< CONTENTS > Preliminary Chapter Mathematical Logic and Set Notations ... Mathematical Induction The Binomial Theorem Determinants and Matrices System of Linear Equations Finite Sequences and Series 17 68 80WINE NaS. = Inequalities Theory of Polynomial Equations Harder Partial Fractions and Euclidean Algorithm Complex Numbers REVISION TEST 1 REVISION TEST 2 102 116 152 157EXERCISE 1A Qs +58 eH (e+3) et (quotient = 22°43, remainder teeseCeD To 1 5 28 apm saen tail quotient = 3x? 5x46, remainder Stue—dya(e2) Zo) soos 4 6 6 T z quote = 3x2 +043, remainder 4 (x8 #208 4045) #243) quotient remainde (6x4 78 3 i tac Br+1)+(3x-1) 8 > 1. Preliminary Chapter 1 1 /HeO 0 0 0 6 op ence eee epee et EO quotient = al 4 ecb sat ead 0 remainder W=D<+) quotient remainder If 0 0 00 quien remainder = 0) 10. (6x54 Tey 329 4 dyyS4 dy) ¢ (2e4 39) So eee 9 3 nea quotion’ = (6x) ~2x¢y44y3) +2 33 ely 4299 inden[EXERCISE 15 1. @ o © @ Zz) For epree =3, leading coef = ~ @ o @ 4. No(due w 3x!, $x) Yes | No (due to rational form) No(due wt!) Hal adteles pases mab a: + constant term = 33542 = x1 equation true forsomex only) 3x2 de 2 = 8-4-1) 3 > identity (eve for all x) sy = 1 > equation (tc for some x » only) S+P = Gt) 3G) > entity (rue for allx ») always te for deg (F(x) 3() +42) max ( deg f(x)), deg(a()), dest(s))) Consider the example fx) = x41 209) deg = 1: deg (J(x)ax) + HCD) = deg (221-22) = dep (1) = 0 max (deg J(2)), dea(s(s)), SegC4(8))). = while 022 fs incorrect thus itis disproved. 5 x)= 2x9 42-5342 fO)=Qx- Nay sex-Dlat+or+e) F(x) #2ax? + (2b-a)3 + (2e~b\x-c boy equating corresponding cveticients Solving, we get aly = tx avi¢hesertd with fy f(2) toeeed a+4b+2e+d a 2) f(3) = 5 = 27a+9b+ 30rd rey f(4) = 23 = 64+ 16H 4e4d 8) (2)-(1) + 0 = 743046 o. (3)-() + -0 = 20a+8b+2€ 0) (4)-() : 24 = Bar tsbe3e (0) 215) + -0 = 1a+20 (7) -3(5) : -24 = 4a 6b Solving, we get a = 1b = 3,622.4 Ia) = 3432 2es1 Ti Let taxt+br4 1a (t+ Art 8) 8+ Be + Ace + Bee by equating conesponding coefficients, we get sweget ob = BAC = BC Ac 1 Bea » Bc? = 1 onoStas +hs?-Bxe4 = (ett extd)? 44 2ex34 (242d px + 2cdx + fay Sf) Dy equating corresponding coeftcients, shen end 2ed tee Solving, weget a = 4,0 = Qe = 2d =~ OR w=-4b d= If ax + bytyt + ey isdivisibleby pe"-+ gy", thease: the idemity a6 ax + bey ect = ipet gy +59") saxt 4 Hf 4 Pjamya ey Gt by equation cceticen's, b= M42 pie bpq = aq?+ep? ie a -boqtep?= 0 10, Ie a2 +p isefactorof x3 +h? tex td, then st ax bx? text da (2+ pare) sax* ex? + pat pe by euaiing coeticiens, bee e= pe Jd = pe Thus be = pue = ape is, ad = be 41. For 1237 oy tepid 1Ory +2974 ULr- Sym 2y+0) lnsy#2)2+ b+ da}x + (-b-2e)y rab u Peo aa Ses Solving, we get a = 2.b = 1 42. sia Day 32 ee FINI Y) § (42 + 2ay— ay) + (14 4 2ay + ys 4 2c 2exy 82 v4 By 412)(e— y+ m2) where Lr are constants Se Ay 4 linet ey 4 Gm Dosen Equating corresponding cooficients, 3 ao 4 Q 2 @ 3m Q2)+): 40 4 Put me = 4 ia (3), 0 = 2 Ix = -2x4 = -8 which satistos (1), w2-3y2 cl + Quy + Mys 4 2ee w43y2aye y+ 4a) 43. Lot 1 be the repeated root, be the other root x0) B) Dox +02)(-B) sh 20-B)x2 4 (624 208)¢- 2B saxty Equating corresponding cosiieat Las. = (62 300\(e2- 35) = 4{(02+ 208)? -3-20- B02 f)| [-2-p)!— 3a? +2081 = 40[(a+28) - 3924+ P)} [4e? + 4+? 302 -6u] = 4ec{a? + 48 462-6 - 361 [ 4ae{e2-2u + BVP)? = 4a2(a-By* KAS. (e—aby = (9-28) 20- Pytee + 20) 2L-9ab + 2a+8\0+26)P = oF|-9af+ 202 + 40p + op +2 2 [2u?—4ux8 + 297)? = 4o(02—2a8 + BY? = 408}(a py! 3acy(a?—30) = (Boab)?414, Lette roots ofthe given equation be ce, thee St pt tgetra(e a)s=x 30x24 302s 08, by comparison, pasa.) a=30 r=-@ 8) Subst (I)in @), we have 7 ‘ten 2ir=p od 38 Tus 3g = pi Exercise 1c a @ xt yi(rt aby 4 x2y?—xy3 + yt) (eter p15) fe) 4-2-3) Far+b By substintion, fQ) =2e+b= 5 JQ) =3a+b=9 Solving, we have a fe, the remainder is 4x—3 40 sf4 (04 1)x8 + (10 bt 4x4 16-0) $(b4 1) sataebese P(x) isdivisible by x- 1 thus P(1) = 0 1+ (a+ 10)+ (10-0) + 1410-0) a-b-c438 = 0 OC.) is divisible by 22 + 4-2= Cer 2)-D) o 19 yc) SH ance @ 30 9, b= ihe 30 © imo (e+ yy" (0+y)"-0"-y" = 0 & iva factor of (xr y)"—a"=y" Similarly, » is «factor of (¢ +9)" 2 9" Put x = —y into (2-4 y)h—x"=y" (yyy Cyt-yt = y= yt = 0 ey isafactorof (xr y)"—x"—y" ‘Therefore ay(x-ty} isafactorof (x y)"—¥"— 9" 8. For P4y243 thes (rey 008, Put x= —y-< hence 3-Alyt2) = 0 forally c i (0) isafacrrot £0) so S70) = 2 aNfax+b) + alee? (e@)12(ax4 b+ a(e-a)) (=a) i a fictor of fs) @ x-a)artd),a, DER o (2+ IF isafactorof f00). By al, (x41) isafactorof £'(9) /4G) = 3C-1-2p(-1) +3 = 0 3424320 1 1 1Te Paiing x at nat! -a+(n— Na" in.xt nat tet (n— 1a, we get ana" +na"—a" = 0 For n22, x"—na"'x4 (0~ 1)a" is divisible by (x0) By division, lta sa te + xine! LO ona lee (a 1a Cmte axt tal P(r ta) While sot y= a the quotient comes glad t+ ed! n-ne" = 0 (x2) is factor ofthe quotient By division again, a| ive fe tat? mn tyer! +a fen Hn=2)0" 2 H(n— Da"! Ta 93a be Hn Dae lem Finally we have 4a" Frei tia | =(e- af" 24208" 4308s 4 Inence, quotients x74 2ax" 4304s 4, (ne) +0-ba 8 (@) Let F(x) = (e+ a)" CLs) , where G(x) ia polynomil Then F(a} Fo nove a)" 'G{) + (xeay'a"y (x44) Gen +(e+ NGL = beta)" "H(2), where H(e) ise polynomiat. ite. derivative of F(x) isdivisible by (x +0)" * be s)e1e- DXA R) then g(x) 1 =(a—1)"(Ax+B)-2 yoy £et)=1) ise by +1 ke. 2(1-1)(Ae#B) + AG 1) isdivisible by 4+ 1-Abo g(x)-1 isdivisble by x1 By factor theorem, we have 2-1-1) A+R)4AC 1-9 =0 |-1- D4 A4m)-2=0 ao @ Simplifying, we get 24-8 24+2B = 1 Fley.)=aye 4 yey) AE) ‘which is a homogeneous cyclic polynomial of degiee 3 Pur, flume) = O+ye(-2)42r(2-y) = 0 Similarly, f(s522) = Fly) Hence, fs, 9.2) = ke Ly =)(=—a) Consider the coefficients of #25 on both sides, thus = =I ie f(ny2l2-e-O-DE-9 2 fos y)=uG2-y)4y2-2) +2) ‘which isa homogeneous cvelie polynomial of degree 4 Pu x= y, f(.¥.2) = OF ye02—2) ay=0 Similarly, (12.2) = fx y.2) = 0 Hence, f(x,y, 2) = k(x Ny 2) —-Mle+y Consider the coeficients of «°y on both sides thus & = -1 ie fey. s-9y-2 airty a Fla,h,c)=a%(6 3) 46430) eee) ‘Which sa homogeneous cele polynomial of depres 5. rua=d Isb.0) = BOA) C0) 40-= 0 SHeveve) = faba) = 0 Hence, far) (a=6)(b~ o)'e-ay[Alab + be +00) + a? + 6+ 22) Consider coficiens of ab+ on both sides, thes 1 = 0 Consider soeficients of «2% on both sites thus k ie flabe)=(a~b\(b—e\e~a)(ab + be+ ca) Sima4 fly = (xty4e)’-(y+e-a)'-( x ety which isa homogeneous cycle polynomial of degree 3 Pu x= 0. FO.92) = Or Ot WO Similacly, (4, 0,2) = fly,0) = 0 Hence, f(x, %62) = & Consider coeficients oy: on both sides, 6464646 = Lt k= 24 ie (a y.z)=Myz 3 Fla,b,c)=(asb+e)—a-B— <3 which isa homogeneous cycle polynomial of degree 3. Put a =-b, fl-b.bc) = O+bi—b—c3 = 0 F(a,-€.€) = fla.b.—a) = 0 Hence, (a,b, 6) =k(a+ 6)(0+ \c+a) Consider cooficionts of abc on both sides, 6 = KQ) thus k ie fla,bc)= Mas bib+eV(cra) s)4ce2_y2) Puxr=y Pu x IeN Simla, Hence, Fo59,2) = kOe ly 2) Dore NG + Consider cocficonts of sy? on both sides, 4a) Tet thus b= ie, fl.x9 S4x--IE-NLAMOHDE+D 7: Flasb.e) =a(bt—c4) + (eta) +e(ah— b4) ‘hich isa homogeneous cyclic polynomial of degree 5, Puting «= 6, we get f(b. b.0) = Bib*—c*) + bie 64) 40 = 0 Hence a—b is afaciot Similarly bc and ¢~a are aso factors, ‘The remaining fectoris K(a? + 8? +2) + Liab + be-+ea) Hence a(b+—e) + bit a8} + ofa = (a=b\(b-elemal[K(at + bP: 4) +L (ab+be+ea)] Comparing cvefficiens of ab on both sides, we get 1 = Subs. a= 1,b=2,¢=0,wegt 16-240 = (-1)(2)(-1)(5K +26) Le ie labo) (a= by(0-eNfe—ayia? + +2 +ab+de-+ca) fla,y.2) ethyl et 292 which is 4 homogeneous cyclic polynomial of degree 4 Pu x= yte JOH 2) = tet este Dest 2(r+ Py? 29222 -22A(y+ 2)? Similarly, fs x4s2) = flay ee y) = Hence, SOuy EK ENE (Consider coefficients of x on both sides, thus k= —1 fl. tye z)0rt y-2ieny tate) 9. Slo. b.c)=(ab+ ber ea) ab? beo— ca? ‘whict is « homogeneous cyclic polynomial of degree 6. Put a= 6 FOB b= bey + BO—bie3 + be} = 0 Similarly j(a,-c.0) = fla,h.-a) = 24 be And pot a = 0, {(0,b.c) = (be) =P Sinilarly J(a.0,e) = fle. 6.0) = 0 Hence, f(a,b.¢) = kabe(a+by\b+ Ne +a) Consider coefficients of «242-2 on both sides 6 = 2k thock = 3 ie flab c)=Babe(a+b\(b+ ee a) 10. Fla, be) (a+ bsey—(a+ byt (be oy ~(eroyratebiect which ics homogeneous cyclic polynomial of degree 4 Puninga = O,weget —f(a,b.e) = F(0,,0) b+ oO (b4e)4 ch + bec once is a factor. Similarly b and o are slo factors. The remaining factor is K(a+b-+0) 2 at bees —(atby-(o+ 0 abela+b+c) (ct ay tate bt setSubst a= 1b = -1,¢ = 2,we get 240-1344 141424 = KEI1-142) Kz Sla.b,c)=1abe(a+b +0) 1. Na, .c)=(atbso (a+b? -(b+e)?—(e40) ee Pata =0 f0,h0) Simin $6, 0.0) = fla.h.D) Hence flo. )eabeli (a? +242) +hy(ab+ be+e0) Pata = 2.5 (64 SB bref S4 B45 =0 0 -Le SOU) = (2K A+ 41) + 2-14 2)) 6k,-k, ~ 90 a) Puta = b= te SAAT) = DIK U4 141) tg 1 1+ DT 3k 30 @ ()=@: 3k = 60 ky = 20 t fla,b.e) = abe|20(a" + 62-+c2)+30(ub + be+ ca) = label 2(a2-+.97 + 2) + 3(ab + be+ca)) 12, rey While fle, b,c} = be(b~c)+acle~a) +ab(a~b) isa homogeneous cycle polynomial of degree 3 By puting « = b, [O,b.0) = be{b=e) + be(e-b) +0 = 0 Similarly fta.e.e) = f(a.b.a) =0 Hence fla.b.c) = kla-bMb=eNe~a) Consider eoeficints of «2b on oh sides = ks thus k= -1 + acte abe =p bet @ ie () @ Given x+y+2=0 Consider f(x,y. 228 +y + By fonmula (refer vo txt p. 21) fonya) a lety toe ty4e Hense, fix, 2) = 0 Gi) Consider (2-2-9) +E O=2) Gai) 284 3et 608 42a? 3047 2-162 + 10(0+2)" $3014 2) 99 (0-42) +85 enka). 5 [EXERCISE 1E f: 3/2) seal e l peter aes pee ee 1 62 Tolazr ’ 6 ! 7 Lap on atarerso ' =3) + 10(4-3)74718-3)-9 ‘2 ' (esas ' a 36 5 aft T sw ' ea ' T3530 t 26a 1 eae rere a : 1 aa ! T 1 '3. By comparing ceticions 3| A+B 2a+B=0 i Solving, wehave a = 1 ¥ = Beata a= syD a Sya3t aed . 1st 46=A(4e+3)+BOx~8) a : By comparing coeticens 5 ae 6x84 2403 4.24a2 «6 4 Fee = 2r+ 1) 45244 DEE +S 4. = ACA 1)(-2) 4 Bx(4-2) # CHC 1) A [He = Subst. 3 Subst Subs. A(=1)(-2) ths A BIA) thus B = 1 CQ2\(1), thes C= 1 ole 4| 24 2e03 2 Se ve z mares 243 2 AlE—2)(4-3)(4—4) BEE 3)X—4) + C(x) =2)(x=4) + DEE 1A 2)(x-3) ACI-213), 27x) 3652+ 12x 8=(3x4+2)942G0+: Subtx= 1, 14243 EXERCISE 1F thes A Subst e403 = 1 = aC-1)-2) thus 94043 = 18 = CQIDEH, tus C Raa 1o+8+3 = 27 = O32), eve eterey) G+has2) tus D = 2 (A+ B)x+ (2A +8)2263 Sree -5neO) tin Seed Solving (1).(2), we get 5 By long division 2 23 10e 3 2 4 fo 8 7a) eases 42 -19xe (AN B)(x—4) + C02 +) > 7 ee By comparing coefficients, u ase B-4a 8 aorts+ Pt fee ae sir crra are Le 81-42AG~1) 483041) Solving, wehave A 42-19% By compsring eocfEcients, © Gene-5 82 A438 4= Ase if a nem coxa re 2ea(e erst (B1t O12) By comparing eoeficonts, Gaara) Ya "Eh ae (b= oe~aa-b) Ple=bylx=e) + Ole a)(1=0) + Rix—a}Cx~b) bs xa (h=e)le~a)la—b) = Pla-b\(a~o). thus P = 6b Subst. x= > (hole alah) = Qb—ay(b~c) thus Q = a~c Subst x =e (eye aa—b) = Rle—a)(e—b), thus R= ba (b-cile~aVa-b) _ e-b, ane, baa 2) 6x2 bx Te (Ae Ble 2)( 43) 4 C02 +(e +3) $DG? + 10-2) Subst. x = 2, 6(4) 42-1 = 25 = C1515) thus C= 1 LeauesrxiBrro) Poet eon . 6(9)-3-1 = $0 = D(10)(-5), thus D Saint. x = 1, Compare coeficiens of x3, D+H6+O, 0 = ALD, thw A= Compare constant terms, 1 = 6B +3C-2D th B fe ene 1y-1een +e ee ee BCH > FT Boca @41. a 8 Fed ae eee R= (r+ B(x? 2042) 4 (Cee D\(24242) ‘Comparing coetticiens, D=4sc =2A+D42¢ 2B+2A+2D +2 8 = 26420 Solving, wehave A= 1,B = 2, Te AGe +2)? + Bele 2) + Cx Subst.x = 0 (or2)4 = eF iy 13, Express 30-42 4 10 interme of x1 a 3 0 40 Bie Sh 1h [paces ecole nea 1 [Seto se arb Ree I aiatts 10. 5 14, Express 208-302 +45 in terms of (2-43) 2s cy GF "ase GssP are Grae De 1d ACEI BOTH D+ CUr= 3 Subs. x = 3, 213) 14 = 49 = BCT) thas B= 7 Subst. = Subst. x = 0 Dla = 14 = AG-3)(1) +701) + 29372 thws A WO =(x+A)er+ 1x3) 4+ B(x+ I)(e-3)4C(8-3) e DOs 1? Subst. x= 3 S181 - 27410 = -17 = (4)? , thus D Subst. x = 143-3410 = 11 = CC-4), thus c = Compare coeficions of x, = ASL +13 thus A Compare consant terms, 10 = -34-38-3C+D thus B 0(ser 1)? Bat 1? +CU4 Dut + DG 1 Subs x= 1, 4-12 = 8 = (2)? thus @ = Subst. x = <1, (Compare coeficiens, o=ase -12 =-AsBsC4D Solving, wehave A = 3, = 3 eo? 18. i 2 = 16 = DC-2)?, ths D= 4! By long division ‘ aon fT 4 ae Ss T ey SSS 1a t aes figeeiaeca, ea aeG Fea lae: aaels aaron! Ganetaa a GT where /() is «polynomial whose degice is at most 3 28440 34d ae —1e 21/0) Puc 44a By synthetic division, eee See 30 1 LO Jeane oedto3red 1s ne By lng division preg fa) «2b Wea pxeq=A(x—b)+B(x-a) suns, [7 47844» Ala—P) b, phsq = Biba) weget pea get A Ba ed 2 (cata pbea, Gene 7 e-Bra eb jon 2 Wb) a=b 2 eo pat qmA(s-a)+ Bm Ass (B-aA) ie, A=p, B= aptq prse py pat awn * Matinee22. fu) (a,) + (a, #5) + (ay +43 +43) ee Fa) = Ale bBYx—€) + Blx—a(x— 6) +(e ay.) +(a,+03+4;+04) = 4a, +30, 420,40, Subst. x = a. fa) = Ala—b\(a—), we got ess tm $5 i) PPP ee aed 1 tals eatyte ei ytet site Pees a eS, ' ee [exercise ie svyayeetusav: ‘ ® ¥ few fa) ¥ tm? = P48 este = (ea Meas) #014) a). 24) (xa )(2= a) ay). ,) 4 (a4 (4 @3)one (Opa) © Say it Em, BU tthe tag dt Ota to tte) 2 +e gf + 7 +g. loz, = @ Pls = Eases? ‘Truo (gut E> KL butsame vale group) im opp eae » E(20)- 5 Seay 3 Sau, “True (only parameter change) o Oy 5 yy 4494 434 yy Hse eee a 7 © PEp= 3 TIGA ‘True (variables oder change only) ar@ ©) 0 & ® 0 ®) Fake ($c = neinsead) as $d ELI = LAr True (dilferemtaion rule) LE ri Ef send Te ee pera Tle sinto = « [] sicko Fabe (should te o" T] sink®) Ea) 3 Dem Eee, 2 5 aa, “ho! Ei “True (ave expansion of squares) “Tre (by symmetry over.) E aipratu= 04 E bau Tre (as o,, is constant factor relative to E) 143454..+ 20-1, E+2k-0)1 Koyteanaty «0 Ear! where ret = (asars sarin) a=Pe*'p 4. @ @ o Bi xapey ade belated omixtss sextape ‘There are 10 terms in the expression. ny taytay+ nota, 1a, # (9 N)a, + (n—2)a, ems ae = Laut Eat Eoytt Fay terms in this expression, Lln-1+ hay1 et © Zane: Zin 20 -ped- preg x Jim oma 14 Adm AC 42) + Bee 1) Hs Bre2Aew A+Be1 DA+B = 4 ph Gey FT 5 ® 45 west A= 3,B=-2 Lat = Feige ® ©) Eye! =F Cptap'+ cyt aap = apts S Capit “Ae > Sta-pe 2 oc =F Mk—1)xt @ Yn! sinks De = ¥Y Cy! sin2k- He @ © © wT 1424 3+ tn = inet) When n= 1.1 1+1) iste Auten 9 Wines wb) en Te2edeskeked ni fusdeGeD = S20 E 42) = HeUreenen 2 the principle of maeratca induction, $0041) forall poste never x 1e24de an 12424324 en? = Ans Ons dD) When net, 221 = 2061241) is ve Assume a eae 1242? 44 = HG 2K) then Tete ES 1 £ 2 fas yekr eds Nei iers EM 22 +k+0k +6] Oe eres Me +2043) = Sas yD + D+ = as Dees D+ By te principle of mathomatical induction 42+ a+ nent) for ll positive integer m. eee eee Suen? ewe wren net Pete Bas gee cer ce Paige P24. FP +e DP Basip 2 (ee 1 stk) « (2 4th 1)) T See ner By te principle of mathematical indetion P4243 40 = Bee? ‘or ll positive integer n9. = sino 10. @ Fsey= Fee 4s WQn+ 1421504 DI = Sint I)Qa41 +6) (n+ 1)Qn+7) © Eads neater LPS ee Sk Soest} hme nen p1ehern Yn lain 1) +2n+ 10411 = int nt 2) © Wt) 426-2) 3300-394, eciame + Ea) OSe ER = G+) —Bes o? Hae D12n-(n4 DI = Zoos) > we) 13434534.. tomterms = DK o- 51 = s[fee+ 0] +olgine1)l-n nilmenens oy) 5 n(n DL2n(n 1)-22n+ 1) 43)—n n(n+ Qn =2n4 =a nt 20 + 42m -2nt enn n= 1) Altematively 1439+ 594+ Qn-1P = Te- Feb = Fey e = (OmFOn+t? Seton = WL Qn e 1)?= 2004 1] = 7Qn?=1) 1228432424. -2n)2+ ne D? > Y ak-02- Fea? = S11 = GnIH 204 1)=1P = Yk C1 + (2a? = 4) Eke E 4ens y? = (aa) en Gab? ee = 243et 1 = (nt 241)