(Derivatives)

y = f ( x)

PQ1
PQ1
PQ1

Q1 ( x1 , y1 )

Q2 ( x2 , y2 )
T1
P( x0 , y0 )

x1

x0

x2

y = f ( x) P(a, f (a))
P
m = lim

x a

f ( x) f ( a )
x a
xa
P ,

lim

f ( x) f ( a )
f (a + h) f (a)
= lim
h0
xa
h

( x0 , y0 )

y y0 = m( x x0 )

y = x2 + x 1 (0, 1)
f ( x) = x2 + x 1
f ( x) f (0)
( x2 + x 1) (1)
= lim
x 0
x 0
x0
x
2
x +x
= lim
= lim( x + 1) = 1
x 0
x 0
x
y = x2 + x 1 (0, 1) 1
m = lim

(0, 1)
y (1) = 1( x 0) y = x 1

 y = sin x ( ,0)
f ( x) = sin x
m = lim
h0

f ( + h) f ( )
sin( + h) sin
sin( + x)
= lim
= lim
h0
h0
h
h
h

sin( + h) = sin(h)
sin( + h)
sin(h)
sin(h)
= lim
= lim
= 1
h0
h0
h0 h
h
h

m = lim

y = sin x ( ,0) -1

f ( x) f ( x)
x1

x0

f ( x1) f ( x0 ) y
=
x1 x0
x

y = f ( x1 ) f ( x0 ) x = x1 x0

f (t ) = 30t 2
t
t0 = 1 t1 = 2

f (2) f (1) 30(22 ) 30

=
= 90
2 1
1

90

f ( x)

lim

x1 x0

f ( x1) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 )
y
= lim
= lim
+ x 0 x h0
x1 x0
h

x0

 f (t )
1
f (1 + h) f (1)
30(1 + h)2 30
1 + 2h + h2 1
lim
= lim
= 30 lim
h0
h0
h0
h
h
h
h(2 + h)
= 30 lim (2 + h) = 60
h 0
h 0
h

= 30 lim

f ( x)
x0 y = f ( x) x0

f x0

lim

h 0

f ( a + h) f ( a )
h

f a (Derivative of f at
a ) f a ( f is differentiable at a )
f '(a)

f ( x)
dy
dx
dx
x=a

x=a

f ( x) = x 2 + 3 x 1 a

dy
dx ( a , f ( a ))


f ( a + h) f (a )
= +
h

lim

h 0

x0

lim

h 0

f ( a + h) f (a )
=
h
y

x
x0

lim

h 0

f ( a + h) f ( a )
h

f '(0)

2 x + 1, x 0
f ( x) = 2
x + 2 x + 1, x > 0


f +' (a ) = lim+
h 0

f ( a + h) f ( a )
h

f ' (a ) = lim
h 0

f ( a + h) f ( a )
h

f a ( The right-hand and left-hand derivative of f at a )
f a f ' (a) = f +' (a)
f ' ( x0 ) f +' ( x0 )
y

x0

f '(0)

f ( x) = x

lim f ( x) =

x a

a
f (a) lim [ f ( x) f (a ) ] = 0
xa

lim

xa

f ( x) f (a)
= f '(a ) \
xa

f ( x) f (a )
( x a)
xa
xa
f ( x) f (a )
lim ( x a ) = f ( x)(0) = 0
= lim
xa
xa
xa

lim [ f ( x) f (a ) ] = lim

xa

g ( x), x a
g ( x), x < a
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
k ( x), x > a
k ( x), x a
g k a f

a g (a) = k (a) g '(a) = k '(a)

() f a
g (a) = k (a) g '(a) = k '(a)
f , g k a a

k (a ) = f (a ) = lim f ( x) = lim g ( x ) = g (a )
xa

g (a ) = k (a )

xa

g ' (a ) = lim

g ( a + h) g ( a )
f ( a + h) f ( a )
= lim
= f ' (a)
h
h
h 0

k+' (a ) = lim+

k ( a + h) k ( a )
f ( a + h) f ( a )
= lim+
= f +' (a)
h
h
h0

h 0

h 0

g '(a ) = g ' ( a ) = f ' ( a ) = f +' ( a ) = k+' (a ) = k '( a )

g '(a ) = k '(a )

() g (a) = k (a)
f a

g '(a ) = k '(a )

f +' (a ) = lim+

f ( a + h) f ( a )
k ( a + h) k ( a )
= lim+
= k '(a)
h
h
h0

f ' (a ) = lim

f ( a + h) f ( a )
g ( a + h) k ( a )
= lim
h
h
h0

h 0

h 0

= lim
h 0

g ( a + h) g ( a )
= g '(a )
h

g '(a) = k '(a)
f '(a) = g '(a)

f ' ( a ) = f +' ( a )

x 2 , x < 2
f ( x) =
ax + b, x 2

2
g ( x) = x 2

k ( x) = ax + b

g (2) = k (2)

(1)
g '(2) = 4 k '(2) = a g '(2) = k '(2)
4=a
(2)
a = 4 (1)
4 = 2a + b

b = 4 2a = 4 8 = 4
a = 4 b = 4

f '(2) = 4

f ( x) = x a

f a
f A
f '( x) = lim

h 0

f '( x)

f ( x + h) f ( x )
h

f ( x) = x 2

f ( x + h) f ( x )
( x + h) 2 x 2
f '( x) = lim
= lim
h 0
h0
h
h
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 x 2
h(2 x + h)
= lim
= lim
= lim (2 x + h)
h 0
h 0
h 0
h
h
= 2x

f '( x) = 2 x x

 f '( x) f ( x) =

x +1

[1, +)

f (1 + h) f (1)
h 0
= lim
h 0
h
h
h h < 0 f

lim

h 0

x > 1
f '( x) = lim

h 0

x +1+ h x +1 x +1+ h + x +1

h
x +1+ h + x +1

h 0

x + 1 + h ( x + 1)

h 0 h

(1, +)

f '( x) =

1
2 x +1

1
2 x +1
,

f ( x + h) f ( x )
x +1+ h x +1
= lim
h 0
h
h

= lim
= lim

x = 1

= lim

1
x +1+ h + x +1

x +1+ h + x +

x >1

x +1 0

h 0

x >1

2 x 1, x 1

f ( x) = x 2 + 1, 1 < x < 2
2 x + 1, x 2

f '( x)

f'

 f (2) = 3
y = f ( x) x = 2

f ( 2) = 4

f 0 f (0) = f (0) = 1
f ( x + y ) = f ( x) f ( y ) x y
f ( x ) = f ( x ) x