasis upon :texts, rather thar:vtinn11ther

p~:acti€~of teze-hirig film::ts part of !t libedl1sh:ldiell "enrichment') Q,ll'riculum:~$ '",',,,,,,~, eL~me nts that .vete part of Hoggares prop.ose.d'l-ren'a of inquiry.

280 I TH,E HHlJORY, OF ,MEDI,A ANDC;OMMiJNI::ATIO~ .RESEARCH

~

Ii I

Wat' the media desefYedformiil,s.t):Hiy in the s@Ools; call1rl'g f.qt 'scnlti-!1y',ofrhei~

. -

~brganiz.a tiOfl! content,and 'im.pact "il. , ,,~

While tb:~¥ p.r;ll:'i.\Q :(hi;; .1~60 Nati6nu1 UbiOr:1o:fTe.llci:re.ts c:Gft:f;'erentte {(\II ' addressingthese issues, th~r fbuad prohlematic rhe,fact that ~he,]esolu.ti0n pllS§e;d ,see.!petl to pl~c§: tl:r~'enti.le «1:01.1'$ QP_tbem~diR'_pr6\rj_cl:.e'FS:. ]rH'i'ue Le'a:vi*:e f~~(itl.J: the resbh.1ticm had ()alled fef 'la derermined elfbit. - .. to e:0unieractthe :d(!,bn5~ m~t of sJ;a~'d:):'rds wh.iQh resuItS' trow t4,e:l1Jisuse of pti;(~,nd_io;; gnemn ail&J~1~1 ViS101C:>-7 No alxelluQu was puin ['rj) w.na,t the ,!'rj:gh~ as.!! .• rnig!1t h!iv:t', o-ee'il,~ 1;~'l . ,~l-:out· pJ:ote€ ti on of ,young; p,eopilie fr.o·rn the lnsicli_i;il;!J-s, ip_\j:u~.ions of -ili:e, n;ttl.~a " wal'>HoHbtl, ii!l-~w:er,' ciilnterl'tted' Hall, aJir(i"NhatJ.t1el tea'tntr-S lmd\l-l'(i!le to p1ay,'fto hew studentslearn 1:!Jrdiscciminate; The role of eauc.at,i:oll @~g;ht to bJ-e anacti.w -

'db-e. h:v,B:!U1d' n'Cit work--'t!J)cordDff YQWl:g people 'o.iiF'fro@:Jhe '~P1,watinK forces" .of the media"shGci.ng them up 'With exposure Gull' ro hig-h,-arti lirrmttllte. mus,itJ ;~od giri!.-r(l,~ Wh~t,_ hlt~Lt¢. bte:.-re:oogh;i.:ze}i 'f"as: th.atgont! ,(NyM be p?ooo lI:moqg::o;he popuLur.'''PJ}p' nrssic," for rtxa:rnple,

is:'Si'!i!l11gte ¥' urti;v~xsal,ly -the (lp;~osit:i: oMrnp,LipliY'itil:e ~e,tny qF-4g@.otl'i music; I. T¥~ ill rlQ rt:-co!Wlt'(Gi'h~l.r.tgtipwlar IDl:!IliC lS!il~~e.r.~t kilJ,p~~ wb;kh varym.~c_hi!lye- ~,' me.ll:plb..d ;li(tl) 0f lb~t.e~£~_ni~y J?!l'\_,_'I; itfowt1;~c.i.Q.¢lI~£''':?~,p~' hjl.re JJi:ay C~I-'er a\\Yt~g.~ ~

:P;i:1(i.i. juz.ZctQ (\j.anr:g m:ti.s.i.~;,!~" rn.tt1;C_\lt'iyt:Q~g£roDjthFEi;r;hWas.s'ii;S~\_~a~.l)! "

I What marter·s in me @onci are' "q.dtiCil.l j_up:gxueol,sof indlvidua:l ipieces" 9£ wutk.'I':W"\Su.-;o:ly tIoie villut;) of .q.ft Iiifd,eiiNfttci;nt(1.'ent ,d, that it 00\:.0 acfEeet 11'spt;l:~!i¢l

'k' 1 "11 ~,

aumor1> as ,.rletOl'IOa}. , ) ,

[But] it is.the quality ofche~if~"t "b;1t matters .. ' .We.hol,!d b~lloKing of these new meartS'Qfcomrnunica,itofl.s. ant whilt harm t&_e;ymrghfbedil-ing; but, uI!.t';Il' mprl':._treaq.VclJ~. WeshHuld h~ '~~eltiri,po .rf~ain.\! rll.'iil,!:e d=llUdirtg 1lI!-dicfl(l~.'::"1

':Sd·en!!e' and techn:olQg}' ~tudentsM Chelsea .colleg~, most oi-",h;Glli'l di:sml;o~~_tI ;the" cinema as fi,ot, wo.rthy ¢t" S-ecri9\l~~ti!w.l:" Srud.tnts t~o:ded~te jlrdge flims by, di;-eit !itlbjectm~tl,i.(.r; said, Ha:ll, tiili.enhanto agpxt!ciate "the d.i{;ti.flc1\iJj'e-"har~,~~t' of the_ eim:ma'il£ an a,l'l i~nn.~4~ O'o£'<tsipliially; J.;i.ltll:e S:i;);Ph:l.$ t'ica-ttd s.Wde-nt£ WDUID 'c\!i-uSid~,r Grily R;¢l;nt-gatde fJ:ItUs-"g:,ood," still ~h01diag_ to a set .ofh{gh-bww;?J" advaseedtastes. "4" To, break ciQ'Q;fi th:Lt f;j~~di:q!tQton~J'1 thatg;QP,d."" "hiz:lkbrQ;w<~ :a.nd b'a¢ = '!19w~b-.r9W," 6r fl(tpula~ had: eQ beamong the 'filin studies teffehef1s),

'mun goah. .

Rath!!'r~ Fl<lll <rr,g1Ze'd, "th¢ .g,pm;qioweroftlli.~ cinema ties in the fact that it has m:1nig:ed to n(llda @ridgdetween'high art 'and al)tuentk po_pu1,ttr CillP;l!t!'+,tIhe .

>.\im- ,o£il'-.eQllJiSeon.,cinema, H;nqPc0PQbl'_ cjJlture wxa·Jhu'5 .-

to Bm.llk th~ flilslt-connecriDD beh"feen qij:llity a'lid t:1ste', ahtl to 4bi~(1tS'0m{; .cr.i:q1ciil. hmguage ~y means of which the qu~i(t:i§:6,;bt:citl(jm~'~, .. pi)j!1I.litrzr~::gtQ Qedi,tl\tr~i~ m.ted truro the great weJ:te1"J;Jfrul;)bilili " ' .I-\l'l!iI'i;h,t.'-Is'e Otle l;iij.s'rtJ SJ¥,ggill;~-the Wll:ys i~!l" wbid~ the El.rns establish their qtJaJttY'Wlrffm tJW ,,!::e~pnl!d p6t:tUlan::n'rii'ei'1i.lqQs . .u

2'6,:2. I ~HE -IISrORY OF mDl_A AND CQ),1,W,!NICATION RESEARCH

W:hereas Hallorsn argued f\':lI the priotaty of the ,sQP,QIO}l;kal,lnapl'!t9'ac1"!-.c:s' ti!rme rne'dW. a:qS w!tI.1l'~) :rIo:gtW't (J:tQ,t ~u:rpl"isingIy,,glve'lJ his mriniag.m Ell~li.sh) p'lsced the weight {)n,1:a1\.~age ,al'1~ ~tstse's. R~td!!fl.ll'Wl~liih ttxtsJa}' _!l1:6imil:(g.,am:d v.al~€li., al').8ehlciciaring_ th9'~Wifsf(in)q;rest in Hoggart~s approaiih. bkpI>Gldai.:I1'l:6.d the- need iON!!' mom developed £rifiitalpr'<lCti,e'ofBltl,;l', t(fJe.,visi:oJJ;; and radio;!i'0pu-hr 'E®-_(m_" iricillding, ~rl1llt:, w~sterns) nnn;llfl«e, sci~noc f:l:dtioD.;, ana detMti'i:t >1j;~- ' ries; the press~; -Strip ,cru;lb'bnS;, me Jli:t!:gu~geQfady~tti:si:ng'Wnd,'p:Ubl1.l= l'ela.~n~j,aJ;1d p1)pli11T,11)1J'slq- ;1;nd S0ng~. J\j,thoag)'ll;e knew- thaI lfi:anyvmrud di$itIi's_s ffil~h f~rtllS_ as "he:ne-attise-noU\i ~titi'ZaJ_ cOll;sJder';,i6,qn/ he lj:isi.;ste~' {~*t -d>f-'~stlJ.rting point had' ~p De ~1'"t;b.e very ~il!>t "a li.ttle.'mor:@~ humi:lity al§ouf-w.lfara:u.cli"itne:es"aclRm"tlL1y·t~;~/·

froiit'lli1pl.'onfui:ng J'Oattltial.~1~:,' . fi

\Yha~~~~ ~,~~el~ti~, HOg:~It ar~ed) j;ii itfoo:!Flii:tf'llfl.,oftlie n.tlf.a!f't{i~ff:lffl'rl¢§ ~f p{}pUhit .art in p¢0'?1~15 Jjv~t. It j:s~.l1otp0?~lble to :.sp~$k ·of the effects. 6f Siut5." fins· . "'~~o_n£dentl~ as some s.ooal~:cientlist~,dQ lfllle-$'S ",;re 'b.~v\:: ;igb~,(; .5,ep:se t'(f· im::j:gil:-m:1i'i;~' wO'l'oo:g:'TI;i.e .~sk Q,f J.{lt~teting those J;IH~anirigS v.ias 'to be heat't of culm rill studies., Io\ g'llio- a$ejlSe. ¢!fhQ,w·1$1WJ;@l p:r@;d:ilcQ;,~w9:rk~dl'in tOt] .; m:iB:d~ f;lJ~li(~'I[;f!: .~1\bjectsy.rou1d be t11e t'Drem@st task of the ,g~ad1ia·te ;ft'u.cl'erjls. "at:

the new researcll;~nter, ..

tits: IlAlltl!.r1s ~o'€;1;li<;:within the .4rts. F:itculty'~£Bil:diI:dth'a(i:I sp~ge'$,e:;d tbeofi- " ell'futto!l,s, cllat '1vQula,em,&g~ it)( lt~ Wqrk; iu:e~lltl'a~t to t:beem_phi:e.ii modEl fif . s~wlel s~n-f'e [~e-:udl trul :W'@ullii ,di;'ive: the a~tilldf,( M Lei'e:et.t~. Th~e, div~ge~*,);· emp1'l.:as'eS lind eQlli:ding .~ppiiO::ilcl)_eii: 111tD;e;dlastudies.in B1'l:t~,un an~ ",vroellt &om -. the1tdd's il1.aeptiottJ.~ they, w'oHldG.ome to Mfmil. -die disparate, '$If ten jz<!J!:lp~tlingi" a.ep~r@a&b-t_s to '!lle:.cJ_ia l'§ea'rcli by tb-e i~fO,; a~·,wcemp,!ifiei:l in the' "li1Th;n:it1~~:' ve.I:5US "Fl,@litical'{',(l0:ttdmY"spl1t:5o

\Vi:cl.dlJina~tlg ~OP1. rlliel1 , Lane- at Penguin Books, which had published The Utes df Lifer-acy in pa_perI5N::k; plu.s Sllf',j.l[ .. gnnt.s:-:from Ch.auo,,§t "Wifldlr } tl;je oti,gihai 'publisher:.of Um, and 1'11., Oour-ver., H:&,g;~mt w~ abr~ t,(j), l11rit '(;I ftin-time $.ecte(a,ry, and' ~~~em~t res.ea:Jf-tp. f~'JIQw, lo~ 1964, as Han was writing:' qt. his qwn f0ray,s- in teacihlng popwll:r eulrut!}, Hegg'itrt ~r:i4if~cl him to Joi; 1 biti\ at BiIffliilgham.' as' thece:!l:te:,rig' l'eseru;ch. 'cl.4:e2tor;at:ter consid erin-g sev:eriU

Gafl§li~'a'fes; .'

'FJI<;re ·w~r~s.9me.\~gP@ p~:o~ \',116, Cif*l~ for. tb:c job! one "/f whQ1;I'l was Pl;llit Davis '1',11:0 0ecafue a great Sh3kll.!ip'e~ .leblil:lI~, Q.<J;Vi~LFclger,Rflii: w me :t!ld s~;o, "May r hmJ'!:. the j e'b," because h'e'o ,v.ritft#!dfre.e 1Ilovrus;rmd ,thd,y b;~a:i1't taken Off.::BUT I ~aia, uDavid"you.'d Iii maki!1:!i (p,lite'i-he w.J;o.ngil1Q)f~" ~ming, tp' lh~' ~l'Ive~u \-l1$lt town't<l. novels," i'lend he ~i\d: '",?ou'Te righ;:." Ant! -withitl a fe:v; jrc;U'S.fie b:acl wri'tten Changj"ng;pt<lC'es.",'hicl1 pI'oflilled 111m hUb)lh'e ~'6r\ltQriPlrt\:e . .TJw Wit.s cl)i~i~8rt pI! leve;l bfp~opleC0mihg, bcrt lkn~w that-lf1 !COuld" ~\l'!f11.i't:d $TIi';lri, SO I gorbil-n,ol"

,rJil} phot)'~-,and 1\a6d, "Would you 'be willing?"s. -

/JJ\KII\kG. S,EKSE Of 50CII',L CHilNCE 1283

Hoggart wllswdl ~tqll1J,inted wJ_th Ha!l'aod his wuik thro(tgh the NeVi' Left. j[toili!]i.s Hall,-who had first ifltFddudio. HQgtw(~!1d \Villiamp inco4lI1ectioll"wit_ih awLR dis:cus~l(m OIl, wi.)rki,I1'g~c1Ms 0,orIl1;nmi.ti~. Hdg.$±lrt had iilSi:} reili4 i1alVs work, in, '€;!;,r:.R.~nd t.J'LR" niu.th cfwhL$;fo!=u,se,d' QIl --lhuj,rorl1i'a;rtm~§,isl i I'lciud1 n$'-an enth:us!.astitf:&yjeii'l'Qf-1h~ r::~e,3 Ijf LiJ;(mu;)!( F1:tdnelmCire'l flog:griIt, W.lS i rhJ?r~}lse_d

'I'j,jth The P(!,tmia,r:.!Fl''ts, whlcll had jU$t bteJ1 _Pi.Lbli~h~p_. -- .

v¥bl1e ~h~' e@nun!ilD' .tn:reyesus 'were central, HOPJ ~l~ Bfl~t'~ <ilyToill-qtls itttelligeneti" made-lin;). 'thg" pre!fermd qr:nQ,i.d-:ne.'i !rnlb~' he C01.l1d ,wl>'e sotifei:hi.ng,' lp th~ Ct'm'tt¢,:whl!Ch I~liul~,,'tl because: I'm not a dieo·n.{1( ~$~ t:(Wl SliggM~t$ that Hqg;gart?s Sflo]e that I-iehired .~lin)t:O hthlg,th,e'J,ll~~ging theQ:retiGal.petspecti.v~ to; :!!l~e c¢;nt~F'S wtJclt.rria))b~-!9, wi~w, couched in hirids_ight'~ -think -m,at's-.;v,.hatAc.1m9--W$ ~owtsaid Ha1l. '3b1fctt\;t~e ;th_atlS l'iQ'l'iJ'v~. eW'l:hl'ed.''''~3 I--Ioggltrt di.ddtreally tet':Qgci~: :l®J+. t8;iOf;¥Wete lh-eorencn,llacunnem .nj~own:'l;\J:¢,iK '~t-tlm:bmlil:"Hal;t.~.Qntend~~

'IIVegtJ;t-{l'l1: 1i"~l(oI,cll.ti}gitth,%"lJ llj'l1\!d th~ h'il0K, [Ws...,,]; he':kn~' that, ,1 wa~ lh~eu:~¢d .in some.'tl\:lngs'tb.~~,v;'cl":J,l QQi:np}::fu."nta:r?' w~"ljut . :1 nhlhkhe,hm.\d>tlJ'li: (0 si't !-il~ plOOj~d :goiJig:':S~f,j)Js1:li..ehad to m fif! b.~g head of the E'hgij si;, depaitrtl~i')1;,;tlt.lcilil'\g' his-courses, SQ he re51W np:t:Jii46,Qf,J;);e9 __ o:e, t;d setgr!ldu:rte stlli!eIl~i:~ .:l>!ld &e6.5e it. He. tili:adt have My l1pibl1'~of --What b.e 'Wa~ d~~!~g', He- tl'lClugi--reweH ra:ke .th!:"e<Jr Jour PhD students an'a iil;;_i¢uiidNh~1:r eC!it~ri:g!,.a ll-tet;rty -rex--t; they m1ght be.;;-nimlg; m~ hl'stary' of wluvisiclil,'or wt-l±hr{l;'''lSo'(j~ po:P,¢.ar-F\l.ltuJ~. J ~e\tfj, tlm-'t',s aa faL',1rl:i-init,as ilwlim; ,. ,.We Imd,the.ffi®hC)'ISQ 'g'P,qijt ~;n-~ d~.'t.J,t,

O'nccif the fu,;:·~ ta,sJ{s ~!; .Vhat-tOi'Call the.plaee: Harl retnemo.erll-, -tll:at,:dlsaus-' w-~n,: w.¢ll:

'We'd ihollgbtof c:illi~g jt 'the Jnsti!Ute,"hut then wedl';()iciee ,f:htre"W,<\s jjti'th:iJig,iifsti~

__ l'UdooAloabo,u.ti!:Lh..:wi§,!h~1e~JiIi.~ti_~~!lE~ ~=~h~re.e>(e~ "''ll'. We.l'l.lJ.cl't¥.o I9.QUIS, in-a qll.Qt\set"lhlt Qtli!'~XJj~tb tile BiJil1ling)1am dac:ktower~w.hitili-v/<'lle: dMtfo¢d'tQ 1le; rernoYe~ pulled dQw!')'bjr'wrn.i: blill¢'01:4 l,Ifl.}' minute, 10 W~ dldn:~seem v-eryil1~:fitu~ clonal. So 1 said; "8 rrvr,ilb'irut a (,?e.ntr.d"'l.\

With th-at agteM UP('iP, Bogga.r:r- then haCl ro "negQtr'il.t~-hlso W;i;)l thr'Ough the uOlvllJ'sity":

"Ptil~ SWdiC'~~ we-ceukl not be ~a1te.<l, becall_-.~ __ :lfte-t ,all, tG~e was:!. Ola ss ics dep~rtmelij:, af,id 1b~y we:.e.,doillg ,"ultu.re.j d.let~:wllS "pM dlfP~~l1'_t, ~h.q}'-wirre daing' ciJ!t\Jh:,; Li rW1:tuJ.'e, :iliey '\vere' do; ~g, cul~~ We nll:d t9 b~ r~e C6l:!lre fur C'arit't#ij1fll"PY ~P_:(rUr-1lStlidi'~$:_a'.pil!Ce in the' i:Hhe:meta,~'

The anibJ~l3us name wzsn:'t CPQugh to '!i\3;ti$f1 !!.n.ttenched disciplinary' -j:nl!:ereS1iS> H:Og~feG~h!'d, @ f4m lG!tt;er frollij the head 6f the S o.ci61~gy- al;i_pm:fillen:t

-I

warmQ;g him not to C\pre<telnd to be doing ;sociolo.gy,'" Hall recalls The lette.r ierhlildeQ Hb~gart that tl)o!r~ was ~I;10'thiQg$yS{¢:nl,a:t;it" ~~QJc"t his .rneti1.od a:sdthlts;", no claims.could be made that the- center's work would have any Gonnettion't,Q. 'SoQ,QiQgy wh'iJ;t~o~ver. H:;Ul,f@tilW\o/er$ QomWl~\dly thRt th~re WB.1jl '\j:I:eSPf)'.q;S(l ttom.~~, thing along the lines o~ "o.kay, we Vo:':l1Jn'r :say a ,\\'0rd ahQut thIs so:dery_fw,e look; at t¢xts!:We l)egOtl,aleQ 0\1)1" ,?,af,,,5' SO} in.an aii<1~e,mi(J tlt;LO mll-.ns)amcl," wai'g)J:l':tJ.~ " ized hoth physically and in the tlnrt';etsigls disciplidarysttui(:tQre,t;he )R'ark of th:~ , ctcs'b,!!gaJ:)..li: was tha,t'\\etytnalig1n'!lity,hoWl?','er, that perm.i.tteg,chaJleiQges rq. ,existiug.,wOdes; of thhrl<i'oci,g: aftd doing whid'\ WaiLJd. cp:m;e' to iJefioe the&e:rifet's: mo~t:signHicant intellect.uitq:on tr-ibmio:ns during-its heyday in thet~trOs.

QtP:~r ~!'c.01Jilt$s., ,~t of diec~n(st5 suhseq1j.ent g:r.9\ytbfliUdQ~vddpm~;, "oooin:g- wecific-dis'ClIS'smns of tim ;nmdllmiC ~luration1S" that -took Jllm::wali.' Bir'mi"r.:1g®!U" pa:rfJ:Clidaily t)}~.te,t1tet\ il"'{lll!~~ tp:.~4 a cenb'ru ceneern wi;~', elllbediling Clllltu~al:'fbrms ana irlt<tcrpmcive rndh0:ds ina wider theoretical Con- , t,e:l{t, )_, S':eri_b..'u~: th,.~:qri;2.-a-ti,sg q.f'tht;' 'CQt\(!e:pt,O£ tl:t)itu.te I' th~rc cpll.ia apt be r~tlqd, ' 'an:ywheEeclse at that time in- 'frJ:e soclalscie,[\clislfr the Ifd:!.'rrwities, i(:QO%ilirrg to Hilll.59 ,B.et9te_ th~ 197e~s, however, Q:l.ost of tbece;nt~'n"ork remained with thes .anal ysi.s of:p,6;p.ulat-media -fm.ts;.

It,'>I\ls in th1>1U<.'Ja of media,studi'ell that til!i! Centre tecei~'ed a grant fOE its first fuJilded .(ese;u;cq pi1oject, ~:h6i'tly afte:f Hall as~um.¢'-B. the dil'i;lCt:ll',IShip in 196~ f~lawihs,Hqggart\~ departure lor Paris, to serve as an a's.sis:urr~ diIectot~genera.l fD; l1;N:ESQO.Th~ R@wu'ttee !vlemoriill Tmst pJOvid~d the,tno':oe-y, Hl)I :m analy~is: of the distbtu:se of popwarjO'lHualism., a cernparafive study.6[ fhe' D(li'/y Mi1i'rJ1'·· .

, ,¥d ihe ,T'}<Ji!j,l£ippYi!5..'- The\'efltp,l'e \'P.liS kind"of@"!iXpeci_r,nenr" in theeyes orrh,e,: fOl1upation, Hall no:~e5" {[ !'riyil hid'~ to the sort' of \:iT01' kl'h at pillaR HimmeJweit '

-at-the..LoJ1don-SGhQol-cf ~G0n!}.miG5._had~;eGeived-funcLi.rJ;g-fo.r-to--,~mine"p()eU", Iar A,led.i:<t .fro.rti i'l pSY<:,h610gicaL PQiotof v,ii3w. Vilhen. Himme1;,v~ifs: p(Qill'(;tw'ii~' ~1)tnOlUlCed,a{lGbrding:to Hall, l1e'app.ro'<lciled RowntrMlb fund astudr that would, 10,o,k !It'questiofls 9£ nliJ:;aning missing fromp~y9,iQ10gi¢:'!l. -re:sewclr .. H:~ a:rgued tQ;t" thejmp6r~ancii€lrsdth a pe'~e:ctive" and got tliesup:por~,.6n

'vVhile Halladrsijs tha,t muciI of the: thinkirtg milt we'ot into the 'projecr tnltiiilly was ~r~therprimitiverthey soorr r.ec:o@ni;'Zed that "YOLI 'couldn't ,~plain wh:>!t. wall in the' text ,until you loakar rheeentext," Su.t.ili a recognicioA forced w en~ellient with the histOFicaicotrt(i;xt,$aid Hall, pointing up,the .p:eed-':ro understand a whole \SociologiciI framework," because rhese were "class voices" that wefesp,"~alti]]g:1

".iVhat'is a class \lokci' Ybu .dtm't, eecoguisea Ws voice Just by reading it. 'lou rec,O$W€ a classvoice because },<Jll-rd21t1l wh\Hidrr the text to some hrg~t thing- Lhi1ct'S what the center \\1;£15, pla.}'ii'g -.l:Wundwith: how to, ma:ke tllis relationship between the

MA.KINC 5_E~~§E.oF SOClAL tHANCE 1;&85.

lit~nuy ana.ysis of the,. , ,ciisww;s€ to the- larger sClciobistodea1 eontext, 111ati5me problem-auk of the center from th,nrery b';ghmillg:~!

While thlit :early study, ,pu.blished as Papsr j§:ius,v2-wd-u:ld now seem "naIve," SlIJT$ Hall, .it WaS irpm5lU~e1y e.xcitin;g at the tirij.~'becaQS·e,pf the,.J,l6W gtP.\lu.Q it; ])tok,e, the ;con:n,eotioQsit'ie'VeruedhOi-twee.n C\ eultural t.~".'d and its wider';sac1;ilci!l:f.I~ diticns Gfprocluctioo. It wasthe paltha (if l"ulrum,u:ll)veJJed.Sutili, t~~i00$b:ipsy..-~,r~ fau:nelte' C¢iIllp1WC:thart limn)' early rql}dtil' rcstl<lrcl:'lets wcrtui.ckrio:wle0:gifig at the time, contends Hall. Those recogcitiofiS,fuekm the desire (JfGCCS res~~lU'$h'ers ~~ st;tke.out :3. ,~eITltill fg r tlieCQlltributjons gf c.iu.h,I.fi):l otttPl¢$ i;ha>t f:h:~Y. sa"," ladting in other endeavors, One can thus see the rensions.eatly' OR berwee<n tn.e

~strJ.e~a£Ia~.IilSSt';lin<tr~ g£ tl~. lliffe~.e:n;,t--i\,ppoo:J,~es t~$~U!lf~h:i-l'l'g-·rnas'$ ',C;blil1l1l1:lnleacion underway in Bxit-run arths 1:irrl,e,H[:all dtesthe: GGGS';' interaetions with me Leicester ..tentl;e as \I. elU!!e'ill point.

He des£ribe~s the, ri:1rtti!5nshfP H"e.t\vt~,H the twoi6searih center-s a, a "kfriOl!ldly, rivalry/' their di'Vtlngences born of 'their a,tta~hm~ys to SQltl,BWMt'~aiffer.~~t_ pIbbiemafi~s .and t!heote!tiCa.1 oden.ff.).tii:0Jl[" ,within the 'same ;fieli;).Q:f it}~iD'. Th~ CMGR was also

scl;lti.ul1tto'd bycl)'r~il'i d¢b-~'ti8 ;~~.dut ~h'¢ Jinpi1;.cr and ef'fegt M tb~,D_ig..:;pri;1d tii !1la.Si! ei:1~ .111)..d tn;l,~S ij1'(},dInl1£ter t:lw v\ftu: inB"itMIl .... fIalIpg;lttl w1:~'jhteJm~clin map, ping ,,,!lial, ,chomg<=, throug!l,the media Ju~t- ao. we were-. '. But It m<'J:k a much ,m"'l:<l ,conliMtiQItal, socIQlogical il.nalysis, politicrue.coflomy of the media, GId!¥eyof effMt.s

'kind ofappmad,-,o't '

While the CMeR. was dbing'traditiorial ccntent anlilysiseruLy 0.0, Hall e..'tplaiM:, tg~ q~_c;s was .:_gi~CL~~gj_L Qiv_~thlt m~n~ive_ fi.:m9ing Qf th(;: CMc;;R_ by broa,o_C'Asring Qrg-anizatl:olls, h~WeM.eri it v\rXs' Mgical that they wowd. be interest!l"i.i in "aud1enceostudaes>llnd effect::> studjes. of a tsadirional kind," observes- HalL ~~t iliei:~.vl1;S at Leicester a 6p.ectrurn .of l1pp:i:d~thes, which tb sqrn:!! Q:egl:¢e 'ov.~r- 1ft~ped with certain views. more commo.nlx voiced at Bic!):11~gham .. -Ha1l -cites Pyter G~,lQing af.jd Gtab:a:m Murdoc;k in I?':l:(ti~ulat us closen.to aairnilar "(,'I!!lJI~,r lift gra,vit;Y:;." rather than strict empirieal researchers, makIng possible a ftuithu, debate. withdlt\lfJ .'-'

The t\~o. cenrers were engllged"in a lively reJM.ioris-hlp in w.hlch:tb.ey exonllfrgtd speak~r'pand 0:l::casionaUy artendedene allDther's s<1!n1ii}ru;~',When Ho,ggru:t, left and B,i:n:TIiti'&:hamc01:1Sidered dosing the cees; Hall notes that Halloran "p:l,.y:ed' aa extrerndy fD)portant role in writing to tbe triq; Chan~enQ.r and ·sayin;g., IY6u can't ft0~~ibly cJQ~~ it down' ... S9 W~ ~~~ot:ked aki:q8\Side,:thE.m, aware J'Jf aaebare and disol5siof). between 1.15. 'illS Hall cites what would become his la)'lcimark:ru:tkle on "'EJic'Q¢!inglDeiiQdin'g"i% as:.~ example of that a-WMe:tiess,. The Uitid-e,p.cig'imlf;~d

as a conrributiento a national conference hosted-by the CIVICR and was a engagement with eoritent analySis) a 'lspecifi:c int~l'vetitipl1,~~' His R!=g~m~nt that content analysiscould not p;l'Ovi,oe ,he texture of meaning netes-saryJor _a complete uridci~tan'ding ofa D;l:edi:a t~'t.

the -d_~bf;lte, _1lt he~rt) was \',ihh fOl1ns of positivist methodclogy; Hall cri..ti:.... cized ttl e wWJ -in which tont~l,'"~t "i\f\:uy$i~ 'jn.ef~S'll1:eS £r(!quefl_cy but no_t necessarily ISJggi6tanpe;" IrUl'Uencedat this ,t:ag~ by an. earJ'y intrcduction to French semiqt~ its; Hall u.:sb,i '<J,D~atnp~e il'l-tne piece th~ll!'t:gueQ, -f

theory even~ally pudring analyses- be-yond I1;mpiri'qU observarien and into the pea:hn of judgmem and vruuel>; alblilit ifl. 11.' ~;ein' quite diffenmf'from f.IHtllral ,studie:s. I have ~"1led that rieWmo"des Qfcone{tptt:i.-alicing~cta1t1';ite an-d itsrelatieptc the

, secial, espm;ially the p0J_jticaJ.~ were' a_ erucial imp.etUs forthe rise of rneCtia stndies. in Britain. All' ioterest in the instruments arrd precesses qt mass-communication did Ilotemerge as a subject of mqUiryfol: its mil)) sake, el'Wilhin an j_st\l~ted beb.aYi¢tist ~ffects Ijat,::iOlgrn, bu.t nth~r as part oh",,>iaer discenrse em the distribunon of social power. How the mass media .catud erve, ri),'th~r th:ith ~ar:m; the. pu blic was'the. O)yer1n$ing C6ijcerll, aria eaily -f~rays into medla studies in BritaLI1,ltRen in- their Iledgtlitgdiversiry. :Were ai;griably umted in theilA~o,cus s 30' 6tti<l'nci_p-~tory prbjei1t. Pnl.y _i:o, epg~ging ide_lls--in tlreform of'culaual texts----and the condiriens ia ",;h.ich . those texts are pfoouced in ~he fuS't~la:e:t; coUld the possipili1)' e:xis" to tap people'S lm;aginative filcuJties, to' affect the - arcuITIstan-ces in which -democratic potentii[ :III!;~!;U.WV emetgeio ~n eta fr<1ml:!d by unprece~eIfteil ehangeil.J,ld comple.xi-ty. Lt was ~ha[ awsreness.and that faith, tnat spjdtecl a genet~\tidtl 6ftdealisti-c Btrtisff scholars lQiJ~nu:gwate a .host q:f{om:ra} -il'lvesrigati.ons into the media asp;rr~ of that quest.

-if'yOli sf'!c_85 \!\¥:s ande~!O J?eub'"t!or,ih.:; one Peugeot 'sim_pow a nt.Bur. not because it's o'(ie,' bt1:Cl!\lsJ: it's d:lffilretlt. Ie. the .relatiens of difference that 'mum something. Athy\lsmo dead u(I:H~rJs is n:ot:lli \I'\lpo.rtan.r:i.~ thltdeath of the here·'~sidcKick ... We wetep''I:1>~g; ''IJOft~t''Lsk-1l-llly qu _S~'oi1&.ef--:dl€ audit(l'C~:'_l>llt-we .were saying, n' -"-"-------.4;1l1

'11i~~ti,tiD.E O( th:c f1iidicn;c;e _appu~ tbe -me:m1ng pJfthe tex\,. "18 .

To defule tJ_1e-_rpeapilig off! Je~:t fuU,y, :~rte._c()o19 not ignore its latent H'l&aning:

You, cant just s_,ay, "You mention, the -Sovi[!t Union 8-5- cimes"~ yOU' have ts: ask tlkm :)bourthe~Sl"Nk't tiillon! Because-it maybe room important thar they ~iddfmelJtiQ'h' Cllli,1a, That ab5~n~ may be the 'k ythmg}'ou want te aSK tl1em3bmlt ... S_o.<:iala,jeal sur v ~): l!1erliqd~ tell Y\?I.I SOJ-'il}!"th-ing-s. 'v.Ve weren't even opposed ro oounting+-ceunrIngthlill,)'olJ J~i~rit~lJhlgi,. BUljt can't tclly01.J ,.bUll: other things. '~'blli: we w~recritii:al Of-Wlls'tj;J:inkiitg'th1l-N:hat rlJ'~ Tn§tji¢cl.p16gytol.d you.most eMily was.what y~u Heeded to flgun~ out;"!

fl· 1 .• lltlidi:i~6~, "Get Our ~IlP P\,15J-i!" '. It 2. t.i!lil rps, "Ci.:lture' is Ordinary.;'

r. _3. ,Hall, CiRllle til Ox£b\;dfi:qm'.ms· n 3t~)'~ J~Aica 011 a Rh.o de> soholarshi P" .oomm e.ncil1$ 5 ru.di es' in

j, 19.tl.

• 4.::ore journal w~ created through a.o amaJg;tmati.oll or the twoprimary 19$0. New Left publk~;'iol1$, T~e-NCi~ fuMMZOi"and fJ'Iliwrsili" una' Lift~i~Wi whee th.o/d~ded tepocl :~helr resources Illld nuluence 111 1960.

~, --S'-S1u~ r1l'1alJ,"'Mimfit .. t.-"-.' --------

6. \Viliiams.; "Adult Edl.>oati'oJl·a,ns Social' Cit;(b-ge,~':2%,

7. F.b.U, "Culmr.,]; Studies: p,,'O ]?:1rad'rgll)$.»

B. Personaltelepbone .conversation, Q'qo;ber 12, 19~5-.

9.ror flmher (liscussi6i:J of such .:rrqll'€6uS¢ClnflMiotl, see jG,UCS, "Th~Myt~ _qf '.R~)'m(>rld

Maggart.'"

1fl. 'H!l~t, AJl,filruvedLij'i. 77.

1 . HaR, ·Thd~mel:gem::"-ciICuJtut;lJ S't\.ldie-;.~

12. Hoggrrrt, 4ptl1~i1!g (0 EOob OI/Je:r;VoL L

13. Ibid .. , 50, 14, Ibid,

15. Ibid,

I, 16. ibid. {Ernpl,.,sis mii:ii!:J-Ioggart', Cmtre-iot Ccntemporary Cultural Studies will lake ItS. i;:e.nttd goal to understand J.ust how the medii. function as such ··soci;l.Ily eduestise. fO,ll:c!s," what t'lleir sMei:fic role_,i~.in ci;rn:tributing TO'The sQcJal chll.llge.S under 6Ilro~y,1

17.1-1alL, "Tbe Emergence ofCuimral Studies," 11;

~Vhat Hal1 was objecting to----"ahB what cmlmral studies as aprojeet had lilei:n hOITI objecting to~v-as any kind ofn:d:lIctioili~t approach, t;1utt fltilc;d to?,ccounJ for ~J.(! Inrricate CO:Jlp!exiiie~, sigoiflcant I1Il;;nCe5 and rnultitextured richness 'of me ulroaiJ-:sphere;- It was-o.hl:jthrol,lgh--W:r~retarioti tJ_1a_~- e_\:1ltt1f~l;ts-a--'Web d£: r¢lations lilTd determinations couHl be adequately encoumered. That prop'osItioni ahove all.wes ditfte-niral tenet-and most importaat intellevruakonpcibmion road a ' b,Y cultural studies in the ini;4-al eoncepfuHIIz;ations of the ~:ltGjett~,a,t 13in:nXngham, ;, Readiilg the m~d:ia tot meaning, apd" legitimi,zillg the' m.eru1ing--m_llk,ing capacities - ef~udi~nces, wer-e the dominant influences0f the cultuial studies aFproadl'O rttediil. research in 1960s Britain and beyond.

The problem with an emphasis Oil interpretation, however, regardless of; v:ihatev-er cnrre'cri,(1l it provi1ikd, was that by itself it was,inmfficient to Cr~ange tbe • balance of power in British. life, according -to Its critics .. A1thoj.l<>"h tire li!e of thelm~gina:ti.olJ. 1J:l,\lst h~ [ought for, a~ Hegganasserfed, that fight did not neces@rily' take place 011' the same b-:ittle.field Of] whi& rnatetial stn;lggles ensued. Our of die -. sonolqg-ic.-lI tradibo:a,wlth its emphases-en institutions and own~!'Ship and th~J ~' power to i:nfl1:lenp~ behllVioJ, p~olitic¥-econoink:J,pproa.9he.s lQok _rQo~ with critical

"

13:'Wi:lli~ms, of course, had w;,ittGn tlJ«t ~TIl~re are, itt fat! no masses,Qtil)'w~y5'oheeing pooplK8.$ 1

masses," in "Culrureis' OrdiJlll,r}(' '~ •

19, Hewison, CiJf# r ~a!u/Ci)liJ'ru,1jJ, U~,-19. :it)'; ¥huk>l',).n;-Tb~ Ftffi$dofhJ(JJ',r C~I/1':m4n;"~li.;". '"21. I-iall(wiJ.1l and Qur;ivitrn, B'r~!.U/;,aJ$/~e{lftJrd~r q{j-OpwatiQ1I. -l?i Hiillorml 77f,~' EJft(ti~flfl(js; Camt/Ju(liCi1ti&n.,-40. :23;. ~An-in[{gta.ti(l!fQf apprnaroe,S is ohvj"'_i:lily ~!ldiCMecl," wrltLlSHhl1oran: "ltid7dt tha:ttri~ ~ ~

1oj;DP.h~ts, the s\l~i~l ~6~o_t~'t~ '4Id ~1:(iiteton9" c:rin~s must get mgetlkr and ""o,,}: m:g:eiliif,a)l~,,, i. 's;eeUlS:,pgs~ii;>:,,-~;rt: tM.will be 'l,Lttemi?ted at Birrniogham liniv~l.itY"{I:-killonn, -T_h~}!/J_"(~ffl·,~."~:t.dI~,

$,fqsl C91pJt..mwafi~lI, 42,). , , rIP. '

24, Halloran, TiJe- E:fJe.f-tj_4jM~J ei>mm .. "lration, 4],;

2S: ~b-lcl" 4~-2. 16, Th,ump:S:Gu,DiJ'triMinqtir". ami P~t~la, Gaftflrc; ~(ld ThQI)lp~<?rl':i.l;id L~,,-,,'isl

_ i:;;v;;;';;t;;"t: _-- -- - ... -

1/1. Williarru;, .C<1mmzmuation,. 28,. IDwGltkirr, CdNmNliar;II;'rm_·. a;t. Hall..persenal intlU"!fie-;lI, Ju!y4, 19lij,

~.~, ~

sr, 'TIl.edep:l,;;ni'ent was Glf:ginil1;/hl'_ti.t\! ~eJ;I i';l, rfil:( FllmApp.reci'iiti6n :0 ep artme nt i in r~po nS9 't~

.~n i~i!Fjl..1ilog demand fur let1;Ul'~ au);! -eourses'on.the "\l.bj~c!. It (",lIo];1r~d the.earlier Gteationln ,t943~fthl'.llRlli' -f'U!!'1~a1 'SlJwmkSclJIlO,~ established by Ernest Lin ogre n, ",hobad ~tablimea' R-reputflii_@u as:\< li!9tli#i:ill £in,,-i"n the 1<J30s MId ~ f\I:4Q, at tbe Cirl L~~r~;~llsti.tutl: 1ti Lp[ldpm'

J,\ cQll~drJ;m ot! e'c;:t!:re" he ga'l~ to - thio·S urnmer bch00J- WIl5 eventually pLibl\$lred.1r!-'194:S u rider,

rhetitle Tbi!Art afJ"iltri, ahe of !'he fitSr'''t~books''ln cinema studies. Stc'cruey lliied,W!lli t~i>firi;l hJJM qftb~ Film-Ai?p(eti~t~o-n Depmment ~ hadas his _goal not merely tb.~ pr:mrisiarr!l(1ec~ SWi;ee;;i l:y th;~ BFl; but also to encourage celleges and fcnools tri@eJqfic'!heir own cou:rs~_ih ,t.achlrq;iJrn. He-sought to stimulutil'dU's,by p\ibk.s!l!ilg P':.i:tJ:)plilel':oQ!\ memo_dB ?~filin edl:iCll':loi,-

'4frrd ~ pravid'n_g seaools 1,vitb'Jeachiog,rntl.te:tials,,;llcllldillg ~~.etJ~.w f$.m fe:!.tULe Jil.m~ ( Ilnd H arceurt, ,~bullesin the rea/bing {!iP'l1m),

--3'2 .. Hall, penQD:il___int_=-i~w~JI14'._4.,.19~~_._ ~:3_ H~all"uiWhw:JIIej, ;T6~ R('?J!JQ' Arfor" B~. Ibid. :'.35. 1 b~d., 21- $6. Ibid, 37:' Re~olllti(ll;i~"fl!l~ {!Qnfi:le1Q,,~, 'quo~t\d ii! !-tall arrd Wb.-wnd,. The P?pw\~rjJrt;f, 23. :lK H;uL,lIU,-d ;l;Mhil.nnd, Toi,Roplllftr_i1~tl,,25, 39. 10:i.:\, 4Q, Ib'id.,:l4-5, 31. 41. MiJJl, ~Lib-e(Si 5 t;Ilill&l.~ 42~, Ibid;, 26. 43<. nsa. 44. Ibi:ru. 4$. Ibid, 46, Ihlli., 27. 47.. Hoggart, Sj~"*i"g to;E;U'b 'Qlh~r, Yr;Ul.

43:. 1 b icl, :254. .

4~. 1 bid. , 2-58.

50. rll, a disqu~_sioD.,Oft~~.chantt~_isiks oiand tensions b,etl.y:~e!'~th",et"'o. POJ)li!larLl S!4n.G, in B.ritish tll.ed;~r"s~eb-, $e~ tile i99S'"CdUQqn( on ¢Jijruril sl;iJdi~"Ven.l.1S-p6liti:i:·al,~@tioroy ii'! ~. Cirir;ir§!$tutjigf in.M".(! (j;~ilktmmicali.o,!, in p.;Jrtit;ul\tr Gar1)hwn,~Polltil¥ll E(ondmyar_d,CUclttiwl S'i:o~d.ies."

~l. Hug:giirt, personal it1ttmew, Jvly 50" 1?95. 52 .. .l~id._

53. Hall,. P-f'_rson:JJ,~tl:-rvi""~'"Jull4, 199?. ,4. Ibid.

;;5. Jqicl;.,

56. Ibid.

57. Ibid. Rail al'so p-~int~d OUI th" '!May i'b. that e;tt\lang<l; in that the CCCS ultimately beM!f,e the Departm<mt 'Df CulruralSrudies in the. em:Jr- r998's .aad.was abscrbed into theSbdaIS6en:ceo Faculty

5'8. H1l11, "Th'lI;---"'Emergence oi,eulwrid Smdtd';, Hail, '"Cuiunai 'Srodl-e-s and-the Cent:l'e~j FiaU, "J ntrodnctiorr to-,M.edia_S:tudles at the-tlentr~"; Green, "The €'l6mre for Contemp.omry -CuI.tum:l Stu.tl.ieS·'; Grossbeeg, ~1l.''ht',;;fo_m\atiDn5;'Qf CUl.lm;d Stu.dl.~il·~5chuJm"'n, "CJmlition.. ofTli.ci, (jw,f1,Mo,king-;" (I.J1d R~1_hl; "imagiLmtlv..!l !\;eslsJai'lC\):'

59, HaUi"Tli~ Em~:genG'" Qfc,_,j;tu'r'lr~'tudle;;" 15. 60. HjjJ, P\\~nal jiHOO!#i"Wi OiJ;(jb<i:'19, 19.9,5,' Rlbii:L_

62._'6;mJt-h; 131aG,btwdl,JllItLI(il'rtliih;, .r'ij;~~ J.7',*es,

. (d. l':lall, p$'OJ;L!l int{!l"i<iew, OG'~ob~r 19; 1995, ~4. ~bid.

65\. 1!J:l.d.

pll. Hall, "E1i.~odjrigiDeo"tlir,g,"

57. Hall,. P=Otlll.fiflt<:;!view, Ocreber 1'9, 1995_.

68. IbLd.

69. Ibid.

WORKS CITEb

Afld'ero\to·, Lind$ny. '"Get Oun.ad Push!" In D~rllJJ'~H"II;"e-d1ted byTom NIMcl!1er. 153- i 78. Londore

MaGGJbboo &Kee, 195) , .

Dworkin, rn"nni~.,e;,Jh.'{J.l Mar-i:iJ'Il< i,l pq;1w().r-Jj1'Fi~.i",· Durham, NC~ Duke trn;v~fsiti F:res-s, 1-9:9'1::

Gamham, Nicholas.'Foliiical. E"',,~))mY'and -'CiJltuctll Studt~.; Re"o~eiliati'oll or Olv;"e?" l:Jfi:ii",,1 Sfudi~$ in lr.1n<' C~'~m/,J.n"afwIJ 12,-Jl.{),-1 (I\:1a.rch l'ii%};62-7L

Green, Mi~bad. "The' Cenrre. ttlr C"'nt~mpQrary Cl;iJturaj' St~:" LIj ~~-'&~ili"gEi>glh1i, gcljted, by Peter Wi'ddowso.", 77~9b. Loadac end !N"mv "fur);; Meilill"l1il, 19tt2

Gt .. ~sbergi Law)"Crl6!. "TlW (i:i:lrtu;>ti[C)ns of CtrJril.\:aj'Stu.di~j~: An tl-mejitmnin Bit-in~Dgh_am," lft P.IJq("tiJ1ig ,{iutiki-al Sh..Iije,1,.e,iliuoo >by Y.,ldn BllU\ddl~ Jdl1l1 She¢i~ and Ian Taylbf, ;#-~6, Lop-dM: Routl~.3;g~, 192'1.

H an, ',S-C_UI1l~"CullJ;Jt;ll _S1_l,ulio;~ l',,vJ'l'yilr>t.d.igms. ~ }if tlli4, Cw~"re:~~ 4 SiX-itlJ'.2 (1 ~3 O) 5 7 ~n . --. "(l:u.ltwal: Studiei;'lj.!\d th1j GcihCf~; Surti"d'mbl~m-aci6s tili.cl Prp-bteir!s." l~ Odip,tt,M¢Ii:, La.'r;g"4g~; WtitlWJi .Pajfq$_;l1 Culw!", , Srod{8i,l 1;'72,,-,9. ~i:lltm:l.by StuarrHall, DQtP:tby- Ho:l;is'oti, A,ndte\ ... Lowe, and Paul Willis, 15-47. Londom H.utchiliwlI'& Ce. .1980.

290 I TH~ HISTOO::Y CF ~EDIA A~JJ CO~(1\1UN CATION RESEARf.:I-I

CHAPTER TWELVE

-. -.- .. "E.;iiti;!pa)," "" ... .JjLv1~t-"lna-w, h.llo. 1U%{)): 1-'3.

-' -. i'Tbi! EIl1~n.¢~: of C)1ttl))'ai: Sh!di.ci ~~d- thii; Cri!l~ Of th~H.\l·mi.ni t:i¢s;" f);:tOf;.fr 5~ (Summer

'~9't{J,r 'U-i!3. -. -- .. "E-Q~o'diJlgfDe4111~g;," In CrJJtii!l~ .. ll'$~t!,.1J,ffiiu~Ji" TfPrlMig Paptrs til Cu}{fftQ,l.S1fJi1i!S( } 972'-1!}, edited by ~t\l"tt Hall, DOfGlitf;J' Hobsen. An4Y LO",~,ruI!l Pa.ul WilJj.~, l28-13:S" 1,()rrd.0-.",l:l}ju;hip~ljn &. CD., 1990. •

--, iltlltIXI.dU'Ctitlb toMedia !it;L;die~:tt-thc (Antr(!." In C~I,:ifr(,_l!4.cdI4,.Ld,~gw~gt_'-I1;~rk;t:,.g,Paptr:: i"'C1j_!M;1f $fl,;J,ii'i, 1912-19, eciit(ld -by Sf\ll'itf Hall, .lJlo'tXl.th)' Hb'bson; Ar!dr'ewbt>w~~,i1nd p~ ..

W'll.fu, 117- TILL<ii;:l'don: Hutchi.t:l~m1'&. 0"., i 980. .

--, "Ljbetru. SWd}e.,_":W rihldi,-, ;~ tb~ Tmhl'ig if Fil;I!'!Yl FOFmoJ E-dj)Cfl1!J'O~,. edite.d by Pads)'

'~1/11gnnel and 'Peler Haremm,J [}-'2'7. London;, Bciti.Sh lfilin Institute Education . .

19~4.

HatJ.; Stuart,.and PHdd,)-I'¥lhan-o~L i'6.hpula.rA:rt".Lonoon: Hutchinson Edu""tiil~. 1964. fbll."rao, James D. 'f~ EJf~ro if!liflJ" CtmlmunWi<lti,m c<JJl·t!i·tp~~i."1 B!!:Jjro" .. ta niP'rliri.r;,n. ,,' ,(> .• m""'"i.;'~

TJlt LIii-.;este~ Uhh~;';ty PiG.'-;, t9'lrf' ;..;q1'l5'~,

l{'I1lloti'o;; hnre-i B;,'liiid ,ji,ll~clill;el 'G ~rlt",il-cR; .eds, l1nr"Jc",ih'lReJlIilr.bzy r;;v-op~r!!h:b~ in, C(}lii-mj,~le!li:iii~·~~(l';'i:~. Leeds, tlK<T:A:. K;>Vll.if<!-gb &'Sc",'s-Ji..fd., lQ1t w:e.\;.t~!Jh, R-91\il\'I;., C~Nl.fre ()'wl C91JJCI!WJ; E'lgli1fiii., uii .iJ.ff,;i1;'it,li'lt S.'iil~~''194C!,l .. Ql\tl(m: ."

19\1.S'. -

H9g.g:>tt,·Ricai;t{),,)1 j\,b4ipu{! Life, l/fil.llJ: .'if! Im'lfpntd L!fi! .. 'N l'ivf BIMswitk,Js..1); ·~.'·'~'~!""\'".w;.", P)Jbl~.~l-et;~, 1~94. -.- .. '-. Spif,Ii!<I'n:f!;":f11 £1ch' Ot/lor., E;s_dy,,; by- Ric,/JQrd'RtJgg'r,t.l't, P&~ 1: .I1.hlJl;;i Bodi:~. LO-Ilap~; Cha~o' Win(h<'S:,.197O_~ -. ---. S;~.mkiltg t« Ead!Orbt1i Esmys by f?i~hatd RWJ{iJf:t,. Va!. II .. ;t'b~!lt L':(tttlhii'l!,. LOlli:lmM

Ch~u:o&Win_:d:us,19,10. . l'

J~mes., Pa\lL"The Mytlh Gr"ihym one! HoggMT'~ On '~"md&.g F".t.. ... e"~;.·rma:'®ultlim1 Pri]jcy:;'(Ju!tii.r){

Studie" II, no • .3 ((kwbed994);394-4L6. 'V

1.1,1dwefl:,. Emesr, The :11ft qfFllm; Lcndon. :AIl~n'& iJuwill, 194$. 'Ihere are g;iany ways ti'J mite .ahollt'*e his;tory of media research. Vile cin focus'

R",dal; W.endy W'orhUl. 'm4gipaci~'¢ 'R€1ilm.al1~": 'The Roo!:O.afCulnm<! SroiJk6~ij .Poli.tical "".'·r"''"'!fi uppn goveming' par:a,digm£, ,!n~-ti Mibn1l1 s~ti~g:~, i_d~(Jlfilgic~ ~9rot!Jitn,1'e,t):.tS,

B.tihm." P)fI'icll,~t .. tTni'iroit)· cifC6J0~do, 19'17 imeIiecnlal lineages., animating prob~cms; tiper:it:1\'~ rtlethfldolDgm" key texts, or

s.:.o_h_l1lm~M i.JJlIlJJ:ti_~~CQ.Q.<fjti_(lro __ of TbJlit.. C.wiLMwg;_ AJI InJ,dlill1mL _HttiQry.--", ... ~""-,<--=,,,-,!i""""""J!II'_ .".... ,"" .. ,~L. - -. t "",--A ~ we'md"lie-"1'0ft.l'd-fi.JnlM'<lmd~mGrC'4dequflte-histhl,i~s.~f__

Ii C C ~ .rnl S d' rI U f fr" "" uC<w,mg con ~excs, _C;U; ..~ •. _. ,.. .. ,. -. ' •. -

i:)t . oht,t:l1lptlt:!iy . \ hi', ,'00'- "e> aTI~: ajvp'sity 0:. 'ir:mlll:glialn. 'Ihe: .. ·.d. ):,'<1. resellrch., we" n;e:~.d to "'u.,sue ail of the.:se ll,Vertues. a-l;I.d Lt'H':;Fe:;and dbs.Q (rem

CMim>i,n!<t;'!,,:or~ 18 (1;993): SHI·3. r

S:mItil"A. C. Ii., 1: .B]~t:l;..~!;'ll"gridJ;;. Inmur:li P~PfrPi:iitdJ, 'Wiib .~n i!lTf\ld!:l.dip.llllyStu~t variety of theoretical and politica! p·e:rs.pective&. K~nneth Burke. obs~f'I'?tl ~ong,

Londoa: ~h~Tl;~;~ Wi;tdll.a, 1973.· JIgi)' that eVei)'wtLy of so::ein-_g is also a \'lay of not s.e~~_g,. ~nd each q!m.e·s· its Q'W':~

'J,'hOT~.titl, DenY'i,.ed. Dir~tr;itlqiioi! aitd .Pop,Jar ,C;_'II.1.':'1f~. B:aJ,t<rJ)or~MD:J?ll_ng)1'i1 'trained m capacitiefc. J©n~''':V\Jiy to,e.Q'liDtedj.aiance rhe'11~ts ·Elf an~r .o~e~ppI0aolh 1&

Th]lnWrori, nt~y~, !l;t10 F..R. L~~i~, Ci'ft#* .~rrd"E!J1!irolrm~~I; T/Je Jr~mi'!g oj'C;ritWi.! . fQ cultivate a kin.d 0f e.cunl'tlnical ptur'alisrn at-rn(! CCill(';~'te .:ll}cit diSCiplinary ~e,ye:l,

L(}i;dQo: Charta & Wind~ .. , 19'33. i>;:):ji6h means mal&Jg·., roo m fqr li1tn.lnple and c'ompen.·n:g·p. erSipl'!.ittives. ,anifhistories;·

Wham1d, Paddy; :1!:od P~!(;r !-'f>i:r0lflm't. S-UU:!J';, illlli~ T~{f,mg if F'ilin jij jfqmtQl E'ii-r;~"tio1;; uP:

BriiiKh FlIm limiNtec-EiiumLtion Depa:rtmertf, 19:64, J.tike'·tltis volume asan -irnp0 rtan t step for"''2:_rd in that ".ectiQ~l.

Wi1lO"ms, Th"YJUen'd 'Aduh: RduCllrl-OH and .SockI Ch:mg?-;' In .Bti"de~ CtUl2rrJ'-: Raynumd,' I For my' col;r~ib\i.tiQ1T, J waIl,t to Ill:3ike a case for l1is:tCixy tb!1,t attends -Care-

irt.AdU!! Ba'",,<ltir.,!, edited by]: M~oy·;md S. We..tviflodj.,2:55~264, Leicester, fUlly-to in&;viduru. peopLe, mid CO,ntriQl'lt'e )UCjdi!&tly, to that pfQJect by attend-

u,.sIi-tlJ.teofColltinuiJl}\-Adult Educstioa, 1!.W3. ;0;. Jng'to a perS.d'l'l who hasn't f.tg'UJed into hisfoties. Of the Iield thus t~,,\~lill.i.llro

----. +. C~m'm'm:;l))ti<lw~3:rd,.ccl. Him:ItonciscwClfl1h, U.Kr.'PcPlgujn BOdb,19~7'6, ~ . N. ("'Vild. Bill~) McFhee (l921~199g)J' It isa t\oY>8-p.aIt effort,wmch begmsat

"0 '] .,.,.. d' "fa .. .I' d).,." N' M . 'j""2 L' 6'(>/1'

----. ':ll tul'e .I~ ";'r Inill')'. ,JlO~'lfJ~f!OJlr 'e",tt·~.· uJ.·OII'(l~n '·lL.ck<!:nzte, .. 4 r-: 0 •• 0P· '!!:. hi:st¢rl:.O?l~phic;~il and c.oncepruaI level an_.·.Ql. then .~¢.eJu;spe.cifh:ity thr~!]..lg.'h

M!).CGihb_on !UJ<.M, 195&. 1 I'i$

. . ,\Vh~Jm I rry to-write into gr6_atttr collective awarenessas a way to. make

Writing Figures INTO THE Field:' William McPhee

AND THE Parts Played

BY People IN Our Histories OF Me.dia Research

You might also like