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CPA Regulation Notes Chapter 1
CPA Regulation Notes Chapter 1
Must file tax return if income is equal to or greater than sum of:
Personal exemption + Standard deduction + Additional standard deduction for over 65 or blind
Exceptions:
- Earned from self-employment at least $400
- Can be claimed as dependents on another taxpayer’s return, have unearned income, and gross income of $900
- Who receive advance payments of earned income credit
Automatic six-month extension. Must file extension by April 15. Even with extension, due date for tax payments if April 15.
Filing Status:
Joint Returns/End-of-Year Test: (even if married and living apart, but not legally separated/divorced) Married on
December 31. If one spouse dies during the year, a joint return may be filed.
o For two years after spouse’s death: uses joint tax return standard deduction and rates (not the exemption for
deceased spouse)
o Principal residence for dependent child: The surviving spouse must maintain a household that, for the whole
entire taxable year, was the principal place of abode of a son, stepson, daughter, or stepdaughter (blood or
adoption).
Generally, an individual is entitled to a personal exemption that is indexed annually for inflation. For 2008 = $3500.
Persons eligible to be claimed as dependents on another’s tax return will not be allowed a personal exemption on their
own returns.
Spouse as personal exemption on a separate return – Married taxpayer, who files separately, may claim the spouse’s
personal exemption if both of the following tests are met:
If a person is born or dies during the year, he or she is entitled to a personal exemption for the entire year. Exemptions
are not prorated.
Dependency exemptions: a taxpayer is entitled to an exemption for each qualifying child and relative, based on the
requirements.
Qualifying Child
C – Close relative
A – Age limit
R – Residency requirements
E – Eliminate gross income test
S – Support test changes
Qualifying Relative
S – Support (over 50%) test
U – Under a specific amount of (taxable) gross income test
P – Precludes dependent filing a joint tax return test
O – Only citizens (residents of U.S./Canada or Mexico) test
R – Relative Test
OR
T – Taxpayer lives with individual for whole year test – If NOT related
Taxpayers must obtain SSN for any dependent who has attained the age of one as the close of the tax year
Qualifying Child
C – Close relative: be the taxpayer’s (step)child, (step)sibling, descendants, legally adopted, foster child
A – Age limit: under 19 (age 24 if full-time student). No age limit for permanently disabled child.
R – Residency requirements: same household as taxpayer for more than half of the tax year
E – Eliminate gross income test: gross income test (SUPORT) does not apply
S – Support test changes: child did not contribute more than half of his support. Requirement that taxpayer (parent)
provides over half of support is eliminated.
Qualifying Relative
S – Support (over 50%) test: Taxpayer must supplied more than 50% of support of the person in order to claim him as
dependent. Support means the actual expenses incurred by or on behalf of the dependent.
• If two or more people support more than 50%, only one can claim the dependent (must contribute more than
10%).
• General rule: Custodial parents have the right to claim (instead of non-custodial). If both parents equally
contribute, then the one with higher AGI.
U – Under exemption amount of (taxable) gross income: person’s gross (taxable) income must be less than the exemption
amount ($3500 for 2008).
• Taxable income: Social Security (low income levels), tax-exempt interest income (state and municipal interest),
tax exempt scholarships – (Tax-free income is OK)
• No income test if meet age limit - CARES
P – Precludes dependent filing a joint tax return test: can`t claim dependent if they file joint tax return with someone else,
UNLESS the joint return is filed solely for a refund of all taxes paid or withheld for the taxable year (tax is zero).
O – Only citizens (residents of U.S./Canada or Mexico) test
R – Relative Test: does NOT include cousins or foster parents. Cousins and foster parents must live with taxpayer the
entire year.
OR
T – Taxpayer lives with individual for whole year test – If NOT related
**No additional exemption for being old (age 65) or blind. There is an increased standard deduction!
Gross Income:
Event Income Basis
Taxable = FMV FMV
Non-taxable = N-0-N-E NBV
Realization = Real World. Accrual or receipt of cash, property, or services, or a sale or exchange
Recognition = Record for tax purposes.
***Whether on cash basis or accrual basis, taxpayers who sell stock and securities in the market must recognize gains
and losses on the trade date.***
Dividend Income:
→ Source determines taxability:
o Earnings & profit / Current = By Year End
o Earnings & profit / Accumulated = Distribution Date
o Return of Capital = No Earnings and Profits
o Capital Gain Distributions = No E&P / No Basis
→ Three Categories of Dividends = all dividends if are distributions of corporation’s E&P, it is included in gross income
o Taxable amount (to shareholder receiving)
Cash = Amount received
Property = FMV
o Special (lower) tax rate: 15% for most taxpayers and 0% for those in the 15% or lower tax bracket
Stock must be held for 60 days during the 120 day period, beginning 60 days before the ex-dividend
date
Tax-free distributions: exempt from gross income
Return of capital: company distributes funds but has no earnings and profits. Taxpayer will
reduce (but not below zero) his basis in the stock held
Stock split: shareholder will allocate the original basis over the total number of new shares
Stock dividend:
◊ If shareholder had option to receive cash or property, but chose dividend, then it will
be taxable at FMV
◊ If no option, just simply received stock dividend:
• Same stock = original basis is divided by total shares
• Different stock = original basis is allocated based on their cumulative FMVs
Life insurance dividend = Dividend caused by ownership of insurance with a mutual
company (premium return)
o Capital Gain Distribution: corporation has no earnings and profits, and the shareholder has recovered his
entire basis, then distribution is treated as taxable gross income
Cash basis – most farmers use cash basis. Inventories of produce, livestock, etc. Are NOT considered
Gross income = cash and value of other items received from sale of produce, livestock, etc. Raised by farmer
Accrual method – inventories must be taken at start and end of tax year.
Gross Profit = inventories + sales – inventories at beginning of year – cost of inventory purchased during year
***It is important to only subtract business expenses form business income. Itemized deductions and/or other adjustments
are deducted elsewhere.
Gains and Losses on Disposition of Property: difference between the amount realized and the adjusted basis.
Amount Realized
<Adjusted Basis of Assets Sold>
Gain or Loss Realized
IRA Income:
General Rules (Taxable when Withdrawn)
- Cannot withdraw retirement money until age 59 ½ or elect to receive equal distribution over life expectancy
- Required to take distribution by age 70 ½
Regular Tax
- Traditional Deductible IRA: All $$$ is treated as regular income (regardless of dividends, etc.). Regular tax rate.
- Non-Deductible IRAs: All $$$ is non-taxable
- Traditional Non-Deductible IRA:
o Principal $$$ – non-taxable
o Earnings – taxable
- 10% penalty for withdrawal before age 59 ½ – Exceptions:
st
o H – Home buyer 1 time: $10,000 max
o I – Insurance medical after unemployment or self-employed
o M – Medical expenses in excess of 7.5% AGI
o D – Disability permanent
o E – Education College
o A – and
o D – Death
***Live longer than actuarial payout period then further payments are fully taxable
***Death before full recovery the unrecovered portion of the investment is a miscellaneous itemized deduction on the
annuitant’s final income tax return not subject to the 2% AGI floor.
Passive Activity Losses (PALs) any activity where the taxpayer does not materially participate
- Applies to individuals, estates, trusts, personal service corporations, closely held C corporations
- A net PAL may only be deducted against a passive active income, NOT against active income
- Non-deductible PALs can be carried forward without any time limit unused PAL held in suspension.
o Suspended losses are used to offset passive income in future years
o Unused PALs become fully tax deductible in the year the property is sold/disposed
o If taxpayer become an active participant (from passive), unused PAL can be used to offset active income
- Exceptions – may deduct rental activity losses if either of the 2 conditions are met:
o Mom & Pop exception
deduct up to $25,000 PAL in rental real estate annually if now actively participating
Phase-out $25,000 allowance is reduced by 50% of excess of taxpayer’s AGI (without
consideration of this loss) over $100,000. The allowance is eliminated completely when AGI
exceeds $150,000
o Real Estate Professional (not passive activity)
If the tax payer is real estate person by profession, then can deduct full losses against any
income if:
• More than 50% of taxpayer’s personal services during the year are performed in real
property businesses
• The taxpayer performs more than 750 hours of services in real property businesses
during the year
**A taxpayer MUST include the full amount of unemployment compensation in gross income.
1. Low Income = No Social Security benefits are taxable (income below: single $25,000/MFJ $32,000)
2. Lower Middle Income = Less than 50% of Social Security benefits are taxable
3. Middle Income = 50% of SS benefits are taxable (income up to: single $25,000/MFJ $32,000)
4. Upper Middle Income = Between 50% - 65% of SS benefits are taxable
5. Upper Income = 85% of SS benefits are taxable (income over: single $34,000/MFJ $44,000)
Accident Insurance = if premiums paid by taxpayer, then all payments received are non-taxable
Foreign-Earned Income Exclusion: up to $87,600 in 2008 may be excluded from foreign-earned income if taxpayer meets
any one of the following tests:
1. Bona Fide Residence Test = taxpayer is resident of foreign country for entire taxable year
2. Physical Presence Test = taxpayer must be present in foreign country for 330 full days out of 12 months
Modified Adjusted Gross Income (MAGI), also known as provisional income, includes the following items:
• Any income you excluded because of the foreign earned income exclusion
• Any exclusion or deduction you claimed for foreign housing
• Any interest income from series EE bonds that you were able to exclude because you paid qualified higher
education expenses
• Any deduction you claim for student loan interest or qualified tuition and related expenses
• Any employer-paid adoption expense you excluded
• Any deduction you claimed for an annual (non-rollover) contribution to a regular IRA.
In other words, the above items are not taken into account in determining AGI vs. MAGI
Real Property = Land and Buildings (any items permanently fixed to land, i.e. paving)
Personal Property = Machinery and Equipment = Not real property
Non-capital Assets:
- All types of inventory (i.e. real property)
- Depreciable personal property and real estate used in business (i.e. Section 1231, Section 1245, Section 1250)
- Notes receivable from business sales
- Copyrights, literary, musical, art compositions held by original artist (for inventory purposes)
- Treasury stock
Calculation Rules:
Amount Realized
<Adjusted Basis of Asset Sold>
Gain OR Loss
Amount Realized:
1. Cash received (boot)
2. Cancellation of debt (boot)
3. Property received at FMV
4. Services received at FMV
5. Reduce the amount realized by selling expenses
Only go to this crazy exception when the FMV of the gift is less than donor’s basis.
All realized gains and losses are recognized (i.e. reported on the tax return) unless “HIDE IT” or “WRaP” applies.
OR
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“HIDE IT”
I – Involuntary Conversion
o Gains realized on involuntary conversions of property (destruction, theft, etc.) for reinvestment of
involuntarily received proceeds restores him to position he held prior to conversion = non-taxable
o Example: Insurance proceeds
o When no gain recognized = basis of old property = basis of new, replaced property
o Must use proceeds to replace lost property
Personal property = 2 years from year-end (for federal disaster areas = 4 years from year-end)
Business property = 3 years from year-end
o Gain (boot) is recognized because the amount received is greater than replacement cost. Basis of
replacement property is its cost less the gain not recognized. See example on page R1-50.
o New property costs more than cost basis, then loss would be recognized. The new purchase price is the
basis for new property.
D – Divorce Property Settlement – see notes above regarding alimony and child support
I – Installment Sale
o The tax method of reporting gains (not losses) for sales by non-merchant in personal property and
non-dealer in real estate
o Not available for stocks or securities traded in market
o Revenue is recognized when the cash is received
o Reportable installment sale gain/income
Gross Profit = Sale – COGS
Gross Profit Percentage = Gross profit / Sales price
Earned Revenue = Cash collections x Gross profit percentage
W – Wash Sale Loss – a security is sold for loss and is repurchased within 30 days BEFORE or AFTER the sale date
o Loss disallowed for tax purposes
o Basis of repurchased security = purchase price of new security + disallowed loss on wash sale
o Basis of repurchased security = purchase price of new security + basis of old security – sale price
o Date of acquisition of repurchased security is date of acquisition of original security
o If security is sold resulting in gain and repurchased within 30 days, must pay capital gains tax and use
new purchase price as basis for repurchased security
a – and
Excess
Offset Income Carryback Carryforward
Operating losses Yes 2 years 20 years
Individual capital losses $3,000 No Forever
Corporate Capital losses No 3 years 5 years