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2
 r&PbGm;

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yk*Hacwfr?S 'kwd,jrefrmEkdiif Hb&k ifah emifrif;w&m;? wwd,jrefrmEkdiif HOD;atmifaZ,svuf
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enf;p&m tvGefaumif;vSygonf/
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3
te*¢vufaqmif
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aMumifh Ak'¨bmomukd aoGzDí tEkwfvu©PmjyvmonfrSm &Sif&[ef;wdkY owdjyKrdMuay
vdrfhrnf/
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avsmhvmonfudk xif&Sm;pGmawGUjrifae&onf jzpfygonf/ vlOD;a&rsm;í Ak'¨bmom0if
rsm;vmonfrSm wkd;yGm;jcif;r[kwfyg/ zcifArm? rdcifArmuarG;í om;orD;onfvnf;
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jynfhrDolrsm; r[kwfaomaMumifh Ak'¨bmom0if wkd;yGm;vmonf[k rqkdEkdifyg/
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abmw&m;rsm;tjyif trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"gwfrsm;jzifh rdrdrsKd;&kd;Zmwdudk cspfjrwfEkd;wwf
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rsm;pdwfwGif rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwf xm0&&Sifoefxufjruf udef;atmif;aernfjzpfygonf/
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4
 r&PbGm;
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onf/ csKdUwJhEGrf;yg;aom uav;oli,frsm;udk ydkí*&kpkduf&rnfjzpfygonfbk&m;.../
okdYrSom bmoma&; oabmw&m; ckdifjrJrnfjzpfygonf/ bmoma&; oabmw
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tcsdefwefjyD/ tcsdefrD jyKjyifoifhvSygjyD/ t&SifwkdY\todw&m;onf aemufrusao;yg/
tjrefjyKjyifMuygavmh? &[ef;omraPwkdif;rSm orkdif;ay;wm0ef&Sdaeygonfbk&m;.../

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rsm; trsKd;ysuf&awmh\/ 'gawmif owdoHa0*r&/
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p&mr&Sad vmufatmif tm;emwwf\/ txufygtcsuf tvufawG[m Ak'¨bmomacgif;
aqmifrsm;ESiAhf 'k b
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oli,fukd ajracG;wodkuf0dkif;ukdufouJhodkY jzpf&\/
rlqvifbmomxJ0ifaom trsKd;orD;rsm;onf bk&m;ykHukd ajcjzifheif;jy&onf/
5
te*¢vufaqmif
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i,faom aiGaMu;tultnD&&kHESifhwkdif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;udk rsufESmajymifwkdufcg wb0pm
pdwful;jzifh bmomul;ajymif;oGm;Muonf/
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rvkyfEkdifbl;[k awG;awmrdr,fqkd&if tJ'Dvl&JUtawG;tac:[m tifrwef odrfzsif;aom
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ukd rD;&IdUjcif;wdkYaMumifh tdEd́,EkdifiHrS Ak'¨bmomuG,faysmufcJh&avonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHrSm tcsKdUaom jyu©'defrsm;onf emvE´mwuúodkvfausmif;awmf&mykH[l
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"r®maomurif;MuD;\omoemjyKrIaMumifh (3)&mpkrSpí Ak'¨omoem aevkdvvkd xGef;
awmufcJhygonf/
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6
 r&PbGm;
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oemjyKenf;jzifh t"r®omoemjyKMuonf/ rlqvifbmom0ifrsm;vmaomtcg Ak'¨bm
om0ifbk&ifukd jzKwfcsum plvfwefrlqvifbk&ifawGukd wifí rlqvifEkdifiHtjzpfaMu
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aygif;(250)cefYESifhAk'¨bmom uG,faysmufcJh&ygonf/ rlqvifwkdY zsufqD;cJhaom aAma"g
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jyD; omoemawmfudk vGefpGmMunfndKaxmufyHhcJhojzifh w&m;apmifhaomrif;[k ausmfMum;
cJhonf/
ay(300)cefY&Sdaom Ak'¨&kyfyGm;awmfMuD;awGukd ausmufawmifcg;yef;rSm xkvkyfí
wnfxm;Muonf/ 200A.DokdYa&mufaomtcg tm&yfrlqvifwkdY0ifa&mufjyD; wkdufckduf
owfjzwfí Ak'¨bmom0iftm;vkH; tjrpfrusef jzdKzsufcH&avonf/ bk&m;apwDykxkd;rsm;
onf tkwfyHjk ymykb H 0a&mufoGm;&avonf/ jrifhrm;aomausmufawmifMuD;awGukd xkvyk f
xm;aom MuD;rm;aomAk'¨&kyfyGm;awmfrsm;udkvnf; tvSrf;rDorQ zsufqD;ypfMuavonf/
&kyfyGm;awmfMuD;wpfcsKdUonf MuD;rm;ckdifcHhí txufykdif;udk rzsufqD;EkdifMuay/
2001-ckEpS f OD;ykid f;a&mufvmaomtcg tkpd rmbifvm'ifEiS w hf mvDbefacgif;aqmif
rlvmrkd[mruftkdrmwkdY OD;aqmifaom rlqviftpdk;&tzGJUonf Ak'¨&kyfyGm;awmfrsm;tm;
olwkdYbmomESifhrnDnw T fí[kqkdum 'kH;usnfESifhypfcwfzsufqD;Muonf/ EkdifiHwumrSwm;
qD;aomfvnf; t&mra&mufcJhyg/ þjzpf&yfum; bmrQrMumao;í tm;vkH;odjyD;jzpfyg
onf/
ààààààà

7
te*¢vufaqmif

orkdif;uay;aom tm;aq;
,aeYurÇmwGif rlqviftMurf;zuf0g'DwkdY\wkdufcdkufrIudk cHaeMu&\/ EkdifiHwkdif;
wGif tMurf;zufrItEÅ&m,f umuG,faeMu&\/ umuG,fa&;bwf*swftjzpf a':vm
uka#aygif;aomif;csDí tokH;jyKae&onf/ tqifhjrifhenf;ynmawG okH;aeMu&onf/ rdrd
wkdYjrefrmEkdifiHonf umuG,fa&;bwf*swfrnfrQ okH;Ekdifoenf;/ rdrdwkdYtrdajr&JUumuG,f
a&;ukd tpkd;&JUwm0efyg? 'dkYtvkyfr[kwfyg[k wm0efrJhaompum;ukd ajymMum;oifhyg\
avmh/ vuf&Sdtajctaeonf jynfytdrfeD;csif;\&efu rat;ovkd jynfwGif;&efuvnf;
rao;yg/ jynfwGif;&efonf tjyif&efolxuf aMumufp&maumif;ygonf/
Ekid if aH wmftcsKyftjcmtmPm vufvTwfq;kH &IH;cJhí olUuRefb0a&mufvQif ESpfaygif;
&mcsDí aoG;? acR;? toufESifh&if;ESD;rS jyef&wmrsKd;yg/ tu,fí trsKd;bmom omoem
ESifhwkdif;&if;om;wkdY ,Ofaus;rIvu©Pmrsm;? twGif;rlqvif&efaMumifh vufvTwfqkH;&IH;
&ygvQif ykdíyifqkd;awmh\/ b,faomtcgrS jyefí&awmhrnf r[kwfyg/ rkd;ay:rSm a&
pD;vkdY ajrMuD;u vom? wrmawGcsKd? Mu,fawGikdí rkd;jydKajrtuf urÇmMuD;ysufawmifrS
jyefír&Ekdifawmhbl;qkdwm owdxm;Muapcsifygonf/
'ghaMumifh a&TjrefrmwkdY tm;vkH;Ekd;Mum;Muyg/ owd&dMS uyg/ trsKd;bmomESifhwdik f;jynf
tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk umuG,fMuyg/ ,Ofaus;rIvu©Pmrsm;udk xdef;odrf;Muyg/ trsKd;
*kPfudk apmifhxdef;Muyg/ rdpämukvm;ESifhtdrfaxmifjyKjcif;udk a&SmifuGif;Muyg/ jynfwGif;
jynfytEÅ&m,fudk rdrdwkdYtrsKd;bmomtwGuf rdrdwkdYomvQif umuG,fMu&rnf/ ukd,fht
rsKd;bmomtEÅ&m,fudkrS rumuG,fvQif rnfolu vmíumuG,frnfenf;/ jynfyEkdifiH
rsm;u vmí umuG,fay;rnfavmh/ ray;yg/
rdrdwkdYEkdifiHonf acwfrDenf;ynm rzGHUjzdK;ao;? pD;yGm;a&;awmif;wif;ckdifrmrI enf;
ao;\/ okdYaomf jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdYwGif vlUpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfawG &Sd\/ wkdif;jynf
ESifhvlrsKd;bmomtwGuf &JpGrf;owåd&SdMu\/ rw&m;rIudk &GHrkef;Mu\/ twdwfu orkdif;
tpOftvmt& jrefrmwkdYonf w&m;zufcJh\/ "g;xufcJh\/ wwd,jrefrmEkdifiHawmfMuD;
udk pkpnf;wnfaxmifaom tavmif;rif;w&m;MuD;OD;atmifaZ,sonf usL;ausmfol*Rrf;
ppfonf(,kd;',m;)wkdYtm; 0g;&if;wkwfjzifh ESdrfeif;atmifjrifcJhzl;onf/
þonf jrefrmwkdY\vuf&kH;&nf? ESvkH;&nfESifhjynfh0aomaMumifh tzsuf&efpG,fudk
ukd,fhtm;ukd,fudk; umuG,fEkdifcJhjcif;? twdwforkdif;wacwfu om"uaMu;rkHjyifjzpfyg
onf/ þorkdif;jzpf&yfü jrefrmwkdYtwGuf orkdif;uay;aom tm;aq;wpfcGufyif jzpf
awmh\/ jrefrmjynfzGm;wkdif;&if;om;wkdY...? trIrJh trSwfrJhraeoifhyg/ ukd,fhbmomt
aMumif;? olUbmomtaMumif;? odatmifvkyfMuyg/ ,ckrlqvifwdkYonf atmufygtwkdif;
0g'jzefY ppfqifa&;vkyfaejyD? aocsmpGm zwf&IavhvmMuyg/

8
 r&PbGm;

rlqvifrsm;\vQKdU0Suf jzefYa0csuf
jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd tpövmrfbmom0iftaygif;wdkY...? tuREkfyfwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHü
&SdaepOf trsKd;bmom omoemudk cspfjrwfEkd;í apmifha&Smufaomtm;jzifh uREkfyfwkdYtm;
vkH; pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;rStp? tcsif;csif;&kdif;yif; ulnDMu&rnf/ xkduREkfyfwkdY bmom0if
taygif;wkdYonf pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&;t& wkdufppfqifaomtm;jzifh rdrdwkdYbufrSwpfqifh
jyefvnfa&mif;csjcif;rSwpfyg;? þjrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; aeYpOfaps;0,faomtcg uREkfyfwkdY
tpövmrftrSwftom;ygaom (786)trSwfwHqdyfvjcrf;ay:ü Mu,fyGifhtrSwftom;yg
aom qkdifrsm;üom aps;0,fMu&r,f/
¤if;\t"dyÜg,fonf (786)*Pef;okH;vkH;aygif;vkdufvQif (21)&onf/ xkd(21)onf
vmrnfh (21)&mpkESpfokdY a&mufvmaomtcg uREkfyfwkdY\tpövmrfbmoma&;w&m;awmf
onf jrefrmEkdifiHtygt0if urÇmavmuMuD;&Sd vlom;tm;vkH;wkdY\xdyfqkH;u a&muf&Sd&
rnf[laom trSwftom;yif jzpfonf/
rSwfcsuf/ / uREkfyfwkdY tm;vkH;onf pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;rsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd tpövmrf
bmomjyefYyGm;a&; xGe;f um;a&; vTrf;rk;d a&;wdt
kY wGuf xkd;ppfwpf&yftae
jzift h aumiftxnfaz:Mu&ayrnf/ xkaYd Mumifh uREyfk w f \
Ydk bmomtrSwf
tom;ygaom aps;qkdifrSwpfyg; bmomjcm;? vlrsKd;jcm;jzpfaom jrefrm?
w&kwf? &Srf;? u&if? &ckdifpaom jrefrmwkdif;&if;om; qkdifrsm;ü aps;0,f
jcif;? pm;aomufjcif;paom pD;yGm;a&;qufqHrIrsm; rjyKvkyf&ay/ txl;
ojzifh pm;aomufqkdifrsm;ü (786)ESifhvjcrf;wHqdyf az:jyxm;aomqkdif
rsm;üuREkfyfwdkY\tpövmrfbmom0iftaygif;wkdY tm;vkH;pm;okH;Mu&rnf/
(trqeH'gEk)

awmfvSefa&;aumifpD wufv maomtcg rlq vifw kdY\vIYHa qmfc sufp mwrf;

tem*wftpövmrfbmom jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf
tkd...tpövmrfbmom0if olawmfpiftaygif;wkdY? uREkfyfwkdYvlrsKd;tm;vkH;twGuf
þjrefrmEkdifiHonf ,cktcg tqdyfjzpfcJhjyD/ odkYtwGufaMumifh uREkfyfwkdYvlrsKd;tm;vkH;onf
pnf;vkH;nDnTwf&rnf/ aoG;pnf;Mu&rnf/ wwfEkdifonfh ajcukyf,lMu&rnf/ uREkfyfwkdY 'D
EkdifiHrSm usefaecJh&rnf/
Ak'¨bmom0if trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhjrefrmwkdif;&if;olrsm;onf tcsdefra&T; aiGay;vQif
jynfhwefqmruJhodkY jzpfaeMujyD/ uREkfyfwkdY bmom0iftm;vkH;wkdYonf ,cktcsdefü vIyf&Sm;
zkdYtaumif;qkH;tcsdefjzpfí Ak'¨bmom0ifjrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdY
tm; oifw\ dYk ESv;kH aoG;jzifv
h nf;aumif;? aiGtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;? pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifhvnf;
9
te*¢vufaqmif
aumif;? jrLqG,fodrf;oGif;Mu&rnf/
t"dutcsufrSm olwkdY\ukd,fxJwGif uREkfyfwkdY\aoG;om;rsm; usef&pfaezkdYyifjzpf
ygonf/ oifwkdYMudK;pm;orQ tusKd;tjrwfum; Ak'¨bmom0if trsKd;orD;&if;wGif;okdY oif
wkdY\aoG;om;rsm;0ifoGm;atmif vkyfEkdiforl sm;tm; rl*sm[pfAvDrS usyfaiG(500)qktjzpf
vufzGJYay;rnf/ tu,fí Ak'¨bmom0iftrsKd;orD;(4)a,mufwkdY\ukd,fwGif;okdY aoG;xkd;
oGif;EkdifcJhvQif AvDrS vpOfwpfvvQif (1000)usyf axmufyHhxm;rnf/
bGJU&jyD; Ak'¨bmom0iftrsKd;orD;jzpfygu ESpfaomif;usyf? AkdvfrSL;orD;jzpfvQif ESpf
aomif;usyf? AkdvfrSL;orD;bGJU&jzpfvQif ig;aomif;usyf qkay;rnf/ qktjzpf vufzGUJay;
rnf/ vludk vljzifh&if;&ef oifwkdYtm;vkH; owdjyK&rnf/ 'Dvkdodrf;oGif;EkdifrSom uREkfyfwkdY
tpövmrfbmomonf jrefrmEkdifiHü t"GefY&SnfpGm wnf&SdrSmjzpfygonf/
aiGaMu;axmufyHhrItwGuf oifwkdYtm;vkH; bmrQylp&m rvdkyg/ tpövmrfbmom
0ifjzpfaom uREkfyfwkdY\rl*sm[pftpdk;&xHrS ESpfpOfwpfvvQif pwmvifaygif(5)oef;ukd
uREkfyfwkdY\vuf0,fokdY ydkYaeygonf/ oifwkdYatmifjrifrItwGuf arQmfvifhapmifhpm;awmifh
wvsuf&Sdonf/
þokdYtxufyg vIYHaqmfpmwrf;rsm; jrpf0uRef;ay:oGm;oabFmwpfpD;ay:rS uREkfyf
wkdY&&Sdxm;aomaMumifh rdrdwkdYtrsKd;bmomtwGuf umuG,af &;vkyf&ygonf/ t"du&kPf;
jzpfap&ef r&nfnTef;yg/ tu,fí jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdY rcHr&yfEkdifvkdY jyóemjzpfay:
vmygu wpf w&m;cH rnfoljzpfygoenf;/
ààààààà

q&mawmfMuD;awGudku ukd,fwkdifpdwfrat;Mu
aus;Zl;&Sifrif;uGef;wdyd#u q&mawmfMuD;qkdvQif ]]at;uGJU...Ak'¨bmomqkdifu
10d^-tjrwfwifvQif tJ't D jrwfu bk&m;wnfr,f? ausmif;aqmufr,f? omoemtwGuf
tokH;csr,f? ukvm;qkdifu 2d^-tjrwf,l&if tJ'Dtjrwfu 'dkYtrsKd; 'dkYbmomudk zsufqD;
r,fhtjrwf[Jh...}}wJh/
ysHvGefoGm;awmfrljyD;jzpfwJh q&mawmfMuD;uawmif trsKdbmomtwGuf pdwfrat;
EkdifcJhygbl;/ ,aeY bmoma&;acgif;aqmifjzpfMuwJh bkef;MuD;awGukdu tvSLcHp&m&Sdawmh
Ak'¨bmomjrefrmvlrsKd;awGqDu tvSLcHjyD;? tjrwfay;p&m&Sdawmh rlqvifukvm;qkdifoGm;
jyD;tjrwfay;w,f/ ukvm;awG aps;a&mif;aumif;jyD; tjrwfrsm;rsm;&vkdY MuD;yGm;avav
jrefrmrawG rsm;rsm;odrf;ydkufEkdifavav jzpfawmhrSmaygh/
ukvm;awG MuD;yGm;avav? trsKd;bmomvlrsKd;awGudk ukvm;awGu vlrsKd;a&;eJY0g;
rsKdaeygjyD/ 'gukd bmoma&;acgif;aqmiftjzpfeJY ausmif;xkdif ausmif;ykdifaeMuwJhq&m
awmfawG arhaeMuwkef;yg/ q&mawmfrsm; owd&Muygawmh/ Ekd;xMuygawmh/ ausmif;
10
 r&PbGm;
MuD;ay:ü pmcs&kHESifhrjyD;awmhyg/ yv’ifay:ü w&m;a[m&kHeJYrjyD;awmhyg/ ukvm;awGeJY
aygif;az:jcif;? aps;0,fjcif;ukd &yfMuygawmh/
àààààà

tMurf;zuf0g'
,aeYurÇmwGif ppfvufeufypönf;rsm; acwfrDqef;jym;aom urÇmhtiftm;tMuD;
rm;qkH;[kqkdaom tar&duefEkdifiHonfyif rlqviftMurf;zuform;wkdY\tEÅ&m,fukd
MuD;rm;pGm &ifqkdifae&onf/ (11-9-2001)aeYu urÇmwGif tMuD;rm;qkH;jzpfaom ukef
oG,fa&;taqmuftOD;MuD;udk av,mOfjzifh azmufcGJzsufqD;cHvkduf&onf/ a':vmaiG
bDvsHaygif;rsm;pGm qkH;&IH;í vlaygif;(5000)cefY aoqkH;cJh&onf/
þjzpf&yfaMumifh urÇmolurÇmom;wkdY 0rf;enf;aMuuGJae&csdefwGif urÇmt&yf&yf
&Sd rlqvifwkdYonf atmifyGJcHonfhtaejzifh uckefaysmfyg;aeMuonfrSm olwkYd\pdwf"gwf
b,favmufnHhaeonfukd txl;ajymbG,f rvkdyg/ ae&mwumrSm 'Drkdua&pDta&;tm;
a&SUwef;wifaom vlUtcGifhta&;\ya&m[dwfMuD;vnf; rlqviftMurf;zuform;rsm;
\vlUtcGifhta&;udk jynfhjynfh00 tokH;csjcif;cHvkduf&onf/
qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpka[mif; &k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif;EkdifiHonfvnf; rlqviftMurf;
zuform;rsm;&efukd cg;oD;pGm cHpm;ae&ayonf/ txl;ojzifh acscsif;nmcGJxGufa&;rlq
vifwkdY\jyefay;qGJjcif;? AkH;azmufcGJjcif;? acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwf owfjzwfjcif;udk cHpm;ae
Mu&onf/ qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrS cGJxGufvmaom pDtkdifvufpfEkdifiHrsm;onfvnf; rlq
viftMurf;zuftzGJU\tEÅ&m,fab;'ku©ESifh&ifqkdifae&ayonf/ ,cifu bmoma&;ukd
ypfy,fcJhaom qkd&S,fvpfaq;rD;wkdudk az:pyfaom a,mq&mMuD;rsm; ,ckawmh rsufjzL
qkdufae&\/
r[m,meAk'¨bmomxGef;um;&m w&kwfjynfolUor®wEkdifiHonfvnf; rlqvifwkdY
\tMurf;zufrIudk cHpm;ae&\/ ygupöwefESifhe,fjcif;pyfaeaom pif;usif;jynfe,fonf
rlqvifwkdY\vTrf;rkd;jcif;cHae&jyD; ,if;jynfe,fudk ajcukyf,ljyD; cGJxGufrIrsm; vkyfaqmif
aeaomaMumifh a&SmifvifuGefzl;q&mMuD;vnf; 'ku©rao;yg/
zdvpfykdifEkdifiHonf tblaq,ufrlqvifwkdY\cGJxGufa&;vrf;pOfaMumifh 'ku©yif
v,fa0ae&onf/ rlqvifwkdYonf urÇmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm;udk jyefay;qGJjcif;? owfjzwf
jcif;? a'ocHwkdYtm; "g;jywkduf rk'drf;usifhí ,kwfrmrIo&zlaqmif;aeMuavonf/ r
aumif;aom'kp&kdufvkyfief;rSef&if olwkdY0goemygMuonf/ t*Fg&kyfMunfh&kHeJYodomonf/
tm&yf-tpöa&;ppfyGJwGif tm&yfEkdifiHrsm;u tpöa&;EkdifiHtm; 0dkif;&HwkdufckdufcJhMuonf/
tm&yfppfAkdvfcsKyfrsm;u tpöa&;rSeforQ owf&ef? ypönf;rsm;vk,l&ef? trsKd;orD;rSeforQ
rk'drf;usifh&ef rSmMum;avonf/ odkYwu,fwrf; wkdufckdufMuaomf rlqvifwkdY acG;ajy;0uf
11
te*¢vufaqmif
ajy; ajy;cJhMu&onf/
wkduw
f Gef;vTm
q&mawmf oHCmawmf t&Sifoljrwfrsm;ESifhAk'¨bmom0if olawmfpiftaygif;wkdY/
,cktcsdefrSpí ,cifuvkd trSwfwrJhaeí r&awmhyg/ rlqvifukvm;wkdY\tEÅ&m,f
um; wpfaeYwpfjcm; MuD;xGm;vmonfrSm xif&Sm;vSyg\/ rdrdwkdYtrsKd;bmom omoem
twGuf umuG,fa&;udk rdrdwkdYrSpí om;pOfajr;quf vufqifhurf;í umuG,frIjyKMu&
rnf/
taumif;qkH;aom enf;vrf;onf (1) uav;oli,frsm;tm; Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;
rIoifwef;udk rjzpfrae ydkYay;&ef (2) ukvm;qkdifrsm;wGif aps;0,fjcif;ukd rjyKMu&ef (3)
rlqvifukvm;rsm;ESifhtdrfaxmif rjyKMu&ef ta&;MuD;ygonf/
rdbwkdYonf rdrd\&ifaoG;i,frsm;udk aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufwGif bkef;awmfMuD;
ausmif;rsm;odkY ydkYvTwfum ,Ofaus;rIpmayrsm;ukd oifMum;ap&rnf/ tcsKdUt&yfa'owGif
tajccHynmrlvwef;? tv,fwef;tqifhavmufjzifh ,Ofaus;rIoifwef; rwufMuyJ
usL&Sifa&mufaeMuonf/ usL&SiftaMumif;jyí usL&Sift&l;xraeMu&efvnf; av;euf
pGm wkdufwGef;ygonf/
,cktcg jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdYonf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wGif tm;MudK;rmefwuf vkyfaqmif
Ekid jf cif;r&SdMuay/ taysmft&Tif yGv J rf;obifrsm;ESihf tcsdeu
f ek &f jcif;? t&ufaopmaomuf
pm;jcif;ESifhtcsdefukef&jcif;? vufzuf&nfqkdif xkdifí tcsdefjzKef;jcif;jzifhom b0ae0ifMu
&\/ tqkd;qkH;rSm w&m;r0if ESpfvkH;xD? okH;vkH;xDESifhabmvkH;yGJtavmif;upm;rsm;aMumifh
tdrf&Sdypönf;a&mif;cs&jcif;? tdrfaygif 0dkif;aygifb0jzifh rD;ZmukefqDcef; oGm;Mu&\/
þjzpf&yfukd Zmwfaygif;aomtcg jrefrmwkdY\rdbbkd;bGm;ykdif pD;yGm;a&;tcsuft
jcmusaomae&mrsm;ü ukvm;wkdYvuf0,fa&mufoGm;Mu&awmh\/ awG;rdwkdif; tem*wf
twGuf &ifav;&ygawmh\/
'gaMumifh a&TjrefrmwkdY pD;yGm;a&;ukd rsufajcjywfrcHMuygESifh/ trSm;udk aemifw&
oifhMuygjyD/ MudK;pm;Muyg/ rdrdwkdY wkdif;&if;om;csif; &kdif;yif;ulnDMuyg/ ta&mif;t0,f
jyKvkyfMuyg/ Armqkdifu aps;MuD;onf[k tjypfwifaernfhtpm; rdrdwkdYudk,fwkdif aps;csKd
csKdESifha&mif;Ekdifatmif MudK;pm;í tcuftcJ[lorQ ausmfvTm;Muyg/
&[ef;oHCmtcsKdUonfvnf; þuJhoadYk om tcsed jf zKe;f jcif;jzifh tcsed rf ukeo
f ifhawmh
yg/ tcsdefonf puúefYESifhtrQ wefbkd;&Sdaeygonf/ rdrdwkdYcE¨mukd,fukd touf&SifEkdifa&;
twGuf qGrf;tpmESifhaeYpOfaxmufyHh vIyf&Sm;rIay;aeMu&ovkd omoemawmftm;vnf;
wnfwHhap&eftvkdYiSm aeYpOfaxmufyHh vIyf&Sm;rIjyKawmfrlMuygbk&m;/
&[ef;omraPwkdYtwGuf qGrf;ç ouFef;ç ausmif;ç aq;tp&Sdaom ypönf;wkdYonf
Ak'¨bmomrsm;uom vSL'gef;jcif;jzpfí ukvm;u vSL'gef;jcif; r[kwfyg/ odkYjzpfygvsuf
12
 r&PbGm;
Ak'¨bmomwkv dY SLaomaiGjzifh ukvm;wkqdY kdifrsm;rSm aps;0,fí tjrwftpGef;udkay;jcif;onf
olckd;"g;&kd;urf;&m a&mufygonfbk&m;/
odkYjzpfí ukvm;wkdYqkdifrSm aps;r0,f&efESifh OykofponfhaeYrsm;üvnf;aumif;? bm
oma&;yGJvrf;ponfrsm;üvnf;aumif;? wum^wumrwkdYtm; rdrdwdYw k kdif;&if;om;tcsif;
csif; tusKd;wlpD;yGm;a&; ylaygif;aqmif&GufMu&ef ukvm;wkdYqkdifü aps;r0,fMu&ef wif;
MuyfpGm wkdufwGef;a[mMum;awmfrlygbk&m;.../
jrefrmjynfzGm; wkdif;&if;om;wkdY? rdrdwkdY &yfuGufaus;&GmtwGif;&Sd qif;&JEGrf;yg;ol
rsm;ukd ypfrxm;MuygESifh/ ]]vJaeolu dk xla y;&rnf} } ]]tm;i,fo lu kd tm;ay;&rnf}}
okdYaomfArmvlrsKd;wdkYonf ]]r&Sdckd;Ekd;Ekd;}}[laom pum;t& qif;&Jom;rsm;udk ESdrfhcsít
xifao;pGmajymqkdqufqHMu\/ 0kdif;y,fjyD; oHo,rsufvkH;rsm;ESifhMunfhwwfMu\/ t
aygif;toif;rvkyfMuay/ þtcsufudk rlqvifwkdYonf tcGifhaumif;,lum jrefrmqif;
&Jom;rsm;ESihf rkqd;k rrsm;tm; aiGaMu;ulnDí olwb dYk momxJord f;oGif;Muav\/ 'gaMumihf
]]qif;&Jo m;rsm;tm; 0kdif;0ef;uln DMuyg}}? a&TjrefrmwkdY...rlqvifEkdifiHrsm;onf olwkdY
bmomwnfwHha&;twGuf xdrf;jr§m;jcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom Oya'rsm;jzifh umuG,fMuovkd
rdrwd EYdk idk if o
H nfvnf; ]]trsKd;orD;rsm; wkdif;&if;om; r[kwfaom bmomjcm;ESifhxdrf;jrm;
jcif;udk wm;jrpfaomOya'wpf&yf &Sdo ifhjyDjzpfa Mumif;}} EId;aqmftyfygonf/ tajccH
Oya'a&;qGJMuaom wm0eff&Sdyk*¾KdvfwkdYonf þtcsufudk tav;teuf pOf;pm;oifhjyD
jzpfaMumif; wkdufwGef;EId;aqmftyfygonf/

qkH;ray;yg
Ak'¨bmom rdrmwmESifh
yDwmzcif aus;Zl;&SifwkdY
&ifrSjzpfaom orD;acsmukd
tjypfuif;pif Eke,fpOfü
aemifcgta&; b0ifat;atmif
trsKd;ysufrnf ta&;onfaMumifh
0How&m; vufukdifxm;í
tcgra&T; qkH;ray;avmh.../
qefa&pyg; ,lokH;pm;vsuf
Opömypönf; tykdifpD;í
arm[wPSm t0dZÆmaMumifh
auR;aomvufukduf acG;rkdufyrm
opömrJhpGm vl,kwfrmESifh
13
te*¢vufaqmif
a&SmifumauGuGif; raygif;oif;atmif
owdw&m; tjrJxm;í
aeYnr[l qkH;r,lavmh.../

àààààà

opömysufjcif;
twdwfuHay; vSaoG;,Sufjzm
rsKd;cspfjrefrm ysKdunmwkdY
&m*bDvl; 0ifuyfyl;vsuf
pm;0wfaea&; tcufab;ESifh
vlrI'ku© t00aMumifh
a&yGufyrm woufvsmjzifh
aemifoHo&m rMunfh&SmyJ
rdpämukvm; vif,lrSm;aomf
trsKd;ysufokOf; vlnTefYwkH;í
b0vJ&IH; om;orD;qkH;vsuf
rdbarmifbGm; rIrxm;yJ
rsKd;EG,fvlpk vspfvsL&Iaomf
arG;arrmwm jynfjrefrmESifh
rsKd;*kPfZmwd oifrodonf
oifonf wu,f opömrJhavjyD/
(r&PbGm;)

14
 r&PbGm;

Ak'¨omoeH pd&H wd|wk

okdY^
r*srf;bkH
.................&Gm^&yf
.................jrdKU^e,f
tjrefay;yg/
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zdk;aomMum

vrf;MuKH&if *srf;bkHukd ajymvkdufyg

zkd;aomMum

þpmtkyfudk vufqifhurf; zwf&IavhvmMuí

trsdK;bmom omoemtwGuf tpOfxm0& Ekd;Mum;Muygukefavmh

2546 1364 2002

umuG,fMupkdY
vlUbkHavmu þXmeü
&[ef;b0 'kv’bjzifh
t&awmfay bdu©a0wkdY
wkEIdif;rJhpGm jrwfAk'¨g\
ay;tyfwm0ef wkdYausyGefatmif
omoema&; jyKjyifay;avmh.../
rsufarSmufcsdefcg jynfjrefrmü
&[ef;trsm; qkdolrsm;onf
arm[ppGm t0dZÆmaMumifh
a&SUaemufqifjcif rarQmfjrifyJ
todw&m; vGefacgif;yg;\.../
15
te*¢vufaqmif
avmuDa&;&m tjzmjzmukd
olawmfcsif;csif; twif;zsif;ESifh
omoemusKd; ryGm;wkd;aom
pavmif;abmvkH; ESpfç okH;vkH;jzifh
r&csdefcg rtm;&Smí
,Dwd,m;wm; tD;a,mif0g;jzifh
tcsdefcgvifh rukefoifhay.../
'kdYaqGjrefrm jynftmPmukd
uRefuarG;zGm; uRefav;yg;wGif
tyg0ifjzpf ukvm;npfwkdY
vTrf;rkd;rykdif rodrf;Ekdifatmif
umuG,fMuzdkY MudK;pm;pkdY.../

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]]v0ursm;okdY}}
a&TwHcg;rSL; wm0efxl;udk
ruGmaeYn apmifha&SmufMuí
orkdif;ay;pOf xkdwm0efudk
OD;xdyfqifjref; tkd...0efxrf;wkdY
a&Munfom,m jynfjrefrmum;
trsKd;rwl ZmwfwrlESifh
p&kdufjcm;em; uRefukvm;wkdY
rsm;jym;vmbd oifod\avmh.../
rdom;wpfpk 0rf;pmrIudk
&nf&G,fa&SU&I OD;wnfjyKí
wHpkd;vmbfpm; ,lrdjim;aomf
trsKd;bmom jynfjrefrmESifh
wkdYaoG;csif;rsm; aysmufuG,foGm;vdrfh
aemifoHo&m qufqufrSmvnf;
b0pqkH; vljzpf&IH;um
evefrxl i&Jylü
16
 r&PbGm;
uyfurÇmwkdif usa&mufEkdifí
rif;ca,musfm; qkdolrsm;wkdY
wHpkd;vmbf,l oH&nfylukd
rsKdcsaomfonfh aMomf...aumif;\/

qkda&;&Sdu qkdyg&ap
aus;vufa'oae Ak'¨bmom0if awmifolOD;MuD;rsm; odap&ef rdwfaomrsufpd
zGifhap&efç ydwfaomem;ukd pGifhap&efç bmoma&;A[kokw&ap&efç rsufarSmufumvü
jzpfay:aeaom bmoma&; vlrsKd;a&;tajctae t&yf&yfukd awmif,mv,fvkyfief;cGif
wGif tvkyftudkifrysufapyJ qnf;yl;avhvmEkdifap&ef vkd&if;wkd&Sif;jzifh a&;om;rnfjzpf
ygonf/
,ckvkda&;om;jcif;aMumifh uREkfyf\pdwfwGif vlwpfzufom;tay: rkef;wD;jcif;ç t
usKd;pD;yGm;ysufpD;apvkdjcif;ç acsmufwGef;vkdjcif;ç bmomwpfcktay: a0zefykwfcwfvkdjcif;
tvsOf;r&Syd g/ vlrsKd;EG,fwpfpkESihyf wf0ef;usif tokdi;f t0kdif;tay: vufnK§ d;xk;d rykwfcwf
vkdyg/ orkdif;tpOftvmtwkdif;om t&Sdukd t&Sdtwkdif; a&;om;ygrnf/ okdYaomf orkdif;
wpfacwfukd avhvmqef;ppf&m0,f tqkd;taumif; tusKd;taMumif;qkdwmuawmh cGJ
jcm;í r&aom 'GefwGJaeaom ed,mrwpfckjzpfí aumif;onfjzpfapç qkd;onfjzpfapç
t&Sdtwkdif; trSeftwkdif; a&;om;rS trSm;trSefukd cGJjcm;a0zefEkdifygrnf/ rdrdwdkYbmom
twGuf tm;enf;csuf tm;omcsufawGukd jyefvnfokH;oyfEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/ trsKd;bm
omtwGuf umuG,fa&;wpf&yftaejzifhom a&;om;jcif; jzpfygonf/

zkd;aomMum

csif;wGif;jrpfaMum aoG;ESifha&mjyD
A'kHjrdKUac: tvkHjrdKUonf rkH&mG jrdKUe,fü wnf&SdjyD; csif;wGif;jrpf\ukefpnfpD;qif;&m
a'ojzpfí ukefa&mif; ukef0,fwkdYjzifhpnfum;ygonf/ tr&yl&jrdKUwnf bkd;awmfbk&m;
onf tdrfedrfhpHb0wGif ,cktvkHjrdKUü A'kH[laom trnfjzifh jrdKUwnfí pkd;pHcJhaomaMumifh
orkdif;t&vnf; xif&Sm;ygonf/ csif;wGif;jrpfurf;ezl;ü wnfxm;aomaMumifhvnf;
om,mvSyygonf/
jrdKUoljrdKUom;wkdYonf csif;wGif;a&Munfaomufolrsm;jzpfonfhtavsmuf tom;t
17
te*¢vufaqmif
a&pkdjynfMuygonf/ csif;wGif;jrpfonf tvkHjrdKUoljrdKUom;wkdY\ESvkH;om; jzpfcJhavawmh
onf/ rpkpkvwfonf OD;vSjrwf a':pef;&D[laom rdbESpfyg; armifnDrrsm;eJYtwl tvkH
jrdKU a&TwHcg;&yfü aexkdifMuonf/ olwkdYrdom;pkonf rsKd;&kd;tpOftqufu at;at;aq;
aq; aewwfMuolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
zcifOD;vSjrwfonf ta&mif;t0,fjzifhom tcsdefukefcJh&onf/ rdcifrpef;&DrSm
t.u.u(1) tvkHrS ausmif;q&mrjzpfonf/ q&mrjzpfonfhtavsmuf uav;i,f
rsm; ynma&;ESifhom tcsdefukefcJhonf/ yDwdukdpm;í tm;&SdcJh&onf/ rdrdwkdYom;orD;rsm;
tm; bmoma&;tajccHoabmw&m;wkdYESifh uif;uGmapcJh&onf/ orD;jzpfol t&G,fokdY
yifa&mufcJhjyD/ pkpkvwfonf tom;jzLjyD; &kyftqif;ajyjypf\/ &kd;om;\/ wnfMunf\/
rdbwkdYudk aus;Zl;qyfaomtm;jzifh pufcsKyfjyD;vkyfauR;\/
&mZifonf pkpkvwftm; tjrJwap ykd;yrf;aeolwpfOD;jzpfonf/ pkpkvwf pufcsKyf
oGm;wkdif; vrf;rSapmifhíwpfrsKd;? vkdufykdYíwpfzkH &kd;om;aompkpkvwftm; &Trf;&Trf;a0
atmiftmaygiftm&if; oefoefjzifh &nf;pm;pum;qkdí tcspfukd &,lEkdifcJhonf/ pkpkvwf
MudKufwwfaom ypönf;ypö,rsm;ukdvnf; trSwfw& 0,fay;avh&Sdonf/ jyKH;csKdcsKdrsufESm
xm;jzifh tykd<um;cJhavonf/ &mZifonf rlqvifwpfa,mufjzpfonfhtavsmuf rdef;u
av;wpfa,mufukd b,fvkdajym&rnf? b,fvkdcsOf;uyf&rnfudk uRrf;usifonf/ rdef;r
usr;f aMucJo h nf/
pkpkvwftm; wu,fvufxyf,lrnf/ rdrdwkdYbmomukd vGwfvyfpGm ukd;uG,fcGifh
ay;rnf[k tmrcHcsufudk &J&Jwif;wif;ay;ygonf/ t&kd;cHpkpkvwfcrsm pdwfxJwGif &mZif
onf tjcm;aomukvm;rsm;ESifhrwl vdr®m,Ofaus;onf/ vlrIa&; em;vnfonf[k wpf
ukd,fawmfcsD;rGrf;cef;xkwfum &mZiftm; rkd;usa&Tukd,f ewfom;wpfyg;rQyif xifcJhíESpf
OD;om; vufxyfvkdufMu\/ urf;rjrif vrf;rjrif wlESpfudk,faysmf&Tifvkdufonfhjzpfjcif;/
ESpfvcefYMumaomtcg pkpkvwf\rSef;csufonf ESrf;xGufrukdufawmhyg/
&mZifonf rlqvifwkdY\xHk;pHtwkdif; Zmwd&kyfay:vmavjyD/ olrtm; tpövmrf
bmomxJ 0if&rnf[k tMuyfukdifvmjyD/ tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;uvnf; olwkdYtdrfü Armr
&Sdaejcif;rSm vmbfr&Sd[kqkdum pkpkvwftay: jidKjiifvmMu\/ rMunfjzLEkdifawmhyg/
tckawmh pkpkvwf\rkd;aumif;uiftdyfrufrsm; ysufjy,fcJhjyD/ aysmf&Tif&,farmcJh&
jcif;onfvnf; ikda<u;jcif;\vrf;p jzpfcJh&jyD/ olwkdY\uwdpum;awGvnf; a&yGufyrm
olwkdY\tMuifemykH&dyf tjyKH;rsufESmrsm;uvnf; wHvQyfyrm ta0;qD;okdYom w&dyf&dyf
vGifharsmaysmufuG,f oGm;jyDwum;/ tckawmh.../
pkpkvwfonf qkH;jzwfcsufwpfckck cs&awmhrnf/ wkdif;jynfESifhtrsKd;Zmwdukd iHrnf
avm/ rdrd\wpfb0pm a&SUa&;ukd iJhrnfavm/ y'kdif;oD;uJhodkY qkyfvnf;pl;? pm;vnf;&l;
&awmhrnf/ rxl;awmhyg/ twdwfuHudk &k;d r,fzJUG um rlqvifbmomxJ 0if&ygawmhonf/

18
 r&PbGm;
rlqvifbmomxJ 0ifvQif rodrom r0if&/ odomatmif 0ifjy&r,f[kqkdum bk&m;ykH
ukd ajcjzifh eif;ckdif;í eif;jy&onf/
,cifu Ak'¨bk&m;&Siftm; aeYaeYnn OD;xdyfrSm yefqifol pkpkvwfonf bk&m;ykH
awmfukd ckawmh ajcjzifheif;jy&aomb0okdY a&mufcJhavjyD/ 2000-ckESpf? rwfvodkY a&muf
aomtcgwGifum; tdyfrufraumif;jcif;ç usef;rma&;rMumcP csKdUwJhvmjcif;aMumifh
aA'ifar;Munfhaomtcg aA'ifq&mu touftEÅ&m,f&SdaMumif; tjref,Mwmacs&ef
ajymMum;ygonf/
pkpkvwf ,Mwmacscsifygonf/ okdYaomf rlqvifbmomxJ 0ifxm;olwpfa,muf
taejzifh bk&m;ausmif;uefrSmoGm;jyD; tkef;nTefY 'gef;nTefY vSL&ef tcufawGUawmhonf/
(6-3-2000)aeYwGif bk&m;ausmif;okdY roGm;awmhyJ pufcsKyfaomckHay:wGif vpfykdykvif;
xJwGif tkef;nTefY'gef;nTefY xkd;íwifvkdufygonf/
'Dvkdyef;wifonfukd jrifaoma,mufrjzpfol Ekd&bDonf pkpkvwf bk&m;rSm yef;
wifaMumif; tdrfoYkd wkdifMum;avawmhonf/ a,mu©rrsm;ESih&f mZifonf ,rf;ykHrD;usa'gyG
um pkpv k wftm; tdrfwcH g;ydwfí ratmfEikd fatmif yg;pyfxo J Ydk t0wfpkwq f jYdk yD; ]]eifb&k m;
&Sdckd;r,fhtpm; igh[m&Sdckd;}}[kqkdum ykqkd;vSefjyí &Sdckd;ckdif;\/ &mZifESifhtazçtarçESr
aygif; rdom;pkav;a,muf 0kdif;0ef;í raorcsif; n§if;qJowfjzwfMuavonf/
ukvm;awG tvGefvnfMu\/ pkpkvwftavmif;tm; rawmfwq aorIaocif;
ykHpHeJYovGefp azsmufzkdYMudK;pm;Mu\/ wpfjrdKUvkH;&Sd ukvm;rsm;uvnf; aiGtm; vltm;jzifh
0dkif;0ef;í vufpazsmufay;Muonf/ tavmif;tm; rD;oN*ØK[f&ef pDrHMu\/ 'gayr,fh
aemufqkH;wGif a':pef;&D\qE´twkdif; tkwf*loGif;ay;&avawmh\/ odkYaomf &mZ0wf
ab;ajy;í rvGwfyg/ trSefw&m; zkH;uG,fí r&yg/
'Dowif;onf oHCmawGem;okYd a&mufoGm;awmhtcg pkpv k wf\tkw*f t l m; azmuf
í MunfhMuawmh\/ &uf&ufpufpuf vlrqefpGm owfjzwfxm;aom tavmif;onfay:
vmawmh\/ trIrSefum; bGm;ueJ ay:avjyD/ owif;pum;onf ysHUESHYoGm;jyD; wpfjrdKUvkH;
wkefvIyfacsmufjcm;oGm;&awmhonf/ rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwf&Sdolwkdif; rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfum &kef;&if;
qefcwf jzpfMuawmhonf/ jrdKUaevlxkonf awGU&mvufeufqJí G rsK;d cspfpw
d f"gwfxufoef
Muawmhonf/
xkdtcsdefwGif tmPmykdiftzGJUtpnf;rsm; a&mufvmjyD; vlpkcGJckdif;aomfvnf; jrdKUae
vlxkrS rausreyfjzpfaeMu&m wkdif;rSL;AkdvfcsKyfpkd;0if;(,ckEkdifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;
ESizfh UGH jzdK;a&;aumifpD twGif;a&;rSL;(2) 'kw,
d Akdvcf sKyMf uD;-uG,fvGe)f rS Oya't& xda&muf
pGm ta&;,lrnfjzpfaMumif; ajymMum;ygonf/
w&m;cH&mZifEiS w
fh uG taygif;tygav;OD;wkt dY m; nwGi;f csi;f zrf;qD;í axmif'Pf
wpfoufwpfuRef; csrSwfvdkufavonf/ wpfcsdefu om,mvSyaom tvkHjrdKUonfum;

19
te*¢vufaqmif
,cktcg tusnf;wefcJhavjyD/ aoG;pGef;cJhavjyD/ Munfvifat;jraom csif;wGif;a&onf
vnf; aoG;aESmaemufusdcJhavjyDwum;/
þtjzpftysufudk Munfhygu ukvm;awG b,favmuf ,kwfnHhovJqkdwm odEkdif
ygonf/ olwkdYvufxJra&mufcif wpfrsKd;? a&mufvQif wpfrsKd;jzifh rodem;rvnfaom
jrefrmrdef;cav;rsm;udk aiGaMu; vlrIa&;tultnDawGESifh trsKd;rsKd; pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;ae
Muygonf/ 'ghaMumifh jrefrmrsm; ukv m;qkd 'le maw; a0;a0;u a&SmifMuyg/ atmuf
xpfq kH; tdr ft&dyfawmif teif;rcHMuygeJY/ usufo a& tvGe f, kw fy gonf/

csif;wGif;a&qef
àààààààà

u&SrD;,m;
,aeYtdEd́,wkdufi,f okdYr[kwf awmiftm&Sa'o\,rf;tkd;MuD;[k vlodrsm;aom
u&SrD;,m;a'oonf tdEd́,EkdifiHajrmufydkif;a'oü wnf&Sdygonf/ tdE´,ESifhygupöwef
EkdifiHwkdYonf olykdif igykdif tjiif;yGm;ae&m a'ojzpfcJhonf/ 'ghaMumifhvnf; tdEd́,ESifhyg
upöwefEkdifiHtwGuf tcsdefra&T; aygufuGJEkdifaom ,rf;tkd;MuD;tjzpf urÇmu&Ijrifxm;
Muygonf/ t*Fvdyftpkd;&onf ¤if;\aer0iftifyg,mwnfjrJa&;twGuf tdEd́,-ygupö
wef cGJjcm;í vGwfvyfa&;ay;cJhpOfu u&SrD;,m;\a'otcsKdUudk ygupöwefEkdifiHxJ xnfh
oGif;ay;cJhonf/ ¤if;u u&SrD;,m;a'oukd ygupöwefu&SrD;,m;[k ac:onf/
tdE´d,ESifh usefu&SrD;,m;a'oukd tdE´d,u&SrD;,m;[kac:ygonf/ u&SrD;,m;
a'oonf ,ckwkdif jyóemaygif;rsm;pGmESifhtjiif;yGm;qJ jzpfygonf/ [dE´L-rlqvifvl
rsKd;a&;jyóemaMumifh jynfe,fonf at;csrf;om,mrI acwftqufqufu r&&SdcJhyg/
rlqviftpGef;a&mufrsm;uvnf; ygupöwefEikd if H ydik ef ufe,fajrudk ajcukwf,ljyD; tMurf;
zufrIrsm;jzifh cGJxGufa&;vrf;pOfudk tpOfwpkduf jrJjrHpGm usifhokH;aeMuí jynfoltrsm;
twd'ku©a&mufaeMu&onf/ tdEd́,ykdif u&SrD;,m;a'owGifvnf; 1987-ckESpfupjyD;
vufeufukdifolykefrsm; ay:aygufvmonf/
,if;u&Sr;D ,m;onf wpfcsdeu f uo®D&jynfe,f[k trnfwiG cf yhJ gonf/ ,if;uo®&D
jynfe,fonf taomurif;w&m;MuD;\vufatmuf arm&d,EkdifiHtifyg,mtwGif;okdY
yg0ifcJhonf/ qefa&pyg; ayg<u,f0aom jynfjzpfcJhonf/
B.C 244wGif &Sifr[marm*¾vdykwåwdórax&fOD;pD;í wwd,o*Fg,emwifjyD;
Ak'¨omoemt&SnfwnfwHha&;twGuf udk;wkdif; udk;Xme omoemjyKapvTwf&mü t&Sif
rpöEÅduOD;aqmifaom ig;yg;aomomoemjyKtzGJUudk uo®D&jynfokdY apvTwfomoemjyK
cJh&m Ak'¨omoemxGef;vif;awmufycJhygonf/ A.D 120-wGif eef;wufaom uepf&Srif;
20
 r&PbGm;
onf Ak'¨omoemudk vGefpGmMunfndKí taomurif;MuD; o*Fg,emwifovkd &SeD*&fjrdKU
ü(,ck u&SrD;,m;jrdKUawmf q&Dem*g)o*Fg,emwifchyJ gao;onf/ þo*Fg,emwifro I nf
ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfü ryg0ifyg/ uepf&Srif;onf o*Fg,emwiftjyD; 0rf;ajrmufí
uo®D&jynfudk oHCmawmfrsm;tm; vSL'gef;cJhavonf/
A.D 160-wGif om;awmf [k0d&Surif;onfvnf; oHCmawmfrsm;tm; oDwif;okH;
&ef ausmif;wkdufMuD;rsm; tajrmuftrsm; aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;cJhavonf/ c&pfESpf 1003
wGif qef*&mrrif;vufxufü CZeDurmrk'fqkdaomrlqvifwyfrsm;onf uo®D&jynfukd
0ef;&HwkdufcdkuMf uonf/ odYak omf awmifwef;MuD;rsm;um; obm0tumtqD; jzpfaeaom
aMumifh rlqvifwkdY xifwkdif;raygufyg/ c&pfESpf 1339-wGif uo®D&jynf\teD;tem;ü
rlqvifrsm; vTrf;rkd;vmjyD; tpövmrfbmomonf uo®D&jynfokdY a&vIdif;ppfqifa&;ykH
oP²mefjzifh 0ifa&mufvmMujyD; Ak'¨bmomESifh[dE´Lbmom0ifwdkYtm; teD;uyfyl;owf0g;
rsKMd uawmhonf/ vufeufudik f rlqvifppfonfrsm;um; awmifwef;Mu;D rsm;aMumifh rodrf;
ykdufEkdifyg/
1587-ckESpfwGifum; tuúbm;bk&ifonf uo®D&jynfudk ppfonfAkdvfyg tvkH;t
&if;jzifh 0ifwkdufMujyD; &[ef;awmfawGudk owfjzwf? ausmif;rsm;udkvnf; rD;wif&IdUíapwD
ykxdk;rsm;ukd zsufqD;Muí uo®D&jynfü omoem[lí teDa&mif&Sdaom ouFef;pkwfrQ
rusef&pfawmhyg/ uo®D&jynftm; r*kdvfEkdifiHwGif;odkY oGwfoGif;cH&awmhonf/ þum;
uo®D&jynfü Ak'¨omoemuG,fcJh&jcif;\taMumif;jzpfygonf/
àààààààà

ygupöwefEkdifiH
ygupöwefEkdifiHonf tm&Swkdufawmifykdif;rSm wnf&SdjyD; ajrmuf,OfpGef;wef;\
ajrmufbufvwåDwG'f 24-'D*&DESifh 38-'D*&DtMum;wGif wnf&Sdonf/ taemufbufwGif
tD&efESiafh jrmufbufwiG f tmz*efepöwefç w&kwjf ynfç &k&?S ta&SUbufwGif tdE, d́ ? awmif
bufwGif tma&Asyifv,fwkdY 0kdif;&Hvsuf&SdjyD; tus,ft0ef;rSm [wfwm 87.98-oef;
&SdjyD; yx0D0iftaetxm;t& EkdifiHajrmufydkif;ü ta&SUrS taemufodkY jrifhrm;&Snfvsm;
aomawmifwef;wkdY&Sdaejcif;u tdrfeD;em;csif;EkdifiHrsm;ESifhykdif;jcm;xm;onfh twm;tqD;
wpfckjzpfaeonf/
ygupöwefü tylcsdefrSm nDrQjcif; r&Sdyg/ a'otvkduf uGJjym;ygonf/ EkdifiHajrmuf
ydkif;a'owGif tat;ydkí awmifykdif;a'oü bvlcsDpwefwGif ajcmufaoGUí yljyif;vSyg
onf/ ukef;jrifha'orsm; vGifjyifrsm; qD;ESif;zkH;vTrf;aomawmifwef;MuD;rsm; a&cJjrpfrsm;
toD;oD;&SdMujyD; urÇmwGif tMuD;qkH;aom qnfa&ay;a0a&;pepfrsm;uvnf; &Sdygonf/
pkdufysKd;a&;ü t"dutoD;tESHtjzpf *sKHudk OD;pm;ay;pkdufysKd;Muygonf/ vlOD;a&tm;jzifh
21
te*¢vufaqmif
oef;(140)ausmf&Sdonf/ rlqvifbmom0ifrsm; jzpfMuonf/
ygupöwefEkdifiHwGif wpfcsdefu Ak'¨omoem tvGefpnfyifxGef;um;&ma'ojzpfcJh
onf/ Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif y&dedAÁmefpH0ifawmfrltjyD; oD&d"r®maomurif;MuD;vufxufü ukd;
wkdif;udk;Xme omoemjyKapvTwf&mü ygupöwefwkdYxdef;csKyfxm;aom u&SrD;,m;a'o
onfvnf; uo®D&jynfjzpfcJhonfhtavsmuf Ak'¨omoemxGef;um;cJhonf/
wuúoDvmjynf? bvlcsDpwefjynfwYu kd m; ,ckygupöwefEkdifiHjzpfonf/ wuúoDvm
jynfum; yd#uwfawmfvm usrf;pmrsm;ü tvGefxif&Sm;ygonf/ ,if;wuúokdvfjynfü
te,fe,f t&yf&yfrS rif;nDrif;om;wkdY\t|m&o(18)&yf twwfynmukd vma&muf
oif,lavhvmqnf;yl;&ma'ojzpfcJhonf/
oD&d"r®maomurif;MuD;vufxufwGif vufatmufcHbk&ifpepftjzpf tkyfcsKyf&m
a'orsm;jzpfí Ak'¨omoemxGef;um;cJhonf/ (6)&mpkESpfodkY a&mufaomf wkdif;wpfyg;
tm&yfrq l vifppfwyfMuD;rsm;jzifh 0dkif;0ef;wkducf dkufMuonfhtwGuf Ak'¨omoemawmfonf
xkda'o(,ck ygupöwefEkdifiHü)uG,faysmufcJh&ygawmhonf/ ,aeYygupöwefEkdifiHonf
tpövmr®pfEkdifiHjzpfoGm;jyD; tjcm;bmomudk udk;uG,fcGifhray;awmhyg/ tpövmrfw&m;
Oya'ESifhtnD tjcm;bmomudk;uG,jf cif;udk wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;ygonf/
tmz*efepöwef wmvDbeftpkd;&udkvnf; urÇmt&yf&yfrS wm;jrpf&IwfcsuefYuGuf
xm;onfhMum;rS ygupöwefEikd if HESiafh qmf'Dtma&AD;,m;Ekid if rH S axmufct H m;ay;xm;onf/
,cktcgü tjcm;bmom0ifwkdYtay: zdESdyfqJ csKyfcs,fqJjzpfonf/ c&pf,mefESifh[dE´Lbm
oma&;ausmif;rsm;tm; AkH;cGJtMurf;zuf wkdufckdufqJjzpfonf/ jynfyEkdifiHrsm;tay:ü
vnf;rMumcP AkH;azmufcGJ wkdufckdufqJjzpfonf/
tpövmrfbmomtay: a0zefrdygu ajcjzwfvufjzwfjcif; tjypfay;cH&onf/
ukvor*¾vlUtcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifonf þudpöukd bmwpfckrQ a0zefajymMum;jcif;r&Sd
yg/ EsLuvD;,m;aMumifhavmh em;vnfrIaMumifhavmh tusKd;taMumif;axmufqí rod
usKd;uRjH yKaeMuonf/ jrefrmEkid fiüH 'Dvrkd sKd;jzpfygu bMuD;EGm; tiSm;ausmif;jyD; urÇmrh D'D,m
avmuuae usD;tmouJhodkY rarmEkdif ryef;Ekdif 0dkif;0ef;í axmremjyKMuayrnf/ þ
um; ,ck u&Sr;D ,m;a'oESiyhf gupöwefEidk if w H üYdk Ak'b
¨ momuG,af ysmufc&hJ jcif; taMumif;
rsm;yifjzpfygonf/
usrf;ukd;
The early history of india.
Buddhist shrines in india.
The history of india.
Buddhism.
The life of Buddha.
Hinduism and Buddhism.

22
 r&PbGm;

tajzay;yg
oifykdifqkdif&m tdrfa*[mokdY
olpdrf;{nfhonf vma&mufvnfaomf...
oifu av;pm; 0wå&m;ESifh
{nfhcHauR;arG; ae&may;um
tdrf&Sifwm0ef oifausyGefí
qufqHajyjypf rdwfjzpfapaMumif;
oifu aumif;vsuf...

olpdrf;{nfhonf xkdvlvnfonf
oif\r,m; cspfoufxm;ESifh
oifhorD;om; olapmfum;í
oihftm; &kdufESuf olUykdifeuf[k
&kdif;ys a<u;aMumf jyKcJhaomf...

{nfhonftpkwf trsKd;,kwfudk
toifrdwfaqG b,fokdYavvQif
wkefYjyefrnfodkY jyKrnfenf;.../
a&Tw kd;aZmf0if;

àààààààà

tnHhpm; tawG;tac:rsm;
wkdYaoG; wkdYom; trsKd;om;wkdY
aumZmckESpf ouú&mZfonf
axmifhokH;&mac: ajcmufq,fausmfvnf;
awG;ac:,lq 'óeum;
&nfaoG;ryD acwfrrDwnf;.../

vGwfvyfa&;rS &jyD;ygvnf;
tdrfukdvmvnf vlwGifus,fwkdY
tcsKyftjcm jynftmPmudk
23
te*¢vufaqmif
aiGaMu;ESifhayguf ol0ifaESmufí
t&,lrnf olMuHpnfvnf;
raemjzLpif a&Ttdrf&Sifü
todr<u,f jrifrus,fyJ
rdwfaqG&efol ruGJrlí
ukdvdkeD[ef acwfaemufjyefaom
xkdonfhpdwfxm; vltçrsm;onf
bkd;bGm;tarG jrwfaomajrü
r&Sd&kd;om aumif;yg\.../
aer0ifb*srf;

àààààààà

uGufvyfjznfhyg
wkdYajrrSmae wkdYa&ukdaomuf
wkdYrsm;uay; qefqDaq;ukd
rSD0Jaomufpm; olAkdufum;aomf
wkdYtrsKd;orD; olzsufqD;í
bmomw&m; olapmfum;onf
a&Teef;a&TxD; olzsufqD;&ef
MuHpnfjyef\.../

wd&päme acG;aomfrSwnfh
auR;onfhocif aus;Zl;&Sifukd
vkHjcKHzkdYa&; apmifha&Smufay;\.../

tpmcGHUauR; vufuav;udk
ukdufcJwwfol xdkonfholukd
rnfokdYqkdxkdufygoenf;¿
wkefYjyefrnfokdY jyKxkdufygoenf;¿
a&Tw kd;aZmf0if;
àààààààà

24
 r&PbGm;

a&ESiMfh umokdY
&Sifawmfbk&m; jrwfw&m;ESifh
xif&Sm;oHCm ax&fq&monf
wynfhwyef; &Sif&[ef;odkY
omoemjyK wm0efrIum;
yd#uwfac: w&m;awmftm;
vufqifhurf;ay; xrf;aqmifa&;ukd
rkcywfawmf rdefYawmfrlonf
ruGmaeYn xrf;aqmifMuavmh
,ckajcae 'kdYwawGum;
Ak'¨jrwfpGm omoemjzifh
rsKd;EG,fpkzGm; vltrsm;ü
ol,kwfrdpäm uif;pifuGmatmif
pkaygif;nDnm xdef;odrf;ygaomf
trsKd;bmom omoemESifh
Zmwdrmef[kef trsKd;*kPfum;
a&jrifhMumwifh yrmoifhokdY
cHhnm;0Hhxnf vGefwifhw,fonf
{uefpifppf raoGjzpfvdrfh.../
raemjzL
àààààààà

]]owd}}
þtxufyg az:jyyg taMumif;t&mrsm;onf Zmwfvrf;r[kwf? jzpf&yfrSefrSwf
wrf;wpfyk'fjzpfonf/ w&m;cHrsm;ESifhaqGrsKd;om;csif;wkdYtay:ü tEÅ&m,frsm;í w&m;cH
rsm;\trnfudk ajymif;vTJxm;ygonf/ r,kHMunfygu um,uH&Sifrsm; vdyfpmtwkdif;pkH
prf;Ekdifygonf/
àààààààà

vrf;MuKH&if *srf;bkHudk ajymvkdufyg

*srf;bkHa&... owd&jcif;rsm;pGmESifhtwl pma&;vkdufw,f/ eifwkdY&GmrSm w&m;yGJ

25
te*¢vufaqmif
usif;yr,fMum;vkdY igt&rf; 0rf;omvGef;vkdY 'Dpmudk a&;om;jcif;jzpfw,f/ eifwkdY&Gmudk t
&ifu txifao;rdw,f/ tckawmh eifwkdY&Gmu igxifovkd r[kwfyguvm;/ wkdYjrdKUe,f
rSmawmh eifwkdY&Gmu trsKd;bmom omoemudk cspfjrwfEkd;wJh a&SUaqmifpHjy&GmMuD;jzpfae
ygayghvm;/ tif;...'Dvkd jzpfoihfwm MumygjyD[m/ wkdYaus;vufa'orSm aexkdifMuwJh
awmolawmifom;awG[m tifrwef &kd;om;Muw,f/ 'gayr,fh &kd;wkdif;awmh raumif;
bl;aemf/ &kd;vGef;&ifvnf; tçoGm;wwfw,f/ &kd;wmeJYtçwm[m 'GefwGJaew,fav/
,cktcsdefrSmawmh wkdYawmol awmifom;awGeJY Ak'¨bmom0iftm;vkH;[m rsufpd
ukdzGifh em;udkpGifhzkdY tcsdefa&mufvmjyD/ &kd;om;w,fqkdwJh*kPfyk'fav;udk *kPf,l0ifh<um;ae
vkdYrjyD;ao;bl;aemf/ t&ifuvkd at;at;aq;aq; trSwfwrJh raeoifhawmhbl;/ wkdYAk'¨
bmomjrefrmvlrsKd;wdkYtwGuf rlqvifuv k m;tEÅ&m,f usa&mufvmjyD/ wkdYbkd;bGm;bDbif
tpOftqufu wnfaxmifvmwJh ausmif;uef bk&m; apwD ykxdk;awG v,f,majrawG
,Ofaus;rItarGtESpaf wG jrefrmrI jrefrmh[efawG[m ESpaf ygif;(150)avmufeYJ uG,af ysmuf
oGm;Ekdifw,f/
'ghaMumifh wkdYwpfawG[m rdaumif; zcifom;orD;yDyD bkd;bGm;wkdY&JUtrsKd;om;,Of
aus;rItarGtESpaf wGudk raysmufysuaf tmif vufqifhurf;xdef;odr;f jy;D ykcH;k ajymif;wm0ef
,l&r,fhtcsdef a&mufvmjyD/
wkdYjrefrmvlrsKd;awG[m ukd,fhbmomtaMumif;udkvnf; aoaocsmcsm ravhvmMu
bl;/ rdbrsKd;&kd;tpOftvmt&om ukd;uG,faeMuw,f/ bk&m;ausmif;uefü oGm;zkdY&ef0ef
av;Muw,f/ w&m;emzkdYqkdwmuawmh a0;a&maygh/ tJ...ZmwfyGJawG tjidrfhyJaG wGqkd&if
awmh a&SUqkH;aygh/ ae&mvk &efjzpfwmu ykdao;w,f/ eifodxm;zkdYu wkdYjrefrmvlrsKd;qkd
wm orkdif;rwifcif a&S;ausmufacwf aMu;acwfupjyD; ,ckrsufarSmufacwfwkdifatmif
ukd,fykdifpum; ukd,fykdifpmay ukd,fykdifouú&mZf ukd,fykdif,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfawG&SdcJh
Muw,f/ tcsKdUaom EkdifiHawGrSm udk,fykdifpum; ukd,fykdif,Ofaus;rIpmay r&SdMubl;/ wkdY
jrefrmorkdif;pwifcsdeftcgu tJ'DtcsdefrSm urÇmrSm vlUtcGifhta&;,Ofaus;ygonf[k
qkdaom t*Fvdyfonf t*FvkdqufqGeftqifhrSmom &Sdygao;onf/ t*Fvdyf[laom t
rnfyif r&&Sdao;yg/ 'ghaMumifh wkdYjrefrm,Ofaus;rI[m t*FvdyfwdkY&JUt&if a&S;usygw,f/
bmomw&m;taeeJYvnf; Ak'¨bmomonf owå0gtm;vkH;tay:rSm arwåmç u&k
PmESihjf ynfhpkHwJhtEIdif;rJh ,Ofaus;odraf rGUaom bmomjzpfw,f/ tjcm;bmomawGtay:
&efrljcif;ç 0efwkdjcif; tvsOf;r&SdcJhyg/ 'gaMumifh urÇmrSm jrefrmvlrsKd;jzpf&wm *kPf,l0ifh
<um;&rSmyg/
ckawmh wkdYawmol awmifom;awG[m aexGufae0if awmif,mv,fvkyf "g;rckwf
b0jzifh OD;wnfcsufr&SdyJ 0rf;pma&;twGuf qif;&JjidKjiif yifyef;pGm &kef;uef&if; touf
arG;aeMu&w,f/ trsKd;bmom omoemtwGuf uGrf;w&m a&wrIwf tkwfwpfcsyf oJ

26
 r&PbGm;
wpfyGifhrQavmufudkyif tusKd;rjyKEkdifatmif jzpfaew,f/
&kyf&Sif0w¬KxJuvkd &kyf^oHESifhowif;pm;awGxJuvkd yg;pyfu wkdif;jynfukdcspfyg
w,fqkdwmeJY rjyD;awmhbl;/ tajymESifhtvkyf nDatmif vufawGUcspfjy&r,f/ 'Dawmh
b,fvkdcspfjy&rSmvJqkd&if rdbwkdYrsKd;&kd; rwdrfaumatmif ukvm;ESifhtdrfaxmifjyKjcif;udk
vkH;0a&SmifMuOf&r,f/ rdrdwkdY&JUom;orD;ESifhuav;oli,frsm;tm;vkH;ukd bmoma&;pdwf
"gwf&Sdvmatmif bkef;MuD;ausmif;okdYykdYjyD; ,Ofaus;rIoifwef; rjzpfraewufckdif;&r,f/
&ifaoG;i,fawG[m tem*wftwGuf wefzkd;rjzwfEkdifwJh ausmuf&kdif;wkH;av;awGeJY wl
w,f/
'gaMumifholwkdYudk i,f&G,fpOftcgrSm ,mawmtvkyfudk rckdif;apyJ ynmwwfol
awmfaumif;ausmufaumif;wpfyGifh jzpfvmap&ef ynmoifay;&r,f/ rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwf&Sd
vmatmifvnf; qkH;ray;&r,f/ wkdif;&if;om;Ak'¨bmomtcsif;csif; aps;a&mif;aps;0,f
jyKvkyfMu&r,f/ 'grSomvQif urÇmwnfoa&GU jrefrmEkdifiHwnfygvdrfhr,f/ &yfwumvSnfh
jyD; twif;tzsif;pum;awG ajymaernfhtpm; trsKd;bmom omoemtwGuf tusKd;&Sd
rnfh'Dpmukd wpfa,mufrS wpf&mtqkH; wpftdrfwuf wpftdrfqif; azmufonfcs om
oemjyKay;yg/ tus,fw0ifh odvkd&if pmtkyfawG wdyfacGawGudkom iSm;jyD;zwfyg? em;
axmifygawmh/
uJ...pmvJ &SnfoGm;jyD/ w&m;yGJudkvnf; tcsdefrD ta&mufvmygrnf/ usef;rm
ygap/
zkd;aomMum

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jcaoFhyrm
jynfcspfom; ZmenfzGm;wkdY
r&r®mjynf wHXmeD\
tzsuf&efpG,f tEÅ&m,fukd
csKd;zsufokwfoif atmifyef;qifbkdY
vQyfyef;pmacG rSmwrf;acR\.../
a&S;twDw rif;rSpí
torÇdEé cwåd,wkdY
xkH;wrf;pOfvm "r®wmudk
vDq,favmfvD raoGzDbJ
&ifESpfonf;csm orD;unmukd
27
te*¢vufaqmif

trsKd;Zmwfjcm; uRefukvm;ESifh
0HoraESm aoG;ra&m&ef
tcgra&T; qkH;ray;avm.../
trsKd;bmom omoemESifh
EkdifiHta&; tm;opfarG;í
jynfytm;ukd; rdpämrsKd;tm;
ZGJrmef[kefcGif; jcaoFhrif;okdY
raMumufr&GHU aemufrwGefYbJ
acsrIef;okwfoif wkdufyGJ0ifvsuf
&J&ifhppfonf atmifyef;oDavm.../
gGGolden Lion

àààààààà

opömazmuf rjzpfMuygapESifh
aus;vufa'oü rSDwif;aexkdifMuaom awmifolv,form;OD;MuD;rsm;ESifhAk'¨bm
om0ifrsm;tm;vkH;okdY today;ajymMum;vkdyg\/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHonf taem&
xmrif;w&m;\ykPÖ*gr yk*HacwfrSonf jrif;pkdif;ç yif;,ç tif;0ç ukef;abmifç &wemykH
acwfç e.t.zacwf a&mufonfhwkdifatmif Ak'¨\omoem ,Ofaus;rItEkynmwdkYonf
urÇmhtv,fwGif aevyrm wifhw,fpGm&SdcJhaomfvnf; udkvkdeDacwftcgupí ,aeYwkdif
atmif tdrfeD;csif;tdEd́,ESifhb*Fvm;EG,fzGm; rlqvifukvm;wkdYonf olwkdYEkdifiHü vlOD;a&
rsm;jcif;? tpm;tpm&Sm;yg;jcif;aMumifh jrefrmEkdifiHodkY ckd;aMumifckd;0Suf 0ifa&mufvmjyD;
&&mtvkyfudk vkyfukdifMu\/ t*Fvdyftpkd;&uvnf; aps;aygaygESifhckdif;vkdY&aom uRef
ukvm;rsm;ukd tpkvkduf tjyKHvkduf ac:,lí jrefrmhv,f,mvkyfief;cGifwGif apckdif;cJhyg
onf/
,cktcg ukvm;wkdYonf pD;yGm;a&;txkduftavsmuf tqifajyvmjcif;? tm&yf
a&eHEkdifiHrsm;rS &efykHaiGtultnDay;jcif;paom taxmuftyHh aiGrsm;jzifh jrefrmtrsKd;
orD;wkdYtm; zsufqD;í ukvm;bmomxJokdY oGif;aeMuayjyD/ tpykdif;wGifrsufESmcsKdaoG;
í apwemESifhulnDovkd axmufyHhovkdjzifh aiGpaiGeav;rsm; ay;ívnf;aumif;? t
om;ig; ay;ívnf;aumif; ulnDwwf\/ aemifwGif ay;aiGrsm; jyefrqyfEkdifí vkH;vkH;
yg;aomtcgü ta<u;pm&if;Z,m;twkjzifh ykHMuD;csJUíjyum bDvl;rsufESmjzifh t"r®t
a<u;awmif;awmh\/ aemufqkH;wGif orD;tm; a<u;qyfvkduf&onfom rsm;\/

28
 r&PbGm;
aus;vufa'owGif ukvm;wkdYonf Muuf0,f&if;jzifhvnf;aumif;? trJom;a&mif;
&if;jzifhvnf;aumif;? 'eftkd;'efcGuf vJvS,fjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? wpf&Gm0if wpf&GmxGuf
a&muf&ma'oü qif;&JEGrf;yg;aomtdrf? rkqkd;rtdrf? pD;yGm;a&;tqifrajyaomtdrfwkdYudk
penf;emí jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;tm; 0g;rsKd&ef vludk vljzifh &if;&ef tcgtcGifhudk apmifhaeMu
ygonf/ 'ghaMumifh Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;tm;vkH; aeYpOfESifhtrQ owd&SdMuyg/ trIrJhtrSwfrJh
raeoifhawmhyg/ rdrdwkdYom;orD; aqGrsKd;rdwfo*F[wdkYtm; ukvm;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
vkyfukdifjcif;udk &yfwef;u &yfMuyg/ aps;0,faomtcgü rdrdwkdYjrefrmvlrsKd;wkdYqkdifüom
aps;0,fMuyg/ (786)[laom ukvm;qkdifrsm;udk aps;0,fjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfMuyg/ jrefrmvl
rsK;d wkq
Yd idk o
f nf aps;Mu;D aomfvnf; &vmaom tjrwftpGe;f jzifh bk&m;wnf ausmif;aqmuf
rnf/ vlrIa&;wkdYü ay;urf;vSL'gef;rnfjzpfonf/ ukvm;wkdY&&Sdaom tjrwftpGef;onf
AvD0wfausmif;aqmufí jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;udk zsufqD;rnfjzpfonf/
'ghaMumifh ukvm;wkdYqkdifwGif aps;0,fjcif;onf trsKd;bmom omoemudk opöm
azmufjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ vlwkdif;wGif arG;&myg trsKd;bmomtwGuf orkdif;ay;wm0ef
ukd,fpD&SdMuygonf/ rdrdwkdYb0orkdif;wGif orkdif;a<u;rwif&avatmif orkdif;a<u;ukdqyf
aomtm;jzifh trsKd;bmom omoemtwGuf opömazmufrjzpfygapeJY/
raemjzL

ààààààààà

t &

pmpOf - (3)
r&PbGm;

jzpf&av
ukdMuD;ausmf&,f
29
te*¢vufaqmif
aiGonf vlwkdif;twGuf t&m&mudk aqmif&Gufay;aom Mum;cHud&d,mtpdwft
ykdif;wpfcjk zpfayonf/ aiGaMumifh vlawG okccsrf;om&Muovkd 'ku©aomuvnf; yifv,f
a0cJhMu&ygonf/ aiGonf vlawG&JUpdwfudk ajcmufjcm;apwwfonf/ azmufjym;apwwf
onf/ aiGr&SdvQif aoxdawmif tqifrajy jzpfMu&onf/
qkpd um;&Scd ohJ nf/ ]]aqGrsKd;Ówd? aiGr&Sdu? cifrifw&m;? vGefenf;yg;í? avmu
vlU&Gm? aiGrsufESmonf? vlukdrcif? aiGukdcif\}}wJ/h þpmom;av;udk i,fpOf tcgupí
Mum;odcJh&bl;ygonf/ vlwkdYonf aqG&if;rsKd;&if;yifjzpfvifhupm; aiGr&SdvQif taygif;t
oif;rvkyfcsiMf u/ rac:rajymcsifMu? a&T&drS S aqGrsKd;awmfMuonf/ aiG&SdrS vl&m0ifygonf/
'ghaMumifh aiGonf ypöKyÜefavmuvlU&Gmü r&Sdrjzpfaom t&m0w¬Kyif jzpfygonf/
tem*wfoHo&mc&D;üum; aiGonf aumif;usKd;twGuf tm;MuD;aom taxmuf
tyHh rjyKaomfvnf; oHo&mqkd;usKd;twGuf MuD;rm;aom taxmuftyHhjzpf&ykH vm;&Id;jrdKU
rSjzpf&yfum; oem;zG,f? 0rf;enf;zG,f? tHhMozG,f? oHa0*&zG,f&mrsm; jzpfcJh&ygonf/
ajrjyefYom;ukdausmfESifhawmifay:olapmfbGm;rsKd;EG,fr&Srf;rwkdY ZeD;armifESHonf
awmifay:ajrjyefYrnfrQyif a0;apumrl zl;pmqkHqnf;cJhMuonf/
'DvkdtaMumif;qkHqnf;cJhMuaomfvnf; ykaAÁ p tajcrvSawmh ESpfOD;om;qif;&J
aomtrsKd;tEG,füjzpfum MuKH&musyef;tvkyfESifhtoufarG;0rf;aMumif;cJh&onf/ tvkyf
tukdifvJ r,fr,f&& rSefrSefr&SdcJh/ wpfaeYvkyf wpfaeYpm;b0jzifh ezl;uacR; ajcrçus
atmif b0ukdqif;&Jyifyef;pGm &kef;uef&ifqkdifae&onf/ pD;yGm;a&;tqifrajyonfh'Pf
ukd tvl;tvJcHpm;ae&í 0ifaiGxGufaiG rnDrQonfhMum;u xGufaiGukd tm;ay;rnfh
om;orD;ESpfa,mufu wkd;yGm;vmonf/ vifukd,fr,m;ukd,f ESpfa,muf&SdpOfurS rajy
vnfaomrdom;pkuav;rsm;vmawmh pm;0wfaea&; ykdícufcJvmonf/
ESpu f ,
dk w
f l qif;&Jjcif;b0rS &ke;f xGu&f ef]]wpf&Gmrajymif; olaumif;rjzpf}}qkad om
pum;ukd taumiftxnfaz:vkdí jynfrxJrS &Srf;jynfajrmufykdif; vm;&Id;jrdKUokdY ajymif;
a&TUvmMujyD; &yfuGuf(9)? e,fajr(3)ü yavmifwkdif;&if;om; OD;atmifcrf; a':at;yD;
wk\ dY aetdrfwGif tdrfiSm;aeMuygonf/ vm;&Id;jrdKU a&mufvmaomfvnf; tvkyfu aumif;
aumif;rGefrGef r,fr,f&&r&Sdyg/ ukd,fykdiftdrfr&Sd? tdrfiSm;ESifhae&aomaMumifh pm;0wfae
a&;tjyif tdrfiSm;p&dwfu wufvmawmhonf/ 'DvkdESifhom aeYawG vawG Mumanmif;
vmawmhvnf; pD;yGm;a&;u tqifajyonfr&SdcJh/ ]]uH r &Sd ? ÓPf& Sd w kd i f; rG J } }qkdouJhodkY
qif;&JwGif; eufjrJom jzpfcJhonf/
pm;0wfaea&; tqifrajyonfhMum;u ykxkZOfvlom;wkdY\"r®wmukd rvGefqefEkdif
awmh r&Srf;rrSm wwd,ajrmufuav;ukd,f0efu &Sdvmonf/ pD;yGm;a&; Muyfwnf;onfh
Mum;u udk,f0ef&Sdvmawmh tvkyftukdif rvkyfEkdifawmhyg/ ukdausmfwpfa,mufwnf;\
vkyftm;0ifaiGESirhf pm;avmufawmhyg/ 'Dawmh r&Sr;f rrSm uk, d f0efMuD;ESi0fh rf;pma&;twGuf

30
 r&PbGm;
jzpfEikd forQ tvkyv f yk f&awmhonf/ ]]uHq kd;roGm;av&m rkd;vkdufvkdY&Gmavovm;rod}}
yg/ r&Srf;rrSm om;ysufusawmhonf/ ]]El& m0Jp GJ? vJ& molc kd;axmif;}}jzpfacsjyD/
(2-8-2002)ckaeYwiG f vm;&I;d jrKd U jynfoUl aq;&kMH uD;odYk ykYv
d ukd &f ygonf/ aq;&kaH &muf
aomfvnf; vlemtwGuf bmrS r,fr,f&& vkyfray;Ekdif/ vlemar;vmrnfhvlvnf;r&Sd/
wpfaeYvyk f wpfaeYpm;jzpfí ,aeYtzkYd uav;oli,frsm;udv k nf; bmrQrauR;Ekid /f uav;
oli,fw\ Ydk obm0 xrif;qmí ylqmaeonfuv dk nf; *&krpku d Ef dik yf g/ aq;&kw
H Y\
dk obm0
ray;Ekdif rurf;Ekdií f wHcg;apmifh oefY&Sif;a&;tvkyform;up rnfolrQrMunfjzLMu/ rsuf
ESmi,fpGmESifhq&m0efç q&m0efrrsm;\apwem arwåmukdom arQmfvifhapmifhpm;ae&yg
onf/
vm;&Id;aq;&kHMuD;rSm wkdif;tqifhaq;&kHMuD;jzpfí q&m0efç q&m0efrrsm;? Ak'¨bm
om0ifeyf(pf)rrsm;? c&pf,mefeyf(pf)rrsm; rsm;pGm&SdMuygonf/ eyf(pf)rwpfa,muf r&Srf;
rtwGuf aq;zkd;0g;c aomif;ig;axmifusrnfjzpfaMumif; awmif;onfhtcg ukdausmfrSm
aiGr&SdaMumif;ajymjy&m eyf(pf)ru aiGr&SdbJ bmaMumifhaq;&kHvmwufovJ[k aigufief;
ygawmhonf/
udkausmfrSm q&m0efç q&m0efrrsm;xHrS tultnDukd vGefpGmrS tm;udk;tm;xm;
cJhonf/ ,cktcgrlum; qE´&JUarQmfvifhcsufawG ukefqkH;cJh&ygjyD/ ukdausmf bmqufvkyf&
rnfenf/ aiGwpfaomif;cGJonf 'Dacwf'DtcgrSm bmrQokH;r&aomfvnf; aiGwpfaomif;
cGJ&zkdY tawmf&Sm&ayrnf/
ukdausmfonf uem;pnf;aeaom ewfuawmfrsufESmESifhwlaom eyf(pf)rrsufESmudk
r&Jw&J wpfcsufMunfhvkduf? ukwifay:ü a0'emcHpm;aeaom ZeD;onfrsufESmudk Munfh
vkduf? ,aeYtzdkY bmrQrpm;&ao; &ifaoG;i,fESpfOD;\rsufESmudk Munfhvkdufjzifh avQmuf
vSrf;&rnfhOayu©mvGijf yifc&D;twGuf 0rf;enf;tm;i,fae&m teD;tem;vlemrS {nfhonf
ukvm;wpfa,mufu taMumif;pkHodoGm;jyD; ukdausmfxH aiGvkdvQif AvDu aiG,lay;rnf/
aq;&kHu qif;wJhaeY rlqvifbmomxJ0if&rnf[k 0efcHuwday;ckdif;onf/
udkausmfonf rdrdZeD;onf usef;rma&;udkom Munfhonf/ Ak'¨bmomrS rlqvif
bmomxJ0if&rSm0efrav;/ vuf&SdtcuftcJudkom ausmfvTm;vkdonf/ rlqvifbmom
taMumif;udk rod/ Ak'¨bmomtaMumif;udkvnf; em;rvnf/ trsKd;*kPf Zmwd*kPfum;
a0;pG/ aumif;uifu a&Tvrif;MuD;udk xrif;qDqrf; a&TvifAef;ESifhay;yg ay;yg[k wpm
pm idka<u;awmifhwaewJh uav;wpfa,mufvkd jzpfEkdif rjzpfEkdifrodyg/ avmavmq,f
xrif;pm;zdkYom ta&;MuD;aeovkd ukdausmfhcrsm aiG(15000)&a&;om Munfhawmhrnf/
oHo&mudk wpfxGmavmufyJ xifonf/ tem*wfqkdwm olUtwGuf temuyfaom
za,mif;csufvkdom xifygonf/ 'gaMumifh tvG,fwul rlqvifbmomxJ 0ifrnf[k
uwday;vkdufawmhonf/

31
te*¢vufaqmif
ukdausmf\pdwftm&kHwGif rlqvifukvm;onf r[mZeuZmwfawmfvm rPdarc
vmudkf,fyGm;ayvm;[k rSwfxifrdawmhonf/ rlqvifukvm;u AvDrS aiG(20000)usyf
udkcsucf sif; ,lay;vku d fonf/ 'DaeYyif rlqvifbmomxJ0if&rnf[k qko d nf/ tdrrf b
S k&m;
pifukd zsufckdif;onf/ taemufzufokdY acgif;jyKtdyfckdif;onf/ udkausmfvnf; olUqefpm;
&JrSqkdonfhtwkdif; aeYcsif;bk&m;pifukd zsuf? taemuf acgif;jyKtdyfawmhonf/
'gwifruao;? om;orD;ESpfa,muf &SdjyD;jzpfaomfvnf; rlqvifbmomESifhtnD
r*Fvmjyefaqmif&rnf[k qkdaomaMumifh ukvm;vkdr*Fvmaqmif&ef MudK;pm;ae&ygonf/
þtjzpftysufukd Munfhygu 0rf;enf;&rSmvm;¿ oHa0*&p&mvm;¿ uJh&JU&Iwfcs
&rSmvm;¿ pOf;pm;MunfhMuygawmh/
bmyJjzpfjzpf? ukvm;wkdYu tjrwfxGufoGm;ayjyD/ aiG(20000)ESifhAk'¨bmomrS rlq
vifbmomxJ ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;onf tvGefrkdufrJ&musygonf/ rdom;pkvkduf 0ifjcif;
aMumifh rdom;pk(4)a,mufjzpfí wpfa,mufvQif aiG(5000)EIef;ESifhAk'¨bmomudk a&mif;
pm;ouJhoYjdk zpfygawmhonf/ rdrd\rkdufrJrIaMumifh vlrr,fuav;ESpfa,muf tqpfygoGm;
ao;onf/
]]a&SUaqmifEGm;vm;? ajzmifhajzmifhoGm;aomf? aemufEGm;wpfokduf? ajzmifhajzmifh
vkdu f\}}qkdpum;t& rdbu awmfrS om;orD;aumif;pm;rnf/ rdbu tcsKd;rajyaomf
om;orD;rsm;vnf; vlnTefYwkH;awmhonf/
'DtjzpftysufESifhywfoufvkdY jrefrmwkdY twk,lzG,f&m om"uwpfckum; jrwfpGm
bk&m;&Sif vufxufawmfu okyÜAk'¨trnf&Sdaom yk*¾KdvfwpfOD;&SdcJhygonf/ okyÜAk'¨[m
twdwfuHa<u;aMumifh 'Db0rSm awmif;&rf;pm;aomufjyD; 0rf;pmaMumif;ae&wJhyk*¾Kdvf
jzpfygonf/ 'gwifruao; olUrSm Elema&m*gvnf; &Sdaeonf/ odkYaomf ol[m b0ukd
tm;ri,fyg/ rnD;nLcJhyg/ pdwfrnpfcJhyg/ 0rf;renf;cJhyg/ rsuf&nfruscJhyg/ olUb0rSm
omreftm;jzifh Munfhygu txD;usefonf[k qdkoifhayr,fh ol[m txD;rusefyg/ aqG
r&Sd? rsKd;r&Sd ty,fcHb0a&muf&ayr,fh trsKd;udkcspfwJhpdwf? bmom omoemudk av;pm;
jrwfEkd;wwfwJhpdwfu olU&ifrSm xm0&&SifoefEkd;Mum;wuf<uaeygonf/
olUb0rSm twdwu f a<u;aMumifh e,fwumvSnjhf y;d &Gm&k;d uk;d ayguf ta&SUtaemuf
awmifajrmuf ajcOD;wnfh&m oGm;vmí tdrfayguf0a&mufwkdif; ]]OD;MuD;wkdY tpfukdMuD;wkdY
ta':wkdY tpfrwkdY xrif;usefav;rsm;&SdvQifjzifh pGefYMuJMuyg/ om;wkdY orD;wkdY OD;av;udk
pm;p&mav;rsm;&Sdu ay;urf;MuyguG,f}}[k b0u rvSry awmif;&rf;pm;aomuf&ay
r,fh trsKd;bmom omoemESifhtrsKd;om;a&;vrf;pOf oabmw&m;rsm;um; aeYpOfESifht
rQ okyÜAk'¨&ifrSm a&vIdif;cwfovkd wzswfzswfrnfí wvSyfvSyfvIyf&Sm;aeonf/
wpfaeYaomf bk&m;&Sifonf a0ae,sowå0gwkt dY m; w&m;a'oem a[mMum;awmf
rlaomtcg okyÜAk'¨onf temMuD;a&m*g&Sdaeí trsm;olig wef;wl&nfwl w&m;emy&d

32
 r&PbGm;
owfxJ r0ifEkdifbJ tpGeftzsm;wpfae&mrS w&m;em,lí aomwmyeftjzpf a&muf&Sd
oGm;ygonf/
þtcgrSm w&m;xl;&&Sdí 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfjyD; bk&m;&Siftm; avQmufxm;&ef
oGm;aomtcg vrf;rSm odMum;rif;ESifhawGUonf/ odMum;rif;u ]]tkd...okyÜAk'¨? oif[m
awmif;&rf;pm;aomufae&w,f? temMuD;a&m*gvnf; &Sdaew,f? oifhudk a&TaiG&wem
awG trsm;MuD;ay;rnf? aemufjyD; oif\temMuD;a&m*gudkvnf; aysmufuif;atmif uk
oay;rnf? 'gayr,fh wpfckawmh oifvkyf&rnf/ bk&m;udk bk&m;r[kwf? w&m;udk w&m;
r[kwf? oHCmudk oHCmr[kwf? &wemokH;yg;udk udk;uG,fjcif;aMumifh tusKd;r&Sd[k ajym&
rnf}}[k apckdif;avonf/ xkdtcg okyÜAk'¨onf puúefYrjcm;yJ vQyfpD;vQyfouJhodkY csufcsif;
yif ]]tkd...odMum;rif;? ig[m qif;&Jom;r[kwf? txD;usef wpfaumif<uufr[kwf?
ighrSm olawmfaumif;wkdYxm;&SdwJh Opömjzpfaom o'¨g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynm-[d&d-MowåyÜ
vkdYac:wJh &wem(7)yg;&Sdw,f/ bk&m; w&m; oHCm &wemokH;yg;vnf; &Sdw,f/ 'gawG
[m ighb0twGuf orkwdopömtaz:/ ighb0 oHo&mtwGuf y&rw¬opömypönf;Opöm
jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh oifh&JUa&yGufyrm wpfoufvsmrQaom a&TaiGudk tvkdr&Sd/ &wem
okH;yg;udk igruJh&JUEdkif}}[k ajymvkdufawmhonf/
'D okyÜAk'¨&JUpum;awG[m ,aeYjrefrmwkdY twk,lzG,f&myifjzpfonf/ ,ckawmh
udkausmfonf rajymyavmufaom aiG(20000)jzifh Ak'¨bmomukd aoGzDoGm;jcif;aMumifh
wpfodef;wefaom pE´ul;eHYomukd ykH;&nf[if;ESifhvJvS,fpm;ouJhodkYvnf;aumif;? tzkd;
te*¢xkdufwefaom a&Tcu G fudk acG;ao;jzifh yef;ouJhov
dkY nf;aumif;? *E¨r@eawmifxyd f
rS rpifykHxJ ckefcsouJhodkYvnf;aumif;? jA[®mhjynfrS 0ufpm;usif;ü vdrfhusouJhodkYvnf;
aumif; jzpfygawmhonf/
rEkówåbma0g 'kva’ bm [laom &cJah omtvGefwefb;kd MuD;aom vlUb0ukd wef
zdk;rJhpGm jzKef;wD;ypfjcif;omjzpfawmhonf/ vuf&SdvlUb0um; tvGefw&mrS &cJvSygonf/
vlUtjzpf&cJykHudk bk&m;&Sifu ed'ge0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf ecoDcokwåefrSm t&SiftmeE´m
udk 'Dvkd rdefYawmfrlygonf/
]]cspfom;tmeE´m? igbk&m;&JU 'Dvufonf;ay:rSmwifxm;wJh ajrrIefYawGeJY 'Dr[m
yx0DajrMuD;eJY EIdif;,SOfvQif tb,fajru rsm;oenf;[k rdefYMum;awmfrlygonf/
'Dawmh t&SiftmeE´mu ]]bkef;awmfMuD;awmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m; vufonf;ay:
rSm wifxm;wJhajrrIefYav;eJYr[myx0DajrMuD;udk EIdif;,SOfvQif vufonf;ay:rSm wifxm;
wJhajrrIefYrsm;[m tvGeftifrwef enf;yg;jyD; 'Dr[myx0DajrMuD; tifrwefrS EIdif;,SOf
vkdYr&atmif rsm;aeygonfbk&m;}}[k avQmufxm;ygonf/
'DtcgrSm bk&m;&Sifu]]at;...igbk&m;&JUomoemawmftwGif;rSm vljzpf&eftif
rwefrS cJ,Of;w,f/ omoemawmftwGif;rSm vljzpfwJholawGu vufonf;ay:rSm wif

33
te*¢vufaqmif
xm;wJh ajrrIefYav;avmufyJ&Sdw,f/ vlUtjzpfr&MuwJh t[dwfwd&pämefawGu þr[m
yx0DajrMuD;avmuf rsm;jym;w,f}}vkdY rdefYawmfrlygonf/
'gaMumifh omoemawmftwGi;f rSm vlUtjzpfukd tvGeftifrwef&cJygonf/ vljzpf
jyefawmhvnf; touf&SifcJjyefygonf/ touf&Sifjyefawmhvnf; or®m'd|dt,l&Sdaom
Ak'¨bmom0if trsKd;tEG,füjzpf&ef cJ,Of;ygonf/
Ak'b
¨ mom0ifjzpfjyefawmhvnf; bmom\tESpo f m&udk odEidk cf yJ gonf/ odjyefawmh
vnf; tusifhp&Penf;yg;Muonf/ omoemjyKEkdifcJMuygonf/ ,aeYAk'¨bmom0ifwkdY
onf tvGeMf uK&H cJaom omoemESiMhf uKMH u&ygonf/ &cJaom vlUb0ukd uHaumif;axmuf
rí &MuygjyD/ rEkówåbma0g 'kv’abm [laom &cJaomvlUb0ukd rnfokdYwefzkd;&SdpGm
tokH;csMurnfenf;/
b0t&if;r&IH;MuzkdY vGefpGmrSta&;MuD;ygonf/ b0oHo&mc&D;pOftwGuf oHo&m
ul;ewf&GmedAÁmefoGm;rnfh &xm;vufrSwf &MujyDavm/ &aomvufrSwfonf txufwef;
vufrSwf [kwfyg\avm/ &k;d &kd;wef;vufrSwfavm? jzwfoef;&rnfch &D;pOfü ab;tEÅ&m,f
uif;&Sif;yg\avm? 'gawGudk pOf;pm;wwfzkdY vkdygonf/
omoemawmfonf ewf&GmedAÁmefomG ;rnfh &xm;c&D;pOfESifhwlygonf/ tusifph &P
c&D;oGm;vufrSwfESifhwlygonf/ omoem&xm;c&D;pOf vufrSwf&olxuf r&ao;olu
ydkírsm;ygonf/ &jyefaomfvnf; &kd;&kd;vufrSwfESifhtxufwef;vufrSwf uGmjcm;ygao;
onf/ vufrSwf&&kHESifhrjyD;ao;yg/ vrf;c&D;rSm tEÅ&m,f&Sdygao;onf/ vufrSwftppf
trSef r[kwfcJh&ifvnf; Mum;blwmrSmyif ypfcsxm;jcif;cH&rnf/
Mum;blwmrS 'D&xm;c&D;pOfudk wm;pD;í r&Ekdifawmhyg/ omoemrS tyjzpfaom
t,lrSm;ol rdpäm'd|dwkdYonf þvufrSwfudk 0,fír&Ekdifyg/ rdpäm'd|dwkdYonf rSwfykHwifr&Sd
olrsm;ç ul;pufa&m*g&So d rl sm;ESiw
fh lygonf/ rSwyf w
kH ifr&Sad o;oa&GU ul;pufa&m*graysmuf
ao;oa&GU 'DvufrSwfudk r&Ekdifawmhyg/ rdpäm'd|d[kqkd&mü oDvu©E¨0*frSm 'd|d(62)yg;udk
xkwfaz:a[mxm;ygonf/ xkd(62)yg;wkdYwGif ed,wrdpäm'd|donf aMumufp&mtaumif;
qkH;yif jzpfygonf/
,aeY Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;onf uHaumif;axmufrí omoemwGif;rSm vljzpfMu
aomfvnf; Ak'\ ¨ vrf;pOfudk usifhMuHtm;xkwf&ef a0;ygao;onf/ odzkdY&efyif tawmfcuf
vSygonf/
&cJaom or®m'd|dAk'¨bmomrS ed,wrdpäm'd|drlqvifbmomxJodkY 0ifoGm;Muao;
onf/ rkdufrJMuavonfrSm tHhzG,fygwum;/ ed,wrdpäm'd|d[lonf taMumif;tusKd;udk
y,faom0g'jzpfonf/ taMumif;um; rlqvifukvm;wkdYonf olwdkYbmomü twdwfqkd
wm r&Sdyg/ ypöKyÜef('GEé,m)ESifhtem*wf(tmcD&wf)[líom&Sdygonf/ bmaMumifh twdwf
ukokdvfuH tukokdvfuH r&Sdoenf;¿ tv’mt&Sifjrwfonf 'DurÇmMuD;ESifhwuG vlom;

34
 r&PbGm;
tm;vkH;udk olUtm; c0yfukd;uG,f&ef zefqif;awmfrlonf[k ukd&ftrfusrf;rS qkdxm;í rl
qvifwkdYrSm twdwfb0 ukokdvfuH tukokdvfuHqkdwm r&Sdyg/
tv’m&Siftm; ,kHMunfukd;uG,fvQif tem*wf(tmcD&wf)rSm uD,mrwfac: urÇm
MuD;ysufaomaeYa&mufvQif w&m;ppfaq;í edAÁmefbkH(*sewf)ykdYrnf[k qkdygonf/ rukd;
uG,faomoltm; i&J(*s[erf)odkYykdYrnf[k ukd&ftrfusrf;rSm qkdxm;ygonf/ 'ghaMumifh uHç
uH\tusKd;udk r,kHMunfí ed,wrdpäm'd|djzpfonf[k qkd&ygonf/ 'Dvkd ed,wrdpäm'd|d
rsm;um; tvGeftjypfMuD;av;ygonf/ 'd|d(62)yg;wkdYwGif tMuD;av;qkH;aomtjypfjzpfyg
onf/ bk&m;&Sifu ed,wrdpäm'd|d&JUtjypfMuD;av;ykHudk t*kFwå&ygVdawmf(35)ü...
]]em[H bdu©a0 tnH {u"r®rÜd orEkyómrd? ,H {0H r[mom0ZÆH? ,x,d'H
bdu©a0 rdpäm'd|d/ rdpäm'd|d y&rmed bdu©a0 r[mom0ZÆmed}}[k a[mawmfrlygonf/
bdu©a0 - cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ {0H - þrdpäm'd|dw&m;ESifhtwl/ ,H r[mom0ZÆH -
tMuiftjypfMu;D qk;H jzpfaom/ tnH - wpfyg;aom/ {u"r®rdÜ - wpfcak omw&m;udrk Qvnf;/
t[H - igbk&m;onf/ e orEkyómrd - jrifawmfrrl/ bdu©a0 - cspfom;&[ef;wdkY/ ,
xm - tb,fenf;/ rdpäm'd|d - rdpäm'd|dyifwnf;/ bdu©a0 - cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ r[mom
0ZÆmed - tjypfwkdYonf/ rdpäm'd|dy&rmed - rdpäm'dd|dtjypfvQif vGefuJhaom oabm&Sdukef
\/
tJ'Ded,wrdpäm'd|duHonf rnfrQtjypfMuD;oenf;[k qkdaomf Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; od
jyD;jzpfaom uHMuD;ig;yg;[k ac:aom trdudk owfaomuHç tzudkowfaomuHç &[EÅm
udkowfaomuHç bk&m;&Sifukd aoG;pdrf;wnfatmif jyKaomuHç oHCmoif;cGJaomuH-[kqkd
tyfaom þuHMuD;ig;yg;xufyif tjypfMuD;ygonf/
t*kFwå&ygVdawmf(37)ü yOömeEÅ&d,ur®med r[mom0ZÆmed emr? aw[dyd rdpäm'd|d
a,0 r[mom0ZÆw&m [ka[mawmfrlygonf/ yOömeEÅ&d,ur®med - ig;yg;aomteEÅ&d
,uHwkdYonf/ r[mom0ZÆmed - tjypfMuD;ukef\/ aw[dyd - tjypfMuD;aom teEÅ&d,uH
wkdYxufvnf;/ rdpäm'd|da,0 - rdpäm'd|duomvQif/ r[mom0ZÆw&m - vGefvGefuJuJ
tjypfMuD;\/
'Dvdt
k ,lrSm;aom rdpmä 'd|u d oH nf yOömeEÅ&d,uHxuf ydí k tjypfMuD;ygonf/ 'Dxuf
tjypfMuD;wJhrdpäm'd|duawmh ed,wrdpäm'd|djzpfygonf/ &kd;&dk;rdpäm'd|dum; wpfurÇmavmuf
om tjypfcHpm;cGifh&Sdygonf/ ed,wrdpäm'd|dum; ed,wqkdwJhtwkdif; raumif;aomt,l
0g'udk jrJjrHpGm,laomaMumifh þurÇmysufíoGm;aomfvnf; tjcm;rysufao;aomurÇm
rSmoGm;jyD;awmh tjypfcHpm;&ygrnf/ 'ghaMumifh ed,wrdpäm'd|donf aMumufp&mtaumif;
qkH;yif jzpfygonf/
b0ukd wefzkd;&Sd&dS rokH;pGJjcif;aMumifh ,ckypöKyÜefwGifomruyJ oHo&mtqufquf
rSmvnf; tyg,fi&Jü cHpm;Mu&rnf/ tyg,fi&Ju vGwfajrmufvmjyefvnf; vlUb0wGif

35
te*¢vufaqmif
qif;&Jyifyef;pGm tom;rGJajcmufajcmufESifh raumif;aomteHYvIdifvsuf &kyfqkd;tusnf;
wefpGmukvm;jzpfvkduf? aemufb0a&mufaomf EGm;jzpfvkduf? qdwfjzpfvkduf? onfvkdESifh
oHo&mvnfaeMu&rnfomjzpfonf/
'gaMumifh 'Dvkdukvm;ay;vkdufwJh aiG(20000),lrnfhtpm; cGufvufpGJ awmif;pm;
jcif; taocHjcif;u omíaumif;ao;\/ 'DvkdaooGm;jcif;aMumifh aemifb0oHo&m
txkHrygacs/ oHo&mrvnfacs/ aiGudk ,lí Ak'¨bmomrSukvm;xJ0ifjcif;aMumifh rdrdyg
ruyJ uav;oli,frsm;yg oHo&mwGif 'ku©vSvSMuD; a&muf&awmhrnf/
'ghaMumifh ,aeY 'DocFef;pm[m Ak'¨bmomjrefrmvlrsKd;tm;vkH;twGuf owday;EId;
aqmfcsufyif jzpfygonf/ 'ku©awGUMuKHvmygu ukd,fhjrefrmtcsif;csif; tultnDawmif;
oifo h nf/ wkid ;f &if;om;wko
Yd nfvnf; wpftw l q
Hk if;? wpfajrwnf;ae? wpfa&wnf;aomuf
aoG;csif;rsm;jzpfMuí ulnDoifhayonf/ vlemwkdif;onf q&m0efwkdY\apwem arwåm
u&kPmwkdYukd arQmfvifhMujrJ awmifhwMujrJ "r®wmjzpfonf/ rdrdudk tm;ukd;ívmaom
vlemwpfa,mufukd [def;a[mufaevkdY roifhavsmfyg/ q&m*kPf orm;*kPf ynm*kPf
jyyGJvkyfaep&m rvkdyg/
q&m0ef\ajymqkdqufqHrIonf vlem\pdwftm;udk xufoefaponf/ a&m*gwpf
0uf oufomaponf/ 'ghaMumifh q&m0efç q&m0efrwko dY nfvnf; aiGa&; aMu;a&;t"du
rxm;yJ a&S;acwfu orm;awmfq&mZD0u\xkH;udk ESvkH;rlí twkckd;,loifhonf/ vlem
wkdYtm; a&m*gaysmufuif;a&;ukdom t"duxm;oifhygonf/ q&mZD0uu t|m&o
twwf(18)&yfwkdYwGif tygt0ifjzpfaom aq;ynmukd bmaMumifh oif&oenf;/ t
jcm;aomtwwfynmrsm;udk bmaMumifh roifoenf;/ t|m&otwwf(18)&yfwkdYwGif
"g;ckwf? vSHxkd;? jrif;pD;? twwfynmponfwkdYum; olwpfyg;wkdYtm; n§Of;yef;ESdyfpuf
aMumif;jzpfí oHo&mü tyg,fi&JusaMumif;jzpfaomaMumifh roifvkd? aq;twwfynm
um; olwpfyg;\toufudk u,fwifaMumif;vnf; jzpf\/ toufarG;0rf;aMumif;ESifh
vnf;pyf,SOf\[k oabmaygufí aq;twwfynmudkom oif,lygonf/ 'ghaMumifh
,ckacwf q&m0efç q&m0efrrsm;ç eyf(pf)rrsm; q&mZD0u\xkH;udk ESvkH;rlí qif;&JEGrf;
yg;aom wkdif;&if;om;aoG;csif;rsm;tay:ü arwåm u&kPmESifh apwemtjynfht0xm;
um toufwpfacsmif;udk &kdif;yif;ulnDu,fwifay;Muyg[k wkdufwGef;EId;aqmfvkduf&yg
awmhonf/
trsKd;bmom omoem a&&SnfwnfwHhzkdYtwGuf q&m0efrsm;ç bmom0ifrsm;rSm
om wm0ef&Sdonfr[kwfyg/ omoemh0efxrf;&Sif&[ef;wkdif;rSmvnf; wm0ef&Sdygonf/
trSeftm;jzifh &[efoHCmrsm;onf tvSLcHonfhae&m? tylaZmfcHonfhae&mrsm;wGifom
bmoma&;acgif;aqmiftjzpf aqmif&Gufoifhonf r[kwfay/ oma&; ema&;rSm w&m;
"r®a[mjy&kjH zifh omoemtwGuf aqmif&u G cf suf jynfph o
Hk nfah cwf r[kwaf wmhay/ uav;

36
 r&PbGm;
oli,f vl&G,fvlMuD;ygrusef bmom0iftm;vkH; todÓPfzGHUjzdK;&eftwGuf acgif;aqmif
oifhygonf/ bmoma&;todÓPf pD;yGm;a&;todÓPfESifh omoema&;qkdif&mqkH;rrI
rsm;jyefYyGm;atmif rem;rae aqmif&Guf&if;jzifh acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;jzpfMuzkdY tcsdefwef
ayjyD/ olrsm;wumawGvkd ukd,fhbmom0ifrsm;udk ukd,f&iftkyfruGm apmifha&Smufoifhay
onf/
oma&;ç ema&;ç vlrIulnDa&;twGuf &[ef;awmfrsm;OD;aqmifygu aemufuvkduf
rnfo h al wG tqifoif&h daS eMuygonf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifwYo kd nf acgif;aqmifaumif;ESihrf awGU
&í vdr®mcsifvsuf rvdr®m&/ omoemESifhMuKHawGUae&ygvsuf omoemESifhawGUMuKH&usKd;
reyf/ omoemht&omukd rcHpm;&jzpfaeayonf/ jA[®pkd&fw&m;wkdYonfvnf; yd#uwf
awmfxJrSm tdyfaysmfaeacsjyD/ txdef;todrf;cHae&acsjyD/
&[ef;awmfrsm;u okH;pGJ&aumif;rSef;rodMuacs/ EIwfcrf;zsm;ay:u arwåmw&m;
jzifhom pmtdwf&a&;twGuf u&PD,vkyfaeav\/ um,uHtqifhxd ra&muf&SdcJhMu
ay/ xdkarwåm u&kPmwkdYonfvnf; &[ef;awmfrsm;\EIwfcrf;zsm;wGif wdrfjr§Kyfaysmuf
uG,fum avmuvlom;wkdYxHodkY ra&mufEkdifMuawmhay/ avmuvlom;wkdYonfvnf;
&[ef;awmfrsm; a[mnTefjyrIaMumifh v,f,majraumif;udkom &SmazGpkdufysKd;aeMuav
awmh\/ rusef;rmolr&Sdqif;&Jol? ckdukd;&mrJholrsm;tay: vSL'gef;axmufyHh&aumif;rSef;
rodMuawmhay/ xkdolrsm;tay: Muifem,k,jcif;? ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;onf yg&rDvrf;
pOf bk&m;avmif;vrf;pOfjzpfonfukdvnf; rod&SdMuawmhacs/ edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;tusihf
aumif;[k rrSwfxifMuawmhacs/ yg&rDEkdifiHawmfrSm yg&rD&SifawG qdwfokOf;um twå
o*F[orm;awGom ae&m&aernfjzpfjyD; yg&rDvrf;pOfawGvnf; wdrfjr§KyfaysmufuG,f
oGm;ayawmhrnf/ xkdtcg omoemawmfMuD; a&&SnfrwnfwHhawmhyJ &[ef;oHCmrsm;
vnf; ukvm;olykefab;aMumifh twd'ku©a&mufMuayvdrfhrnf/
udak usmwf rYdk o
d m;pkonf Ak'b
¨ momtajcrckid í
f bmomul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;jzpfonf/
xkdodkY tajcrckdifjcif;rSm ukdausmfwkdY &Gmausmif;bkef;MuD; tvkyfrvkyfjcif;? tokH;rusjcif;
aMumifhjzpfonf/ bmoma&;tajccH tkwfjrpfckdifrmygu b,favmufyif qif;&JrGJawap
umrl awmifhcHxm;Ekdifrnf jzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh bkef;MuD;rsm;onf ausmif;awmfMuD;ay:
rSm rdefYrdefYMuD;xdkifjyD; tv’myov’mypum;ajym&if; omoemjyKonfhenf;pepfukd tmv
,jywfpGefYvTwfoifhayonf/ Ak'¨bmom0if rsKd;qufopfav;rsm; avmukwå&mt&nft
aoG; jynfh0zkdYtwGuf ae&mvyfr&Sd&atmif oGefoifqkH;roifhygonf/
ukdausmfwkdY rdom;pkonf bmoma&;tajcrckdifonfyJ xm;ygOD;/ &[ef;oHCmrsm;
u ukd,fhwynhfrsm;udk &if0,fom;uJhodkY apmifha&SmufoGm;ygu ,ckvkd jyóemrsKd;MuKH&
rnfr[kwfyg/ ,ckrSm]]urÇmrD;avmif om;aumifjceif;}}qko d vkd rwwfomí ukd,hb f m
omukd pGefYvTwfoGm;&jcif;jzpfygonf/ tu,fí &[ef;oHCmrsm;OD;aqmifí 0gcif;ukef;

37
te*¢vufaqmif
q&mawmfMuD;wkdYvkd oma&; ema&;toif;zGJUjyD; rusef;rmonfh EGrf;yg;olrsm;tm; wwf
tm;orQ axmufyHhxm;ygu ukd,fhbmomudkyJ udk,fcspfrSmjzpfygonf/ cspfp&mr&Sdonfh
bmomodkY rsufpdrSdwf ul;ajymif;oGm;&onfhtjzpfrsKd; rawGUMuKHEkdif&myg/ Ak'¨bmom0if
wkdif; ukd,fhbmomukd cspfwwfatmif oHCmrsm;u oifjyay;zkdYvkdygonf/
xkdYaMumifh &[ef;awmfrsm;onf &kd;&momoemjyKenf;jzpfaom yd#uwfawmfxJu
Ak'¨atmifyGJjzifh tm;&raeoifhawmhacs/ avmuxJrSm igwkdY b,favmufqkH;&IH;aeonf
qkdwmukdvnf; jyefvSnfhMunfhoifhayonf/ avmuxJrSm igwkdY bmaMumifh qkH;&IH;&onf
udkvnf; okH;oyfMunfhoifhvSayonf/
qkdvkd&if;rSm &yfa&; &Gma&; omoema&;twGuf &[ef;awmfrsm;u OD;aqmifrIt
ydkif;udk wm0ef,lívnf;aumif;? &yfrd&yfzrsm;u aqmif&GufrItykdif;udk wm0ef,lívnf;
aumif;? bmom0iftm;vkH;u vkdufemusifhokH;rItykdif;udk wm0ef,lívnf;aumif;? ukd
ausmfwkdYrdom;pkrsKd; aemufaemif ray:ayguffatmifç Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdif; ukdausmfwkdYrdom;
pkvkdtjzpfrsKd; rMuKH&atmif umuG,fapmifha&SmufoifhvSayonf/ ukd,fhbmom0if tcsif;
csif; &kdif;yif;ulnDoifhvSayonf/
r&Sdv kdY ul;ajymif;jcif;ab;
rodvkdY ul;ajymif;jcif;ab; rSumuG,fapmifha&Smufoifhayonf/

r&PbGm;(plV bmwdu)

1/ jrefrmjynfonf 'kdYjynfjzpfonf/
2/ jrefrmvlrsKd;onf 'kdYvlrsKd;jzpfonf/
3/ jrefrmpmonf 'dkYpmjzpfonf/
4/ Ak'¨bmomonf 'kdYbmomjzpfonf/
5/ tcsKyftjcmtmPmonf 'dkYvlrsKd;vufxJrSm &Sd&rnf/
'gaMumifh 'dkYjynf 'kdY&Gm 'dkYbmomukd umuG,fMubkdY ordkif;ay;wm0ef oifhrSm&Sdonf/

yk H
r&PbGm;

38
 r&PbGm;

(4-1-2009)
rl&if;pmtkyfukd
E-BooktjzpfodkYajymif;vJ&kdufESdyfonf/

39