Phng php chia subnet bng cch m t ngn tay

Phng php chia da trn nguyn tc tnh nhm da trn s thp phn, (do mnh khng
thch nh cc s m cho lm), c th l xe bn tay m ngn tay, k ra th di dng
nhng theo mnh ngh l n s tin hn nu i thi khng c ci my tnh tnh. Nu c
g sai mong cc bn v cc thy ch gio thm.
u tin, mnh xe bn tay tri ra, a ngn tay ci p vo u ngn tay t, v chun b
m tng lng tay theo hng vo trong lng bn tay:
-m 1 trn u ngn t
-m 2 lng gia ngn t
-m 4 lng trong cng ngn t.
(v c th m theo hng t di ln cho cc ngn tay khc, tip tc nh)
-m 8
-m 16
-m 32
-m 64
-m 128 ( ci usb hi mnh mua y m)
-m 256 ( sau ny mnh cng c xi ci usb 256 ny ri)
-m 512 (ci usb 512 cng c xi qua ri y m)
-m 1024 (oa, cy RAM 1G thng bn mi khoe vi mnh hi ny, cha 1024M y)
-m 2048 (Hnh nh hm qua ra ca hng bn my vi tnh thy n c khuyn mi mua
CPU c tng cy RAM 2G, nghe n ni l 2048M)
-m 4096 (ci ny chc 4G lun y b con)
-m 8192 (8G lun ri)
Ht ngn tay ri b con i, kim tra li, oa, mnh m c 14 bit ri, cng xi ri,
nh nhiu qu tu ha nhp ma. Ph, m chng 15 ln mnh sp thuc lun ri. Ct bn
tay vo ti qun c ri, bun bun ly ra m chi, ng trong m, nguy him
lm. (Hm qua m hoi vn d 1 bit ri y, kaka)
B sung cho cc bit sau, ci ny khng nht thit phi nh lm:
Do ta nhn thy c mt quy tc l khi ht ngn tay cc bit tip theo vn l tng theo s G
quy lut trc nn ta c th nh.
-bit 15 = 16G
-bit 16 = 32G
-bit 17 = 64G
-bit 18 = 128G
-bit 19 = 256G
-bit 20 = 512G
-bit 21 = 1T
-bit 22 = 2T
-bit 23 = 4T
-bit 24 = 8T
(C th ghi nh l G = 1024, T= GxG, thay G vo cc s trn nhn nhp)

, hm nay thy ging v chia Subnet IP. Mt a ch IP c 32 bit c chia lm 4 octet,

mi octet c 8 bt. Thy cho 1 a ch IP lp C 192.168.1.0/24 yu cu chia lm nhiu
mng nh c cc s host nh sau 12, 75, 34, 5, 2. Khng yu cu b subnet u tin.
Oa, th th mnh tnh nhm xem no, -u tin mnh s tnh nhm xc nh s bit lm
host cho anh chng ln nht trc l 75 host. xe bn tay ra m 1 2 4 8 16 32 64, va
m va nhn 2 xem n c ln hn s host mnh cn cha, a, mnh nhn thy rng 64
x2=128(-2), n hn ri, dng li lng tay thi, th ra n bit th 7. Vy chc
chn l ta cn c 7 bt lm host cho ci mng 1 ny ri.
-C mt iu mnh nhn thy rng tnh s host th c ly gi tr ca bit k tip ca n 2 l ra s host, y s l bit 8 c gi tr 128-2=126 host, hay c th nhm tnh s host =
cch khc l ly gi tr ca bit subnet id cui cng -2 = s host c th s dng mng
ny, y l bit th 25 ca subnet id, ng thi cng l bt 8 c gi tr 128. => 1282=126 host
- Vic tm bc nhy ca subnet cng khng km phn quan trng, v s xc nh c
mng con tip theo. Nhng, li c mt quy lut mnh c th nhn thy l n cng tng
theo gi tr ca ci bt subnet id cui cng trn va ni ti, nhng gi tr ca n s c
tnh theo ch ring octet m n c tr. Lu : bc nhy ch th hin mc ghi nh, n
s nhy t mng ny qua mng khc, khng phi l a ch broadcast, mun ly a ch
broadcast ca subnet ny th ta ly a ch bc nhy k tip -1 =broadcast.
V d v bc nhy:
chia 1 mng con 172.16.0.0/19. Ta bit s mn 3 bt ca octet th 3 lm subnet id,
vy s mng con s c l:
3 bit 000xxxxx -> subnet 1: 172.16.0.0/19
3 bit 001xxxxx -> subnet 2: 172.16.32.0/19
3 bit 010xxxxx -> subnet 3: 172.16.64.0/19
3 bit 011xxxxx -> subnet 4: 172.16.96.0/19
v.v.vvvvvvv......
3 bit 111xxxxx -> subnet cui cng l 172.16.224.0/19 ->
Cc bn c thy rng octet th 3 mi ln s nhy ln 32 khng? v 32 c phi cng l
gi tr ca bt subnet id cui cng trong octet khng? -> vy c th xc nh ngay l
bc nhy ca mng con ny l 32. c th m chp ra thi, ti tnh g phi ngi m bit.
M khi xc nh c a ch bc nhy k tip ca mng th vic xc nh broadcast
th d dng ri. Khi xc nh c broadcast th tt nhin s host s lt gia 2 thng
subnet id v broadcast roi.
bi trc, Vy chng ta s c 2 mng y:
Subnet 1: 192.168.1.0/25->192.168.1.127/25(broadcast) vy s host c th xi cho mng
1 l 192.168.1.1/25--> 192.168.1.126/25, ch xi 75, cn nhiu dnh ngm.
Subnet 2:: 192.168.1.128->cha c xi, by gi mnh ly subnet 2 chia nh ra na cho
cc subnet k tip. Subnet tip theo cn 34 host, xe bn tay ra no, 1 2 4 8 16 32(va
m va nhn 2 xem c ln hn s host cn hay cha nhe). Oa, 32x2=64(-2) ln hn 34
ri, , lng tay dng bit th 6 vy mng ny cn 6 bt host ri, kim tra nhm ta thy v
tr bit subnet id nm v tr bt th 7 trong octet , c gi tr l 64, vy ta ghi nh bc

nhy l 64(nhc li, bc nhy ch vic nhy t subnet ny sang subnet khc, ko phi
l broadcast, mun tm a ch broadcast ta -1 l ra). Vy ta c cc mng con c chia ra
l:
Subnet 3: 192.168.1.128/26-> 192.168.1.191/26(broadcast), s host c th xi trong
mng t 192.168.1.129-> 192.168.1.190, ch s dng 34 host, cn li dnh ngm chi.
subnet 4: 192.168.1.192/26--> Cha xi, chia nh cho cc subnet k tip. Mng k tip
cn 12 host, xe bn tay tip m n 1 2 4 8, , 8x2=16(-2), ln hn 12, ok, lng tay
ang bt thu 4, vy l cn 4 bit lm host, cng nh cc ln trn ta d dng xc nh bc
nhy cho subnet tip theo s l 16, v ghi nh n, vy ta c cc subnet tip theo l:
subnet 5: 192.168.1.192/28 --> 192.168.1.207/28 (broadcast), s host c th s dng t
192.168.1.193/28 ->192.168.1.206/28, ch xi 12 host theo yu cu, cn li dnh lm
ca hi mn.
subnet 6: 192.168.1.208/28-->192.168.1.223/28 cha xi, chia nh cho subnet tip
theo.
subnet 7: 192.168.1.224/28-->192.168.1.239/28 cha xi. thng ny rnh qu rnh lun
subnet 8: 192.168.1.240/28--> 192.168.1.255/28 cha xi. thng ny cng qu rnh.
Ta tip tc chia cho mng subnet 6 cha xi, Mng k tip cn 5 host, dng nhn thy
cn 3 bt host v 1 2 4 thy rng 4 nhn 2 v (-2)=6 host >5 host, v bc nhy bt th 4
ca octet ny c gi tr l 8. ta c subnet l:
subnet 9: 192.168.1.208/29-->192.168.1.215/29(broadcast), so host c th s dng l
192.168.1.209/29-> 192.168.1.214/29, ch s dung 5 host, s host cn li dnh ngm
chi hoc dng sau, hihi.
subnet 10: 192.168.1.216/29-->192.168.1.223/29(broadcast) cha c dng
By gi chng ta cn mt mng con c 2 host, nn chia tip subnet 10 cha c dng
ti cho mng ny, m 1 2, thy 2 nhn 2 = 4(-2), cho 2 host nn ta ly 2 bit, bc
nhy nm bt th 3 trong octet nn c gi tr l 4(ghi nh thi), vy subnet 10 c
chia s l:
subnet 11: 192.168.1.216/30->192.168.1.219/30(broadcast,nhc li, xc nh s
broadcast ny = cch ly a ch ca mng con k tip -1), s host c th s dng l
192.168.1.217/30->192.168.1.218/30, dng 2 host ny.
subnet 12: 192.168.1.220/30->192.168.1.223/30(broadcast) cha s dng
lp B cng tng t nh trn, khi tnh s bc nhy.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mt ci tin mi v phng php m t ngn tay trn s thp phn trn:
(da theo quan im ca luancb v kin mt vi bn trong lp)
Do phng php trn c m t gi tr 1 nn khi tnh s host hoc bc nhy ta cn
phi nh nhn 2 ca mi bit ta m, iu ny to ra s kh nh v d nhm ln. Vi
phng php mi ta c th m t 2, tc nhn sn mt ln, s cho ta chnh xc cao
hn, v khng cn phi nh gi tr nhn 2 dng na.
No, cng xe tay ra m tng t ngn tay nh (mi t tng trng cho 1 bit):
m 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384 ht ngn i.
m i m li cho thuc i nh cc bn.

+ tnh tng s lng Subnet id c c sau khi chia, ta m s bit mn lm subnet id

trong octet l ra. Mn 3 bit th m 2 4 8, mn 4 bit th m 2 4 8 16, gi tr ca bit
m sau cng chnh l tng s subnet id sau khi c chia ra.
+ tnh bc nhy trong mi subnet id. Ta m s bit cn li dng lm host trong ring
octet . Gi tr ca bit c m sau cng cng l gi tr ca bc nhy trong octet .
V d: 172.35.0.0/19. Tc l a ch lp B s mn 3 bit octet th 3 lm subnet id.
Dng phng php m ta c 2 4 8, 3 bit mn ri, vy tng s subnet id l 8. Ta bit
trong octet th 3 sau khi cho mn 3 bit lm net id th cn li 5 bit lm host, vy ta m 2
4 8 16 32, 5 bit ri, a, gi tr l 32, v cng chnh l bc nhy ca subnet id., th
xem no:
-172.35.0.0/19
-172.35.32.0/19
-172.35.64.0/19
-172.35.96.0/19
-172.35.128.0/19
-172.35.160.0/19
-172.35.192.0/19
-172.35.224.0/19
ng ri, ta c tng cng 8 subnet id, vi bc nhy l 32.
+ tnh a ch broadcast ca mt subnet id ta ly subnet id k tip gim 1. V d,
tnh broadcast ca subnet id 172.35.64.0/19, ta ly subnet id k tip l 172.35.96.0/19
gim 1 == 172.35.95.255/19 y chnh l broadcast ca subnet id 172.35.64.0
+ tnh s host trong mt subnet, ta m ton b s bit host cn li trong subnet v ly
gi tr bit sau cng -2, Lu l khng phn bit octet. Nhc li, ta ly gi tr ca bit
c m sau cng - 2 ta c s host trong subnet id c th xi.
Trong v d subnet 172.35.64.0/19, ta nhn bit ton b s bit dng lm host cn li l
13. Ta m 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192, 13 bit ri, ok, s host
trong mng s l 8192 -2 = 8190. V sao -2, v ta phi tr b a ch subnet id v
broadcast. Hay n gin hn c th nhn thy l s host c th xi c trong dy:
172.35.64.1/19 ----> 172.35.95.254/19
V ng thi n cng lt gia 2 anh subnet id v broadcast.
Lu : Phng php m t 2 khng c dng tnh tng s gi tr ca 1 octet chy t
0->255. Hay ni cch khc l khng c dng tnh tng gi tr ca 1 dy bit nh
10101101. tnh tng s gi tr ca dy trn ta phi m t 1, cng cc gi tr c bit 1
vi nhau.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------B sung thm cch chia ca thy Lim cho cc bn no cha thc s hiu:
Yu cu cc bn cn nh v thuc:
1xxxxxxx =128
11xxxxxx =192

111xxxxx =224
1111xxxx =240
11111xxx =248
111111xx =252
1111111x =254
11111111 =255
v
2^0 = 1
2^1 = 2
2^2 = 4
2^3 = 8
2^4 = 16
2^5 = 32
2^6 = 64
2^7 = 128
2^8 = 256
Nguyn tc tnh l 2^n v 2^h (hay 2^m) dng h d lin tng n host, hihi.
+Gi s tnh tng s subnet c c sau khi chia ta dng cng thc 2^n, trong n l
s bit mn chia subnet trong octet (mn lm network id).V d 172.35.0.0/18, ta
c th nhm tnh l s mn 2 bit octet th 3, vy 2^n = 2^2 = 4 subnet. Vy mng ny
c tng cng 4 subnet.
+ tnh bc nhy theo cch thy Lim, Bc nhy tnh bng 2^6, trong 6 l s bit
phn host ca ring octet m ta c.
Vy vi mng trn s c 4 subnet l:
172.35.0.0/18
172.35.64.0/18
172.35.128.0/18
172.35.192.0/18
+ tnh broadcast th ly a ch subnet k tip -1. V d, tnh broadcast ca subnet
172.35.0.0/18 th ta ly 172.35.64.0/18 gim 1 cn 172.35.63.255/18 l broadcast ca
subnet 172.35.0.0/18
+ tnh s host trong subnet ta dng cng thc 2^h - 2, trong h l tng s bit cn li
dng lm host, nh v d trn 172.35.0.0/18 th h cn li l 14 bit, v a ch trn mn 2
bit lm net id ri. Vy ta c 2^14 -2 th ra s host.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

+++Cch tnh bc nhy cc subnet mask c dng:

v d:
A- 255.240.0.0
B- 255.255.252.0

C- 255.255.255.128
Ta nhn vo cc octet c cc s khim khuyt khng 255, Tnh nhm ta ly 256 tr
cho s s ra s bc nhy ca mng . Theo v d trn ta c:
A: ly 256-240=16, vy bc nhy ca mng con l 16 trn octet th 2
Vy nu ngi ta cho mng 10.0.0.0 subnet mask la 255.240.0.0 th s c cc mng con
sau:
10.0.0.0/12
10.16.0.0/12
10.32.0.0/12
10.48.0.0/12
v.vvvv.....
10.240.0.0/12 ht
Gi s ngi ta cho 1 host c a ch l 10.35.35.35 subnetmask 255.240.0.0 ta c th xc
nh ngay n nm gia 2 mng 10.32.0.0 va 10.48.0.0. Nhn vo ta bit ngay broadcast
ca mng l 10.47.255.255, v c th hn s host trong cng mng ny nm dy
10.32.0.1 -->10.47.255.254 vy cc host no nm trong vng ny th hp l v cng
mng.
B: ly 256-252= 4 vy bc nhy ca mng con l 4 trn octet 3
Gi s ta c mng 172.16.0.0 v subnetmask 255.255.252.0 th cc mng con s l:
172.16.0.0/22
172.16.4.0/22
172.16.8..0/22
172.16.12.0/22
172.16.16.0/22
172.16.20.0/22
172.16.24.0/22
v.v.v c th m tng 4 octet th 3
Gi s ngi ta cho mt a ch IP 172.16.75.15 subnet mask 255.255.252.0, do mnh
bit bc nhy mi mng con l 4 nn vic xc nh cng d, tp trung vo octet th 3,
nhm xem, s m chia ht cho 4 gn n nht
C: Cng nh 2 anh trn d dng nhn thy bc nhy l 128
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