TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 10, SO 01 - 2007

NGHIN CU X L V TI S DNG MT S LOI BN THI CHA KIM

LOI NNG BNG NG DNG QU TRNH
N NH HA RN
L Thanh Hi
Vin Mi Trng v Ti Nguyn, HQG-HCM
(Bi nhn ngy 12thng 11 nm 2006, hon chnh sa cha ngy 15 thng 01 nm 2006)

TM TT: Bi bo nghin cu trn m hnh thc nghim n nh ha rn bn thi cha kim

loi nng vi i tng nghin cu l bn thi ly t cng trnh x l nc thi thuc da v xi m,
qua rt ra nhn xt, nh gi ban u v tnh kh thi v mt kinh t, k thut v mi trng, t
xut gii php ti s dng bn thi cha kim loi nng lm gch v cht mu gm s.
T kha: bn kim loi nng, n nh ha rn, gch nung t bn thi, cht mu gm s
1. M U
Cht thi cng nghip gia tng l h qu tt yu ca qu trnh cng nghip ha. Thnh ph H
Ch Minh l trung tm cng nghip ca c nc nn hng nm mt lng rt ln cht thi cng
nghip c pht sinh. Trong thnh phn cht thi pht sinh, c th d dng nhn thy t l ngy cng
tng ca cht thi t hai ngnh da giy v xi m. Vic tm ra mt bin php qun l thch hp v
phng php x l hu hiu i vi bn cha kim loi nng hin nay l vn rt bc thit. Trong
nhiu gii php c p dng, n nh ha rn chng minh c tnh kh thi v mt kinh t, k
thut, ph hp vi iu kin nc ta hin nay [1,8,9].
Nm 1999, nghin cu ca Nguyn Quc Bnh, Nguyn Vn Phc v cc cng s [5] cho thy
cc loi bn ngnh thuc da, xi m nu nung nhit 6000C th cc kim loi nng s b oxi ha,
kh nng ha tan trong nc km, nu nung nhit 3600C th cht hu c trong cht thi cha
chy ht v vn c kh nng gy nhim mi trng, tuy nhin nhim kim loi nng ha tan hu
nh khng xy ra v c th x l bng cch b tng ha. i vi bn thi ca cc nh my c kh
c cha nhiu oxit st, sau khi lm kh hoc sy s b c th ti s dng cho mc ch lm gch
men, gm s. Nm 2000, Nguyn Vn Phc v cng s [6] nghin cu ti sinh bn ca nh
my ha cht Tn Bnh lm bt mu. Nm 2002, Nguyn Quc Bnh tin hnh nghin cu
tnh cht ca bn khoan v tro sinh ra t qu trnh t rc du kh v qua xut gii php qun
l loi hnh cht thi ny [4]. Bn cnh mt s tc gi trong v ngoi nc cng tin hnh
nghin cu p dng m hnh n nh ha rn trong x l tro pht sinh t qu trnh t cht thi
nguy hi [2,3]. Nm 2005, Nguyn Trung Vit, Nguyn Ngc Chu v cng s [10] tin hnh
nghin cu x l bn thi cha kim loi nng bng phng php nh ha rn (b tng) i vi
bn t cng ty mc in c Qun v bn dt nhum vi t l phi trn xi mng:bn:ct l 1:1:1. Kt
qu cho thy, nng kim loi r r ra mi trng bn ngoi khng vt qu nng cho php
theo TCLP v TCVN 5501-1991 nc cp cho ung. Nm 2005, Trn Th Lin thc hin lun
vn cao hc nghin cu hon thin cng ngh x l bn khoan v tro sinh ra t qu trnh t rc
du kh theo hng tn dng lm vt liu xy dng [11].
Ti M, cng ngh n nh ha rn x l bn c pht trin t nhng nm 1982. Trong
s 863 a im x l t ca khu vc Supperfund th 499 a im x l bng cch chuyn t i
ch khc (58%), 157 im s dng k thut n nh ha rn (18%)[1].
2. I TNG, M HNH V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
2.1. i tng nghin cu
i tng nghin cu l bn thi t trm x l nc thi ca cng ty TNHH Vnh Ph Hng
(L 11F, ng C, KCN Tn To, Bnh Tn) v cng ty ng T K (L 24A-24B, ng s 3,
KCN L Minh Xun). Ngnh ngh sn xut chnh ca cng ty Vnh Ph Hng l xi m v ca

http://www.cement.org/waste/images/superfund_pie_chart.jpg&imgrefurl

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TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 10, S 01 - 2007

cng ty ng T K l cc loi giy da, ti xch bng da. Thnh phn bn thi ca hai cng ty
c th hin trong bng di y.
Bng 1. Thnh phn bn thi ca cng ty TNHH Vnh Ph Hng v ng T K
Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Thnh phn
pH
m
Cht rn tng cng
Tro
St (Fe)
Crm (Cr)
Niken (Ni)

n v
%
%
%
mg/kg mu kh
mg/kg mu kh
mg/kg mu kh

Vnh Ph Hng
4,62 4,65
9
91
60
Khng pht hin
4.656
50.229

ng T K
8,65 8,69
23
77
53
7.274
-

Hin ti, Vit Nam cha c tiu chun quy nh i vi lng bn thi ra ngoi t, ta c th tham
kho tiu chun ca EPA. Theo lng kim loi nng thi ra cc nh my kho st rt cao vi 4656
mg/kg (Vnh Ph Hng) v 7274 mg/kg (ng T K) so vi 1500 mg/kg (tiu chun EPA). Tng t,
nng Niken cng vt qu tiu chun rt nhiu ln (239,2 ln) - 50229 mg/kg (Vnh Ph Hng) so
vi 210 mg/kg (Tiu chun ca EPA) [1].
2.2. Phng php nghin cu
- Mu bn c ly sau cng on p bn trong h thng x l nc thi dng kh ng gi;
- Mu c ly v bo qun theo TCVN 6663:2000;
- Hm lng kim lai nng c xc nh bng my hp thu nguyn t AAS ca Phng th nghim
- Cty Mi trng Vit c;
- bn nn c TT Tiu Chun v o Lng Cht Lng 3 xc nh theo TCVN 3118:1993;
- r r c xc nh theo phng php TCLP ca EPA (Hoa K);
- Gch lt ng c phn tch cc ch tiu: bn un; mi mn; ht nc; chu va p
xung kch; ti trng un gy ton vin; v cng lp mt theo TCVN 6065:1995 p dng vi gch
ximng lt nn;
2.3. Nghin cu thc nghim
tin hnh nghin cu thc nghim m hnh n nh ha rn, tc gi thc hin cc m hnh sau:
- TN1. Thc nghin m hnh xc nh nh hng ca kch thc ht bn n cng nn
ca khi n nh ha rn.
- TN2. Thc nghim m hnh xc nh nh hng ca kch thc ht bn n bn nn v
hm lng kim loi nng ca cc khi va phi trn xi mng:bn.
- TN3. Thc nghim m hnh xc nh nh hng ca kch thc ht bn n bn nn v
hm lng kim loi nng ca cc khi va phi trn xi mng:bn:c.
- TN4. Thc nghin m hnh xc nh nh hng ca kch thc ht bn n bn nn v
hm lng kim loi nng ca cc khi va phi trn xi mng:bn:ct:.
- TN5. Thc nghim m hnh nghin cu tn dng bn kim loi lm gch lt ng.
- TN6. Thc nghim m hnh nghin cu nh hng ca nhit trong qu trnh sn xut
bt mu [6,7,10].

Hnh 1a. Chun b mu bn

Trang 56

Hnh 1b. Chun b ng gch

Hnh 1c. Nung bt mu gm s

TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 10, SO 01 - 2007

Hnh 1. Mt s hnh nh v m hnh n nh ha rn trong x l bn thi bng kim loi

3. KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN

3.1. Thc nghim m hnh xc nh nh hng ca kch thc ht bn n cng nn
ca khi n nh ha rn phi trn gia bn v xi mng
Bng 1. M hnh xc nh nh hng ca kch thc ht bn xi m n khi n nh ha rn
K hiu mu

T l xi mng : bn

Kch thc ht bn: b < 0,16 mm

V11
20 : 80
V12
40 : 60
Kch thc ht bn: 0,16 mm < b < 1 mm
V21
20 : 80
V22
30 :70
V23
40 : 60
Kch thc ht bn: 1 mm < b < 5 mm
V31
30 :70
V32
40 : 60
Kch thc ht bn: 5 mm < b < 9,5 mm
V41
30 :70
V42
40 : 60

Xi mng (kg)

Bn (kg)

Nc (l)

0,6
2,0

3,0
3,0

1,8
2,2

0,6
1,3
1,8

3,0
3,0
2,8

1,3
1,2
1,2

1,3
1,8

3,0
2,8

1,2
1,2

1,3
1,8

3,0
2,8

1,2
1,2

Bng 2. M hnh xc nh nh hng ca kch thc ht bn thuc da n khi n nh ha rn

K hiu mu

T l xi mng : bn : ct

Kch thc ht bn: b < 0,16mm

C11
20 : 50 : 30
C12
30 : 40 : 30
Kch thc ht b: 0,16mm < b < 1mm
C21
20 : 50 : 30
C22
30 : 40 : 30
C23
20 : 60 : 20
Kch thc ht bn: 1mm < b < 5mm
C31
20 : 50 : 30
C32
30 : 40 : 30
Kch thc ht bn: 5mm < b < 9,5mm
C41
20 : 50 : 30
C42
30 : 40 : 30
C43
20 : 60 : 20

Xi mng
(kg)

Bn (kg)

Ct (kg)

Nc (l)

1,20
1,6521

3,00
2,20

1,80
1,65

1,20
1,60

1,2
1,5
1,0

3,0
2,0
3,0

1,8
1,5
1,0

1,0
1,0
1,5

1,2
1,5

3,0
2,0

1,8
1,5

1,3
1,0

1,20
1,65
1,00

3,00
2,20
3,00

1,80
1,65
1,00

0,80
0,80
1,00

3.2. Thc nghim m hnh xc nh nh hng ca kch thc ht bn n bn nn v

hm lng kim loi nng ca cc khi va phi trn xi mng:bn
Bng 3. Kt qu n nh ha rn ca cc khi va phi trn xi mng: bn
Stt

Mu

T l

1
2

V11
V12

20 : 80
40 : 60

Kch thc
(mm)
< 0.16
< 0.16

3
4
5
6

V21
V22
V23
V31

20 : 80
30 :70
40 : 60
30 :70

0.16 1.0
0.16 1.0
0.16 1.0
1 5.0

17.0

Nng Cr3+
(mg/l)
0.15
0.14

8.3
12.4
17.6

12.19
0.27
0.17
3.24

bn nn
(kg/cm2)

Nng Ni2+
(mg/l)
31.27
27.15
31.83
9.18

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TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 10, S 01 - 2007

7
8
9

V32
V41
V42

40 : 60
30 :70
40 : 60

1 5.0
5 9.5
5 9.5

39.9
23.4
26.3

4.40
22.66
20.01

4.50
-

Tiu chun v bn nn v nng Cr3+, Ni2+ trnh by trong mc 2.2

Da vo th ta thy cng nn ca mu t gi tr cao nht t l xi mng : bn l 40 :
60 ng vi kch thc 1 mm < b < 5 mm (M = 39,9 kg/cm2) v thp nht t l 30 : 70 vi kch
thc 0,16mm < b < 1mm (M = 8,3 kg/cm2). So snh vi TCVN 4314 : 2003 ta thy trong cc mu
trn ch c mu V22 l khng t yu cu v bn nn ca mu va ( M = 8,3 kg/cm2, Mtc = 10
kg/cm2). Qua bng 2 c th thy vi cng mt t l phi trn 30 : 70 nhng ch mu c kch thc
1mm < b < 5mm v kch thc 5mm < b < 9,5mm t yu cu bn nn ca mu va chng t
kch thc ca ht bn nh hng ti qu trnh n nh ha rn.
45
40
bn nn kg/cm2

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0,16 < b < 1

1<b<5
Kch thc ht mm
40 : 60

5 < b < 9,5

30 : 70

Hnh 1. th cng nn ca cc khi va phi trn ximng:bn cc kch thc ht bn khc nhau

Trong cc mu th nghim, c ba mu khng t ch tiu hm lng Cr3+ theo tiu chun TCLP
ca M (5 mg/l) mc d bn nn tng i cao v ba mu ph hp vi tiu chun r r nhng
khng t tiu chun v bn. Trong cc mu t r r cn li, ch c 1 mu (V32) t bn
nn cao nht v ph hp vi tiu chun v r r ( bn nn: 39.9 kg/cm2, hm lng Crm: 4.40
mg/l).
25

50

22.66

20.01

39.9

40

15

30

o ben nen (kg/cm2)

Non g o crom (mg/l)

20

12.19

10

26.3
23.4

20

17.6

17

TCLP

12.4

4.4

10

8.3

3.24

0.15

0.27

0.14

0.17

Mau

V11

V12

V21

V22

V23

V31

V32

V41

V42

Mau

Hnh 2. Bin thin nng Cr3+ ca cc mu

V11

V12

V21

V22

V23

V31

V32

V41

V42

Hnh 3. Bin thin cng nn ca cc mu

3.3. Thc nghim m hnh xc nh nh hng ca kch thc ht bn n bn nn v

hm lng kim loi nng ca cc khi va phi trn xi mng:bn:ct
Bng 4. Kt qu n nh ha rn ca cc khi va phi trn xi mng:bn:ct
Stt

Mu

T l

1
2

C11
C12

20 : 50 : 30
30 : 40 : 30

Trang 58

Kch thc
(mm)
< 0.16
< 0.16

bn nn
(kg/cm2)
23.50
53.84

Nng Cr3+ Nng Ni2+

(mg/l)
(mg/l)
8.45
10.63

TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 10, SO 01 - 2007

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

C21
C22
C23
C31
C32
C41
C42
C43

20 : 50 : 30
30 : 40 : 30
20 : 60 : 20
20 : 50 : 30
30 : 40 : 30
20 : 50 : 30
30 : 40 : 30
20 : 60 : 20

0.16 1.0
0.16 1.0
0.16 1.0
1 5.0
1 5.0
5 9.5
5 9.5
5 9.5

40.00
47.00
23.30
44.50
27.00
25.00
37.19
19.40

12.19
16.82
10.81
0.15
0.25
1.03
0.10
8.86

36.51
19.25
-

Tiu chun v bn nn v nng Cr3+, Ni2+ trnh by trong mc 2.2

Da vo th ta thy, i vi mu phi trn gia xi mng : bn : ct th cng nn ca mu
sau 28 ngy t gi tr tt nht t l 30 : 40 : 30 ng vi kch thc < 0,16mm (M = 53,84
kg/cm2), v thp nht t l 20 : 60 : 20 ng vi kch thc 5mm < b < 9,5mm (M = 19,40
kg/cm2). So snh vi TCVN 4314 : 2003 quy nh i vi va xy dng th cc mu u t tiu
chun quy nh (M > 10 kg/cm2). Bn cnh , ta cng thy rng cng mt t l nhng vi mi
kch thc khc nhau, cng nn ca cc mu cng khc nhau. iu ny chng t c s nh
hng ca kch thc cc ht bn n cng nn ca khi n nh ha rn.
60

bn nn kg/cm2

50
40
30
20
10
0
< 0,16

0,16 < b < 1

1 <b <5

5 < b < 9,5

Kch thc ht mm
20:50:30

30:40:30

20 : 60 : 20

Hnh 4. th cng nn ca cc khi va phi trn ximng:bn:ct cc kch thc ht bn khc nhau
60

20

53.84

16.82

50
47
44.5

15
40

40

37.19

10.81

10.63

o ben nen (kg/cm2)

Non g o Crom (mg/l)

12.19

30

10
8.86

8.45

TCLP

27
25
23.5

23.3
19.4

20

10

1.03
0.15

0.25

C31

C32

0.1

Mau

C11

C12

C21

C22

C23

C41

C42

C43

Hnh 4. Bin thin nng Cr3+ ca cc mu

Mau

C11

C12

C21

C22

C23

C31

C32

C41

C42

C43

Hnh 5. Bin thin cng nn ca cc mu

3.4. Thc nghim m hnh xc nh nh hng ca kch thc ht bn n bn nn v

hm lng kim loi nng ca cc khi va phi trn xi mng:bn:ct:
Bng 5. Kt qu n nh ha rn ca cc khi va phi trn xi mng:bn:ct:
Mu
B11
B12
B13
B14

T l bn
thay ct
20 %
50 %
100 %
0%

Xi mng
(kg)
0,88
0,98
0,98
0,88

Bn
(kg)
0,32
0,90
1,80
-

Ct
(kg)
1,28
0,90
1,80

(kg)
4,10
4,50
4,50
4,50

Nc
(kg)
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00

bn nn
(kg/cm2)
57
69
42
369

r r ca
Cr3+ (mg/l)
0,56
9,79
12,60
-

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TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 10, S 01 - 2007

Khi s dng bn thay ct, cng nn ca khi n nh ha rn gim i rt nhiu. Khi khng
s dng bn thay ct th cng nn ca khi b tng rt cao (369 kg/cm2), t tiu chun quy
nh i vi b tng(1) nhng khi s dng bn thay ct, cng nn ca khi n nh ha rn gim
v khng tiu chun quy nh i vi b tng. V vy khng nn s dng bn thay th ct khi
phi trn b tng.
o ro r cua Crom

mg/l
14

kg/cm2

12.6

12

350

9.79

10

300
250

200

150

4
2

Bien thien o ben nen cua cac mau

400

100

0.56

Mau B11

50

B12

B13

Ma u

B14

Hnh 6. Bin thin nng Cr3+ ca cc mu

B11

B12

B13

B14

Hnh 7. Bin thin cng nn ca cc mu

Da vo th ta thy, trong 3 mu ch c 1 mu t tiu chun hm lng crm theo tiu

chun TCLP l B11 (0,56 mg/l). V trong 3 mu c phn tch, khng c mu no t tiu chun
v bn nn. iu ny cho thy, khng nn n nh ha rn bn bng cch phi trn b tng v
hiu qu khng cao v chi ph x l th tn km.
3.5. Thc nghim m hnh nghin cu tn dng bn kim loi lm gch lt ng
Sau khi th nghim bn nn ca cc khi n nh ha rn, s dng t l n nh ha rn c
bn nn cao nht ca cc khi va em phi trn lm gch block 20 v 30. Sau em gch i
th cc ch tiu c l.
Mi vin gch c thc hin vi 3 lp: lp mu, lp h kh v lp h t. Trong lp h
t c phi trn theo t l tt nht c rt ra t cc kt qu t m hnh n nh ha rn. Thnh
phn nguyn liu lm gch c trnh by trong bng 5.
Bng 6. Thnh phn phi trn nguyn liu lm gch

block
Xi
Bt
Mu Nc
Xi
mng

(g)
(ml)
mng
trng
(g)
en (g)
(g)
Thnh phn phi trn nguyn liu lm gch block 20
Mu
300
300
15
200
H kh
100
H t
300
400
Thnh phn phi trn nguyn liu lm gch block 30
Mu
300
300
15
200
H kh
100
H t
350
300

Ct
(g)

Bn
(g)

400
-

600

400
300

600

Hnh 8. Gch block c phi trn t xi

mng:bn:ct

3.6. Thc nghim m hnh nghin cu nh hng ca nhit trong qu trnh sn xut
bt mu [7]

(1)

Tiu chun xi mng Pooc lng ca Vit Nam

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TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 10, SO 01 - 2007

Mu bn thi c cho vo nc ngm trong 2 gi. Sau nc, cho vo ni nung bng t, b
vo t nung v nung trong thi gian 24 gi ly ra ngui, cho vo bnh ht m trong 1h, em cn, nghin
mu v ry kch thc 0,076 mm. Thnh phn khi lng bn thi trc v sau khi nung nh sau:
Bng 7. Thnh phn khi lng bn thi trc v sau khi nung
Mu

Nhit nung (0C)

KL trc khi nung

(g)

KL sau khi nung (g)

1
2
3

670
1.100
1.100

269
234
206

99
89
90

Hnh 9. Bn thuc da nung 1.100oC

Hnh 10. Bn xi m nung 1.100oC

4. CC KT LUN CHNH T KT QU NGHIN CU

Kch thc ht bn nh hng rt ln n kh nng n nh ha rn. Xt v mt kinh t v
bn nn nn chn t l phi trn ximng:bn l 40:60 cho cc loi bn c kch thc 15mm v
30:70 cho cc loi bn c kch thc 59mm.
Thnh phn va gm xi mng:bn:ct tt nht nn chn t l phi trn 30:40:30 cho kch thc
ht bn <0,16mm. t l ny bn nn ca khi va t gi tr ln nht (53,84kg/cm2) nhng
lng bn x l ch chim 40% khi lng. Lng bn x l t hiu qu cao hn khi kch thc ht
bn nm trong khong 15mm v khi t l phi trn t 20:50:30 (ximng:bn:ct) v bn nn
tng i cao (44,50kg/cm2). Tm li, vi thnh phn bn c kch thc nh (<1mm) nn chn t l
phi trn l 30:40:30 cn vi thnh phn bn c kch thc ln (>1mm) nn chn t l phi trn l
20:50:30 v cc t l ny khi va c bn nn cao v khi lng bn x l ln.
Khng nn s dng m hnh n nh ha rn s dng xi mng, bn, ct, v khng t ch tiu
bn nn cng nh ch tiu r r.
Xt v hiu qu kinh t, x l bn thi bng phng php n nh ng rn vi thnh phn phi
trn l xi mng-bn vi kch thc l ry bn (b): 1mm < b < 5 mm c gi thnh l 1.303.000 ng
v 1.803.000 ng vi thnh phn phi trn l xi mng-bn-ct v kch thc l ry (b) : 1mm < b
< 5 mm.
Tnh ton chi ph x l bn thi bng phng php n nh ha rn da trn kt qu ti u ca
qu trnh nghin cu l t l phi trn gia xi mng v Bn l 40 : 60; vi kch thc l ry bn
(b): 1mm < b < 5 mm v t l phi trn gia xi mng, bn, ct, ln lt l 30 : 40 : 30; vi kch
thc l ry bn (b): 1mm < b < 5 mm. Bn cnh , sn phm sau khi n nh ng rn c th tn
dng lm gch lt ng v lm cht mu gm s.
Mt s nh hng cho cc nghin cu tip theo:
- Khuyn khch vic nghin cu thu hi kim nng t nc thi;
- Tip tc nghin cu nh hng ca thnh phn hu c v hm lng ca mt s mui kim
loi trong bn ly t h thng x l nc thi bng phng php n nh ha rn ti sn phm ha
rn (b tng);
- Tip tc nghin cu m hnh n nh ha rn phi trn va vi nhiu t l na sao cho chi
ph n nh ha rn l thp nht;

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TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 10, S 01 - 2007

- Tip tc nghin cu kh nng ng dng bn thi cha kim loi nng lm gch v cht mu,
v theo hng ny s gim c chi ph x l bn v mang li li ch kinh t rt cao.

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF STABILIZATION/SOLIDIFICATION

(S/S) PROCESS IN TREATMENT AND REUSE OF SLUDGE/SEDIMENTS
CONTAINING HEAVY METALS
Le Thanh Hai
Institute for Environment & Resources, VNU-HCM
ABSTRACT: This paper mentions the development and application of solidification /
stabilization (S/S) process in management of sludge/sediment containing heavy metals; The
experimental Lab-model was set up for studying the S/S process with sludge containing heavy
metals taken from wastewater treatment plants at electroplating and tannery factories. The results
obtained from the experiments were then evaluated and discussed, and finally, technical measures
for reuse of sludge containing heavy metals for producing brick and ceramic colourants were
recomended.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Charles M.Wilk, Applying solification/stabilitization treatment to brownfield projects,
(2002).
[2]. K.S Sajwan et al, Assessing the feasibility of land application of fly ask, sewage sludge
and their mixtures, (2002).
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[4]. Nguyn Quc Bnh, Nghin cu tnh cht ca bn khoan v tro sinh ra t qu trnh t
rc du kh-Kin ngh bin php qun l, Tuyn tp bo co Hi ngh khoa hc v Cng
ngh ln th 8, HBK-HQG-HCM, (2002).
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tnh ng Nai & xut cng ngh x l, Hi Tho cng ngh x l v qun l cht thi cng
nghip nguy hi cho vng kinh t trng im pha Nam, (2000).
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nh my ha cht Tn Bnh, Hi tho mi trng 2000 v khoa hc v cng ngh mi
trng, TP.H Ch Minh, (2000).
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Bn Xy Dng H Ni, (2004).
[8]. Nguyn ng Anh Thi, Nghin cu phng n x l bn kim loi sinh ra t h thng x
l nc thi xi m, Lun vn cao hc, (2001).
[9]. Lm Minh Trit-L Thanh Hi, Gio trnh Qun L Cht Thi Nguy Hi, Nh xut bn
Xy Dng, (2006).
[10]. Nguyn Trung Vit, Nguyn Ngc Chu, Kho st, nh gi hin trng x l nc thi cha
kim loi nng t cc c s, x nghip va v nh trn a bn thnh ph H Ch Minh, nghin
cu kh nng thu hi ti s dng kim loi, Trng i hc Vn Lang, (2005)
[11]. Trn Th Lin, Nghin cu hon thin cng ngh x l bn khoan v tro sinh ra t qu
trnh t rc du kh theo hng tn dng lm vt liu xy dng, Vin Mi Trng v Ti
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[12]. Cc b tiu chun TCVN 5501-1991, TCVN 6663:2000, TCVN 5979:1995, TCVN
3118:1993, TCVN 6065:1995, TCVN 3121-11:2003, v TCVN 4314:2003.

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