IIll ~,97,~amdl ~,99]1:lE!iaJJgga.dl~b Wf~ faced 'wilth iutf]i[l~ m'hm.irngya ~ from :Myam.

I11I8l"_ ]'~, 1'971 afliJIIDt 2iJl)"iJ(J0 rm3~' ~fl~~ii :imo BaTli.~~ Eo flee wer;;.ecut'immi by dte ~:I1II1Jil3.~ a'J]'JJl;y:iIm iI:he .A.ri3kam, m,s:i om_ Thci[' :i1E~:ii:ru Eam glad£:gh a.Jj: ilia[ time 'W3R ~ ]i,~ :tB ILl_@. ~roole[J.l wa..~:lil1'&[ih,.;oo, ttJmmgh dl pl ~~ i[ji~B!1ii:I,!'€fl til iiii:tiIDim nlootb~.. The ,g~to:m::itm 'ig ~rnl£Wb at ,difi'cnmt dti ii tiIrJm "When arnDUil: a q~l;' of 31, mienn OCfl]of ,~i!£.FI took 'sbiZ:lwu iu!'tbi~ TGtmaf-OiJ~,'fl, EU'.3I· regiOJIi_ 'F4:i,[~~ ifL"L@ ~~l iOOJiJlPll2tiOOl Ilf fi1ill Cmlldfu.!l1~Iliall. [iJ~l781i)I)'D ~ 'R£j'li1imga :ropatJiatiioo lJalluiEiIl.!l~ 'imm: siin;gle lIarl~ '~CR [iJp7fraE)arj in A~in.. ]Ill s]li~ n{ 11_8~ladGJ:b Gaver:mIlCILit"t1, :~f::rJil: with the M:yamllaI' [31IlthuEiif!ie:s: 8TIi d UNEIC~t's M~mKi HIlld[t]'iJ(j a-f TJr:J d;Gra.ta:r.ldj lIe; 'with '00tb 'nL1fi gow,enll1Jli~lJ[llon ~attjmiiJI1~ !i n'itiiall B'p fI, in 61~ mlZlatriatimm ha.~, ih~.n. ra:J:1ii ~[' s];ow_ ... 1Ct.iJ.~ly m ~atr:iDOlll ]l~s lila:;, 'Vi1i"tmiD1y ~ .. 1:'he pmEfli~]lOO of such a large u~ of :m~£!ZA,~ 'wh~ 81;. one ~ ~d m 'be:ffiM an 'imidci1Llfm '~(}gBd i:::oo.3Jm.a [taIiii~ ~n thi~ has bIkit Cll'I'milIllniti~ a,nd. ]m.p~ ~"c;]JIc1) dt.c room_omy and em-irrooJllClltEi:ff '1ibi:1: r'~1l!!1Ii" Irt n~ ~1Il thi.~~ scmm,~il1batt 3i FlWY 00 tDf: [R~~'3!, rcfu;~ iis 'bcing Wl~_

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The. ~ hi:m: 'lilil.reG. ~ 0 r ~ Thi] '[limit [Ftart, 'wiU attfHllJpt 00 ~dgmfrif!r 'nL1fi.IIiiXtI: C8l.lEiiJ.S !l1f iIloo :mfug£!2.[prai:hleml_ 'I':hi£: 'loordkwarwl£:iA, [and, lIIe [~~, liJ[ '[Df: iR.ak11im£.re,gie:rn in M~fallmBll' iIM: ,oo:mrn1llil~all '1:fiT!j srolil, th at l~i'8t!i:'~ tLlE :Bru:ddlhi ~[ iBnd 'nm8- M l.!.slH~~ ati~ and the flEBtc s]liJlm.'O'IJJiJlrep:TIZSsmrJ are Sill1I1~ m'tOO ro'll~Vi®1J.!i:~~ iJ31.S 'lfbat 'hHVfi lcd te oo~~ t mnJtuJR of tru~ :RJD'fui~gy"A'11 'friiJITITt il:hicir Il@1l113l1 pl~ cifb:tb[tm:.. AU tllEIDC mna ibe; [ilX ailill1n-ed in tioo ~ nf a loom-plex ~[I~on a:md u{js~--Jl'Iii~rati®n !l'!I:f ~ ]lCOp'l~ of 11_e..A.ItUE.l~\I;: Ba:z.:BF ~_M I1VCf tIii~ D:I8t rew olIDt1Jli i:1:&. It may '00. ar;gum. ~ ~.ikca. oozem, of ,odr_er fl1ib- JiiMi@JIal WOUps in M;ya:m~J 5JI'~ dlG :R.fihirngyall s1fl iJ fmlbdl ID bl]; ~m~lf81OO. iFl, the l1J]aiilIi~3.lll :Myammar lilati.on-buildillg' ]lroJm amd tOOJIJt.im.il~ '~oo a rniiFt~'in311 !~.(jiJEhm;ml!JttJ ~111'I!b~ ~:m;e:m i;:ioo. [,1. of AIa:kan. '[111[.'1: 'Ill:! e ftc]jll~ of iB1iimRlioo rtf 'r!t1fi; Jl'1Ihi'm,~ R mw~, thi~ :Myanm1m-eF1~ atam ,aM. tit@. i31ilituJ~ aad pal iC'i e::i, iof '[be iinC~,V!Z M ~a'luJiia:r~{J¥lm.lDl~TfilJl 'Win OOlliili'iil:lJ.D:c~1111~1lt iJ:lkmlj~TfEfl,of'th M: fU"t.

1I'iLe 'IDXilldl p:rnt '~U deal witlii idle qtlf'&tiarn !l'!dJ' 1mcab1II efj~ !l'OCij' ~ by dig EaJlgl~bi IUor.?rIIDJI1fIf:lIf.iL llfh.ou,~ll :D:m,gl3df:~ [I, iS5: a. ~1~' A net m 'm.1iZ:- 1 ~5 ~ CcllWlIfmrJ ~~m;aci~i.alJ1 of ee ]]Jc Um~lllJlal 'tocc'iam.r'moo nf HUlan Rjghts of 1.9418 ,aJliI, ~.EH awn ~Flienru. in dte-l,t:a"miJll 'W8Ii'~ 'wJisr!J DfI .. ooJt !I!!'if~VCIlJ' ~Vf:TIi :m;emgal~ W3& a, rlC:fu.p iLlllldIia.., 'runf:. ~Dn g has a. ~ '~~iib:i!ltty 'in i1ipltLold 'lfil1i:1: IbB.!iic rigbltt: m' tbe 'rgfu~ _ iEl"m;,;d [lCG dJ.e iBIlivall ot lI:hc :Roo.iogya 'reru,IJOO'1 ~ It@ 1i!l.aI!lgls.d.g_.s'hi GiJ,V!Zl!Jl'I!iliUlt :maR [!'liL¥vJ!!Ibd. :rdii:ef mid ~b ~tw.tr[0 ~ p~ lle.. Jet trui!: ~ """,11" .". '1 1.. -. ~11 d,tm1ti)]1]M.I "@]':is:.~ art ...... J."!I~~ .. ] ...:II'II'T'1ii.T!t1I'.i""I'1!]I ,_, t:iIJ.U~rE OOmj-~DW[11D1£III.u:iJJ ~1f;;r.at[(fD ~~ 1,iIII"''''I.1 lliI.EIiJUI.i:::iJJ 811 u ,I,I i!.'i..I;~ prarirm.m, ~~a1l iiIl.ppiJUiI: to ~ :Brn.Bll~'1It. 3:lIIthmiti~ ~Il,OOP~I!i,g.'Wilib [aI~si~ m~ 1Ill8,gm.fimd& ' '[I'n apl.. m'~ blll[[lHEi~tarnaJJ1l at:~~~r!i m Jutdam 'm th~ ,uefu,~., a. ilnB:jor' po..Ii~y loo:tIis~~tioo '[be: Ba:rri,~ad§.b anIilJllfi:t'Lgghi.aa ll:tG.rou 'iffiI£ir ~dk: an d .s3lfJe l!ZfiillJTI I m :Myam.l1JlaF_ TIl.is [llaft will [~[a.loafe 'mIt£:0 b.eatmTIent m~ ~ dt~ by dt.e. :m;aIIgl~mi mIIlo:riti:c.'1, 'Wiii1:Ll, aim (!If i2!lug~i~ tb~ i[lIjpro¥~ iihouIld thi~ 'bcI any lfCCllfliOOCm !l!I.f ~ l~h~u®..liJ\cBla .

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"Fil£ 1:liiirrd pm 1Wi1l de3]] with tIi1.G !lJU ~ti IJm m~ IIEJ.1mimi 00l_ AIl. ilillPiJliitalJ [ ~ ilkrntiOOl '~, ib£; 'tlir1l ~A~·mzof "iIm~.Il..@.!1 s, UN'HCR '1l1.a..~ [ae~'C;lJ gm,g=iI!oo, ~11l ilEglll DfI:m"i~lIIg tlri~ ropdiF:i a:t:OO..1i.i of 'f!7tfuD~'_ 1'ihi£: c..b~ w:iJl menti:fjf :iSEl.!~ and ~n1:8 nt iIIJg EaJ11$l~b, ~1-' 'n:.:rNH;CIl-N'CTO c@llslt~o:nl 'with reapect ID :repaDi:Itiu ']1"1.15. W,i~~ibe fll!l]]~ed, ~' am, exaJ1Juna1:OCrn !Of ,Cill~ [Iii ci:rel:lJDlYa:rnoool 'WfiiIlll, :If@lpE:d to ~ nndm inmrmati:o:rn 311 'I aw'_

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1Ir~stD~ cal ,3.""COOUIllJ: lot tbc ~oo w,i1100 hWiGd am i5:C!Jil[l d:my iiOUiJ:'JXS.. Frn:' me '~iJI1 .. Mid thim d pmD'~iI:G.'iIrE o..1T tOO [B:mgl~l:i~-:~~nliIT: ,A~rnt: en ~ rrqra:t1i;mfiTIi.~ t~ m~ dte 'MEI.liiDlfS.I1..da ofUOON;~aruliffiig ~lZl, 'U1Si(BIClR, :BI1.. [BaTii,~~ d, U~!R,:IiI1£1 'MyartLlllBli'. un .. cl~if:td '~ern, i[lf'llNifCR., iI:hc JJ..Jir.:listrry nf' lRorcign Affai.fs: arud p31:ti~£[f~ pU(I!CGooi~gs 'illl '[ffl Ei ~~ 'qt.aE!tt[O'Il in BaIl~ m~ll [OO1iJl'pl!']~ ~~1tiiaJt frlma:r:y ,SIJ[[f~ .. ,[I'.nt£n'ie:wrS !l1f' ~h£ ugfu,Boo rap mfl~VC~~ affi ai:s1l~ of tb~ ''Iffili'ii IlnI.'!: m~llj m:i:ei1., dlg 'r£il:N]JCR att malta, aE d :iffienm,l@l.'L~ls it] ~~s El&mf' and :fi.,,1'a.1[m,~~ artii N(,,~ ~Ilf!,folvroi[l, :relid and :repstriatilOOl W"miJd p~i1ile important :mfli,p_ R~'Sp3per repouts, Jouffiil srticl~ and i'1l-'E'lJOOIR£: 'reg~ '~s !l!I..'Ij' aid 3iymci ~ IJD Iliitilllime !l1fIpoo:t3nt A~ cSOlJlreG m' i"Il'fuI:rJliati 00 'f.or thi~ c:iilmdry. ~

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'Ranmu5l hi'stmilian !J)f'OhiJtta!Gne; l.oJmlbnim1l1 Alam ~ tlIUM a.mlITlld,9:5:6 CI1ii~f'on€ 'wa.=:I, ,~ by an Aralta:rue&e ki"m:;;:::311.(1, dig ci~.r was !rum]oo;a_,ftH It~m.. :el~il1ii 10 crniItIIE)!" ,AW' te 1:5:S0 Qiltt.fl~ S:l"I'iid.w:if aEi d :Rml_tE ~ 00 wa:;; I~idtc~ '1l1I1.da"' contrnJ'l of true 'Mir&Urll S')a'L'tan.~ iJif dig IEk:n,B,aiI.,DD' 'Illrn:OOr iIJle; rmG Ilhf tlle Am1can~ ~ Ki1ii.S~ _ IFDr oon1ilEli~ '[lhQ. :tv!agthE !l)t Al~~ "With iJiOO '~mllp m'ths :Fi[i~.,~ amdl '[I.l~ '~DB, ware e;m~ in 'p.ir~·, ~!J!.il'tii~ and kiElli:1l8 inllEg !DD-a%~ '~cm.s E!iaogal. 1"GI fllil.ilIlJ Ut ~! 'Bm1£i[Ji'~ mlDolllalliir w;iillh'm.~fi.A~ re~i:mJ ean ~ tfaeed "fill, ~iGutt ti~lll@l SItd 'IiltIGrewas: OO~li'1mJt:.tu~an. f 'm rIlhti: mlmiiJiL "WJt;oo, '~a.l wa.9 [pO~, 'lffiIg ,Amak3J1.€.RD-~.Ptoo EiGTI,ga],"s 'li:Ll.mlagg and '~, W'OEl., '''W1:ifill ~ iba.lar.too af~rrr ;th~ ~n milf!l1lJI![' aiI· .AIDaikan., E!Ulp WK madn ~iJ!:l, ''1i'~, st:mE:.. ,A~I 00. Jte irtllJfE'3.8ed; 'rnt:cmtliam, ~I thi~~

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Am:rbian pgruiEl!:rlilila" 1'Il£;y m~ :imc IL'ls gJ:iii1DElg:M'IIDiHl1Jl ro(;i~ ,and:bcc.amg ~ 'It[fttilll~, ,d,fi si!iIJat dlalcct @[[]~a as ,iI; fliC&m1:t of!lhc mirrtJ.!m of' :Fcu;ian, l;rl'!ifu~'FmRb~ Ai. uaJra:JIi ~ ,3J1_d,

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'Mn&Hm 'mtJlK:'m"o~ in .Ai.ratam g:ucw im,the ~,~thDULtIEIy.lfrn :~"D4,N':mtlibliLl~8.:. me; 'k1~ nf AfSkaJl. : dllipoooo try' lI:he :SUlmliffilii, iiIl'!IlJg11~ [ IjJftD~ I1ja.~;j'hab~M~r cfGaw", Na.Ilnliiilclliill:a ~ gi,'!im ~fa:l :moylul'1ii~ dw then Stiltan iUiid 1ti,~ im, GanF fer ~lIfty'-fJ(f[[F' ~'. Itt, has ~, ,~lailIJ]oo,Olm: 'liE 0 Bm:ddIiiist,ltimt~ OOrilil~ '~is, ~)Qd ill 8'::tile llloc-anm ~111 "iI~OO, w~ ]'s'lamiLc [h iEtnry :md '~JOl~i!i Cii. In II4JfIl I ala] miIiIiD S 11aIi1, P ffi"i;fiI:!I~, N:mm ~lflJil3!2Jl{Jt]~ Ii1].1 ~"~r:ii nndu ggUl~rralI Walli: KlIi:m R d ~ :m-m gm: ria n"IT':SuIiuama.:iJKrrlEi AIfRtaEi .. Bm.t 1i!itlcra'Warli :tril8Il, ~Il~, Qlf hlilldinJl uer ~r to, 1100 ~BIl£RiJ ti~ declared it1r~rnirelftG I'I!JlI er, amdg~ ~~i.lI!IlII 'Doop:l '~'!"Gl·g;5El]1111:.1dcr ,~rn eral d s:bid.i:ihi 'KharJ, m, [pliIrJ~A'L1J ~Pbay.rn., ~,9&4:A7). F:illiil~', 'NaJlIllik'bi~a ~oo, :ttiliEi ~r 'Ern A'~J, '~idtJ GaJ[f' m er.s m:t:a1 aUfi]Hl1it arnd,~ 'lfbc ~1il1B'11LliIl 'I1H1i1iiC So~aiJi.llRl1,Sb ah. Fiol~~ 11~ 'h3m ~~ive rul~ ,Arabll aiIdOO, a Musliim I1m111G !to 'Iflilir Ekl.!ddlhfi;j[names, Cm(ins ifl!m£d ~ iIlhrmll 'm ad A'll"8hic ~11.&CII':i¢i00 00 'tltLem (C ~I it:~~,m::1s).

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TIl ~ eed of 'fDE:war' Grg~ ,00000diti:ou, fbi" dig d~ll3.000, [1€ople 00 rcIm.rn [bag1::: to illL€if '!hDJlK:.R_ AlthiJDgh lihg :lBrilfiab FOl1Jl~!ll 0 Iw ,Ar.a1:ml~~ 'MJJxl:iOlRi :mkmi i.lI1II"} in a 'Mlmil iI1Jl N atinrn al ,AIDa:. 0 wbi~lii wOl:llld rOO1IJIPE1@2. Mm1\~, E!im1bii~! am k pa1t !l:!dT':RaiffiJ£daurn,g bOfdcJjm,g ~ :IHi!Zfil gal (Y:ggar:, 1912.: 91S'~ il:ihi~'Wa."i IliJt mliD~GqllElirtl:' lIlam~" '"
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,Ae!xrflilIi~ m 1JEG:r~i!l11 ~l'iient' Myam¥ISF ~ m talke lTIiea~mr~ that c~ifI. hi.:t1t tOO iJIll.tiIlw of M:yanmar rmfi dGnlLll m B aF.l~:tdeii.b and to ~]J[ ~ 3lZirmrui 1,1' al~JIt:lJ OOG c:tIlj,incsr M,a.-nlTIlB!r 1 iiflmrtlty Ca._,I, l~lll(kigmlg !to ~E ether dD~~ isaBOd ~' mk'!faIJ~ Mya.-nm3lJ" mJ1Illlooitir2-A,' and "all illw.rj',if: :rble te :liJJmIi.s.h G'vi&.:rnee of ul:mtT :rE8i:d~ ~11l cMYSliHMg. Am, Jmpo ttaEi[ 1~L13l, ~11,tl!i ~ :M'GTlTIiJll11Itdum ~~ thu~ rolk afiE:m: UiNHCR - 'Wllifik ill: wu ~,_ too G:OB wamlld. 'mUy asr.oi::late 'mJElrqp:IiI~"1Jta1i:~ iliilg TLlNHCR itO assilstt cElhE' [M7OO~ ;and, wlumt:l[}' repatri:ni D." cfrl~ Ga'!ffi:mlTUc:;m[of :M:yaIJ I'mar:{GO:M) agr~ fu31l: ''1:liiefl~M reii cm IiJ.g T1.1Nl:DCR ~ilIl1lI Ii ll:Jc ~, uprm mil :De'eilled. at [:m appmpri'aiE!l ,tiI'mIi!i'~Atutho~;i1~]]Hi.~). LThUf:~ l'lOlU 'failoo, to tbi::i ~i;gJJ, iB.Ily ml:e to mmCR ~ I1l]\tyamrJni:lIL Arn_otI"J.gJj' irmJp::n1:mt 'IErruitaiii (jilj Eal '!ffi:J!Z:, Jg]£m_IOOi3.'Jld:J.l.nl waR clibM ill: f:'a~]gd ibD ~hfY thst 9111 Crofu!~" 'W'cE'Ilho"m.Em;:e~i.O:Ei WC!l..iIJd [be c~ 'Illa:ck.

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tfi3t~li§: II~ TiDafill1loomoom'l ~ ~Il.lg to· a .mmim mmcR ll!!fiI:.iri3iIllil :~~yaEU1:n'~ !H~~ nor the hn'lIlWlJ:f.i~ Rrma:t.Larn ~.I1l Acmkml 'iihtLcD esn be vs .. :imp:rovgd_ (il 'i!: ncilfber a ]l~ ~t1) 1I1JiI a. :hiG:l It is I'tg €o(HJl1n1.i,:: an1 ab iJfi~ off' iI:LI'm ]lOCfP~iii 'mhat walJllld ]I ro"i't~ tal b£; amci3:l'l' ~_} ~:tl ilJteJ:vi~, mOlly 1995).. A p~' a:me_rnon iI1I8' !TI!f.' lIlhe ~pJ~ '[0 ~t: ~ 'tlfurlrure, C];mdtJ.~iiuramiom, '%!'1 n ,ucqn1r~si~~fI,eam, :i.l'mp:m:i"\famJent ~ntlticiilr ~1:liJ.mi c: !D(j"'L~iJjj OOI&! :iLe, dfm.'e1®pmJ em of ~11f.rs..~~ (wen~.,~~ '1OO:i:d'~I' !=}clKtal~,w.atf::rp1ln1ps:) :3.lldl more ilTIf]lCJltal1}t[I,y, hElm 3.11 r~rn~ ' dB¥1!l0'pmi ent, ErlJ]pha.~~~ 81m:rlllld Di!: ~aid ito d@ru1.cp ] iJta'ml@ ~i3limg :[I"KIjret :ill!! 'mat ifiilC[fg is: a '~ilivg [IID!(Ii'£; 'lllJ.Ward_t: iI_XIl~rny al ~ matii rnl:. '['we ~ ni]~ @lmtgmlJl fO:!:' ii.ilrOO :I, ®\;filk.pm cnt ir.litiatriw ~iI1I 'iffili B roon_®I1IliLc3JlJ,y dg]1fmii.@d :m;gc.a0, [ale, (31)~iiLilll0l]1 of tED ~U:li:mt amd 'it!:: ilJ[~ ia thi I:; '~oo to :mD1lJ.j~iS:1:;00i100~ bi."JdI, 'm-1t0n] a.llJ amd :ifnmm ~ OOIe d ~) ~I1ETG~t ®t'ths iIIIi d.ooo:r: C!rfflrITIIlUlli'W_ GiViCn 'EIlle, [lafil: ~~~ !l1(IlC :macy rea~omab'1y pl'0d.!at 'iffilat ruI!'I'!ie.rtf fi1GS~ '~-ould be '[.oo]l, oorrrni'mg [3JI: ]mtIT: ~11l'ilEG ~ :ifmbr1iC;.

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