1

, 118, 2001, , 56-66

I

I I II I

ov v v o . oov
v ovv v v vv v
v. o ovv, vo o
o o, ovv
. o v ov ov.
oovo v v oov v v ov
v. vv v v v v vv
v o, v, v. (Hughes, 1991, 71).
o o v o v v
(Fennema &Sherman, 1978; Burton, 1986; 1990, Hughes, 1991).
o oov v ov o o
o oo v ovov v o
v o o o vo v v oooov a v
o . v v ovv v v
, ov o v oov o
oo. ovv o-ov, o, voo v o
ov- ov v o v ov
. v o vvo o v v o
ov o ov o v
vov v o o v v vv v v v
v ov (Fox, 1980, 195).
o v v oo v v o v ov
1

.(oov o, o o ...). o o
o v o o o o ov
o, v vo o o oov v vov
oo o.
Gaby Weiner (1980) ov o v o
v v . 1). vo ov. v oo
vo/ooo ov ov v o

2).

ovvooo ov. v oo o .
3). o o. ov o oo o ov o
v v ov v v o v
v o o. 4). v v vv .
ov oo ooo ov o oov v vov v
o v ov . o o ovv ov
o ooo vov v o oo o vov
. o oo o v ov o
ov o oo. o o v oo oov
ov o v o oo vo o
o v, oo v o vvov .
(Fennema & Sherman, 1978; Tracy, 1987). o o v
o o v ov v ov v v ov
v ov v v, v v o
o o. v o o v v v vv
o o o o v vvv o ov v v
v v v vvov ov.
Schratz (978) ov o ovv o v v v ov
o v v o vov
ooo o vov, ov o o ovvo ov.
o vov v ov o o v vv ovv o.
2

ovv oo ooo o o v v v vo o
o o o .
Weitzman Rizzo (1974) vv v v o oo
v v. o vo o ov o o.
o oovv o o
oov v v vov v . Federbush (1974) o
. o o o v o o o v
o o o o ovv v v
. Kepner Koehn (1977) vv 24 v.
ov v o v v vo o o ooo voovv
o o v o o vov (51%).
vooo v o ov v
o vo o v o vo. O braham (1989) v
v v 192 vo 100 vo. v
oovv v, , . v o v
oovv v . Walkerdine (1989) v o
v o oo o vo. o oo o
v oov o ov. o vo o o v
vv v v v o 93.2% o
vo. v o Obura (1991) v v o oo
v v. o v ov . v vv o
oov

o . v o oovv v ov

ov v oo . o
o v o v v

Rogers (1975), Winifred Jay (1977),

Steiner(1985), Griffiths (1986), Tierney (1986), Nibbelink, Stockdale Mangru (1986),

Northam (1987) Garcia, Harrison Torres (1990).
v v ov o (1982) vv
v oo vo. o v o
v v v, o vo o v vov v vv.
3

o o oovv v v vo
(11%) o.

I I I I II
v v oov o o vo o.
o ov v 1 o v vv o oov v
v v 477 (83.5%) v v vv 94 (16.5%). vo
oov o . ov 421 (36%) o 750
(64%) .
v 1. v v vv vv v
I
1
2
3
4
5
6

v
v
%
v
v
%
v o
o
%
v o
o
o
v
%

v
%
o o
o
%
o
o
%

2
100

7
33.3

23
21.5

7
10

20
18.1

35
13.4

94
16.5

14
66.7
-

84
81.5
-

63
90
-

90
81.9
-

226
86.6
-

477
83.5
-

41
50.6
40
49.4
-

140
46.5
161
53.5
-

87
33.9
169
66.1
-

51
38.1
83
61.9
-

35
20.3
137
79.7
-

67
29.5
160
70.5
-

421
36
750
64
-

v o v vo vv vv v o
oov v v v. o o
ov 2 v vv v v o v ov
4

vv v ov 41 o 40 . v o vo o v
vo v v . ov 515 (29.5%)
vo o vo o 1227 (70.5%) o v o.

v vov o vo o o oo o v.
v 2 o ov 387 (62.6%) vo v 232 (37.4%)
v v.o v o v vov o
o o o. o vvo o o vo
v vov. o o

v v vv o

vo . v v vv v ovo
v v o v v oov o
o v . o o v v
v 42 v o o vo v 9. o o
v v v 158 o o vo
v 54. o ov o v vov o
o vo o v vov o o o o o
v v o. ov o vo o
v v v vv o v.
v oov v o v v, vv
o. v v v o v v o o
v o v v.

v 2. v vv vv vv
I
1
2
3
4
5
6
v v
%
vo v
%

13
52
12
48

61
47 2
68
52.8

52
41 9
72
58.1

36
35 6
65
64.4

27
27 8
70
72.2

43
30
100
70

232
37 4
387
62.6
5

II
II
v oo o ov v 3 vov 52(46.4%) v
60(53.6%) v v oov o o o . o o
ov o vo o o o v (31 v
vv 14 vv). ov o o o o v v o.
v o o o v ov v v v o v
vov v ov ov v o. o v
o ov o o o o o
o . ov v o vv o.
o o o voo o v (61, 83)1
v v .
o o o (61, 84).
v o.
o o o (62, 63).
o v v .
v o o 100 (61, 26).
v o o
o 4 (12, 88).

I
ov

ov
vv

v 3. ovv vo
1
2
3
4
5

2
100

4
80

12
50

6
60

14
53.9

14
31.1

52
46.4

1
20

12
50

4
40

12
46.1

31
68.9

60
53.6

o v , o o o o o o o
o
6

vv
%

1
50

1
3.7

1
5

2
6.4

2
3.2

7
5

vv

1
50

26
96.3

19
95

29
93.6

60
96.8

135
95

II I
o v v ovo v. v
ov v 3 ov 135 (95%) vo ov o v vv vo 7
(5%) v o v vv. o v o
ov. ov 31 o vov o v 5 o vov
v. v oov v ov o o
o, o oo, o oo, o , o , o , o oo
oo o ov, o o, o oo, o o.
o v vov o ov o v o
. o v o o oov v ,
oo . o v v o o
v o oo oo v o v,
ovo o oo.
v v v ov v o
v v v v , ov o ooo o ov o
o v . v ov o o o v v
v v ov v.
2.150 v o 1.780. (42, 69).
v v o v v .
v 125.000 v o (61, 26).
v v o o vo ov oov.
o v oov vo v v
o v vvo v v oov o.
v oov o

o o o , 0,2 o o o

o, ... 1/5 o. v o oo o o
o (52,28).
7

ov v o o v v oo o. o v
v ovv o oovo v v ovv. v ov ,
o, , ov. v v vo oovo oo
ov v o v. v oov o.
oovo v v v v vo v o oo
o o o o o vo.
oo (32, 19).

v 4. v v o vov v
I
1
2
3
4
5
6

1
5
1
18
25

21

oo

14

10

oo

10

ov

11

12

13

14

15

16

ooo

17

vo

18

19

20

21

22

23

oovo

4
2

3
1

3
1

3
2

2
1

2
1

1
8

24

oo

25

26

27

28

oo

29

ovo

30

31

ov

oo

oo

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

I I
o ov v 5 ov o . v
vov o o o 102(93,6%) o 64
(85,35) . vo o v ov o . o o
v o o v. o oo vov
o o. o ov o vv o
v vv. v ov
o o . v vov o o, v ov,
v ov, v ov, v o v vov v o
oo o o.
v 5. ovv vo. o ovo
I
1
2
3
4
5
6

v
o
%

1
50

3
27.2

2
13.3

1
10

1
8.3

3
12

11
14.7

v
o
%

1
50

8
72.8

13
86.7

9
90

11
91.7

22
88

64
85.3
9

10

v o

v o
%
o o
oo
%
o
oo
%

2
100

1
100

4
100

1
100

8
100

4
57.1
3
42.8

6
100

3
60
2
40

7
38.9
11
61.1

v
o
%

1
50

1
5.9

2
11.1

1
5

2
3.8

7
6.4

v
o
%

1
50

16
94.1

16
88.9

19
95

50
96.2

102
93.6

I I
o v ov v v .
v ov v 6 o v vv ov . ov 270
(83,6%) v vv 53 (16,4%) . v vv ov
ooov v o vo v v.
o v vv oo v ov
o o ov o, o o, o o. v ov vo
o v v vo v ov o, ov vo o ov v oovo
v.
v vv oo v o ov o
v. oo v
.

I
vvv o
vov v
%
vvv o
vov v
%

v 6. vo
1
2
3
4

15

13

15

53

26.3
14

14

21.7
54

12.5
35

17.8
60

13.8
93

16.4
270

73.7

100

78.3

87.5

82.2

85.2

83.6

10

11

v o
vov v
%
v o
vov v
%

4
100

I
v v v v ov o o o.
v ov v o v .
v oov o o .

v vv v o. o v , (51, 100), v
(62, 67), (52, 94), (52, 10).
o ooov o v v o.
v v (42,65).
v v v o .
, (61, 19).
v o o o , v o vov
o .
o oo. (62, 118).
o ov

vov o v ov

o . o ov o o o
v v ov v v v ovo vo
v v . o v ov 49
o v 20. v ov
v o v vv v o . ov
oo, (61, 81), vov oo (62, 5), ov (61, 54), ovvov v (62, 141)
, ov , , vov , oov (51, 87).
o v ov
40% v vv v o v o 255 v v
11

12

o v (62, 103).
o oov o v (52, 53) oovoov v
oov o.
v o o

(31, 26) o o oo

o v v v (41, 85).
v oo o ov o o v
voov o.
1.965 ov o , (41, 73).
v 15.800 (62, 35).
vov v vov v, ov o oo v
o v o o, v o vov o ov
o o. ov o oo ov
o .
vv ov v ov o o o o. (52, 92).
ov v 7 v vo o v ov o ovv
.. v ov o ovv (61, 59), v
oov (6 2, 117)., vov o o.
o o o oo 444 o o o.... (41, 91).
v v o v v v
oovov ov vv, ov o v v o
o.
o o v o voo. (62, 83). Iov vo (6 1, 53)
ov o (62, 77), ov o (61, 94), vov v
(62, 101), vov o (62, 101).
v ov ovv v o v v o .
v vo ov o , ov , oov
vov

v vov oovo ,

oovoov vov. v v v o
oov o .
12

13

v 7.
1
2
3

10

24

o
v

13

ov
o v

ov
o o v

v: v

11

o
v: v

ovv
v

11

28

1
-

6
-

5
-

9
-

21
-

ovv
o v

11

13

o v v v v ov
v v. ov vov v vov v
v vv v v o v o. v o v o v
vov o o. v vv o
v vo v vv. v ov v
o o v ov. v v ov v
ov v vov vo v vv. v v v o
ovv v oo ov: ,
v , o, oovo v . v
o oov vv v ov
13

14

o. v v o ov o o v oov
ov o v , o o o o
oo ov .
v vov v. v o v
vov v vo v oov v vov v.
v v ov v o o ooo v v o
v ov o v ov o ooo ov.
o v v v o v ov v v v o.
v v v vov vo o v
vv v ov o v v .
o oov v o o v
ov . v o, o oo ov
ovo, ov v. o o ooo ov
o , oov v oo ov, o ooo v
v ov. v v o v ovv.
v v v ov v oovo
o o o v vov v
o v o v v .

III

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