Meldi Septian (071.06.

080)

Transmigas Tugas-1.2

Zigrang dan Sylvester

Colebrook dan White

% Error

Soal :
Dengan menggunakan persamaan Zigrang & Sylvester, dan persamaan Colebrook & White, dan
Dengan d =
dan
&
Nre =
dan
Buatlah matriks untuk harga faktor koefisien gesek (f) dari 2 persamaan di atas, dan juga %
Error dari ke dua persamaan tersebut!

2.1 Metode Zigrang & Sylvester

f=(1/(-2*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)+(13/Nre))))))))^2
d - Nre
1.00E-04
1.00E-02

1.00E+04 1.00E+06
0.031018 0.013440
0.043128 0.037965

2.2 Metode Colebrook & White

2.2.1 Nilai f (koefisien gesek) didapat dari masukan sembarang.
d - Nre 1.00E+04 1.00E+06
1.00E-04 0.006549 0.218521
1.00E-02 0.125580 0.265548
2.2.2 Fungsi (f) yang akan dinolkan
fungsi (f)=1.74-(2*LOG((2*d)+(18.7/(Nre*(f^0.5)))))-(1/(f^0.5))
d - Nre 1.00E+04 1.00E+06
1.00E-04 -7.351978 6.840356

1.00E-02 2.112663 3.195799

2.2.3 Nilai koefisien gesek (f), dengan menggunakan what-if analysis "goal seek".
(mencari fungsi (f) mendekati 0 (nol))

fungsi (f)
d - Nre 1.00E+04 1.00E+06
1.00E-04 -0.000044 0.000146
1.00E-02 0.000027 -0.000074
2.3 % Error
% Error =[{f(z&s)-f(c&w)}/f(c&w)]*100
d - Nre
1.00E-04
1.00E-02

1.00E+04 1.00E+06
0.189626 0.035065
0.009575 0.061623

koefisien gesek (f)

d - Nre 1.00E+04
1.00E-04 0.031077
1.00E-02 0.043132

1.00E+06
0.013445
0.037941

Meldi Septian (071.06.080)

salt water

d
L

p
gc

Transmigas Tugas-1.3

64 lbm/ft
fresh water
1.1 cp
SG
1 ft
d
100000 ft
L
0 ft
50 psi
32.2 lbm ft / lbf s

f assumed
first for first
0.04
time
f assumed
0.024817143554
velocity
1.71
Nre
147922.25

62.4 lbm/ft
1.03
12 in
18.94 mile

<<== changes after goal seek

f(z&s)
d - Nre
1.23E+05
2.00E-03 0.024817143554

% Error
d - Nre
2.00E-03

1.23E+05
0.000000

goal seek
f(z&s) - f
(assum)
mendekati 0
Q

<<== if zero, it's mean has been "goal seek"

0.00000000

20648.50522148 BOPD

Meldi Septian (071.06.080)

Diketahui :

Soal :

P1 =
P2 =
d=
g =
T=
L=
=
z factor =
=
E=

Transmigas Tugas-2.1
500 psia
250 psia
4 inches
0.6
660 R
5 mil
0 inches
0.9
0.01 cp
1

Tentukan laju alir gas dengan menggunakan persamaan

1.1 Darcy
1.2 Weymouth
1.3 Panhandle
1.4 Modified Panhandle

Penyelesaian :
1.1 Darcy
q assumed =
12500 mscfd

q abs = q ass - q (f(z&s))

=
4436.46

Nre = (20*q*g)/(*d)
= 3,750,000.000
/d =

f (z&s) = (1/(-2*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)+(13/Nre))))))))^2
=
0.01
q (f(z&s)) = 2.741*(((P1^2-P2^2)*d^5)/(g*f*z*T*L))^0.5
=
8063.54 mscfd
Goal Seek, to reach q assume - q (f(z&s)) mendekati 0 (nol)
q assumed =

7989.14 mscfd

q abs = q ass - q (f(z&s))

=
0 <== mendekati 0 (nol)

Nre = (20*q*g)/(*d)
= 2,396,743.296
/d =

0
P goal

f = (1/(-2*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)+(13/Nre))))))))^2
=
0.01
q calculated = 2.741*(((P1^2-P2^2)*d^5)/(g*f*z*T*L))^0.5

7989.14 mscfd

1.2 Weymouth
q = 15.387*E*(((P1^2-P2^2)*d^(16/3))/(g*z*T*L))^0.5
=
6363.47 mscfd
1.3 Panhandle
q = 20.497*E*(d^2.6182)*((1/g)^0.4604)*(((P1^2-P2^2)/(g*z*T*L))^0.5394)
=
12046.48 mscfd
1.4 Modified Panhandle
q = 28*E*(d^2.53)*((1/g)^0.49)*(((P1^2-P2^2)/(g*z*T*L))^0.51)
=
12892.69 mscfd

Meldi Septian (071.06.080)

Diketahui :

Soal :

L=
d=
f=
S.G. =
=
q=

Transmigas Tugas-2.2
5 mil
4 inches
0.02
0.85
10 centistokes
3000 BOPD

Tentukan pressure drop dengan menggunakan persamaan

2.1 Darcy Weisbach
2.2 Miller
2.3 Hazzen and Williams

Penyelesaian :
2.1 Darcy Weisbach
P = 0.06053*((f*SG*L*q^2)/(d^5))
=
45.22 psia
q = 4.0645*((P*d^5)/(f*SG*L))^0.5
=
2999.95 bopd
<== Cuma pembuktian, ga perlu ditulis
2.2 Benjamin Miller
P assumed =

65 psia

= SG *
=
8.5 centipoise
q (P assumed) = 4.06*(((P*d^5)/(SG*L))^0.5)*(log((SG*(d^3)*P)/((^2)*L))+4.35)
=
2713.54 BOPD
Goal Seek, to reach q (P assumed) = 3000 BOPD
P assumed =
= SG*
=

77.26 psia

8.5 centipoise

q (P assumed) = 4.06*(((P*d^5)/(SG*L))^0.5)*(log((SG*(d^3)*P)/((^2)*L))+4.35)
=
3000 BOPD
<== q = 3000 bopd
P goal seek =

77.26 psia

2.3 Hazen and Williams

C=

71.58

q = 0.1482*C*(d^2.63)*(P/(L*SG))^0.54
P = ((q/(0.1482*C*(d^2.63)))^(1/0.54))*L*SG
=
172.15 psia

Meldi Septian (071.06.080)

Diketahui :

Soal :

d=
d =
=
qL=
qg =
L =
g =
L =
g =
HL =

Transmigas Tugas-2.3
4 inches
0
20
1.7 ft/s
2.5 ft/s
36 lbm/ft
9 lbm/ft
15 cp
0.03 cp
0.6

0.33 ft
g=
gc =

32.2 ft/sec
32.2 lbm ft/lbf sec

Tentukan

3.1 Kecepatan superficial gas (Vsg) dan liquid (VsL), kecepatan mixture (Vm) dan nohold up (L)
3.2 Kepepatan () dan kekentalan () Slip dan No-Slip
3.3 Pressure gradient total
Penyelesaian :
3.1

A = **d
=
0.09 ft
Vsg = qg/A
=
28.65 ft/sec
VsL = qL/A
=
19.48 ft/sec
Vm = Vsg+VsL
=
48.13 ft/sec
L = VsL/(Vsg+VsL)
=
0.4

3.2

slip
Hg = 1-HL
=

no-slip
g = 1-L
=

0.4

0.6

s = (L*HL)+(g*Hg)
=
25.2 lbm/ft

ns = (L*L)+(g*g)
=
19.93 lbm/ft

s = (L*HL)+(g*Hg)
=
9.01 cp

ns = (L*L)+(g*g)
=
6.09 cp

3.3

=
=

8.62 lbf/ft
0.06 psi/ft

Nre = (1488*ns*vm*d)/ns
= 78125.61

f (z&w) = (1/(-2*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)+(13/Nre))))
=
0.02

=
=

44.39 lbf/ft
0.31 psi/ft

0 psi/ft

0.37 psi/ft

<== karena tdk ada perc

Meldi Septian (071.06.080)

Diketahui :

lbm ft/lbf sec

Soal :

q'o =
Rp =
d=
=
Rs =
L =
g =
Bo =

Transmigas Tugas-2.4
1100 stbo/day
1000 scf/stbo
4 inches
0.33 ft
500 scf/stbo
17 cp
0.02 cp
1.4 bbl/stbo

z=
g =
o =
P=
T=
=
g=
gc =

0.9
0.8
0.8
1000
250
710
32.2
32.2

4.1 Hitung VsL, Vsg, Vm dan L.

4.2 Hitung o dan g.
4.3 Hitung gradient tekanan akibat gravitasi, jika = 90 dan HL = 0.7

n mixture (Vm) dan no-slip liquid

Penyelesaian :
qo = q'o*Bo
=
1540 bbl/day
=
0.1 ft/s
Bg = 0.0283*((z*T)/P)
=
0.02 cuft/scf
qg = q'o*(Rp-Rs)Bg
=
9946.04 cuft/day
=
0.12 ft/s
4.1

A = **d
=
0.09 ft
Vsg = qg/A
=
1.32 ft/sec
VsL = qL/A
=
1.15 ft/sec
Vm = Vsg+VsL
=
2.47 ft/sec
L = VsL/(Vsg+VsL)
=
0.5

4.2

o = (62.4*o+((0.076*Rs*g)/(5.615)))/Bo
=
39.52 lbm/ft
g = 2.7*((g*P)/(z*T))
=
3.38 lbm/ft

4.3

90

HL = 0.7

Hg = 1-HL
= 0.3
s = (L*HL)+(g*Hg)
=
28.68 lbm/ft

*LOG((d/3.7)+(13/Nre))))))))^2

<== karena tdk ada percepatan

=
=

28.68 lbf/ft
0.2 psi/ft

Transmigas Tugas-2.4

psia
F
R
ft/sec
lbm ft/lbf sec

= 90 dan HL = 0.7

Meldi Septian (071.06.080)

Diketahui :

Soal :

q'g =
q'o =
q'w =
P=
T=
=
L =
L =
L =
g=

Transmigas Tugas-3
5 mmscfd
1500 stbo/day
0 bpd
3000 psia
250 F
710 R
0.9
8.5 dyne/cm
0.5 cp
32.2 ft/sec

g =
z=
Bo =
Rs =
g =
d=
=
=
=
gc =

0.6 @ P=14.7 dan T=60F

0.8
1.7 bbl/stb
1000 scf/stb
0.02 cp
4 inches
0.33 ft
0 feet
30
32.2 lbm ft/lbf sec

Hitung gradient tekanannya dalam psi/ft, dengan menggunakan metode Beggs and Brill

Penyelesaian :
qo = q'o*Bo
=
2550 bbl/day
=
0.17 ft/s
Bg = 0.0283*((z*T)/P)
=
0.01 cuft/scf

Kecepatan superfisial (Vs)

Vsg = qg/A
=
2.49 ft/sec
VsL = qL/A
=
1.9 ft/sec
Vm = Vsg+VsL
=
4.39 ft/sec

qg = q'g*Bg - q'o*Rs*Bg
= 18753.47 cuft/day
=
0.22 ft/s
o = (62.4*o+((0.076*Rs*g)/(5.615)))/Bo
=
37.81 lbm/ft
g = 2.7*((g*P)/(z*T))
=
8.56 lbm/ft
A = **d
=
0.09 ft
Froude Number
Nfr = Vm/(g*d)
=
1.79
Batas antara Seagregated Flow Regime dan Distributed Flow Regime
L1 = 316*(L^0.302)
= 245.41
Batas antara Seagregated Flow Regime dan Transition Flow Regime
L2 = 0.000925*(L^-2.468)

no-slip
L = VsL/(Vsg+VsL)
=
0.4
g = 1-L
=
0.6
ns = (L*L)+(g*g)
=
21.22 lbm/ft
ns = (L*L)+(g*g)
=
0.23 cp

= 0.01
Batas antara Transition Flow Regime dan Intermittent Flow Regime
L3 = 0.10*(L^-1.452)
= 0.34
Batas antara Transition Flow Regime dan Intermittent Flow Regime
L4 = 0.5*(L^-6.738)
= 140.87
Sehingga didapat Flow Regimenya adalah

Intermittent Flow Regime

Excel-nya penentuan Flow Regime :

=IF(OR(AND(L<0.01,Nfr<L1),(AND(L>=0.01,Nfr<L2))),"Segregated Flow
Regime",IF(AND(L>=0.01,L2<=Nfr,Nfr<=L3),"Transition Flow
Regime",IF(OR(AND(0.01<=L,L<0.4,L3<Nfr,Nfr<=L1),AND(L>=0.4,L3<Nfr,Nfr<=L4),"Inter
mittent Flow Regime",IF(OR(AND(L<0.4,Nfr>=L1),AND(L>=0.4,Nfr>L4)),"Distributed Flow
Regime","Error"))))

PREDIKSI LIQUID HOLD UP

Liquid Holdup seakan pipa horizontal [HL(0)]
Flow pattern
a
b
c
Segregated
0.98
0.48
0.09
Intermittent
0.85
0.54
0.02
Distributed
1.07
0.58
0.06
HL(0) = (a*(L^b))/(Nfr^c)
=
0.53

if HL < L, maka HL(0) = L

Hitung Dimensionless NLv

NLv = 1.938*VsL*(L/L)^(1/4)
=
5.34
Hitung konstanta C
Flow pattern
Segregated Uphill
Intermittent Uphill
Distributed Uphill
All Patterns Downhill

0.01
-3.77
3.54
2.96
0.31
-0.45
No Correction : C = 0, = 1
4.7
-0.37
1.12

C = (1.0-L)ln(e*(L^f)*(NLv^g)*(Nfr^h))
=
0.08

-1.61
0.1
-0.51

if C < 0, maka C = 0

Hitung faktor koreksi untuk pipa miring ()

= 1.0+C[sin(1.8*)-0.333sin(1.8*)]
=
0.89
Didapat Liquid Holdup untuk pipa miring HL()
HL() = HL(0)*
=
0.47
Payne et al. Liquid Holdup correction
>0
HL() = 0.924*HL()
=
0.44

Hg = 1-HL()
=
0.56

PREDIKSI FAKTOR GESEKAN

Hitung Reynold Number
Nre = (1488*ns*vm*d)/ns
= 202669.37
Hitung Normalized Friction Factor (fn)
/d =

fn (z&s) = (1/(-2*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)+(13/Nre))))))))^2
=
0.02
Hitung konstanta y
y = L/(HL())
=
2.26
Hitung konstanta s
s = ln y/(-0.0523+3.182 ln y-0.8725 (ln y)+0.01853(ln y)^4)
=
0.41
Hitung rasio dari two phase flow friction factor to the normalized friction factor
(f/fn) = e^s
=

1.51

Hitung faktor gesekan untuk dua fasa (f)

f = fn*(f/fn)
=
0.03

GRADIENT TEKANAN
Hitung Slip Density (s)
s = L*HL()+g*Hg
=
21.37 lbm/ft
Gradient tekanan (gradien tekanan oleh akselerasi diabaikan)

=
=

=
=

10.68 lbf/ft
0.07 psi/ft

0.63 lbf/ft
0 psi/ft

0 psi/ft

0.08 psi/ft

<== karena tdk ada percepatan

Meldi Septian (071.06.080)

Diketahui :

Soal :

Pwh =
R=
q=

Transmigas Tugas-4.1
450 psi
0.4 mscf/bbl
500 bopd

Hitung ukuran choke yang sesuai dengan pwh yang ada, dengan metode Gilbert dan
metode Brown

Penyelesaian :
Gilbert =>>

Pwh = (435*R^0.546*q)/s^1.89
s = ((435*R^0.546*q)/Pwh)^(1/1.89)
=
20.2 " choke

Brown =>>

Pwh = (500*R^0.5*q)/s^2
s = ((500*R^0.5*q)/Pwh)^(1/2)
=
18.74 " choke

Meldi Septian (071.06.080)

Diketahui :

Soal :

d1 =
=
d2 =
=
L

Transmigas Tugas-4.2
4 in
0.33 ft
6 in
0.5 ft
15 mil

=
q total =
=
=
SG =

0 ft
10000 bpd
1 cp
64 lbm/ft
1.03

Hitung q1 dan q2 pada saat p1 = p2

Penyelesaian :
=>> Pipa berdiameter 6 inches
q1 assume =
=

3500 bpd
0.23 ft/s

A1 = **d1
=
0.09 ft
v1 = q1/A1
=
2.61 ft/sec

/d =
0
Nre = (1488**v1*d1)/
=
82734.4

fn (z&s) = (1/(-2*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)+(13/Nre))))))))^2
=
0.02
P1 = 0.06053*((f*SG*L*q1^2)/(d1^5))
=
277.44 psia
=>> Pipa berdiameter 8 inches
q2 assume =
=

6500 bpd
0.42 ft/s

A2 = **d2
=
0.2 ft
v2 = q2/A2
=
2.15 ft/sec

/d =
0
Nre = (1488**v2*d2)/
= 102433.06

fn (z&s) = (1/(-2*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)+(13/Nre))))))))^2
=
0.02
P2 = 0.06053*((f*SG*L*q2^2)/(d2^5))
=
115.26 psia
P1-P2 =

162.18 psia

Buat goal seek

=>> Pipa berdiameter 6 inches
q1 assume =
=

2540.49 bpd
0.17 ft/s

A1 = **d1
=
0.09 ft
v1 = q1/A1
=
1.89 ft/sec

/d =
0
Nre = (1488**v1*d1)/
=
60053.1

fn (z&s) = (1/(-2*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)+(13/Nre))))))))^2
=
0.03
P1 = 0.06053*((f*SG*L*q1^2)/(d1^5))
=
150.13 psia
=>> Pipa berdiameter 8 inches
q2 assume =
=

7459.51 bpd
0.48 ft/s

A2 = **d2
=
0.2 ft
v2 = q2/A2
=
2.47 ft/sec

/d =
0
Nre = (1488**v2*d2)/
= 117553.93

fn (z&s) = (1/(-2*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)-((5.02/Nre)*LOG((d/3.7)+(13/Nre))))))))^2
=
0.02
P2 = 0.06053*((f*SG*L*q2^2)/(d2^5))
=
150.13 psia
==>> Hasil Goal Seek
P1-P2 =
q1 =
q2 =

0 psia
2540.49 bpd
7459.51 bpd