INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFENVIRONMENTALSCIENCESVolume1,No3,2010 Copyright2010AllrightsreservedIntegratedPublishingservices ResearchArticle ISSN0976 4402

AmbientAirQualityStatusinChoudwarAreaofCuttack District
1 2 3 PradeeptaK.Bhuyan ,PradyusaSamantray ,SwoyamPRout

1ResearchScholar,DepartmentofChemistry,UtkalUniversity,VaniVihar 2ResearchScholar,DepartmentofChemistry,UtkalUniversity,VaniVihar 3 Professor,DepartmentofChemistry,UtkalUniversity,VaniVihar, Bhubaneswar751004 swoyamrout@gmail.com ABSTRACT There are several methods to communicate the use of different environmental quality parameters. This researchcommunication discusses the use of Air Quality Index (AQI) describingairpollutioninChoudwararea.AQIiscomputedfortenairqualitysampling stations in the Choudwar area within the radius 10 kms from the core zone. This study identifiesthepotentialsourcesofairpollution. Keywords:ORAQI, Choudwararea,SPM,RSPM,NO2,SO2 1.Introduction Airpollutionisaseriousworldwidepublichealthproblem.Theshorttermhealthimpacts of air pollution have been studied extensively since the London fog in the mid20th centuryandthesubsequentseriesofdramaticepisodesinindustrialisedcountries(Boyd, 1960). However, the magnitude of effect estimates varies across cities and countries (Analitis et al., 2006 Katsouyanni et al., 2001 Samet et al., 2000a), hindering interpretation and generalisation of the causal association between air pollution and health.Someinvestigatorshaveattemptedtoexplaintheheterogeneityofeffectestimates among regions in terms of different levels of air pollutants (Samoli et al., 2001), characteristicsofpollutants(Samolietal.,2005),specificcitycharacteristics(Samoliet al., 2007), and potential confounders including temperature and humidity (Aga et al., 2003 Zeka et al., 2005). After decades of industrialisation, air pollution has become a majorenvironmentalissueforbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Poorairquality hasbothacuteandchroniceffectsonhumanhealth(Yangetal.,2004,Afrozetal.,2003). The relationship between environment and the development is one of the most burning issues of the present times. Developmental activities e.g. industrial transportation, constructional work etc cause degradation and drastic changes in every component of environment namely, hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere through pollution.Airpollutionhasemergedinthepastfewdecadesasthemostcrucialproblem tomankind.

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Inrecentyears,alargenumberofstudiesonhealthimpactsduetoairpollutionhavebeen undertaken in developing countries (Anonymous, 1980). The public health implications oftheemissionofCO,O3,toxicantsandparticulatesaresubstantial(Davies,1998,Utel WarrenandSawyer,1998).Amongairpollutants,particulatematter(PM)isaubiquitous and itsespeciallya majorproblemduetoitsadversehealtheffects,Visibilityreduction and soiling of buildings (Hamilton and Mansfield, 1991, Seinfield, 1975 Williamson, 1973). Inthepresentpaper,anattemptwasmadetorepresenttheoverallambientairqualityin choudwar and its adjoining areas. The environmental impact of major industries like ferroalloys, thermal power plant and steel industry apart from other small scale industrieslikerollingmillandcarpetmanufacturingunitarestudied. 2.AirPollutionIndices: Anenvironmentalindexisatool,whichisusedtoreporttheoverallenvironmentalstatus and trends based on a specific standard (Thom and Ott, 1996).It was developed onthe lines of health index (USEPA, 1972, 1973) and measured by the degree of human suffering. Each AQI category makes it easier for the general public to understand how cleanorpollutedtheair is.Toevaluateoverallairpollutionduetovariouspollutants is complex.Itconsistsofanilldefinedmixtureofseveralpollutantsfromdifferentsources (Canter,1997).Overallairpollutionmeasurescanbeusedtogivemeaningfulassessment ofairpollutiontothecommonman.Theyalsoenableonetoevaluatethealternativeair pollutioncontrolpoliciesorcontrolequipmentwhich,forinstances,canreducethelevel ofcertainpollutantswhile increasingthe levelsofothers.AQIcanrepresenttheoverall airqualitystatusinabetterwaysincethecumulativeeffectofallthepollutantsandthe relatedstandardcanbetaken into account(Lohani,1984).Asaresultwecanobtainan equation, which transforms the parameter values by means of numerical manipulation into a more simple and precise form. The index of specific pollutant is derived mainly fromthephysicalmeasurementofpollutantslikeSPM,RSPM,SO2 andNO2.Thereare several methods and equations used for determining the AQI (Inhaber, 1974). The Oak RidgeNational AirQualityIndex(ORNAQI)canbeconsidered fortherelativeranking ofanoverallairqualitystatusatdifferentlocationsofthestudyarea. AQI for each location in the study area has been estimated with the help of a mathematicalequationdeveloped bytheOakRidgeNationalLaboratory(ORNL),USA asgivenbelow.
0.967 AQI=[39.02 S Xi/Xs]

WhereXi=valueofairqualityparameters(SPM,RSPM,SO2 andNO2) Xs=StandardandprescribedforAirqualityparameters.

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Table1:RelativeAQIandScale VALUE 025 2650 5175 DESCRIPTION Cleanair Lightair pollution Moderateair pollution Heavyair pollution Severeair pollution HEALTHEFFECTS None,orminimalhealtheffects Possiblerespiratoryorcardiaceffectformostsensitive individuals Increasinglikehoodofrespiratoryandcardiovascular symptomsandillnesses Aggravationofheartorlungdisease.Increasedriskofdeath inchildren.(heartandlungdisease)increasedeffectsin generalpopulation Seriousaggravationofheartorlungdiseaseincreasedrisk ofprematuredeath.Seriousriskofcardiorespiratory symptomsingeneralpopulation.

76100

>100

3.StudyArea
0 0 The study area is located at Choudwar 19 00 00 North and 20 400 East in CuttackdistrictonNationalHighway42(NH42)which is15 Kms away fromCuttack CityshowninintheindexmapofstudyareainFig.1.ThecentralpartofChoudwararea i.e.takenascorezoneconstitutenamely.

(i)FerroalloysUnitanditsCaptiveThermalPowerPlant.(IndianMetaland FerroAlloysLtd) (ii)FerrochromeUnit(UtkalManufacturingandServiceLtd.) Table2:DetailsofAmbientAirQuantityMonitoringLocations StationCode A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 Agrahat NergundiRailwaystation Narapada KapeleswarNearIMFA Khuntuni(Policeoutpost) Location EnvironmentalSetting 4kmsfromcorezonetowards North 4kmsfromcorezonetowards NorthernEast 7kmsfromcorezonetowardsEast Corezone 10kmsfromcorezonetowards

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West A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Ghantikhal NearAratiSteel Daulatabad Kayalapada Gurudijhatia(S.S.D. Mohavidyalaya) 9kmsfromcorezonetowards SouthernWest 9kmsfromcorezonetowards West 9kmsfromcorezonetowards South 8kmsfromcorezonetowards Southern West 10kmsfromcorezonetowards NorthernWest

IN D IA

O R I S S A
S UND ARG AR H

J HAR S UG UD A KEO NJ HAR DEO G A RH BARA G AR H S AM BAL PU R

M AY UR BHA NJ

BAL AS O RE

SON P UR BO UD BO L A NG IR

ANUG U L DHEN KAN AL

BHAD RAK J AJPU R KE ND RAPA DA

CUT T ACK NAYAG AR H KHU RD HA PHUL B ANI PURI

NUAP ADA KAL AHAN DI GAN J AM RAY G ADA

JAG AT SIN G H PUR

NABA RAN G APU R

G AJ AP AT I KO RAPU T

M AL K ANG IRI

CU TAC K D IS TR I CT

Figure1:Index Mapofstudyarea

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Figure2: Mapofstudyarea TheAirForceDefenceUnit(AviationResearchCentre,GovernmentofIndia)issituated just adjacent to the core zone towards North. The study area consists of one major industry. Arati Steel at Ghantikhal towards the west on the bank of river Mahanadi. A fewsmallindustrialunitslikerollingmill,cokeproductionunitarealsosituatednearby. Within the study area,ten different monitoring stations were established. Outof these, four stations (A4, A5, A6 and A7) are located in industrial belt and other six stations are located in the rural areas. The whole study area covers ten monitoring stationsandhavingtwolakhspopulation.Themainsourcesofairpollutioninthestudy area are industries like ferroalloys unit, steel unit and thermal power plant and their transport through heavy vehicles. The locations of sampling stations are given in the Table.2andshowninFigure.2. 3.1 Methodology Suspended Particulate Matter was collected using a Respirable Dust Sampler (Model APM 451Environtech India) atten sampling stations (A1,A2, A3, A4, A5, A6,A7,A8,A9andA10,giveninTable.2)duringthestudyperiodMarch,2007to

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February,2009 inthreedifferentseasons vizpremonsoon.monsoonandpostmonsoon 2007and2008.TheAPM451isahighvolumesamplerwithacycloneattachmentwhich fractionate the dust into respirable and nonrespirable fractions. The respirable fraction (RSPM or PM10) of the suspended particulate matter was collected on a preweighed Whatman glass microfibre filter paper (GF/A 20.325.4 cm). SPM larger than 10 mm (RSPM) was collected in a separate sampling bottle. The RSPM collected over the GF flter paper and the RSPM collected in the sampling bottles were weighed using an electronictoploadingweighingbalance.ForthecollectionofgaseouspollutantstheRDS samplerhaving impingers(bubblertrains) inserieswithsodiumtetrachloromercurateas absorbing solution for SO2 and sodium hydroxide solution for NO2 was used. The impingersampleswereputin iceboxes immediatelyaftersamplingandtransferredtoa refrigerator prior to analysis. The samples were analysed spectrophotometrically using WestandGaeke methodandJacobandHocheisermodified methodforanalysisofSO2 andNO2 (APHA,1977). 4.FindingsofPollutant Seasonalaverage valueofambientairqualityparametersatdifferentlocationsand theirrespectiveairqualityindexaregivenbelowi.efromTable.3toTable.8.Graphical representation of pollutants (SPM, NO2 and SO2) and respective AQI are also given correspondingtodifferenttables(Table.3to8)inFigure.3to8respectively.
3 Table3:Parameters(Pollutants)ing/m PreMonsoon,2007

Locations A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10

SPM 169.5 182.5 138.2 168 179 190 149 148 152 135

RSPM 74.4 75.0 52.0 62.0 53.0 25.0 70.0 60.0 79.0 30.0

NO2 16.2 24 12.8 15.9 31 19 21.2 20 16.2 18.2

SO2 0.8 1.2 1.4 8.4 4.5 4.2 4 1.4 1.2 1.2

ORAQI 55.3 62.2 45.5 57.9 65.5 63.4 53.0 51.2 50.6 46.8

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Figure3:Graphicalrepresentationofpollutants
3 Table4:Parameters(Pollutants)in mg/m Monsoon,2007

Locations A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10

SPM 120.2 125 102.2 130.2 118 125 125 115 120 125

RSPM 74.4 75.0 52.0 62.0 53.0 25.0 70.0 60.0 79.0 30.0

NO2 20.4 21.4 16 20.2 31 23.4 22.6 20.2 18.4 16

SO2 1 1.2 0.9 8 4.2 4.2 4.1 1.2 1.4 1

ORAQI 43.5 45.4 36.7 49.1 48.6 47.4 47.0 42.1 42.8 43.0

Figure4:Graphicalrepresentationofpollutants 349

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3 Table5:Parameters(Pollutants)in mg/m Post Monsoon,2007

Locations A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10

SPM 178 180.2 140 190 202 308 360 200 168 160

RSPM 70.2 84.0 69.2 86.4 75.0 125.0 122.0 78.0 77.0 82.0

NO2 22.4 28.4 18.4 19.4 29.6 28.6 31.6 24.2 20.2 22

SO2 1.2 1.4 1.2 8.4 4.1 4 4.2 1.6 1.6 1.6

ORAQI 60.3 63.5 48.3 65.3 71.0 99.2 114.4 67.2 56.9 55.4

Figure5:Graphicalrepresentationofpollutants
3 Table6:Parameters(Pollutants)in mg/m PreMonsoon,2008

Locations A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10

SPM 163 181.1 136.7 164.4 170 360 160 152 148 140

RSPM 71.2 74.6 52.9 65.8 78.0 126.0 71.0 62.4 78.0 32.2

NO2 18 25.4 12.8 16 32.4 28.2 35.3 21.2 16.4 18.4

SO2 1.8 2 1.6 8 4.1 4.1 4.2 2 1.8 2

ORAQI 54.7 62.7 45.2 56.8 63.4 112.5 61.9 53.0 49.9 48.6 350

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Figure6:Graphicalrepresentationofpollutants
3 Table7:Parameters(Pollutants)in mg/m Monsoon,2008

Locations A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10

SPM 124.4 135.4 118 138.4 358 241 291 122 116 125.2

RSPM 61.2 51.0 40.0 32.4 117.2 115.0 116.0 48.0 28.2 24.2

NO2 22.4 20 18 18.2 28.1 27.5 27.5 20.4 18.6 17.6

SO2 2 1.6 1.8 8.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 1.8 2.2 2.2

ORAQI 45.9 47.8 42.3 50.6 112.5 80.7 94.2 44.4 42.1 44.3

Figure7:Graphicalrepresentationofpollutants

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3 Table8:Parameters(Pollutants)in mg/m PostMonsoon,2008

Locations A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10

SPM 173 182.4 142.2 192 133 328 142 190 165 160

RSPM 74.4 82.0 68.2 86.8 63.0 110 72 72.2 78.0 82.3

NO2 24 28.2 16.4 19.4 30.3 38.3 30.1 21.2 18.8 16.4

SO2 2 2.2 2 8.4 4 4.2 4 2.2 2 2.2

ORAQI 59.9 64.3 48.4 65.9 52.4 108.6 54.8 63.5 55.6 53.3

Figure8:Graphicalrepresentationofpollutants 4.1ResultsandDiscussion Thedataobtained from monitoringofambientairatten locationswithinthestudyarea areusedtocalculatetheAQIforeachseasonduringthestudyperiod,which isasingle valueofcombinationofallpollutantsviz.SPM.NO2 andSO2. ThecomparisonandexplanationofAQI,SPMSO2 andNO2 valuesatdifferentlocation within one season in the study period are given the Table 3 to 8 and their respective graphicalrepresentations.
3 SPM: ThroughoutthestudyperiodSPMwasfoundtobeminimumof102.2 mg/m atA 3 3.monsoon,2007andmaximumof360 mg/m atA4,Postmonsoon,2007andalsoatA 6, Premonsoon, 2008. The highest value of SPM is due to coke/coal dust, frequent transport of raw materials through heavy vehicles in the industrial belt (Arati Steel) locatedinruralarea.SPMwasfoundtobelessatA4(corezone)onaccountofproper

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management of coke/coal dust through frequent sprinkling of water at Coal Handling plantanditsperipheralarea.
3 NO2 : NO2 found to be minimum of 12.8 mg/m at A3, Premonsoon, 2007 and Pre 3 monsoon,2008andmaximumof38.3 mg/m atA6.Postmonsoon,2008.Howeverthese findingsaremuchlessthanthestandardvalues. 3 SO2 :SO2 foundtobeminimumof0.8g/m atA1,Premonsoon,2007andmaxmium 3 of8.4 mg/m atA4,Postmonsoon,2007andPostmonsoon2008.TheSO2 contentin ambientairisslightlyhigherowingtocombustionofhighsulfurcontentcoal/cokeused inthermalpowerplantandferroalloysplantandtheemissionoffumesduetosmelting ofchromeoreatfurnaceofferroalloysunit,atthecorezone.However,thefindingsare foundtobemuchlessthanstandardvalues.

The data for three seasons revealed that concentration of pollutants except SPM, for entire monitoring stations do not exceed the permissible limits specified by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) but in the locations around Arati Steel, the concentrationofSPMisveryhighatmostofthetimes. 4.2ResultofAQI AtA1,A3,A9andA10,theaverageofAQIsarebelow50.Thereforeinthese locations,lightairpollutionisobservedduetohightrafficdensityalong(N.H.42) NationalHighway.A1A1,A2,A4andA8,theaveragevalueofAQIsarejustabove 50.Itisduetohightransportactivitiesandemissionof gaseouspollutants.AtA5,A6 andA7theaverageAQIsaremuchhigheri.e.51to75attributedtohighSPMvalueon accountofemissionofgaseouspollutantsandfrequenttransportofrawmaterials.

Table9:TheaveragevaluesofAQIareatdifferentlocationaregivenbelow.

Location A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10

AverageAQI 53.3 57.7 44.4 57.6 69.0 68.7 70.9 53.6 49.7 48.6

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Figure 9:AverageAQIofvariouspollutants
3 3 ThehighestAQIwhichis114.4 mg/m atA7inPostmonsoon2007,113.0 mg/m atA 3 6 in Premonsoon, 2008, 112.5 mg/m at A5 in Monsoon.2008 are observed. However, theaveragevalueAQIsintheselocations(A5,A6andA7)arewithintherangeof51 3 to75 mg/m .Therefore,moderatepollutionisobservedintheselocationsonaccountof emissionofgaseouspollutantsfromsteelindustryanditstransportactivities.

5.Conclusion AirpollutionmeasuredintheformofAirQualityIndexcanbeusedtoprovidea meaningfulassessmentofairpollutioninthecommonmansperception.Itisconcluded from the observations at different monitoring stations are within permissible limits excepting SPM in the entire study area as specified by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).HoweverSPMwasfoundtobehigherinmostofthelocationsinpremonsoon andpostmonsoonseasonsinboththeurbanandtheruralareas. Theareanearertothevicinityoftheindustriesaremoderatelyairpollutedasper theAQIvaluesi.e.51to75.Airpollutioninthecorezonewasfoundlittlehigherthan50 due to ecofriendly control measures such as green plantation and sprinkling of water despitethecontinuousproductionofferroalloysandgenerationofthermalpowerround the year.Intheregionaroundthesteel industry, airpollution isanticipatedtocrossthe barrierfrommoderatepollutiontoheavypollutioninthenearfuture.Inordertocontrol the pollution load, green plantation is to be made in the entire area and along the boundaryofNH42.Intheruralandtheurbanareaswhicharefaraway from industrial site,lightairpollutionhasbeenobserved.

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6.References 1. CEQ, (1976). A Recommended Air Pollution Index, report prepared by the Federal Interagency Task Force on Air Quality Indicators, Council on EnvironmentalQuality,EnvironmentalAgency,andDepartmentofCommerce. 2. Anonymous(1980).AstudyofairpollutioninBangalore,RegionalOccupational HealthCentre,AnnualReport. 3. Smith, F.B (1990). Atmospheric structure. Unpublished note presented at Air PollutionModellingforEIA,InternationalCenterforTheoretical,TriesteJune. 4. EPA, (1994) Measuring Air Quality. The pollutant standards Index, U.S. Environmental Agency. Office of Air Quality planning and standards (MD10). ResearchTrianglepark,NC,27711,EPA451/K94001. 5. EPA (1999C), The Air Quality Index, US. Environmental Protection Agency. OfficeofAirQualityplanningandstandards,ResearchTrianglepark,NC27711. 6. EPA(2001),HealthandEcologicalEffect.www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/pm/index. 7. EPA (2001), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, www.epa .gov/air/oaqps. 8. CPCB(2001),NationalAirQualitystandard,www.cpcb.gov/air/index. 9. AfrozR,HassanMN,IbrahimNA.Reviewofairpollutionandhealthimpactsin Malaysia.EnvironRes200392:717. 10. YangCY,ChangCC,ChuangHY,TsaiSS,WuTN,HoCK.Relationshipbetween airpollutionanddailymortalityinasubtropicalcity:TaipeiTaiwan.EnvironInt 2004 30:pp51923. 11. Boyd,J.T.,1960.Climate,AirPollution,andmortality.Br.J.Prev.Soc.Med.14, pp123135. 12. Analitis, A., Katsouyanni, K., Dimakopoulou, K., Samoli, E., Nikoloulopoulos, A.K., Petasakis, Y., et al., 2006. Shortterm effects of ambient particles on cardiovascularandrespiratorymortality.Epidemiology17,pp230233. 13. Katsouyanni,K.,Touloumi,G.,Samoli,E.,Gryparis,A.,Le,T.A.,Monopolis,Y., et al., 2001. Confounding and effect modification in the shortterm effects of ambient particles on total mortality: results from 29 European cities within the APHEA2project. Epidemiology12,pp521531.

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14. Samet, J.M., Dominici, F., Curriero, F.C., Coursac, I., Zeger, S.L., 2000a. Fine particulateairpollutionandmortalityin20UScities,19871994.N.Engl.J.Med. 343,pp 17421749. 15. Samoli,E.,Schwartz,J.,Wojtyniak,B.,Touloumi,G.,Spix,C.,Balducci, F.,et al., 2001.Investigating regional differences in shortterm effects of air pollution on daily mortality in the APHEA project: a sensitivity analysis for controlling long term trendsandseasonality.Environ.HealthPerspect.109,pp 349353. 16. Samoli,E.,Analitis,A.,Touloumi,G.,Schwartz,J.,Anderson,H.R.,Sunyer,J., et al., 2005. Estimating the exposureresponse relationships between particulate matter and mortality within the APHEA multicity project. Environ. Health Perspect.113, pp8895.

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