fi 
,  fi fi, 
  , fi fi
   fi
 fi.
:
.

1.

( ).
2. (3108m/sec)
.

Lorentz

P(x,y,z) (x,y,z)
x

v
x,

()
Lorentz:

x=(x-ct), y=y, z=z, ct=(ct-x)

v
1
, =
( 2=(2-1)/2 )
2
c
(1 )

c=3108 m/sec .
:
1. 01 1.
2.
:
x=(x+ct), y=y, z=z, ct=(ct+x)

O 

(ct)2=x2+y2+z2

s2=(ct)2-x2-y2-z2
.
x1=x, x2=y, x3=z, x4=ct
s2=-x12-x22-x32+x42
X4=ix4, S=is
S2=x12+x22+x32+X42
4-
.

Lorentz

L=

L (>1)
Lo () .

:

.

t = t'
t
t
( ).

:
( ),
( ),
:

= =

1- 2

u'x =

uy
ux v
uz
, u'y =
, u'z =
uv
u v
u v
1 x2
1 x2
1 x2
c
c
c

 ux<<c v<<c uxv/c20 uxux-v

( )

 ux=c ux=c

.


:
ux =

u'x + v
, ...
u'x v
1+ 2
c

fi

Lorentz, fi fi

S2=(x0)2+(x1)2+(x2)2+(x3)2

fi x0=ct, x1=x, x2=y, x3=z, 

fi.

.
x, =0,1,2,3

x 0
1
x
x = 2
x
3
x

a b
ab=(agb)=(gab)=aTgb
a=[a0 a1 a2 a3] ( ) a
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
(o . .)
g=
0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1

=(0, )
0 A (
()).

=(0,) =(0,)

A B = [A 0

A1 A 2

1 0 0 0 B 0
0 1 0 0 B 1

A 3 ]
0 0 1 0 B 2

3
0 0 0 1 B

A B = A 0B 0 A B

2==(0)2-2=(0)2-(1)2-(2)2-(3)2
Lorentz
.

(+)2=2+2+2 = [(+)2-2-2]

Lorentz .

x=(x0,x) t
. ( )

(cd)2=d(x)2
t
d =
u =

dt

dx dx dt
dx
=
=
d
dt d
dt

dx 0
d(ct )
dx
u =
=
= c u =

dt
dt
dt
0

u=(u0,u)=(c,u) u = (c, u)

:
1.
.
2. Lorentz
u2=(u0)2-u2=(c)2-(u)2=2(c2-u2)=c2-u2/(1-2)=c2

p=mou, =0,1,2,3 mo
m=mo u=(c,u)
p=mo(c,u)=(mc,mu)=(mc,p)
p2=(mc)2-p2=m2c2(1-u2/c2)=2mo2c2(1/2)=mo2c2 ( )
=mc2mc=E/c
E
p = ( , p)
c

E
p2= -p2
c
2

E
p =m c mo c = -p2
c
2

2 2
o

2 2

2=(moc2)2+p2c2
.

:
h =c=1,

p = (E, p) 2 = mo2 + p 2
( )

(mo) ,
=mo+T

2=(mo+T)2 = mo2+p2 mo2+T2+2moT= mo2+p2
p 2 = T(T + 2mo )
GeV (,
, -, ), p2=2moT
<<2mo.
:
=m=mo=mo+T T = m ( 1)

p=mu=mo
= 1+

=
m

(LS)


. (
)

(CMS)

,
p1+p2CMS=0

LS
p1

CMS
p2=0

p1

-p2