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Network
Tokenring
mar@cs.washington.edu
MSN Messenger
LAN 1
Network technologies:
Ethernet FDDI Token ring Packets routed based on physical address (MAC)
Tokenring
LAN 2
LAN 1
Network technologies:
Ethernet FDDI Token ring Packets routed based on physical address (MAC)
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Tokenring
LAN 2
Hub
Center of star topology In Ethernet, multiport repeater or concentrator Connects 2 networks of same technology extended LAN Filters/forwards/floods based on MAC Link layer - frames Connects 2+ networks packet-switched network Reduces collisions
Bridge
Hub
Ethernet
Ethernet
Bridge
Switch
Ethernet
CISCOSYST EMS
Ethernet
CISCO SYSTEMS
T3
CISCO SYSTEMS
STS-N
Switch
Router
Originally gateway Forwards packets based on network layer info (IP) Separate broadcast domains In each domain, IP packet encapsulated in domain-specific packet
Ethernet
CIS COSY STEM S
Ethernet
CIS COSY STEM S
Router
CIS CO SY STEM S
Tokenring
Internet Society
http://www.isoc.org
Networks
MCI Worldcom, Sprint, Earthlink, Exchange points provide connections between networks Network Access Points open access policies Build national or global networks Lease space at NAPs Sell bandwidth to regional NSPs Regional NSP sell bandwidth to ISP
Application
Internet Protocol
Protocol Stack
App Transport Network Link TCP / UDP IP
Data Hdr
TCP Segment
Hdr
Data
IP Datagram
IP Datagram
IP Addresses
18.26.0.1
Specifies both network and host host network 32-bits Number of bits allocated to specify network varies Three classes:
IP Addresses
IP (Version 4) Addresses are 32 bits long IP Addresses Assigned Statically or Dynamically (DHCP) IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long
IP Address Space
Originally, 3 Classes
Problem
Solution
Subnetting (e.g. within Stanford) Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
Subnetting
IP Address plus subnet mask (netmask) IP Addr: 171.64.15.82 Netmask: 0xFFFFFF00 (111...1100000000)
First
24 bits are the Subnet ID (the neighborhood) Last 8 bits are Host ID (the street address)
or 171.64.15/24
Subnetting at Stanford
To: cenic.net
dcl-rtr
171.64.1.132
171.64.74.0/24
171.64.1.132/30
171.64.1.133
171.64.74.1 Gates-rtr
171.64.1.160/27
171.64.74.58
yuba
171.64.1.144/28
IP Routing
Next-Hop
IP Routing Hop-by-Hop
128.17.20.1
R2 R3 R4
Next-hop
128.17.16.1 128.17.14.1 128.17.14.1 128.17.10.1 128.17.14.1 128.17.20.1 128.17.16.1
Port
3 2 2 7 2 1 3
1 R1 2 3
128.17.16.1
Forwarding/routing table
232 -1
216
232 -1
128.9.16.14
232 -1
128.9.16.14
232 -1
128.9.16.14
Network Programs
Summary of IP
TCP Segment
Hdr
Data
IP Datagram
Characteristics
Three Phases
(Passive) Server
Data Transfer
Byte 80
Host A
Host B
Data Transfer
TCP Data
Byte 80
Host A
Host B
TCP Data
Byte 80
IP Hdr
0 Src port
15 Dst port
31
Flags
Checksum
(TCP Options)
TCP Data
(Passive) Server
Sending a Message
Leland.Stanford.edu Ron
Transport Layer Application Layer
Arachne.Berkeley.edu Leslie
O.S.
D H
Data
Header
Data
Header
O.S.
D H
Network Layer
D D
H H
Link Layer
UDP
Protocol Stack
App Transport Network Link TCP / UDP IP
Data Hdr
TCP Segment
Hdr
Data
IP Datagram
Connectionless,
Datagram, Unreliable
Adds only application multiplexing/demultiplexing and checksumming to IP Good for Streaming Media, Real-time Multiplayer Networked Games, VoIP
Summary
IP is the basis of Internetworking TCP builds on top of IP adds reliable, congestion-controlled, connection-oriented byte-stream. UDP builds on top of IP allows access to IP functionality