References from: http://www.techrepublic.

com/article/ip-subnetting-made-easy/608
9187
255.255.255.255 = /32 = 2^0 hosts (1 host)
255.255.255.0 = /24 = 2^8 hosts (256 hosts)
255.255.0.0 = /16 = 2^16 hosts (65,536 hosts)
255.0.0.0 = /8 = 2^24 hosts (16,777,216 hosts)
0.0.0.0 = /0 = all hosts
Subnet mask reference:
1) last octets for above from small host bit to large (i.e. last octet for /24,
/23, /22, /21, /20, /19, /18, and /17 respectively; and starting again, last oct
et subnet mask for /16, /15, /14, /13, /12, /11, /10, and /9):
255, 254, 252, 248, 240, 224, 192, and 128
To get network address, and last IP in the subnet:
1) Need subnet mask and any IP address within that subnet (i.e. 10.27.237.15/21)
2) "AND" the two above in binary:
00001010.0010100.11101101.00001111 (10.27.237.15)
11111111.1111111.11111000.00000000 (255.255.248.0) <-- get this number f
rom subnet mast reference above)
__________________________________
00001010.0010100.11101000.00000000 = 10.27.232.0 = network address
May also use Windows calculator to get above: <248> <AND> <237> = 232
3) To get last IP in the subnet:
i) count how many 0s are in the subnet mast octet (in this example, thir
d octet, since /21 subnet).
so, 3-0s in our example.
ii) 2^3 = 8.
iii) Now, take the network address subnet octet and add by 8 (i.e. 232 +
8 = 240). So, now we know the next subnet mask octet begins at 10.27.240.0. M
inus 1, and you will get the last IP in the subnet (i.e. 240-1 = 239). The last
IP in the subnet is therefore 10.27.239.0.