Trng HDL KTCN Tp.

HCM Khoa Cong Trnh Bai giang cau BTCT2

BAI GIANG CAU BTCT MUC LUC

CHNG I. NHNG VAN E CHUNG TONG QUAN VE VIEC XAY DNG

CAU BTCT NHP LN ............................................................................................................. 4 I.1. I.2. KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE CAU BTCT NHP LN ......................................................4 TONG QUAN VE CAC DANG, CAC S O CAU NHP LN ..................................4
I.2.1 I.2.2 I.2.3 I.2.4 Dang cau dam ............................................................................................................... 4 Dang cau khung ............................................................................................................ 4 Dang cau vom ............................................................................................................... 4 Dang cau day ................................................................................................................ 4

I.3. THC TIEN VA XU HNG PHAT TRIEN TRONG XAY DNG CAU NHP LN TRONG NC VA TREN THE GII......................................................................................5 CHNG II. II.1. II.2. II.3. II.4. CAU DAM HANG CAU DAM LIEN TUC CAU KHUNG................. 6

CAC S O TNH HOC CUA CAU DAM HANG CAU DAM LIEN TUC .............6 CAC S O TNH HOC CUA CAU KHUNG CAU KHUNG DAM ........................6 CAU TAO MAT CAT NGANG.....................................................................................6 KHAI QUAT VE PHNG PHAP THI CONG ............................................................7
II.4.1 II.4.2 II.4.3 II.4.4 Cong nghe o betong tai cho theo phng phap uc ay - CN1 .............................. 7 Cong nghe thi cong theo phng phap uc (lap) hang can bang - CN2 ................... 8 Cong nghe o betong tai cho tren a giao di ong - CN3........................................ 8 Cong nghe lap ghep cac phan oan dam di a giao di ong - CN4 ..................... 8

II.5. II.6.

MOI NOI ........................................................................................................................9 NGUYEN LY BO TR COT THEP D NG LC ......................................................9

CHNG III. CAC CONG NGHE HIEN AI TRONG XAY DNG CAU NHP LN, XAC NH NOI LC VA TNH DUYET THEO CONG NGHE THI CONG.................. 10 III.1. KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE CAC CONG NGHE HIEN AI TRONG XAY DNG CAU BTCT ..............................................................................................................................10
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Trng HDL KTCN Tp.HCM Khoa Cong Trnh Bai giang cau BTCT2

III.2.

CONG NGHE THI CONG THEO PHNG PHAP UC AY .............................10

III.2.1 III.2.2 III.2.3 Trnh t va noi dung cong nghe .............................................................................. 10 He thong thiet b va ket cau phu tr ....................................................................... 11 Nguyen tac va trnh t tnh toan va bo tr cot thep DL ........................................ 12

III.3.

CONG NGHE THI CONG THEO PHNG PHAP UC HANG ..........................12

III.3.1 III.3.2 III.3.3 III.3.4 Tong quan ve cong nghe ........................................................................................ 12 He thong thiet b va ket cau phu tr ....................................................................... 12 Thi cong KCN cau theo phng phap uc hang ..................................................... 13 Nguyen tac, trnh t tnh toan va bo tr cap DL ................................................... 13

III.4.

CONG NGHE O BE TONG TAI CHO TREN A GIAO DI ONG...................13

III.4.1 Cac loai hnh cong nghe va chu trnh hoat ong .................................................... 13

III.5. CONG NGHE THI CONG LAP GHEP CAC PHAN OAN DAM DI A GIAO DI ONG.................................................................................................................................13 III.6. GII THIEU CAC PHAN MEM TNH TOAN THIET KE CAU BTCT THI CONG THEO CONG NGHE HIEN AI ............................................................................................14 CHNG IV. ANH HNG CUA T BIEN VA CO NGOT .......................................... 15 IV.1. IV.2. KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE CO NGOT VA T BIEN CUA BE TONG ...................15 NGUYEN TAC XET ANH HNG CUA CO NGOT VA T BIEN ....................15

IV.3. CAC PHNG PHAP TNH TOAN GAN UNG CAC AC TRNG CUA T BIEN VA CO NGOT CUA BE TONG....................................................................................16 IV.4. NGUYEN LY VA CAC GIAI PHAP CAU TAO NHAM GIAM ANH HNG BAT LI CUA CO NGOT VA T BIEN CUA BE TONG...................................................16 IV.5. TNH ANH HNG CUA CO NGOT VA T BIEN TRONG KET CAU CAU THI CONG PHAN OAN .......................................................................................................17 CHNG V. V.1. V.2. V.3. V.4. CAU VOM BE TONG COT THEP ............................................................ 18

CAC S O CAU VOM VA HE THONG CAU DAM VOM LIEN HP .................18 CAU VOM BTCT NG XE CHAY TREN............................................................18 CAU DAM VOM LIEN HP ......................................................................................19 C S THIET KE CAU VOM ....................................................................................19

CHNG VI. CAU DAY VANG DAM CNG BTCT...................................................... 20

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Trng HDL KTCN Tp.HCM Khoa Cong Trnh Bai giang cau BTCT2

VI.1. VI.2. VI.3. VI.4. VI.5. VI.6. VI.7.

KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE KCN CAU DAY VANG DAM CNG BTCT ..............20 CAC HE THONG CAU DAY VANG DAM CNG BTCT ....................................21 CAU TAO DAM CNG BTCT ...............................................................................21 CAU TAO HE THONG CAP VA NEO ...................................................................22 TRU THAP CAU DAY VANG................................................................................22 AC IEM TNH TOAN CAU DAY VANG .........................................................23 VAN E IEU CHNH NOI LC TRONG CAU DAY VANG .............................23

CHNG VII. CAU VT O TH .................................................................................... 24 VII.1. VII.2. VII.3. CAC DANG CAU VT O TH ..........................................................................24 CAC YEU CAU C BAN OI VI CAU VT ..................................................24 AC IEM CAC GIAI PHAP KET CAU CAU VT O TH............................26

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Trng HDL KTCN Tp.HCM Khoa Cong Trnh Bai giang cau BTCT2

CHNG I.NHNG VAN E CHUNG TONG QUAN VE VIEC XAY DNG CAU BTCT NHP LN
I.1. KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE CAU BTCT NHP LN

Nam 1875-1877, lan au tien mot chiec cau vom ban BTCT danh cho ngi i bo c Monier xay dng (Lnhp = 16m, B = 4m), anh dau thanh cong bc au trong viec dung vat lieu BTCT trong xay dng cau. Thanh tu quan trong la vao nam 1920, Freyssinet-mot chuyen gia ngi Phap- sang che ra BT D ng lc, t o va ac biet sau ai chien the the gii lan th II, cau BTCT DUL phat trien manh me, ban au cac nc Phap, c va cac nc chu anh hng cua chien tranh. en cuoi the k XX khi BT DUL tr thanh vat lieu chnh trong xay dng cau. Cung vi s tien bo cua c hoc, cua l thuyet phan t hu han, s phat trien cua may tnh ien t, s tien bo cua phng phap thi cong mong sau, mong coc, coc ng knh ln. cac ket cau tnh nh giam dan, thay bang cac ket cau khong gian, sieu tnh; nhieu loai ket cau mi c phat minh, nhieu cong nghe thi cong mi c ap dung Cau BTCT DUL a vt c nhp xa hn, co the en 900m vi ket cau day vang dam cng BTCT. I.2. I.2.1 TONG QUAN VE CAC DANG, CAC S O CAU NHP LN Dang cau dam

Cau nhp ln dang nay thng co cac s o: cau dam lien tuc, cau dam hang(tnh nh hoac sieu tnh, co hoac khong co dam eo), he khung T - dam eo... I.2.2 Dang cau khung

Cac he thong cau khung co ac iem noi bat la noi cng phan KCN vi phan tru hoac mo. Cau khung thuoc he thong ket cau sieu tnh nen mang nhng ac iem cua ket cau sieu tnh ve nhiet o thay oi khong eu, chuyen v cng bc (lun mo, tru) va phat sinh cac ng lc phu do co ngot, t bien betong... I.2.3 Dang cau vom

Theo cao o mat ng xe chay, co cau vom ng xe chay tren, chay gia va chay di. Theo s o ket cau co cau vom khong chot, cau vom hai chot va cau vom ba chot. I.2.4 Dang cau day

Cau day vang c ap dung va phat trien tren c s hoan thien he gian day Gisclard theo hng tao mot he bat bien hnh gom cac day xien (day vang) chu keo va dam cng chu uon.

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Trng HDL KTCN Tp.HCM Khoa Cong Trnh Bai giang cau BTCT2

Cau day vang la he khong bien dang hnh hoc, he lam viec nh mot dam cng ta tren cac goi an hoi la cac day vang. Cau day vang co u iem ve nhieu mat nen nhanh chong c ap dung tren toan the gii. I.3. THC TIEN VA XU HNG PHAT TRIEN TRONG XAY DNG CAU NHP LN TRONG NC VA TREN THE GII

Trai qua gan mot the k, khi ket cau be tong cot thep DUL c phat minh, the gii a chng kien nhieu thanh tu tuyet vi trong lnh vc xay dung cong trnh, ac biet la cac cong trnh cau bang ket cau BTCT DUL. T nhng ket cau dam gian n thi cong bang phng phap cong nghe truyen thong cang trc tren be co nh hoac cang sau roi lao lap vao v tr, ngay nay vi nhieu cong nghe mi tien tien nh uc ay, uc hang (lap hang), uc tren a giao di ong, lap tren a giao di ong... co the xay dng c nhng cau nhp ln, vt xa gii han khau o nhp cua dam gian n truyen thong, em lai hieu qua rat ln ve cac mat kinh te, k thuat cung nh ve ep kien truc cong trnh Cong nghe uc ay a c ap dung vi khau o ln nhat trong cac cau: Met-QL 1A- Lang Sn; Cau Hien Lng - QL 1A - Quang Tr; Cau Quan Hau - Quang Bnh. Cong nghe uc hang c ap dung kha pho bien vi khau o ln nhat 120m: cau Vu Lai QL 5 - Hai Dng; cau Gianh - QL1A - Q.Bnh; cau Ben Lc - Long An; cau Day vang My Thuan (vi nhp chnh 350m)...

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Trng HDL KTCN Tp.HCM Khoa Cong Trnh Bai giang cau BTCT2

CHNG II.

CAU DAM HANG CAU DAM LIEN TUC CAU KHUNG

II.1. CAC S O TNH HOC CUA CAU DAM HANG CAU DAM LIEN TUC Cac s o cua he gian n, he dam lien tuc, he dam hang 2 au, he dam hang co dam eo, he khung T - dam eo u iem: Momen uon trong he thong dam lien tuc oi dau tai cac tru, gia tr cc tr cua momen dng be hn so vi he thong dam gian n co cung khau o, v vay ket cau dam lien tuc co chieu cao kien truc thap hn, tiet kiem vat lieu va to ra lam viec tot trong qua trnh khai thac cau. Tren cac tru, theo phng ngang cau ch can co mot hang goi (di ong hoac co nh), so lng goi giam dan en giam kch thc doc cau cua be tru va than tru; mac khac ieu nay cung lam cho ap lc truyen xuong than tru t (hoac hau nh khong co) lech tam --> gay ng suat nen phan bo eu trong than tru; tuy nhien vi tru (hoac mo) co goi co dnh se nhan lc ham xe ln hn so vi he dam gian n va rieng mo (tru) o se ln hn. ng an hoi cua he thong dam lien tuc eu an ---> xe chay em thuan vi toc o cao. o vong cung nho hn so vi he dam gian n cung khau o Nhc iem: Khi ket cau nhp lien tuc dai, cac chuyen v doc do nhiet o anh hng ln, oi hoi co cac khe bien dang phc tap au KCN. Khi mo tru lun khong eu, phat sinh cac ng lc phu bat li II.2. CAC S O TNH HOC CUA CAU KHUNG CAU KHUNG DAM He thong cau khung co ac iem noi bat la noi cng phan KCN vi phan tru hoac tru hoac mo. Cau khung la dang ket cau sieu tnh nen nhay cam vi s thay oi nhiet o va s lun khong eu cac mo tru Cac dang s o cau khung: S o khung T - dam eo la s o tnh nh Khung T co chot la he sieu tnh. II.3. CAU TAO MAT CAT NGANG Sau khi la chon s o tnh hoc cua cau va cac kch thc c ban, ngi thiet ke can la chon dang mat cat KCN va phan chia KCN thanh cac khoi lap ghep hoac cac phan oan uc betong tai cho.

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Trng HDL KTCN Tp.HCM Khoa Cong Trnh Bai giang cau BTCT2

Trong cac cau nhp ln eu phai dung mat cat hop. Mat cat hop co o cng chong xoan ln, co kha nang chu cac lc lech tam cua hoat tai khi di chuyen tren ban mat cau rong. Tuy nhien cong nghe che tao phc tap. Viec chon mat cat ngang co lien quan chat che en phng phap thi cong. Vi kho cau en 15 - 20m, co the dung mat cat dang 1 hop vi cac ban canh hang ln, thanh hop co the ng hoac xien e giam kch thc mu tru va tang ve ep kien truc. Neu cau qua rong, hoac do han che cua cac phng tien thi cong ma can thu nho be rong cua cac khoi lap ghep hay cua cac phan oan uc hang, th co the lam 2 hay 3 hop trong mat cat ngang KCN. Ngoai ra khi ban mat cau rong, neu co ieu kien nen lam mot hop rong va ngan thanh nhieu hop nho hn bang cac vach ng ---> giam chieu dai nhp ban theo hng ngang ---> ng suat trong ban phan bo eu hn. Mot so kinh nghiem khi chon mat cat ngang: Dam lien tuc BTCT thng, chieu cao mat cat ngang (1/16 - 1/20)Lnhp : cau ng sat (1/20 - 1/35)Lnhp : cau ng oto Dam BTCT DUL, vi cau tren ng oto co Lnhp 60m, chieu cao mat cat ngang : Mat cat gan tru: (1/15 - 1/25)Lnhp Mat cat gia nhp o Cau dam lien tuc :(1/27 - 1/40)Lnhp (co khi len en 1/47Lnhp) o Cau dam hang va khung T-dam eo: chieu cao mat cat ngang phu thuoc chieu cao dam eo sao cho u cho at goi va am bao ve ep kien truc. o Cau dam hang co chot va cau dam khung T co chot, chieu cao ch can lay nho ch can theo yeu cau cau tao u cho at chot: (1/37 - 1/64) Lnhp II.4. KHAI QUAT VE PHNG PHAP THI CONG Cong nghe o be tong tai cho theo phng phap uc ay - CN1 Cong nghe thi cong theo phng phap uc (lap) hang can bang - CN2 Cong nghe o betong tai cho tren a giao di ong - CN3 Cong nghe lap ghep cac phan oan dam di a giao di ong - CN4 II.4.1 Cong nghe o betong tai cho theo phng phap uc ay - CN1 Cong nghe uc ay thuoc phng phap o betong tai cho, he thong van khuon va be uc thng c c lap at, xay dng co nh tai v tr sau mo. Chu trnh uc c tien hanh theo tng phan oan, khi phan oan au tien hoan thanh c keo ay ve pha trc nh he thong nh: kch thuy lc, mui dan, tru ay va dan hng...en v tr mi va bat au tien hanh uc phan oan tiep theo, c nh vay cho en khi uc het chieu dai ket cau nhp.
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Trng HDL KTCN Tp.HCM Khoa Cong Trnh Bai giang cau BTCT2

u iem cua phng phap: Thiet b di chuyen cau kien kha n gian Tao c tnh khong di cau cho cac cong trnh giao thong thuy bo va khong chu anh hng ln cua lu. Nhc iem cua phng phap: Cac cong trnh phu tr lai phat sinh nhieu nh : be uc, mui dan va tru tam... Chieu cao dam va so lng bo cap DUL nhieu hn so vi dam thi cong bang cong nghe khac. Chieu cao dam khong thay oi va chieu dai KCN b han che. Cau thi cong bang cong nghe nay co KCN lien tuc vi khau o nhp thch hp t 35 - 60m. II.4.2 Cong nghe thi cong theo phng phap uc (lap) hang can bang - CN2 uc hang thuoc phng phap o betong tai cho theo phan oan tng t trong van khuon di ong treo tren au xe uc. Cong nghe nay thng ap dung cho ket cau co mat cat hnh hop vi khau o nhp ln nhat t 60 - 200m. ac iem cua cong nghe la viec uc cac ot dam theo nguyen tac can bang, sau o noi cac nhp gia co the bang cac chot gia, dam treo hoac lien tuc hoa. Cong nghe lap hang can bang cung tng t, ch khac la cac ot dam c uc san, c lap vi yeu cau ve o chnh xac cua cac mat tiep giap cao, s trung khp cua cac lo va chat lng thi cong lp em lien ket (keo epoxy, va polime...). II.4.3 Cong nghe o betong tai cho tren a giao di ong - CN3 Cong nghe nay thuoc phng phap o betong tai cho. Sau khi thi cong xong mot nhp, toan bo he thong van khuon va a giao c lao ay ti nhp tiep theo va bat au cong oan thi cong nh nhp trc, c nh vay theo chieu doc cau cho den khi hoan thanh ket cau nhp. Vi cong nghe nay ta van am bao giao thong thuy bo di cau trong qua trnh thi cong, khong chu anh hng cua ieu kien a hnh, thuy van... Tuy nhien cong trnh phu tr con kha cong kenh: dan ay, tru tam, mui dan va he a giao van khuon cong kenh e am bao o cng ln khi thi cong uc betong dam. II.4.4 Cong nghe lap ghep cac phan oan dam di a giao di ong - CN4 Cong nghe nay tng t cong nghe 3 nhng co mot so thay oi khac biet khac phuc c cac han che cua cong nghe 3. Cac phan oan dam c duc san, lao lap toan bo nhp vao v tr bang cach treo gi tng phan oan di a giao di ong, sau o mi cang cap DUL lien tuc hoa cac phan oan dam vi nhau. Chu trnh lap i lap lai cho tng nhp cho en khi hoan thanh. Tom tat ac iem chu yeu cua 04 giai phap cong nghe:

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Trng HDL KTCN Tp.HCM Khoa Cong Trnh Bai giang cau BTCT2

TT 1 2

Yeu to Ky thuat Khau o phu hp S o KCN

Cac giai phap cong nghe CN1 35-60m Lien tuc Phu thuoc CN be tong He kch ay phc tap Gii han CN2 60-200m Lien tuc Phu thuoc CN be tong Xe uc dam n gian Khong gii han CN3 35-60m Gian n hoac lien tuc Phu thuoc CN be tong a giao nang ne Khong gii han CN4 35-60m Gian n hoac lien tuc Khong phu thuoc CN be tong a giao lao lap gon nhe Khong gii han am bao chat lng

3 4 5

Tien o thi cong Thiet b, a giao Tong chieu dai cau Chat lng be tong

Co ieu kien Kho am bao Kho am bao am bao chat chat lng chat lng lng BT BT

II.5. MOI NOI Tuy theo phng phap thi cong va kha nang thiet b thi cong san co ma d kien phan chia ket cau nhp thanh cac khoi lap ghep hoac cac phan oan uc be tong tai cho. oi vi cac nhp ai c trung bnh (L = 40 - 50m) nhieu trng hp a tan dung cac khoi dam gian n che san trong nha may. S o dam lien tuc co the co the co cac khe noi doc va khe noi ngang at v tr tren cac nh tru hoac trong pham vi nhp. Ngay nay trong cac cau dam lien tuc, cau dam hang, cau khung thng co loai moi noi dan keo epoxy vi khe noi ngang la chu yeu. Ch co mot so cau rat rong mi co cac khe noi doc cau vi dang mat cat ngang KCN gom vai hop c thi cong rieng le roi sau o noi ghep lai. Cac trng hp dung moi noi keo dan eu ket hp dung cot thep DUL e tao lc ep kht cac khe noi a c dan keo o. II.6. NGUYEN LY BO TR COT THEP D NG LC Sau khi a lan lt d kien ve s o tnh hoc, phng phap thi cong KCN va mo tru, dang mat cat ngang, cac phan oan uc be tong KCN hay phan cac khoi lap ghep, ngi thiet ke se la chon s o at cot thep DUL cho phu hp vi cac d kien ve cac van e noi tren. Trng hp thi cong bang cach noi cac nhp gian n thanh he nhp lien tuc. Trng hp thi cong theo cach lap ghep hay uc tai cho tren a giao co nh hoac a giao di di ong. Trng hp thi cong theo cach lap ay hoac uc ay Trng hp thi cong theo cach lap hang hoac uc hang

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Trng HDL KTCN Tp.HCM Khoa Cong Trnh Bai giang cau BTCT2

CHNG III. CAC CONG NGHE HIEN AI TRONG XAY DNG CAU NHP LN, XAC NH NOI LC VA TNH DUYET THEO CONG NGHE THI CONG
III.1. KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE CAC CONG NGHE HIEN AI TRONG XAY DNG CAU BTCT Cac cong nghe a trnh bay trong muc II.4 III.2. CONG NGHE THI CONG THEO PHNG PHAP UC AY III.2.1 Trnh t va noi dung cong nghe

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Trng HDL KTCN Tp.HCM Khoa Cong Trnh Bai giang cau BTCT2

III.2.2 He thong thiet b va ket cau phu tr Cong nghe uc - ay co nhng van e ac biet ve cau tao va thiet b, ien hnh la nhng van e sau: Cau tao cua be chuan b (nen mong, dam be, u be). Cau tao van khuon va he ket cau phu tam phuc vu viec thao lap van khuon. Cau tao cac u trt va thiet b trt at tren u trt. Giai phap ke on ng trt oi vi dam co chieu cao mat cat thay oi. Cau tao cac thiet b ay va dan hng, nang ha ket cau nhp. He thong o ac ng suat, chuyen v va phan lc xuat hien trong dam tai cac u trt tren mo va than tru. He thong ieu khien ong bo cac thiet b. Cau tao mui dan va lien ket mui dan vao au ot dam th nhat. Cau tao he cot thap va day cang xien tam thi e tang cng dam luc thi cong lao doc. Cau tao cac u neo va bo cot thep d ng lc ngoai tam thi e tang cng dam trong luc lao doc.

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Trng HDL KTCN Tp.HCM Khoa Cong Trnh Bai giang cau BTCT2

Cau tao cac bo phan noi, cac mau neo cua cac oan cot thep d ng lc trong cac ot dam c tao ra dan dan trong qua trnh thi cong. Cac he thong thiet b phu tr chu yeu Bai chuan b Mui dan Cac thiet b khac III.2.3 Nguyen tac va trnh t tnh toan va bo tr cot thep DL Mot so van e cua phng phap uc ay. Nguyen tac bo tr cap DL trong cau uc ay. Trnh t tnh toan va thiet ke KCN cau uc ay. III.3. CONG NGHE THI CONG THEO PHNG PHAP UC HANG Cong nghe a c ap dung rong rai nc ta t thap nien 90 cua the ky XX, thong qua viec chuyen giao cong nghe t cac nha thau ln tren the gii. Phng phap uc hang la qua trnh xay dng ket cau nhp dan tng ot theo s o hang cho ti khi noi lien thanh KCN cau hoan chnh. Phng phap uc hang thch hp thi cong cac dang cau dam lien tuc theo s o cau dam lien tuc theo s o cau dam hang, cau khung hay dang cau day xien dam cng (cau day vang). III.3.1 Tong quan ve cong nghe III.3.1.1 Cac s o ket cau phu hp vi phng phap uc hang va lap hang

Cau dam lien tuc co nhp t 40 - 50 m en 150 - 200m Cau khung - dam co nhp dai t (60 70)m en 200m Cau day xien - dam cng BTCT co nhp dai t 100m en (400 500)m III.3.1.2 III.3.1.3 Phng phap uc hang can bang bat au t tru Phng phap uc hang can bang bat au t mo

III.3.2 He thong thiet b va ket cau phu tr Vat t tao d ng lc Goi ac biet cho cau ln He a giao m rong tru He a giao uc oan nhp bien Xe uc hang

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Trng HDL KTCN Tp.HCM Khoa Cong Trnh Bai giang cau BTCT2

III.3.3 Thi cong KCN cau theo phng phap uc hang

III.3.4 Nguyen tac, trnh t tnh toan va bo tr cap DL III.4. CONG NGHE O BE TONG TAI CHO TREN A GIAO DI ONG III.4.1 Cac loai hnh cong nghe va chu trnh hoat ong He thong MSS loai chay di He thong MSS loai chay gia He thong MSS loai chay tren III.4.2 Trnh t thiet ke cau dam lien tuc BTCT DL thi cong theo cong nghe uc tren a giao di ong. La chon theo s o ket cau nhp. Kch thc c ban cua mat cat. Tong quat ve trnh t tnh toan thiet ke. III.5. CONG NGHE THI CONG LAP GHEP CAC PHAN OAN DAM DI A GIAO DI ONG He a giao di ong dung lao lap cac phan oan dam c phan thanh hai loai da tren moi tng quan cao o he a giao va cao o KCN. III.5.1 He a giao chay di III.5.2 He a giao chay tren Cong nghe lap ghep cac phan oan dam tren a giao di ong co cac u iem vt troi sau:
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Cau tao he gian giao kha nhe nhang, viec ay ong bo he gian giao khong can thiet s dung qui mo he thong thiet b ay vi cong suat cao. Thi cong khong anh hng tnh khong di cau. ac biet thch hp cho cau trong thanh pho Tien o thi cong KCN la rat nhanh v viec uc phan oan dam hoan toan oc lap vi qua trnh lao lap KCN. Kha nang s dung luan chuyen he gian giao c nhieu lan va ac biet la co hieu qua oi vi cau dai nhieu nhp vi cac nhp co chieu dai xap x nhau. He a giao co cac chot at biet co kha nang thi cong cac cau nam tren ng cong vi ban knh nho nhat co the ap dung: Rmin = 75m o vong ln nhat cua he dam chnh: fmax = L/500 Trong lng ln nhat cua mot phan oan dam: Smax = 80 tan III.6. GII THIEU CAC PHAN MEM TNH TOAN THIET KE CAU BTCT THI CONG THEO CONG NGHE HIEN AI Mot so phan mem tnh toan thiet ke cau BTCT thi cong theo cong nghe hien ai a dung ho tr tnh toan cac cong trnh cau ln trong nc: RM SPACEFRAME (AUSTRIA) VBDS - Visual Bridge Design System Midas/Civil - Korea Ket hp cac bang tnh Excel cung cac chng trnh Sap2000, Staad.Pro...

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CHNG IV.

ANH HNG CUA T BIEN VA CO NGOT

IV.1. KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE CO NGOT VA T BIEN CUA BE TONG IV.1.1 Co ngot cua be tong Co ngot la hien tng giam the tch khi nhiet o khong oi do nc boc hi sau khi betong kho cng. S thay oi the tch theo thi gian nay phu thuoc vao lng nc cua betong ti, loai ximang, cot lieu c dung va ieu kien moi trng (nhiet o, o am va toc o gio) tai thi iem uc, qua trnh bao dng, lng cot thep va t le the tch/dien tch mat. Ve can ban co the phan biet hai loai co ngot: co ngot deo va co ngot kho IV.1.2 T bien cua be tong T bien cua be tong la hien tng tang bien dang theo thi gian khi tai trong khong oi. Trong mot dam be tong cot thep, o vong tiep tuc tang khi chu tai trong thng xuyen.Trong mot dam cot be tong cot thep, bien dang doc truc va o cong tang di tac dung cua tai trong tnh khong oi. Dam d ng lc mat mot phan lc nen trc v be tong anh hng en tng tac gia cac bo phan ket cau ,do o hieu ve cac tnh chat cua t bien co y ngha quan trong. T bien trong be tong lien quan en thay oi bien dang theo thi gian trong cac vung cua dam va cot chu ng suat nen thng xuyen . T bien phu thuoc cavao o ln va o dai lau cua ng suat nen, cng o chu nen va tuoi cua be tong khi chu tac dung lc lau dai. T bien quan he chat che vi co ngot, va theo quy luat chung, be tong chu co ngot tot th chu t bien cung tot v ca hai hien tng eu lien quan en hien tng thuy hoa va xi mang. Do o t bien chu anh hng cua cap phoi be tong, ieu kien moi trng, nhng chu yeu phu thuoc vao o ln va o dai lau cua tai trong. IV.2. NGUYEN TAC XET ANH HNG CUA CO NGOT VA T BIEN Khi tnh toan ve cng o va bien dang cua ket cau cau BTCT phai xet en anh hng cua co ngot va t bien be tong. Cac yeu to nay dien ra trong qua trnh lau dai, co anh hng ln en tr so o vong ket cau nhp BTCT, gay ra cac mat mat d ng suat trong cap d ng lc, phan bo lai ng suat gia cot thep va be tong va con lam phan bo lai noi lc do tnh tai gia cac mat cat va gia cac bo phan cua cac ket cau sieu tnh. Co ngot va t bien co mc o anh hng ln en s phan bo lai noi lc do tnh tai ac biet trong nhng trng hp ma qua trnh thi cong ket cau nhp dam hay khung lien tuc BTCT trai qua nhieu giai oan vi nhieu lan thay oi s o tnh hoc cua ket cau nhp ang c hnh thanh dan dan. Khi o tr so cua cac mo men goi trong dam lien tuc va cua mo men tren nh tru cua cau khung, xuat hien do tac ong tnh tai dai han co xet en t bien va co ngot, se khac xa so vi tr so tnh toan c theo s o gia thiet luc a thi cong xong ma khong ke en lch s thi cong ket cau nhp o va tac ong dai han cua tnh tai. Tuy theo phng phap thi cong ma ket cau nhp lien tuc se c hnh thanh dan dan va s o tnh hoc cua no va tai trong cung thay oi dan qua cac bc thi cong.
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Khi xay dng cac cau be tong cot thep d ng lc khau o ln theo phng phap phan oan, v du khi thi cong theo phng phap uc hang can bang nh cau Phu Lng, cau Gianh, v.v...chung ta luon co hai van e ln phai e cap en trong bai toan t bien - co ngot la: Mo hnh giai tch cua bai toan. Mo hnh vat lieu cua bai toan. Van e th nhat c giai quyet theo nhieu cach khac nhau va chung ta co the tham khao cac tai lieu nc ngoai e ap dung trong thiet ke cau nc ta v o la van e phan tch ket cau noi chung, khong phu thuoc nhieu va cac ieu kien cuc bo ve vat lieu, cong nghe, moi trng, tnh trang khai thac rieng cua moi nc. Nhng e giai quyet van e th hai phai da tren ieu kien cu the cua moi nc. Hien nay Viet Nam cha c nghien cu mot cach c ban ve mo hnh vat lieu cua bai toan, dau rang a co mot so th nghiem n gian ve t bien c tien hanh mot vai vien nghien cu. IV.3. CAC PHNG PHAP TNH TOAN GAN UNG CAC AC TRNG CUA T BIEN VA CO NGOT CUA BE TONG IV.3.1 Phng phap tnh toan cua cac tac gia Nga IV.3.2 Cac phng phap cua Chau Au va cua My IV.4. NGUYEN LY VA CAC GIAI PHAP CAU TAO NHAM GIAM ANH HNG BAT LI CUA CO NGOT VA T BIEN CUA BE TONG Kinh nghiem thiet ke va thi cong cho thay neu la chon cau tao hp ly ket hp vi phng phap thi cong be tong hp ly se tranh c nhng h hong ang tiec nh vet nt, tr so mat mat d ng suat qua ln, v.v... Noi chung khi thiet ke can phai theo cac nguyen tac sau ay : Khong tao ra nhng thay oi ot ngot ve kch thc mat cat: chieu cao, chieu day, chieu rong. Khong tao ra nhng thay oi ot ngot ve s bo tr cot thep : bc cot thep ai, v.v... Bo tr cot thep chong co ngot theo quy nh cua Quy trnh thiet ke. Chon thanh phan cap phoi be tong hp ly, dung phu gia hoa deo va phu gia sieu deo e giam lng nc tron ma van am bao o linh ong cua hon hp be tong. Neu khong that can thiet th khong bat ket cau be tong chu tai qua nang tuoi qua sm. Phan oan qua trnh o be tong sao cho be tong cua moi phan oan c bien dang t do mc o cang nhieu cang tot trong qua trnh hoa cng. Chu y en cac thi iem bat au va ket thuc ngng ket cua hon hp be tong e bo tr hp ly tien o o be tong cung nh khoi lng be tong c o trong moi phan oan. X ly chu ao cac mach ngng thi cong be tong, o la ni de xuat hien cac s co. Lap tien o thi cong hp ly cho moi cong oan uc be tong, bao dng, tao d ng lc, v.v...
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IV.5. TNH ANH HNG CUA CO NGOT VA T BIEN TRONG KET CAU CAU THI CONG PHAN OAN Cac ot ket cau c o be tong vao cac thi iem khac nhau se co cac tr so ac trng c ly khac nhau va thay oi theo thi gian. Can thiet phai tnh toan cac ket cau be tong cot thep tai cac thi iem ac trng theo ung cac ac trng c ly cua be tong moi ot ket cau tai thi iem ang xet. Muon vay phai xac nh bang thc nghiem quy luat bien oi cua moi ac trng c ly be tong thc te trong ket cau. Viec nay rat kho khan, v vay thng dung cac quy luat gan ung do Quy trnh e ngh. Qua trnh tnh toan phai lap lai nhieu lan, moi lan se xet cac tr so khac nhau cua moi ac trng c-ly be tong trong moi ot ket cau sao cho phu hp vi thi iem ang xet.

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CHNG V.

CAU VOM BE TONG COT THEP

V.1. CAC S O CAU VOM VA HE THONG CAU DAM VOM LIEN HP Ket cau chu lc chu yeu trong cau vom la ket cau vom co cau tao rat a dang (cuon vom, sn vom v.v...). Khi thiet ke mot cach hp ly th tr so momen uon vom khong ln. Do o cac ket cau nhp vom tiet kiem vat lieu hn cac ket cau nhp dam co cung tr so khau o va tai trong (xet rieng biet ve mat vat lieu lam ket cau nhp). Tuy nhien, cac lc ay ngang chan vom truyen len mo tru kha ln, do o phai tang kch thc nen mong va tang khoi lng vat lieu lam mo tru. Trng hp nen at cang yeu th ph ton xay dng mo tru cau vom cang ln. Nh vay, noi chung khi la chon phng an cau phai xet toan dien ca phan ket cau nhp va phan mo tru. Co the ap dung s o vom khong chot, vom hai chot, vom ba chot e lam cau vom. Tiet kiem nhat va cau tao n gian nhat la s o cau vom khong chot. Tuy nhien ay la s o ket cau sieu tnh bac 3 nen co xuat hien cac lc phu do co ngot, t bien be tong, do thay oi nhiet o, ac biet la do lun mo tru khi nen at khong u vng chac. S o cau vom 2 chot co bac sieu tnh t hn (co 1 bac sieu tnh) nen cac noi lc phu cung nho hn chang han, khi mo tru b lun thang ng th trong vom khong xuat hien momen phu. S o cau vom 3 chot la s o ket cau tnh nh nen khong co cac noi lc phu noi tren. Viec thi cong lap ghep cau vom 3 chot t cac na vom oi xng tng oi t phc tap hn. S o vom 3 chot khong oi hoi ieu kien a chat that vng chac (neu mo tru b lun cung khong xuat hien noi lc phu trong vom). Xet ve mat o cng th cau vom khong chot la cng nhat, cau vom 3 chot la kem cng nhat. Do o cac cau vom ng sat eu la vom khong chot. Ngay nay nc ngoai a xay dng ca nhng cau vom khong co lc ay ngang vao mo tru. Cac lc o se do thanh cang nam ngang cua ket cau nhp chu keo. Nh vay mo tru cau vom o lam viec giong nh mo tru cua cau dam. V.2. CAU VOM BTCT NG XE CHAY TREN Ket cau vom chu lc chnh trong cau vom thng co dang cac sn vom hoac cac cuon vom ban. Moi sn vom c lien ket ngang vi nhau. Moi cuon vom ban thng u rong nen cung co u on nh ngang. Moi nhp cau vom co the ch co mot cuon vom ban vi mat cat ch nhat ac. Mat cat ngang sn vom co the la hnh ch nhat at ng, hnh ch I, hnh hop. Neu nhp vom ln nen dung dang mat cat I hoac mat cat hnh hop e chu momen uon tot. Chieu cao sng vom co the lay s bo trong khoang (1/301/60)L neu mat cat hnh ch nhat va trong khoang (1/251/40)L neu dung mat cat ch I hoac mat cat hnh hop. Dang mat cat hnh hop uc be tong tai cho c ap dung cac cau vom nhp rat ln v can co u kch thc cho ngi i lai be trong long hop e thao d van khuon va theo doi duy tu cau. Neu cau vom c thi cong lap ghep th co the dung mat cat hnh hop cac chieu dai nhp c trung bnh 100150m.

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Ban mat cau lam viec theo hng ngang ch nen co chieu dai nhp tnh toan khoang 2,53m. Do o neu c ly cac sn vom ln hn tr so noi tren th nen bo tr dam ngang, dam doc phu trong he dam mat cau. He dam va ban mat cau ket hp vi he cot chong thanh he khung khong gian cua ket cau tren vom. khu vc gan nh vom phai at khe co dan e tach biet phan nh vom vi phan ket cau tren vom. Khoang cach cac cot tren vom co the lay bang (1/10-1/12)l va tuy thuoc kch thc cac khoi lap ghep sao cho de dang van chuyen va cau lap. V.3. CAU DAM VOM LIEN HP Trong cac ket cau nhp cau vom chay di eu bo tr thanh cang e chu lc keo do lc ay ngang chan vom gay ra. Do vay mo tru lam viec giong nh mo tru cac cau he dam. Co 3 loai s o cau vom co thanh cang la: Cau vom cng - dam cng (co EIvom EIdam) Cau vom mem - dam cng (co EIvom EIdam/80) Cau vom cng - dam mem (co EIvom 80 EIdam) Noi chung, trong bat ky dang nao eu co momen uon xuat hien trong dam cung nh trong vom. Tuy nhien neu o cng cua dam qua nho so vi o cng cua vom th he thong damvom lien hp nay thc te chu lc giong nh s o ket cau co cac na chot cac tiet iem noi nh cot vi vom va tiet iem noi. V.4. C S THIET KE CAU VOM Khai niem Thiet ke s bo cau vom khong chot Thiet ke s bo cau vom hai chot Tnh toan cau dam cng vom mem Tnh toan cau vom chu tai trong ngang Tnh toan cau vom ong thep nhoi be tong Gii thieu He dam vom lam viec ong thi He dam vom lam viec oc lap ac iem thiet ke cau vom ong thep nhoi be tong

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CHNG VI.

CAU DAY VANG DAM CNG BTCT

VI.1. KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE KCN CAU DAY VANG DAM CNG BTCT Cau treo day xien dam cng BTCT xuat hien lan au tien Thuy ien va CHLB c vao khoang nhng nam 1960. ay la he thong ket cau lien hp gom cac dam cng bang thep hoac BTCT va cac cap thep ong vai tro day treo xien (cac day vang). Cac day xien c lien ket vao nh tru thap va co chieu cao kha ln va toa ra treo vao mot so iem nao o tren dam cng. Cach cau tao nh vay lam cho he dam cng ngoai viec c nang tren cac goi cng tai cac v tr tru con c nang tren he thong goi an hoi tai v tr lien ket cac day xien. Nh o ma noi lc va o vong do tnh tai va hoat tai c giam i rat nhieu. ay chnh la u iem khien cho cau treo day xien - dam cng co the vt c cac nhp ln 100400m cung vi cac dam cng bang BTCT va vt cac nhp dai ti 800850m neu dung dam cng bang thep hay dan thep. Cau treo day xien - dam cng Normandie Phap co chieu dai nhp chnh la 856m tao nen bi hai cong son hang bang BTCT moi ben dai 116m, oan nhp gia dung dam thep co chieu dai 624m. Trong tng lai co the xay dng cac cau treo day xien dam cng vi chieu dai nhp ln hn. Ngoai kha nang vt nhp ln, cau treo day xien dam cng con co hnh dang kien truc ep, phu hp vi cong nghe thi cong hang khong ton kem a giao. Dam cng BTCT co the uc hang ( cau My Thuan ) hoac lap hang ( cau Kien ) nh cac dang dam thong thng vi s ho tr cua day xien chnh va va cac day cap treo tam thi. Nh s co mat cua cac day xien co the cho phep ieu chnh trang thai ng suat va bien dang cua toan he trong suot qua trnh thi cong va ngay ca trong qua trnh khai thac neu can. Nhc iem cua cau treo day xien dam cng la: o cng cua ket cau nho hn so vi cac dang cau dam thong thng hay cau vom. Mac du he thong bien dang hnh hoc nhng di tac dung cua hoat tai tren nhp day xien co o dan dai kha ln. ac biet trong cac cau nhp ln co cac day xien dai, ngoai o dan cua day xien di tac dung cua tai trong con phai ke en bien dang day xien b vong do trong lng ban than, khi chu tai trong duoi thang, cac bien dang nay se gay ra o vong kha ln anh hng en o cng cua cau. ieu nay cho thay vi khoang chieu dai nhp t 200500m he thong cau day xien dam cng dung cho cau oto va cau thanh pho se cho cac ch tieu kinh te ky thuat tot. oi vi cau dung cho ng sat dang ket cau may ch dung cho nhng nhp nho. Mot nhc iem na la mc o thong thoang cua tam nhn khi xe chay tren cau se b giam do bo tr cac dan day. He mat cau cho ng xe chay co cau tao nang ne, lam tang tnh tai ket cau nhp.

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VI.2. CAC HE THONG CAU DAY VANG DAM CNG BTCT Cac s o nhp Cac dang s o day xien S o day ong quy S o day song song S o day re quat S o day phoi hp VI.3. CAU TAO DAM CNG BTCT Dung dam cng bang BTCT hoan toan phu hp vi he thong cau treo day xien dam cng vi ieu kien ket cau lam viec va chu uon va chu nen. Lc nen trc do day xien truyen vao dam BTCT co tac dung nh lc nen trc trong ket cau BTCT ng suat trc. Co the dung dam cng bang BTCT thng hac bang BTCT ng suat trc. Chieu dai nhp chnh dam cng BTCT c chon trong khoang 100 350m va co the thay oi chut t tuy thuoc vao yeu cau cua nhp thong thuyen va ieu kien a hnh, a chat cua khu vc xay dng cau. Trong cac cau co hai hoac ba nhp, nhp bien co chieu dai c xac nh t so lng va chieu dai cua khoang dam (khoang cach gia hai iem neo day xien vao dam). V so lng khoang dam nhp bien co the t t 1 (m 1)/2 (vi m la so lng khoang dam cua nhp gia) do o chieu dai nhp bien se thay oi rat khac nhau. Khi nhp bien co chieu dai ngan th khong phai bo tr cac day xien ma ch bo tr cac day neo vao mo. Khi chieu dai nhp bien c tao ra bang (m 1)/2 khoang th se tao thanh s o cau day xien co so day xien bo tr oi xng nhau qua tru thap. Theo yeu cau o cng cua he nen chon nhp bien co chieu dai nho, tot nhat la bo xap x bang chieu cao thap cau v khi o goc nghieng cua day neo vao khoang 450 la hp ly. Khi nhp bien dai co the bo tr them cac day xien hoac tru phu e giam bt noi lc trong no. Chieu dai khoang dam (d) phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to: Tr so momen uon cuc bo trong pham vi khoang dam. Tr so noi lc trong day xien va he neo. Phng phap thi cong. Chieu dai khoang dam ln se giam c so lng day xien, ton thi gian thi cong day va dam, ieu chnh noi lc n gian. Tuy nhien, nhc iem tr so momen uon cuc bo trong pham vi khoang dam se ln lam tang kch thc mat cat va tnh tai dam. Ngc lai khoang dam ngan se dan en viec lien ket day vi tru thap phc tap do so lng day xien nhieu. Cac dam chu ngang c bo tr sao cho tim cua chung vao ung mat phang dan day. Cac dam chu c lien ket vi nhau thong qua cac dam ngang, dam doc va ban mat cau.

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oi vi cac cau nhp trung bnh va mat cau co chieu rong khong ln co the s dung dam cng co mat cat dang ban ch nhat hay ch T kep. Cac dang mat cat ngang hnh hop ap dung cho cac cau rong hoac cau ch bo tr mot dan day chnh gia mat cat ngang. u iem cua cac mat cat dang hnh hop la co kha nang chong xoan tot va de cau tao phu hp hnh dang on nh kh ong hoc bang cach cau tao cac sn dam nghieng Chieu cao dam khong oi va chon phu thuoc chu yeu vao chieu dai khoang dam. Co the chon chieu dai khang dam trong khoang h = (1/15 1/20) d, vi d la chieu dai khoang dam. oi vi cac dang dam hnh hop can am bao khong gian toi thieu trong long hop e thuan li cho viec che tao va cac thao tac lap rap dam. VI.4. CAU TAO HE THONG CAP VA NEO VI.4.1 Cau tao cap day xien VI.4.2 Cau tao neo lien ket day xien Neo lien ket day xien vao dam cng Neo lien ket day xien vao tru thap VI.5. TRU THAP CAU DAY VANG Tru thap co the lam bang thep hoac BTCT, tru thap bang thep che tao n gian va thi cong nhanh, tuy nhien tru thap bang BTCT thng giam c o manh ket cau va cung c ap dung pho bien. Thap bang BTCT co the dung cac cot thep thong thng, cung co the dung cot thep cng va tan dung lam a giao e o be tong. Chieu cao tru thap c chon qua viec xet moi tng quan vi chieu dai nhp, goc nghieng day xien t o co anh hng en o cng va cac ch tieu kinh te ky thuat cua cau. Co the chon chieu cao tru thap trong khoang t (1/3 en 1/7) Lmax. Theo ket qua nghien cu neu tren neu ch thien ve hng am bao goc nghieng cua day xien tot nhat la i = 450 th chieu cao thap thng qua ln kho am bao on nh di tac ong gio ngang va khong phu hp cong nghe thi cong. e thoa man cac ch tieu tong the ve cac mat nen chon chieu cao thap cau tng ng vi goc nghieng cua day xien trong khoang 20 250. Cac day xien con lai co the bo tr theo cac goc o khac nhau tuy thuoc vao yeu cau chu lc. So lng tru thap co the la 1, 2 hay nhieu tru tuy theo so lng nhp. Hnh dang cua tru thap tuy theo yeu cau bo tr cac mat phang dan day. Cac tru thap lam bang BTCT thng c ngam cng vi phan tru di no nh o ma o cng cua he c cai thien nhng lai lam cho mat cat ngang cot thap phai chu cac momen uon do tai trong truyen t dam cng qua cac day xien. V ly do nay ma cac cot thap co chieu cao ln can phai c bo tr cot thep d ng lc trong no.
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a so cac cot thap c xay dng theo phng thang ng, nhng cung co trng hp cot thap co the at nghieng chut t ve pha b e giam ng lc trong day neo (day neo tru thap vao mo). VI.6. AC IEM TNH TOAN CAU DAY VANG Tnh toan theo s o tnh hoc Tnh toan theo s o ong hoc VI.7. VAN E IEU CHNH NOI LC TRONG CAU DAY VANG Khai niem ve ieu chnh noi lc trong cau day xien dam cng ieu chnh noi lc bang cach tao khp tam trong qua trnh thi cong ieu chnh noi lc bang cach keo cang cac day xien

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CHNG VII.
VII.1. CAC DANG CAU VT O TH VII.2. CAC YEU CAU C BAN OI VI CAU VT VII.2.1 oi vi cau can, cau dan

CAU VT O TH

oi vi cac cau can nam iem giao cat cua cac pho th chieu dai nhp se phu thuoc vao chieu rong pho trong pham vi mot oan nao o cua toan chieu dai cau can. Tren phan con lai th chieu dai nhp hp ly se c lay giong nh cac cong trnh co ieu kien tng t, can c vao muc tieu gia thanh re nhat va ve ep kien truc. Chieu cao kien truc cua ket cau nhp phai xac nh theo cac yeu cau ve quy hoach kien truc va ve cong nghe ket cau. Tru cau can can phai thanh thoang, t anh hng xau en tam nhn va s thong thoang di gam cau can, co ve ep hai hoa vi canh quan xung quanh. Be mat be tong mo tru phai the hien tham my kien truc. Phai thoa man cac yeu cau cao ve an toan giao thong tren cau can bi v cac tai nan tren cau can thng nghiem trong hn so vi tren cau thong thng. Lp phu mat xe chay tren cau can phai am bao dnh bam tot vi banh xe trong moi ieu kien thi tiet. He thong lan can, rao chan ngan cach tren cau can cung phai an toan hn. He thong cau can can phai khong anh hng xau en moi trng. V du: khong gay ra tieng on qua mc, nong o kh thai qua mc cho khu vc xung quanh cau. Ngay ca s chieu sang tren cau cung phai tranh quay ray dan c gan o. Nc thai thoat ra t cau nen c a ve he thong cong chung cua thanh pho, khong c nc ban chay lan t do t cau ra xung quanh. VII.2.2 oi vi cau can nhieu nhanh va cac iem giao cat phc tap

Bo tr chung cac iem giao cat, ban knh ng cong, chieu dai oan ng dan eu phai tng ng vi cac cong trnh xung quang san co va xet en gia at b chiem dung cho xay dng. Kieu cau tao cua iem giao cat phai c xac nh tuy theo hng giao thong chu yeu co cng o van tai ln nhat va tuy theo kieu giao cat. Trac doc cau can phai phu hp vi quy nh cua tieu chuan thiet ke ng thanh pho. o doc doc khong c qua 4%. Chieu cao kho gii han thong xe di gam cau can khong c nho hn 5m. Tai sat cho au nhp noi vao mo cung phai e khoang trong cao t nhat 2.5m cho ngi i lai di gam cau can. Ban knh nho nhat cua ng cong nam ngang tren cau can khong nen nho qua 100 m. Ch nhng trng hp qua kho khan mi dung ban knh 20 30m.

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Trng HDL KTCN Tp.HCM Khoa Cong Trnh Bai giang cau BTCT2

VII.2.3

oi vi cac cau dan trong thanh pho

Cac nhp cau dan va chieu cao t do di cau can phai xac nh theo ng giao hay pho giao rong nhat, theo kho gii han thong xe va theo ieu kien tam nhn di cau dan. oi vi cac cau dan co s o phan nhp la: L1 + L2 +...+Lm +... + Lk th can tuan theo ieu kien: L1 L2 L3 ... Lm >...> Lk trong o: Lm la nhp dai nhat tng ng vi kho gii han thong xe di gam cau dan. Di gam cau dan phai co cac bien phap ngan nga tai nan va am xe vao tru cau. Trc ay, chung ta thng thiet ke chieu dai cac dam cau theo modul 3 m, ngha la day so chieu dai dam: (6 - 9 - 12 - 15 - 18 - 21 - 24 - 27 - 33) m e tieu chuan hoa cac kch thc thuan tien cho viec san xuat hang loat. Nhng nay do c che th trng trong xay dng, ngi thiet ke c t do hn trong viec chon chieu dai dam, mien sao em lai hieu qua kinh te ky thuat tot nhat la c. Chieu rong cua cau can va cau dan phu thuoc lu lng xe. Chieu rong mot lan xe chay thng lay t 3, 5 - 3, 75 m vi gia thiet lu lng thong xe tren mot lan la : I0 = 1000 - 1500 xe con/ gi. e tnh oi t cac loai xe khac sang xe con tieu chuan co the dung cong thc sau: I = ki Ii trong o: ki - he so tnh oi sang xe con tieu chuan. Ii - lu lng cua loai xe th i. Cac he so tnh oi xe khac sang xe con co the lay nh sau: xe con xe tai di 3 tan xe tai t 3 en 5 tan xe tai ln hn 5 tan va xe bus xe ien banh lop xe bus hay xe ien banh lop keo nhieu toa mo to xe ap k=1 k = 1.5 k=2 k = 2.5 k=3 k=4 k = 0.5 k = 0.3

So lan xe n co the tnh bang cach th dan theo cong thc sau:

n=
Trong o:

I I 0 ( k 1 + k 2 + ... + k n )

I - tnh theo cong thc tren.

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Trng HDL KTCN Tp.HCM Khoa Cong Trnh Bai giang cau BTCT2

ki - cac he so phan bo chuyen ong theo mot hng trong lan xe, c lay nh sau: k1 = 1 ; k2 = 0.85 ; k3 = 0.7 ; k4 = k5 =...= kn = 0, 5 Chieu rong va he T xac nh theo gia thiet rang mot dai va he rong 0, 75 m se ng vi lu lng 1500 ngi i bo/ gi. Sau khi a c tnh c T va n th can c vao cac kho gii han tieu chuan co kch thc gan tng ng ma quyet nh chon kho gii han thong xe tren cau. VII.3. AC IEM CAC GIAI PHAP KET CAU CAU VT O TH Cac cau dan va cau can trong thanh pho thng co s o tnh hoc la cau dam hay cau khung. oi khi gap s o cau treo day xien va ch trong nhng trng hp ac biet mi dung s o cau vom. Cac cau dan va cau can kieu dam gian n co cac tru thong thng, nhng e giam bt so lng khe bien dang cho xe chay em thuan tren cau oi khi a ap dung kieu mat cau lien tuc - nhiet. V du nh phan cau dan len cau Thang Long. Cac cau dan va cau can kieu dam lien tuc to ra hp ly nhat ve khoi lng vat lieu va tnh thuan tien khai thac. Bien dang do nhiet va cac lc nam ngang trong he thong nay se c hap thu bi cac mo vng chac hn cac tru trung gian. Neu cau qua dai th cung phai ngat ra thanh vai lien dai chng 60 - 80 m va at khe bien dang cho tiep giap gia cac lien o. He thong cau khung lien tuc cung thng c ap dung. Neu cau vt co mot nhp th cung co the lam cau khung kieu cong o. Trong mot so trng hp, dang cau day xien - dam cng a c ap dung cho cau can hay cau vt. Nhng cau vom ch ap dung rat ac biet v can phai co mong tren nen a chat tot. Ket cau nhp cau thanh pho cung co the phan chia thanh loai cau ban, cau co sn hay cau hnh hop vi cac cau tao tng t nh cau thong thng. Tuy nhien dang cau ban ac co the to ra nhieu u iem ve mat kien truc. Tru kieu 1 cot hay nhieu cot thng c dung cho cau thanh pho. Mat cat cac cot co the tron, ch nhat hay vuong va nhng dang khac na theo sang tao kien truc.Cac cot eu co xa mu nh e ket cau nhp ben tren. Mo cau thng la dang mo tng chan bang BTCT. Tuy theo ieu kien cu the, co the thi cong lap ghep hoac uc be tong tai cho cac ket cau nhp cau thanh pho. Neu dung ket cau thep th viec noi ghep cac bo phan che san trong nha may se thc hien nh cac moi noi bu long cng o cao hoac moi noi han tai cong trng. Tuy nhien cac phng an thi cong cau thanh pho eu phai xet en tnh huong giao thong nhon nhp, thieu mat bang thi cong ban ngay, co the ch thi cong ban em c, va phai am bao tuyet oi an toan cho ngi dan trong khu vc ang thi cong. Noi chung cac ket cau nhp va mo tru cua cau can va cau vt trong thanh pho cung tng t nh cua cac cau thong thng nhng c chu y nhieu hn en ve ep kien truc, chieu rong kho gii han thong xe tren cau va di gam cau, va phng phap thi cong se c chon sao cho cang nhanh, cang t can tr giao thong bnh thng th cang tot.

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e tang ve ep cua cau th mau sn tren ket cau, cac kieu lan can, va he, cot ien, thap cau, cac v tr at tng ai can c chu y ac biet. oi khi can co s tham gia y kien cua cac nganh van hoa va kien truc a phng na.

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