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    Multizone air handlers, for a long time, were considered the Cadillacs of air conditioning. With the rapid increase in energy prices, the multizone has virtually eliminated the multizone. Advances in multizone energy conservation include the use of high-low pressure selectors. Another control strategy that is acknowledged to save energy is the "deadband thermostat"

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    Multizone air handlers, for a long time, were considered the Cadillacs of air conditioning. With the rapid increase in energy prices, the multizone has virtually eliminated the multizone. Advances in multizone energy conservation include the use of high-low pressure selectors. Another control strategy that is acknowledged to save energy is the "deadband thermostat"

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    9 views5 pages

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    Uploaded by

    Eduardo Legorreta
    Multizone air handlers, for a long time, were considered the Cadillacs of air conditioning. With the rapid increase in energy prices, the multizone has virtually eliminated the multizone. Advances in multizone energy conservation include the use of high-low pressure selectors. Another control strategy that is acknowledged to save energy is the "deadband thermostat"

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    of 5
    Advanced multizone control concepts Maintenance of desired temperatures and energy savings are available with advanced multizone control concepts BALFREDEGUNTERMANN PE &8shown in Fig. 4. (The mechanical Renee a ANS PE cooling cold deck temperature is ‘Technical Services Die, usually held constant at-60 F or be- ‘The Avatin,Co, Cleveland, Ohio low to provide dehumidfieation.) ———$_ Tre resetting of the hot and cold deck temperatures from actual space demand is an improvement ‘ver the traditional method of re- setting them from outside air tem- peratures. This former approach Virtually alway’ results in excessive energy waste because the hot and cold deck temperatures have to be set for worst case conditions and the eontrols can’t sense changes in space conditions. ‘Another control strategy that is acknowledged to save energy is the “deadband” thermostat. In lieu of @ single room temperature set point such as 74 F, a deadband thermo- stathas two set points such a8 78/70 F. Essentially no heating nor cool- ing is added between the set points; heating will beused tomaintain the loner set point, while cooling will be ‘Multizone air handlers, for a long time, were considered the Cad illacs of air conditioning systems because of their ability to maintain, precise zone temperatures. Howey. cr, with the rapid increase in energy prices, the inefficiency of mixing hot air with eold air has virtually eliminated the multizone from to day’s energy designs. One problem isthat during the economizer cycle, for every degree the cold deck tem. perature is lowered below the re- turn air temperature, a degree of reheating is added to the hot deck as shown in Fig. 1, Also, when me- chanical cooling is required in liew of the economizer cycle, extra ener- gyis consumed when zone mixing is required to mechanically cool the used to maintain the upper set point (see Fig. 5). This control has the added advantage of automat. ically switching the space tempera- ture settings from heating to cool- ing. Other considerations ‘The deadband thermostat has not been recommended in the past for use with simultaneous heating and cooling systems such as multi- zones. What happens is the zone mixing dampers are at their ap- proximate midpoint, which is their last controlling position as the room temperature enters the dead- band temperature range. ‘There- fore, if one zone calls for heating, some heat is added to all zones de- pending on the last controlling pos- ition of all of the multizone damp- ers. As a result, on multizones, in- stead of the space temperature is usually forced to the jt, and then the econo- air and then reheat it (see Fig. 2) Advancements fa One established advancement in the area of multizone energy con- servation is the use of high-low pressure selectors to reset the hot and cold deck temperatures from the actual space temperature. For i. example, the hot deck temperature | {04 )} | Siro G is reset to the selected temperature 4 ; necessary to meet the coldest zone Sue (sceFig. 9) Similarly the mixed air ioja CU femperature is reset up during pe- aLUTER hile riods of economizer operation to ee provide only enough outside air to 1% 200 etm > (88:3 — 60) = 6226 Btun 11 x 200 cfm > (883 ~ 70) = 4026 Btn 2 savings = 2200 Blu meet the greatest cooling demand 1 Economizer jee ofact on hot deck of raising cold dock (mixed a) 20 Hestng!Piping/Ar Conditioning « Novernber 1961 mizer cycle is activated to maintain “forcing” the space temperature to these deadband conditions; it the upper limit. the opposite limit, but also the oe- makes little sense not to make use The opposite effect will ocenr cupants ean become uncom. of this free economizer cooling until during the cvoling season because —fortable. the upper limit of the deadband ‘mechanical cooling will gradually Another problem to overcome is temperature is reached (e.g, 78 F) foree the space temperatiie to the that of lost temperature control A possible solution is to utilize a lower limit. Asa result, not only is during the deadband range. Usu- return air thermostat to modulate excessive energy wasted by ally free cooling is available during the mixed air dampers during econ- ‘omizer periods to maintain an aver- a ‘age space temperature of, for ex- e ample, 72 to 74 F. This will provide a substantial improvement in the ability to control space tempera- tures during a period when outdoor air is available for free cooling. In ase one of the temperatures ex- ceeds the limits of the deadband temperatures, then either the deadband thermostat will increase the hot deck temperature to main- tain the lower deadband tempera- heat = 1.1 x 100 efmx (80 — 70) = 1100 Btu ture setting, or in the ease of econo- 2 cool = 1.1 x 100 crx (80 — 60) 3415 Buh per ei12,000 Buh ger em= _62661u» | mizer cooling, the deadband ther- otal mostat will override the return air 2 Mechanical cooing efoct of mang ot and cola deck alr streams, ‘wonroller thea ye nasal loro ene sure selector and will inerease the amount of outdoor air to lower the mixed air temperature to maintain the upper limit temperature in the ‘worst zone, ‘The primary advantage of the deadband thermostat with a multi- zone system is that simultaneous heating and cooling will largely be avoided because there isa tempera- ture range between the space heat. ing and cooling temperature set points. When one zone is calling for Tinie x 0st = Resting with ase poineof (0 Fite deg 21x 0 x Woah oo unlikely that second zone wl be ees Callingforcolingat TF Thts, the Leaecre ree eee wisn a imore cxtone hot and 2 Te esting ol ho dock fo ao dona cold deck Temperatures is tin 2 A & “Deatband € fat ~ 11 200 cm x (83 — 652) = S060 un 2 ae deed = 11% 0x 653-653) = 0 i ‘awa 5060 Btun ‘Space temperature {The esting of th eomonar col deck am space dan oasaaieT anode HeatngPiping/Ar Concttioning » November 1981 a Advanced multizone control concepts imized or eliminated. As a result, during heating periods, the mixed air temperature can he automat. ically reset to substantially higher temperatures, thereby greatly re- ducing the amount of required heating. Energy consumption ‘Tables 1, 2, and 8 show the energy consumption for a multizone that hhas three 200 sq ft zones (see Fig. 6) under three different temperature control schemes. Table 1 shows the energy consumption for a multi- zone that has a constant 60 F cold deck temperature. ‘Table 2 shows the energy consumption for a mul tizone that has an economizer mixed air temperature automat- ically reset to meet maximum space demand using a high-low pressure selector. Table 3 shows the energy consumption for a multizone unit that incorporates both a deadband thermostat system and a hot deck and economizer cold deck reset from space demand. Since Space 2 in Table 2 has a 4.7 F air temperature rise from the in- ternal heat gain, Space 2's tempera. ture will be maintained 4.7 F above the supply air temperature. With the deadband thermostat, the min: imum supply temperature will usu. ally be set by the minimum outside air damper setting (see Column 2in ‘Table 2). Therefore, with a dead- band thermostat, in our example, the temperature will float from 70.5 F (65.8 + 4.7) at zero F outdoor air temperature to 74.7 F (70-+4.7) at 70 F outdoor air temperature. Ob- viously a temperature of 70 F is less comfortable in winter than 74 F. Note that above 50 F outdoor air temperature, virtually no heating ‘or cooling energy is required. Fur- thermore, additional energy sav- ings could be obtained if the min- imum percent of outside air could be reduced, Since the bulk of the heating “hours of occurence” for most cli mates is in the intermediate tem- perature ranges, the deadband thermostat can substantially re- 2 “Tgble 1 Space thermostats are set a 70 F and economizer cod Seeks set at 60 F (See Fig Saeet Soe? Sees | sear ary reir Cuca ar} ol ening cosine corsunp-|oot ev] consuro- | col enn] osu ‘rere | sama [eters un renee] en (erp en fet | meet [ume | wu tum | wus [uel | vee 0 ry Tse] s:) it] we az 0 & sa | ss | 1 m2 | 334 a 6 7 | ea | an | as | ae 2 & | #5 | aa | tt | ne | 2a a je) ei | ue | ae | ee a 60 oo | @a | iit | ae | te a o jim | Si | ir | go) ie n 0 iss | ea | ts | ea | 3s ‘Gonatart 0 cld ock mpeg. "Cal mpacue neces to aan 7DF ft nt nat oss mun = 1-1» 200 cm» feaveg a emperare ~ etn 2 anger), "Table 2—_Space thermosiats are set at 70 F and economizer cold deck ls sat fom space demand (soe Fi. 6) ‘wae Space 2 spaces | far Tey tear Cutcr ai] ot ering | ean] consump |ct iain] const | Collen] cons Tamora: | ar tempus jr eget ton [taper] ton (se terpary on fuer | cuwese [were | wwure [turer | wane [west | were a | ss | ms | sm] e2 | ¢ 78 | 258 w | @3 | so | a | a | o me | oa a | 83 ae | ea | a ns | ia a | 8 be | ea | a we | iat a | ea ou | ei | a m2 | ws ta | 3 | 0 Be a | 3 m | 3 | 0 oo n no as | @2 | ts | Bo TTorwerarocesay tv Space 2070 Fn wie 125 Buk = 200G)= 47 F ‘Gon wenpertute mersay to ara 70F oot me et ss, Sunt 20 cn ten a oroetre eng a teu), Table $7870 F deadband thermostats and economizer cold deck se rom space demand (see Fig.) ‘Spas? Ere ato a | ol ning coi evn) consumo- tum | ar tmper jar temuray ten, wwe | “we ‘ue | bah? > | 8 ss | 0 o | ge fe | 0 a | me fe | 0 o | oa | we | 0 o | o. fe] 0 so | ms me | 0 | mo mo | 0 m | no mo | ‘Getening ata —(eaceterpaue «alg <8 ousoora emp) 105 °Galtempere neces to arian TOF ett hast oss ‘Mur 20 n= eng ar eget" oer engerati) - tk =| soe | span 4 3 : + 102511495 =| space = 2 Qe = WT = 026 x vall ama x (10 ~ OF) ‘b °3-w pot og ft x 3415 Btuh per w x 200 sqft & x O50 = 1025, 6 Three zones under diferent temperature control schemes. Heating/Piping/Alr Condtioning « November 1981 duce the multizone’s annual energy consumption, Normally, the problem of the deadband thermostat “forcing” the temperature would occur in Spaces 2 and 3, and the space tempera- tures would be forced to 78 F; then the multizone damper would move from the midpoint at the deadband temperatures to eventual full cold deck as the space temperature moves above 78 F. Some ineffi- ciencies would result if the econo- rizer cold deck temperature was then activated ‘The “forcing” problem can be solved by the incorporation of two additional temperature control fea- tures. First, the multizone damper ‘operator springs should be selected so that the zone dampers are open to full heating at 5 psi and open to full cooling at 10 psi. Therefore, when the space temperature now enters the deadband zone (9¥: to 10 pai), the zone damper will be open to full bypass, which is normally return ait, instead of at. the zone damper’s midpoint (see Table 4). fone of the zones requires heat~ ing, the deadband thermostat will send a zero to 9¥% psi signal to the high-low pressure selector. For ‘moming warmup, a zer0 psi signal willset the hot deck temperature to maximum. If the various zones be- come heated to the deadband limit, all of the zone deadband tempera: signals proach 9% psi, and the high-low pressure selector will gradually re- set the hot deck to cold deck tem- perature so that no heating is ener- gized. When all ofthe temperatures enter the deadband range, neither heating nor cooling is required. During the economizer operation (below 75 F outside air temper ture), a return air thermostat oper- ates to modulate the mixed air dampers to produce a mixed air temperature between 58 and 74 F to maintain a return air tempera: ture between 72 and 74 F. The re- turn air temperature should, of course, be adjusted to represent an average space temperature of 72 to 4, AAs the outdoor air temperature increases beyond 65 F, outdoor air ray not be able to cool the space temperatures. At a predetermined outdoor air temperature, such as 65 F, the chiller system will be ener- sized and the heating system will be de-energized. Furthermore, to provide full zone damper control during mechanical cooling, «three Way air solenoid valve will switeh the multizone’s damper operator air pressure through a sequencing cumulator, which will reduce the zone damper's input air signal by 44% psiso that the zone damper will, be at 5 psi and calling for full by- pass around the cooling coil. As fur- ther zone cooling is required, each deadband thermostat will increase its signal from 9¥% psi to 20 psi, and the zone dampers will increase from 5 to 10 psi and call for full cooling. This will modulate the ‘multizone dampers to provide the proper cool air temperature. A three-way chilled water valve shail modulate to maintain a con- stant 60 F cold deck temperature which will always ensure debu- fication. A schematic showing the complete advanced multizone control concepts shown in Fig. 7. ‘A deadband thermostat was chosen in lieu of a two-temperature thermostat because a two- temperature thermostat cannot provide the same economies as a deadband thermostat. A two- temperature unit has changeover accomplished by a change in the supply pressure. The difficulty of changing individual zone thermo- stats based upon varying solar and internal loads is virtually impos- sible. For example, if an internal zone was set at 78 F and the lights were switched off, then the two- temperature thermostat would re- quire additional heating to mai tain 78 F as opposed to the dead- band unit allowing the temperature tofloat between 70 and 78 F Essentially, this deadband/mul- tizone system will require no waste- ful mixing of hot and cold air streams. ‘The resulting energy sav- ings offer excellent benefits for the Hosting/Piping/Ale Conditioning « November 1981, "Table 4 Position ot mulizone min

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