Professional Documents
Culture Documents
دانش و نهادهای دانشی در ایران
دانش و نهادهای دانشی در ایران
34
„≈õg xZÆûZ
:¨û£õÆï
d¬Ö £úÆÖ Æ≈à vd ’úZd g d¬Ö £úZd ‰òÆù d¬Ö £úZ¬Ü
/¨é£Ö £úZd ‰ò ÕçZ Á±ò £úZ¬Ü z dfzÚ Áû£úZ¬Ü Áû£úZd ‘à
@£``øæìA z @w¬``æìA ZÆ``ú̀Ú (⁄``øâ) }ZØ``ïZ z @‚``æìA Zf yhZz „``ûZ x£``ûg£``Ü
x£``ôhZz z Õ``çZ @¸£``ìA }ZÆ``ïZ ‰``ò ¨```¿û¬``ô Zf x£``û£``ú̀Zd z xZ¨``¿ø≤úZd
z f£`ºéÚ z „`ézf ,y¨`é Õ`ï£`ûfd ,‰`•±úZd ‚``å fd }g£``Ü } yhZz @w¬``æ∑õA
,f£``ôg¬``õÚ @‚``æ∑õA z £``ù ‰``•±úZd ,Õ``±úÚ }g£``Ü }ZØ``ïZ ‰``ò @\£``õ¬``æ∑õA
/¨úZ ydZ¬ú£ã flû gZ z ‰≤ûf flû gZ y¨¿úZg¬õÚ
H G
Zd g Gw Gf ' Z £``û ufØ``Ö̀ }Zf¬``ùZZdØ``õ }£``ù ygzÆ``ï gZ Á``û£``ú̀Z¬``Ü z Á``û£``ú̀Zd
Õ``çZ x£``≈≤¿õ£``™ù }£``ù ‰``•é¬``ú̀ fd z £``•çzZ fd x£``≈úZÆ``ûZ @dØ``õfzZA (y)
H
,‘``õfZ ,Ø``õf¬``ù ,dØ``õÆ``ù ,Ø``õÆ``ù ,Ø``õfZ dØ``õfzZ ,Ø``õfzZ :Á``çf£``à fd ‰``ò
:}g£``Ü } y∞``ûz }£``ù w£``ú̀ fd z Õ``õ Æ``ù ,(‰``±õZÆ``ù ,‘``õÆ``ù) ,‘``õÆ``ù
/¨úZ ydÆò £®Ö£â z ‰•é¬ú g¬õf£ù ,g£õÆä ,ØõÆä ,‘≈õÆù ,i£õÆù
(YØ``â') yf£``à zd £`ú̀Zd ,Z¬``≤≈à :‚``å fd dØ``õfzZ (Ã``òÆ``õ) ‰``•™≈õÚ } yhZz
:dfZd
H G
} ‰``≤ûf ˘z ¨``¿¿ò Á``õ ‰``øâÆ``Ü ¨``ú̀zZ¨``ã ZÆ``ú̀Ú ‰``ò Gf Z Õ``±™ú } yf£``à
// gZ yhZz „``ûZ
/ ÕçZ y¨õÚ x£≤ãfd ‚å fd xÚ z ÕçZ
M G
z dÆ``ã ‚``å fd x£``•ç£``Ö̀ }¨``¿ù fd (Z y¨``ù)
I £``Ö̀ Zd g w wzd } yf£``à z
z „``•±úZd ,’``ú̀Zd ‚``å fd Á``ú̀£`ú̀¬`û £``Ö̀ z ‰``≤û¨``ú̀Z }zÆ``≈ú
35
„≈õg xZÆûZ
/¨ûÚ
‚``ù ‰``ò ¨``é Á``õ ‰``•πô Á``¿Ü ‰`Ö̀ (‚``≈ºä) ¨``¿ø≤úZd z £`ú̀Zd Á`ú̀£`ç „``≈¿å fd
yd¬`õgÚ f£`ò z ¨`¿õdÆ`ã ‚`ù z ’ú̀Zd } yhZz „`≈•çZf ‚`å ‰Ö̀ (¸£`ì) y£`ôÚ
˘z /¨``é£``Ö̀ Á``õdÚ f£``•ïf Õ``çfd }£``ù y¬``≈é z £``ù „``≈ûÚ ‰``Ö (‹``ñZz)
¨``û¨``à Zf ‰``≤û¨`ú̀Z „``ûZ t¨`ú̀Z t¨`ú̀Z x£``≈õdÚ ’`ú̀Zd jÆ``•±ô z x£``õg Õ``é≠``ô
fd ¨``ú̀Z¬``Ü Á``øú ¨``é£``Ö̀ ‰``ò Á``õ£``ú̀ Æ``¡Ö z ‰``¿≈õg Æ``ù fd Á``õdÚ ‰``ò ydfzÚ
‰``•éf } ‰``øù d¬``ã }Ø``∏õ (dz¨``©õ) Æ``û≠``à ‰``ú̀ZÆ``ò }zÆ``≈ú z y£``ܬ``ò Õ``±ûg
’``ùz∞``à z Á``çfÆ``Ö̀ ‰``Ö̀ z dÆ``≈ô ZÆ``ï £``â fl``û Zf £``ù ’``ú̀Zd x¬``ô ‰``ú̀¬`ô }£``ù
zd ‰Ö xZf¬≤úZd z xZÆΩ≤ùz∞à ÁçfÆÖ z ’ùz∞à f£ò zf „ûZ gZ ,dgZdÆ`ß Ö
:¨õÚ fd ‰ú¬ô
,yd¬``Ö̀ (Õ``Ö̀£`á) ,fZ¨``û£``à (}£``¡ú¬``ú̀£`ñ) }£``ùf£``çÆ``ï zÆ``≈à ‰``ò Á``û ‰``•çd '1
Á```≤¡ç ,(y¨```ù£```≤ õ) }fZ¨```ûd yZf gZ £```¡úÚ Á```ûZÆ```å z Á```ú̀¬``å Õ```ï£```ûfd
(vͨ``•çZ) }fzÚ x£``ùÆ``Ö̀ z (Á``û ‰``Ö̀Æ`®Ü) Á``≤û£``õgÚ £``û z x¬``õgÚ ,(Á``±ä)
,yd¬Ö ‰ú£ûZÆô dÆã
Zf £¡úÚ Zf£ºéÚ £û z ‰•éZ¨ú Áû£ù ygzÆï „≈¿å ‰`ò }Æ`Ωûd } ‰`•çd '2
/¨údÆò Áøú v£§úd
} ‰``¿≈õg Zf wzd } ‰``•çd z £```ù ’``ú̀Zd } ‰``û£``à Zf ‚``ºû } ‰```•çd
£`Ö̀ xZ¬``•ú }zÆ``´≈¡Ö ‰``ò Á``û£``ù ‰``¿≈õg ,¨``¿•±úZd (‰``π±æï) xZgÆ``ï (o¬``ê¬``õ)
’``ùz∞``à z Á``çfÆ``Ö̀ Á``≤û£``õgÚ ,Á``≤¡ç , }fZ¨``ûd ,Á``≤úZd } y∞``ûz y¬``≈é
}£``¡≈•çZf gZ Á``ù£``ôÚ z £``ùf£``ò „``ûg£``îÚ z }d£``≈¿Ö }£``ù yØ``≈ΩúZ x¬``å ,dÆ``ò
37
„≈õg xZÆûZ
z £``ù ’``¡ç ,£``ù }fZ¨``ûd Æ``Ö̀ Á``ú̀£`¡â }£``ùf£``ò z x£``¡â fd £``õ ’``ú̀Zd
fZ¬``•çZ }£``ù ‰``û£``à „``ûZ ‰``ò ‚``≈úZd Á``õ Á`Ö̀¬`™Ö z Õ``çZ fZ¬``•çZ £``ù ’``û£``õgÚ
fZ¨``û£``à£``ú̀ z xZgÆ``ö̀ ,@x£``≈öͨ``•çZA }£``à x¬``å ygZ¨``ú̀Z ‰``å £``Ü ’``ú̀Zd }d£``≈¿Ö z
‰``•ç¬``à gZ }f£``≈±Ö /d¬``é Á``õ y¨``ûd £``¡úÚ fd Á``û£``¡éØ``∏ö ‰``å z Õ``çZ
xZÆ```ôf£```ΩúZ y∞```û¬```Ö ,Á```øùZÆ```ï ,Á```ç£```≈ç ,Á```¿ûd (£```ù }Æ```≤ñ ) xZgZdÆ```à
w£``¿Ö £``ù Á``ùZÆ``øô z £``ù Á``ºûf£``Ü gZ Á``û ydÆ``à Á``¿ûd (}£``ù u¬``ö¬``û¨``ûZ)
}£``ù y¨``ç z ydÆ``•±ô £``õ }zÆ``Ö̀ Á``øùZÆ``ï ,Á``ç£``≈ç ’``ú̀Zd ,Á``¿ûd ’``ú̀Zd
d¬``ã Á``¿õÆ``ùZ }£``ù ‰``≤™ú z £``ù ‰``•çZ¬``ã dÆ``ô Æ``Ö̀ z yZÆ``øô Zf £``õ }gZfd
z wZd xZfZØ``ù “``æÖ } ‰``•çfZz } yd¬``õÆ``πÖ z ¨``ú̀Z ydÆ``ò xZdÆ``ôÆ``ç z –``≈ô
:¨û£õÆï Áõ ‰ò ¨úZ yd£¡ú z ydÆ•±ô £õ }£à ’≈à ‰úZd
÷``ûÆ``ä x£``îÆ``õ ¬``å £``õ Z¨ã }Z Õç ‰úZd z wZd xZfZØù¨è
Z¬ú ÁÖ z
Á``îÆ``ø≈ç z g£``Ö̀ x¬``å Á```ºûÆ``ù ‚û¬ú wZd } ‰•±Ö £õ w¨Ö wd
‚û¬é
Á``Ö̀ }Z ‚``ûzf Á``õ Á``õZd }¬``ç g£Ö z Zf£õ Áõd Æù Áú£ùf Áõ
g£≈ú
‚```ô y¨```õÚ ⁄```øâ w¨```¿ô ‚≈¿ò Áõ w¨¿ô ,f£§úZ „ûZ fd £õ
‚≈¿ò Áõ
Õ``çZ w¨``¿ôfd ·``æã „``ûZ j¬¡Ö £õ ÆãÚ ‚≤û¨¿≈ú Áõ
j¬õ ƺõgZ
39
„≈õg xZÆûZ
Õçd
gZ „``≈•çZf ’``ú̀Zd xdÆ``ò Z¨``â ‚``ù gZ z dÆ``Ö̀ Á``à yZf „``ûÆ``ÜfZ¬``•çZ z „``ûÆ``•¡Ö
„``≈•±™ú £``û dÆ``ã gZ „``•±â }f£``û y¨``¿¿ò yZÆ``øô }£``ùf£``•é¬``ú̀ z £``ùf£``•πô
:¨û£õÆï Áõ i¬Ü fZ¬ôfØÖ }£úZd g£Ö ‰ò ÕçZ ÁõdÚ ÁûZf¬ùZ ’¿ûÆïÚ
f¨ú̀Z „`•πô ‰`Ωû£`â „`û¨Ö̀ dÆã _fZ ¨¿õdÆã }Z x¬¿ò
df‹
x£```¡â xZd£```é ‚```≤å Á```Ö̀ ‰```ò }ÆΩ¿Ö x¬å Õ±ú£â ‚≤å dÆã
}Æß±ú
i£à ‰ç xÚ z Õ±ú£â x£§¡Ωú i£¿é Zf dÆã ’¿ûÆïÚ Õ±™ú
}ZÆç zdÆ¡Ö dÆ≈ô Õçd dÆã }£≤Ωöd dÆã z £ø¿ùf dÆã
’``û¬``ã } ydÆ``ò gZ ddÆ``ô ’``öd ’≈à ‰Ö dfZ¨ú Zf dÆã ¬ò Á±ò
’ûf
:fl¿ûZ z
d¬``Ö̀ Ø``≈å£``ú̀ f£``≈±Ö g£``îÚ fd x£``≈õdÚ ’``ú̀Zd :‚``û¬``ô ’``ú̀Zd Á``Ωú¬``Ωå fd
}ZÆ``Ö̀ x£``≈õdÚ /¨``≈çf ‰``û£``à „``û¨``Ö̀ £```Ü dzØ``π≈Ö xÚ Æ``Ö̀ }Ø``≈å ¨``õÚ ‰``òÆ``ù
Á`•éÆ`ç gZ ‰`ò d¬`ã ’ú̀Zd Õ`ïÆ`≤≈à z ’`ûZØ`ïZ ,£``ù Á``¿•±úZd ‰`Ö̀ Á`Ö̀£`≈•çd
‰``ò Á``•±ù x£``¡â } yd£``ç }£``ùfZØ``Ö̀Z „``≈•±™ú gZ ,Õ``çZ x£``≈õdÚ } ‰``ú̀¬`ô
Á``û£``¿éÚ /¨``ú̀Z yd¬``Ö̀ ¨``¿õ yÆ``¡Ö ¨``ú̀¬`é Á``õ ydÆ``Ö̀ w£``ú̀ Á``ú̀£`¡≈ò }£``ù y¨``û¨``à ‰``Ö̀
z ydÆ``•±ô „``≈õg „``ûZ ’``¿ûÆ``ïÚ ,£``¡úÚ Õ``ã£``¿é z ‰``ú̀£`ôf£``¡å x£``Ω®≈≤ãÚ £``Ö̀
z xZf¬``ú̀£`â } ‰``ø™Ü Æ``Ö̀ xÚ ’``û£``¿ù z xZzZÆ``ï }£``¡ÖÚ ,fz£``¿¡à }£``ûfd „``ûZ
41
„≈õg xZÆûZ
y£``õ ,£``ùf£``ç „``øå ,£``ù Õ``éd ,y¨``≈≤ò x£``øçÚ Æ``Ö̀ Æ``ç }£``¡ù¬``ò x£``ù£``≈ô
,„``≈õg }zf }£``¡ÖÚ Æ``Ö̀ £``¡úÚ (Æ``áZ) ’``ûZfd z xZgzÆ``ï ¨``≈éf¬``ã z x£``Ö̀£`Ü
,qÆÖ̀ ,Áú̀£`øçÚ (}£`ùÎÖ̀) }£`ù yf£`≈•à ,£`¡ú£`≤º¡ò z x£`≤ãfd }£`ù yf£`•ç
z y£``ºú£``â }£``¡ûf£``ø≈Ö z x£``≤ï ’``ÜÚ }£``ù y¬``ò ,·``≈ç z uÆ``ΩÜ z xZf£``Ö̀
z x£``•±õg z Ø``≈û£``à ,x£``•±Ö£``Ü z f£``¡Ö ,gzf z Ã``é ’``ûZ¨``≈à ,Zg uÆ``õ
z x£``•ãfd ’``ûzf ,xZf¬``ú̀£``â z x£``≈õdÚ ’``ûZg ,Æ``Ωûd }£``ù ’``çÆ``à f£``≈±Ö
gZ z Ø``≈ΩúZ ’``çÆ``à zZ }ZÆ``Ö̀ Á``ú̀£``¡≈ò }£``ù y¨``û¨``à } ‰``øù z x£``ù£``≈ô
‰``Ö̀ “``ç£``à fd i¬``Ü fZ¬``ôfØ``Ö̀ }£``ú̀Zd /Õ``çZ yd¬``Ö̀ }z „``ûg£``îÚ }£``ù Á``¿•±úZd
:d¬é Áõ fzÚd£û „≈¿å ‰õ£¿ù£é fd £ù ’çÆà „ûZ
£`````Ü xZ¨`````Ö̀ ¨ûÆïÚ Ø≈å Ø≈å£ú g xZdØû ‰ò
¨û¨à ¨õÚ Áû£úZ¬Ü
¨``û¨``à zfØ``≈Ü ¨``§¿ô , }Æ``¡ßç –``≤ãÚ f£``¡å „``•ï£``û x£``õ£``ç z x¨``≈å fd gZ
gZ ‘`à z ¨`≈≤ò Í£Ö̀ £`ù Á`¿•çf ,¨`≈õdÆÖ̀ £`ù [Ú z ¨`≈ö£`§Ö £`¡ù¬`ò ,¨`õÚ
£ù y¨`¿§¿â z ¨ú̀¨`õÚ ¨`û¨`à £`ù y¨`¿§¿â Õ`ãfd ‰ú̀¬`ô ¨`¿å £Ö̀ £`¡ù£`≈ô „`•çf
:Ø≈ú
dfzÆà „•≤û¬ã £¡ò£é£ãg dÆã £û¬â ‰ú z x£Ög £û¬ô ‰ú
:¨é fZ¨û¨à x£¡â fd wdÚ ,£ù xZfzd „ûZ Õé≠ô gZ ‘à
¨¿Öf£ò dÆã z [¬ã f£•πô ‰Ö ¨¿æÖ zÆç ¬å ¨éÆÖ ÕçZf jÆç
dÆÖ x£õÆï wZd z dGd ZfzÆõ dÆã z }Zf z j¬ù } y¨úÆû≠à
}£``ù y¨``û¨``à z x£``¡â , x£```≈õdÚ ’``ûZ¨``≈à gZ £``õ ’``ú̀Zd d¬``Ö̀ „``≈¿å z
42
„≈õg xZÆûZ
’``ùz∞``à z }g£``Ü ,Õ``çZ yd¬``Ö̀ }g£``Ü x£``Ö̀g ‰``Ö̀ x£``ú̀Ú }£``ù ‰``•é¬``ú̀ z ‰``•éZd
z ¨``¿úZd Á``õ x£``ûg£``Ü }Æ``ΩûÆ``¡é z ‡``¿ùÆ``ï ,’``ú̀Zd Zf x£``ú̀Ú qfh }£``ù
‰`ú̀¬`ô }£``ù ’`ú̀Zd jÆ``•±ô z £``ù ’``ùz∞``à fd £``õ x£``ò£``≈ú }£``¡≤é¬``ò ‰``º¿ûZ
Õ``ïÆ``≤≈à z ’``ú̀Zd Á``û£``ï¬``ºé fd ,x£``õg }£``ù ’``ú̀Zd ‰``Ö̀ Á``Ö̀£`≈•çd z x¬``ô
Á``û£``û¬``ô z ‰``•±âÆ``Ö̀ ’``™ú £``ù ’``ú̀Zd Á``™ûf£``Ü Õ``ã£``¿é z x£``¡â fd xÚ
/ÕçZ yd¬Ö f£ºéÚ z fZ¬•çZ x£Ωøù dØú ‰•éZd
fZØ``¡•πù fd x£``õg „``ûÆ``Ü Á``ú̀ £``•ç£``Ö̀ fd x£``≈õdÚ „``≈•±™ú ’``ú̀Zd „``≈•±™ú
‰``ò ( ‰``Ω¿®≈û z ‰``¿ûÆ``≈ûZ ) G_IZGz xZÆ``ûZ „``≈õgÆ``ç fd £``ú̀£`õ ’``≈à v£``ç
ZdØ``õZf¬``ùZ } y¨``ûÆ``ïÚ „``≈õgÆ``ç „``≈•±™ú z £``ù „``ûfÚ y£``Ω•çZ¬``ã z y£``Ωû£``â
„``≈õgÆ``ç z x£``¡â }f£``ç¨``ú̀z „``≈õgÆ`` ç iZÆ``≈ú¬``ã (Ø``òÆ``õ) f£```ç¨``ú̀z fd
’``é x£``≈õ fd ‰``ò x£``•ç£``Ö̀ xZÆ``ûZ z x£``¡â „``ézf z x£``≤ãf ,xZ¨``ûz£``â
fd z d¬``Ö̀ f¬``≤ò ’``é Æ``ù } ygZ¨``ú̀Z ‰``Ö̀ z Õ``éZd }£``â Á``ú̀£`•ç£``Ö̀ f¬``≤ò
w£``ú̀ £``Ö̀ f¬``≤ò Õ``πù ‰``Ö̀ x£``¡â - xZÆ``ûZ Á``û ‰``ú̀£`±ïZ z „``¡ò }£``ù ‰``•é¬``ú̀
GH
z ’``ïd¨``ûz ,Õ``éÆ```âzfz ,Õ``éÆ``Ö̀zfz ,’``ïd dÆ``ï , yG¬`` Gç , ygGfZ }£```ù
fd G_ZIGz xZÆûZ z f¬≤ò Õπù f£ç¨úz fd iZÆ≈ú¬ã z y¨`é ’`™Ö iZÆ`≈ú¬`ã
z ’``¿ûÆ``ïÚ f£``ç¨``ú̀z gZ }d£``øú d¬``ã ‰``ò Õ``éZd }£``â iZÆ``≈ú¬``ã f£``ç¨``ú̀z
:¨úZ yd¬õÆï ‰ò ÕçZ yd¬Ö Á•±ù
Õ```™Ü Æ``Ö̀ Õ```πô „```≈¿å Á¡õ y£Ωû£â ÆÖ Õ±≤¿Ö ¬å
Á¡≤¿ù£é
Zzf x£õÆï z gZÆïZÆç £âÆ¡Ö £éd£à ‚¿õ f¬≤ò Õπù ÆÖ ‰ò
44
„≈õg xZÆûZ
x£``∏õf£``Ö̀ d¬``ã xZ¨``ú̀gÆ``ï }ZÆ``Ö xÚ gZ }Æ``Ö̀ tZ¨``ú̀£`õ ‰``Ö̀ ZÆ``ú̀Ú x£``ú̀£`øæ±õ ‰``ò
/¨úZ ydfzÚ
dzÆ``ï „``≈õg ‰``Ö̀ @d¬``çÍZÆ``®äA w£``¿Ö x£``øçÚ gZ Á``Ω¿ç Æ``Ωûd Á``ú̀£`õg fd z
xÚ Æ``Ö̀ }zf z Æ``ç z ¨``ú̀dÆ``ò ’``•çÆ``à z yd£``¡ú @‰``§∑òA fd ZÆ``ú̀Ú z ¨``õÚ
„``ûÆ``Ü ‰``ú̀£`Ωû z „``≈•±™ú ‰``º¿ûZ Ø``ûz£``•çd ‰``Ö̀ ‡``¿ç z ¨``ú̀¨`≈ö£``õ Á``õ ‡``¿ç
‰``û£``øúZÆ``ô z }Æ``¡ßç } y¨``û¨``à „``ûÆ``ÜfZ¨``âfZ ZÆ``ú̀Ú d¬``Ö̀ x£``ú̀Ú }¨``¿ïZ¨``à fZØ``Ö̀Z
‰``Ö̀ „``≈õg xZÆ``ûZ fd £``ú̀£`õ x£``≈úZÆ``ûZ /¨``¿•±úZd Á``õ Á``õdÚ fZØ``ïZ Õ``çd „``ûÆ``Ü
d¬``ã „``ûg£``îÚ Õ``±ûg fd ZÆ``ú̀Ú z ydÆ``Ö̀ Á``à Á``Ω¿ç }£``ùfZØ``ïZ Õ``çd Õ``ã£``¿é
fd Ø``≈ú xÚ gZ ‘``à ‰``ò ¨``ú̀Z ydÆ``Ö̀ Á``õ f£``ºÖ Á``ú̀¬`ô ‰``ú̀¬`ô }£``ù ‰``ú̀¬`ô ‰``Ö̀
y£``é ‡``¿é¬``ù Á``ù£``éd£``à } yfzd fd ‰``ú̀g ’``ÜÚ ‡``¿ç gZ ’``ÜÚ Õ``ã£``¿é
} yf£``Ö̀ fd Á``çzdÆ``ï /Õ``ã£``ç x¬``ôÆ``ôd Zf x£``≈õdÚ Õ``±ûg ‰``ò ¨``õÚ ¨``û¨``à
: ¨û£õÆï Áõ „≈¿å ’¢Ú ’ûZ¨≈à
pzÆ````ï gZ Õ````≤ô ‡````¿ç vd ‡¿ç zdÆù gZ ¨õÚ ¨û¨à ÁîzÆï
‡úfeÚ
‡``¿ç xÚ gZ ’``ÜÚ ¨``õÚ ¨``û¨``à gZf g „º≈öz ‰•≤ò f£õ ¨≤ú
g£Ö
}¨õÚ ¨û¨à Áû£¿ézf zgZ }dg ’ÜÚ ‡¿ç ÆÖ ‰ò ‘ºúÚÆù
„``ûg£``îÚ ’``ú̀Zd } y¨``û¨``à zd £``û z d£``¡ú zd ’``ÜÚ ’``û Z¨``≈à z fZØ``ïZ ‡``¿ç
z ‰`•éZd Á`õZÆ`ô Zf £`¡úÚ ‰`ò ¨ú̀Z yd¬Ö̀ x£`≈úZÆ`ûZ x£`≈õ fd x£`õg x£`•ç£Ö̀ fd
Á`≤úZd }£`¡ùZf xdÆ`ò Z¨`≈à } y¬`≈é z ’ú̀Zd ˘z ¨ú̀d£`¡ú Á`õ xZzZÆ`ï _fZ
46
„≈õg xZÆûZ
53