CAC CONG THC GIAI NHANH

Viec nam cac cong thc nay se giup giai nhanh cac bai toan. ay la cac bai toan thng gap trong cac ky thi ai hoc, ma neu giai theo cach thong thng se lam th sinh mat nhieu thi gian. 1) Tnh lng ket tua xuat hien khi hap thu het mot lng CO2 vao dung dch Ca(OH)2 hoac Ba(OH)2 Cong thc:
n = O n n H
C 2 O

V du 1: Hap thu het 7,84 lt CO2 (kc) vao 300ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c Giai nCO = 035mol
2

nBa(OH)

n = 0,6 0,35 = 0,25mol = 0,3mol m = 197.0,35 = 49,25gam

** Lu y: ay n = 0,25mol < nCO2 = 0,35mol , nen ket qua tren phu hp. Ta can phai kiem tra lai v neu Ba(OH)2 dung d th khi o n = nCO ma khong phu thuoc vao nOH . Tom lai, khi s dung cong
2

thc tren, can nh ieu kien rang buoc gia n va nCO2 la n nCO2 . 2) Tnh lng ket tua xuat hien khi hap thu het mot lng CO2 vao dung dch cha hon hp gom NaOH va Ca(OH)2 hoac Ba(OH)2 Cong thc: Tnh
nCO 2 =OH n n
3

C 2 O

roi so sanh vi nCa2+ hoac nBa2+ e

xem chat nao phan ng het. V du 2: Hap thu het 6,72 lt CO2 (kc) vao 300ml dung dch hon hp gom NaOH 0,1M va Ba(OH)2 0,6M. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c Giai nNaOH = 0,03mol nCO2 = 0,39 0,3 = 0,09mol 3 nBa(OH) = 0,18mol 2 nCO = 0,3mol
2

Ma nBa2+ = 0,18mol nen n = 0,09mol.

Vay m = 0,09.197 = 17,73gam . ** Lu y: Tng t nh cong thc tren, trong trng hp nay cung co ieu kien rang buoc gia nCO2 va nCO la nCO2 nCO .
3 2 3 2

3) Tnh the tch CO2 can hap thu het vao mot dung dch Ca(OH)2 hoac Ba(OH)2 e thu c mot lng ket tua theo yeu cau Dang nay phai co hai ket qua.
nCO = n 2 nCO2 = nOH n

Cong thc:

V du 3: Hap thu het V lt CO (kc) vao 300ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M c 19,7 gam ket tua. Tm V Giai nCO = n = 0,1mol V = 2,24lt 2 ,2lt nCO2 = nOH n = 0,6 0,1= 0,5mol V = 11 4) Tnh the tch dung dch NaOH can cho vao dung dch Al3+ e xuat hien mot lng ket tua theo yeu cau Dang nay phai co hai ket qua
nOH =3.n nOH = 4.nAl +3 n

Cong thc:

V du 4: Can cho bao nhieu lt dung dch NaOH 1M vao dung dch cha 0,5 mol AlCl3 e c 31,2 gam ket tua. Giai nOH = 3.n = 3.0,4mol V = 1 ,2lt ,6mol V = 1 ,6lt nOH = 4.nAl3+ n = 2 0,4 = 1 V du 5: Can cho mot the tch dung dch NaOH 1M ln nhat la bao nhieu vao dung dch cha ong thi 0,6mol AlCl3 va 0,2mol HCl e xuat hien 39gam ket tua. Giai

Lu y rang trng hp nay can them mot lng NaOH e trung hoa HCl. Mat khac, e tnh the tch dung dch NaOH ln nhat nen ch can xet gia tr nOH (max) = 4nAl3+ n nOH (ca) = nHCl + (4.nAl3+ n ) = 0,2 + (2,4 0,5) = 2,1mol n V = 2,1 lt. 5) Tnh the tch dung dch HCl can cho vao dung dch Na[Al(OH)4] (hoac NaAlO2) e xuat hien mot lng ket tua theo yeu cau Dang nay phai co hai ket qua
nH+ =n nH+ =4.n[Al(OH)]4 3.n

Cong thc:

V du 6: Can cho bao nhieu lt dung dch HCl 1M vao dung dch cha 0,7mol Na[Al(OH)4] e thu c 39 gam ket tua? Giai nH+ = n = 0,5mol V = 0,5lt ,3mol V = 1 ,3lt nH+ = 4.n[Al(OH)4 ] 3.n = 1 V du 7: The tch dung dch HCl 1M cc ai can cho vao dung dch cha ong thi 0,1mol NaOH va 0,3mol Na[Al(OH)4] la bao nhieu e xuat hien 15,6gam ket tua? Giai Tng t nh v du 5, ta co: nH+ (ca) = nNaOH + (4.n[Al(OH) n
4]

3.n ) = 0,7mol V = 0,7 lt.

6) Tnh khoi lng muoi nitrat thu c khi cho hon hp cac kim loai tac dung vi HNO3 (khong co s tao thanh NH4NO3)
= 6. . + n . 0 Cong thc: m m +2(3n + + 8n 1.n ) (khong tao kh nao th so mol kh o bang khong)
Mo u i K la im oi N O N O NO N
2 2 2

V du 8: Hoa tan 10 gam ran X gom Al, Mg, Zn bang HNO3 va u c dung dch cha m gam muoi va 5,6 lt NO (kc) la san pham kh duy nhat. Tm m. Giai

mMuo = 10 + 62.3. i

5,6 = 56,5gam 22,4

7) Tnh khoi lng muoi sunfat thu c khi cho hon hp cac kim loai tac dung vi H2SO4 ac, nong giai phong kh SO2. Cong thc:
mM o mKimlo+ 6 S = a 9. O n u i i
2

V du 9: Hoa tan het 10gam ran X gom Al, Mg, Cu bang H2SO4 ac, nong va u, c dung dch cha m gam muoi va 10,08 lt SO2 (kc). Tm m. Giai 10,08 mMuo = 10 + 96. = 53,2gam i 22,4 8) Tnh lng muoi thu c khi cho hon hp sat va cac oxit sat tac dung vi HNO3 d giai phong kh NO. Cong thc:
mMuo = i 22 4 (m + 2 .nNO 4 ) 8 ho hp 0 n

V du 10: Hoa tan het 12 gam ra X gom Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 trong HNO3 loang d c dung dch cha m gam muoi va 2,24 lt NO (kc). Tm m. Giai mMuo = i 242 2,24 (12 + 24. ) = 43,56gam 80 22,4

** Lu y: Vi dang nay, cho du hon hp au la bao nhieu chat trong so cac chat (Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4) cung eu cho ket qua nh nhau. That vay. V du 11: Nung m gam bot sat trong oxi d c 3 gam hon hp ran X. Hoa tan het X trong HNO3 loang d c 0,448 lt NO (kc). Co can dung dch sau phan ng c bao nhieu gam ran khan? Giai Du X la bao nhieu chat, ta luon co: mMuo = i 242 0,448 (3+ 24. ) = 10,527gam 80 22,4

9) Tnh khoi lng muoi thu c khi hoa tan het hon hp gom Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 bang HNO3 ac, nong d giai phong kh NO2.

Tng t nh van e a xet tren, hon hp a cho khong nhat thiet phai la 4 chat, ma ch la 2 hoac 3 trong 4 chat tren th khoi lng muoi van c tnh theo cong thc:
mMuo = i 22 4 (m + 8 NO ) .n 8 ho hp 0 n

V du 12: Hoa tan het 6 gam ran X gom Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 trong HNO3 ac, nong d c 3,36 lt NO2 (kc). Co can dung dch sau phan ng c bao nhieu gam muoi khan? Giai mMuo = i 242 3,36 (6 + 8. ) = 21 ,78gam 80 22,4

V du 13: Dan mot luong CO qua ong ng Fe2O3 nung nong thu c 9 gam ran X. Hoa tan het X trong HNO3 ac, nong d c 3,92 lt NO2 (kc). Co can dung dch sau phan ng c bao nhieu gam muoi khan? Giai Du X la bao nhieu chat, ta luon co: mMuo = i ** Lu y: Vi dang toan nay, HNO3 phai d e muoi thu c toan la muoi Fe(III). Khong c noi HNO3 va u, v co the phat sinh kha nang sat con d do HNO3 a het se tiep tuc tan het do kh Fe(III) ve Fe(II). Khi o e se khong con chnh xac na. Neu giai phong hon hp NO va NO2, cong thc tnh muoi la
22 4 mMuo = (mho hp 2 .nNO 8 NO) + 4+ .n i 8 0 n

242 3,92 (9 + 8. ) = 31 ,46gam . 80 22,4

10) Tnh khoi lng muoi thu c khi hoa tan het hon hp gom Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 bang H2SO4 ac, nong d giai phong kh SO2 Tng t tren, hon hp a xet ay khong nhat thiet phai u 4 chat. Cong thc:
mMuo = i 40 0 (m n + 1 .nSO ) 6 1 0 ho hp 6

V du 14: Hoa tan 30 gam ran X gon FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 bang H2SO4 ac, nong d c 11,2 lt SO2 (kc). Co can dung dch sau phan ng c bao nhieu gam muoi khan?

Giai mMuo = i 400 11 ,2 (30 + 16. ) = 95gam 160 22,4

11) Tnh khoi lng sat a dung ban au, biet oxi hoa lng sat nay bang oxi c hon hp ran X. Hoa tan het ran X trong HNO3 loang d c NO. Thc ra, dang nay da vao cong thc (8) mMuo = i 242 1 (mho hp + 24.nNO ) nFe(NO ) = (mho hp + 24.nNO ) n n 3 3 80 80 1 (m n + 24.nNO ) 80 ho hp
mFe = 5 6 (m+ 2 .nNO 4 ) 8 ho hp 0 n

nFe = nFe(NO ) =
3 3

V du 15: ot m gam sat trong oxi c 3 gam hon hp ran X. Hoa tan het X trong HNO3 loang d c 0,56 lt NO (kc). Tm m. Giai mFe = 56 0,56 (3+ 24. ) = 2,52gam 80 22,4

V du 16: Chia 12 gam ran X gom Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 va Fe3O4 lam 2 phan bang nhau. Dan mot luong CO d qua phan nung nong c m gam sat. Hoa tan het phan 2 trong HNO3 loang d c 1,12 lt NO (kc).

Tm m. Giai mFe = 56 1 ,12 (6 + 24. ) = 5,04gam 80 22,4

** Trong khuon kho co han, chung toi ch neu mot so cong thc ac trng thng gap trong cac bai tap tuyen sinh ai hoc. Hoc sinh co the van dung them cac nh luat (bao toan khoi lng, bao toan electron) e t trang b them cac cong thc cho rieng mnh.