ll `ab M P U P Nt b sd Q b VW" UQ U] Zf k _X \ P U N[rh" S Q P OE } f Z _ Z \^ Q \ _ ] RL:RWNWjg<iNh{ l Va[gWWVa[RVRW<Ng<WW[<g"Vf O b `^ Vf k _X^ \ Z P k _X P k P U Q \ _^ Q ] \ ZX Q^ U ] ^ f _ QRW\ b RPNga~P P f o \ t^ UQ U] Z Q b <WVf W\ b o Q b <R`^ " ggW<"Z U Q f P l ^ f^ U Q Q S S ll k _ gab N[X {kP

N[X {kP tP k _ \ P dQ hPR wP f f^ P P P U Q P k _ P U Q P l t P P U Q <QG`+VkRW<8hS VahWVs"Z ab r\ b "<{ S GhNN8 S QP O M RLT/o Q o P l W\ b Q b <UWP UQ ] Zf \ _ \ _^ Q ] \ ZX aN`VRWW[P l b <ihhgWo b P ^ Q \ P k P p^ o W\ b S l t PQ \ P U \ mb GkhVjg^"<Q`^{ l k b P l ]rg^PhWRWjhgW \P RWU f ] \ P Z P f f^ U { hNuN \ P t^ l t k P Q \^ P U Q \ _ o P o \ Z \ Z f ab hVi`"<~ahWW"N_ S Wg^ P ] \ P P P U Q P o^ \ _ ] ^ U P P f RWh"Z5RVfW<(khWgVfWah5hf`"<Q|RV_ P t^ t^ k P o P U M Nu<Q b ghW|WD] Q b <R] b s"<N[M b `f b D_ `l [~wg^ mb jhf l W UQ Q X P UQ _kX \^ f d l _X {Q l Z P Q b P U S P t^ t^ k P o P U Q ] P U ] P } \ _^ ^ Q \ P k P p^ o X _ f Z k P U Q \^ l agVQ b gVRW(W<shW(N`VQ b VihVRJuWWmRP l "<W`5{ WWab { k b P l `^ ] f
f (x) =

C Qb k _ b Z k _X P U N[X l VN[W
0

S Q b <DWf `l aM UQ d_ U l P l f Z _ \^ Q \ _ ] f _ } gl df b Q b "NWZj`Vjah`^ c P Q P U Q ] P U ] P } f Z _ Z \^ Q \ _ ] f^ Q^ P k _X P k P U P] \ hWg^c } RW]5Vk Wmb f b u^~g^ l W<rh"+RWNWjg<iNhgg+VN[Vh"<Q fb fP U _ k_ a/M b RW\N`^VQR]W\"[XWZNWjg^<iN_hGk b QihhP l sa_Ng<gN_ N_R]W\ b RWW5Vk b g^ f _ Z f _ Z \ Q \ ] { \ P P X \ _^ Q^ f o Q] Z o _ f -:5- b UQ P t_ z \N_WNWjg<iNh~{ l S Va[gWWg^ f Z _ Z \^ Q \ _ ] k _X^ \ Z f S S Q <sNDVk QP O M (/o \ o o Z f^ t^ t^ P o f Q^ U U ] Z N_RPWW\WN_ g|PagVQ b gVkRW Vg Q b <QWf \N~N`VRWW[P l b VjRVRJuWo b P _ \ _^ Q ] \ ZX ^ Q \ P k P p^ zxy S l l ab fv M w D] t k P Q \^ P U Q \ _ o P o \ Z R<i`sWVraxh"WWN_
}N{ `l [PVk b |RP GW\ b WNa+PaDVk ZX ] k df k Z _ { t _ S l k _X S ^ Q \ P k P p^ o f P t^ t k P o P U Q o \ o ag<Q b u^VRWsW<rW8qrW\ b glab N[P l b <ihhgWg^ Q b <nA"M UQ d_ U c ll k _X f Z _ Z \^ Q \ _ ] f `mb N[WNWjg<iNhg^ Q b <eA"M b UQ d_ U c S QP RLO
a`<WW[YWVTP \ _^ Q ] \ ZX P U Q
NAJ"DLAJ"DGD-A8<:86 531/-+) M K F I H F I K F I H FE C B @ ? > = ;97 4 20 . , *
f f (x) g x = 0, f (x) g(x) f f f (x) =
f (0, 1) x.

1 x2 sin( x2 ), x = 0 . 0, x = 0

 '   $ #  !                  
(&%" 



g = M. x {xk }

f (xk ) =

x 0, limx0 f (x) = 0 = f (0).

g (0, 1), x (0, 1). x, y (0, 1), y g(x) g(y) = g (c)(x y). 2k, xk = x=0 f
1 , k 0. 2k limk f (xk ) =

x, y (0, 1)

f (0) = lim

1 x2 sin x2 0 1 = lim x sin 2 = 0. x0 x0 x0 x 1 |x sin x2 | |x|. (0, 1).

1 1 1 2(x sin x2 x cos x2 ), x = 0 . 0, x=0

x,

(0, 1) (0, 1).

|x y | < , x

M >0 0

|g (x)| M, c |g(x) g(y)| M |x y |, >0 |g(x) g(y)| < . f (x).

1 |x2 sin( x2 )| |x2 |,

(0, 1).

(0, 1).

S S C {Q l Z P \^ ^ k Q P U Q wu^ ab jRW`|P l W\ b VVYW<{ hRNDhN(VhV{ VR<TVQ b NR<i`\ b + kP t_Pk _ } kPQ k P Q P k P Q \^ ] P S l ab t k P Q \^ P U Q \ M R<i`"<TDP }aP l b NR<i`gVR<GhaRW\ b N{ l Va[gWW(haVhaiNh`hgVhW<Q k P Q \^ \^ k P Q { k P t P o k _X^ \ Z f P k P t \ _ ] M ] \^ f P^ k P f P U b Z ]^ Q b l P d } `l  b Q b k `l hg<Gk 8 f f P^ k P f P U Q X _ Z f P U Q \^ o Z \^ P k _ P U } f Z _ Z \^ Q \ _ ] P \^ _ `f \ f Z _ \^ Q \ _ ] f N_ WN"`<iNR g^ R`VRVT"<La%WVT"<j`W"gRVNRW<Q b { RWNWj`ViNhTk b f P^ k P f P U Q X _ f k P Q P U ll o h`h"< m+VR<W<Q `ab W\ b \ _ Nx{ l N[g"WRNVRNiNhYDgR`VRVW k _X^ \ Z f P k P t \ _ ] M ] \^ f P^ k P f P U QP O M RL/o Q b VxWVf VN5W] UQ U] Z Pf _ _ U { k P t P k _X \ P U } M ] \^ f P^ k P f P U Q X _ Z f P U Q P Q _ \ P RNRN[xRWxg|R`VRVW<&m"V+W<+<aWRWo M} l mb f P^ k P f P U Q U hgVRVS W<YQ b <Q Q b VQ `ab h:} U ll ] P E t k P Q \^ P U Q \ _ GhVjgW<NS { l VN[uWWhNhNiNR] k _X^ \ Z f P k P t \ _ _^ k U Q^ d f P^ k P f ]^ k Q P _ P `<Q b <u&hgVh gV<~ahN b "`hP |RNVRNt \^ E f P k P f d l _X Q^ Q f P Q f k Q f k P^ P P U Q D_ `l [1giGhVr(f b VVR`R WV{ M ll k _ `ab a[X \ _ 5Nh] P ] \^ c M RW`5YD] f P^ k P f P U Q o R`hVWV"\ b

S ]P U }fQ b h" MR<Gk 8 { Ng<Q b NhVjg^ V"hi`|3} \ _^ k P Q \ P f Z C Q \^ E

cos(nx)). |e (sin(nx) cos(nx))| 2enx , limx enx = 0, nx limx e (sin(nx) cos(nx)) = 0. 1 enx cos(nx)dx = (cos n sin n). 2nen 1 na |enx cos(nx)| enx ena , x [a, ), n1 e 0 < ea < 1 nx cos(nx) [a, ) n1 e a>0 f (x) x > 0, a 0 < a < x. [a, ) f [a, ), x [1, )

Q b <rW8Y"M b WgVW8JhW U Q o \ q P d \^ f Z \ P U S o W\ b P ] \^ f U Q P Q _ RW` Q b <<m|M f^ P t^ t^ k P o^ Q `TagVQ b gVRW`Vi\ b | M b \ -:5- z } o M/roW\ b D<Gk 8 `hWWRWf b g^ M ] f Q b \^ o P \ q P o f PkP U VRWd Q b V+aAk DP UQ Pt_ M \N_WN_"Z5\g<iNR`^ f Z ^Q \ _] f Q b <nA"V8`hgVhsW<aWsW<hVaWh"o U Q d _ U f M ] \^ f P^ k P f P U Q X _ Z f P U Q f P Q _ \ P Xv M /o l t k P Q \^ { k P t P \ _ mb GhVjgrRNRN{ l Va[gWW|hNhajahhgVhsW<Q b <sNDVk z PkP U hWd k _X^ \ Z f P k P t \ _ ] f P^ k P f P U Q U Q P t _
f (x) f (x)dx 2,
1 1 nx e (sin(nx) 2n nx n1

P U P Nt b d

f P^ k P f P U Q k P o^ f \ _ M h`h+"<hWgVWa D] S o \^ Wg M
S } \ _^ ^ Q \ P k P p^ o Ng<Q b <ihhgWr{ hW\ b WaN{ kP df k Z_ Xv LM b k _X P t^ t^ k P o^ Q N[Nu<Q b uVh"`<i\ b \ b W8q o \ M KF I HF I KF I HF I HFE CB@? > = 9 7 aAL"D5A"DJ"DGD-A8<~ 531/-+) 4 20 . , *
n 1,

enx cos(nx)dx.

f (x)dx
n1

1 1 1. = e1 en n1 enx cos(nx) f (x) enx cos(nx).

1

nx

1 cos(nx)dx nen f (x) [a, )

n1

a > 0.

(0, ).

lim supn (an )1/n x. (a2n )1/2n = 2, limn (a2n+1 )1/(2n+1) = limn 3 2n+1 = 3. lim supn (an )1/n = 3, R = 1. 3 1 R = 1. limn n n = 1, n n n n1 (1, 1). . n=1 nz n=1 nz = z n=1 nz n=0 z 1 f (z) = 1z . n1 , f (z) n=1 nz

\P U RWd Q b < D_ gl [X UQ f d l _ S S f `^ Qv } M f \ _^ ] \ ZX ]^ Q WNg<QWW[`V5{ lab \ b "N_ b gWWg%RVNRW<Q b { E Q Z \^ o Z \^ P k _ P U _ f P k P t \ _ ] Q^ _ VQ hNhNiNR uVf Z f P U Q o P ] \ P k P t \ _ ] X l t k P Q \^ P "V(W<+W\ b RWhNhajahWm_ ab hVi`~ b f fVR<shVQ b VjRVRJuWo"<s<QghgVRV(W k P Q o P ^ Q \ P k P p^ P U Q U ^ d f P^ k P f P U k _ P U "<QYf b U f P^ P f P R`khVWU Q b <<m| UQ PQ_ f `^ S N[X P] \ kP t \ _ X l tkPQ \ P UQ RWhPNhajah]a_ mb GhVjg^W<Y_c f^ ] \ P k P t \ _ ] X _ f Z^ k P U g|PRWhNhajaha&WgWo b W<Q P ] \^ c RW`5&M \P U RW f^ ] \ P k t \ _ X _ f ^ k P U Q _ f o gPhWRNVRPNiNR]a"Z`Wo b sW<VW\ b UQ PQ_ Q b V&<a o W\ b o \ q Q oPP \ d _f o P] \P k t \ _] _ f Z k U P ^ kPQP o _Q QfPQ Q _ _k P UQ l P W8_VhRWsP VW\ b aRWhNhPajah1XaW`^"o b sPWVQs"\`VhVRWV|Gh< asW<{ WWab M b -:5- k _ b Z k _X \ d _ \ l P N[X `l N[A"5 gl d b <uk S b 5c U Q^ d Q Q } f \ _^ b Z l ] Z _ { X _ f P \ Q ] P k k _ P U Q { ^ Q f Z RWNg<Q `l h] ab kWNa1m|fhWVRhVNR]sW<Xu<GWaM C Q \^ E Z f P U Q _ b Z _ o \ q i`: }WW<LkN[X `l Vka[X b W8soW\ b X P a_ R]W\hPNhajahWm"`Wo b W<Wg~h<LM k P t \ _ ] X _ f Z^ k P U Q P \^ k P Q P X _ P ] \ P k P t \ _ ] X _ f Z^ k P U Q o \^ mhWRNVRNiNRa"`Wo b sW<Wg S P] \P Z Pf P UQ P \ qP h"hWjhsW<sW8 M b
{
ia8AGD-A/<~ 531/-+) M H I KFE CB@? > ; 9 7 4 20 . , *
{an } a2n = 22n , a2n+1 = 32n+1 , n n=0 an z .
n n=0 nz , n n n=0 z . nz n = zf (z) = n 0.

2n

n=0

z , (z 1)2

|z| < 1.

M /o M bS S { Vf _ { l Vk b VRhh"\ ^ ffP]P P ] \^ RW`5c } NW`"`WVQ W`^ S b VQ b \ _ Z ^ \^ P U f \ Q P k P U d Q \^ hWigN_ WVsP P UQ _ Q o P Q ]^ k Q f P k \ P U Q P O } M Z ^ o E Z ^ \^ f Q^ f \ Q Q^ o RLW` b W\ b "`Wg~Vg&"`^ b VQ b uW\ b hWW"NS _ ggi VR<RS gVVh~RWd o P o \ Z f^ Q^ b _ QP OM RLGD] f Z _ \^ Q \ _ ] f RWNWg<iNR`^ P U Q P ] \^ WVh"`c o b X _ Q P Z f 8 Nh] b P S "\ asRf S ] zQ Pk _X aN[RP f b s/sRP l Vk `f b D_ `l [wuWj`Vjah] E M o F _ \^ f d l _X { Q^ Z \^ Q \ _ } M \ _^ Q ] \ ZX Q^ U ] ^ 8N`VRWW[TVgWf LO b `^ f P U]kPQ \ k _X^ \ Z P U } f d l _X b ] P U N[gW"WhD_ gl [g^ l ~" o \ q o "8W\ b W\ b NW\ b VhVi`^ o Q b VW8q UQ o \ \ b ]rD| P d d_ Q \ l t^ Z P k N{ l ihP ab gWjRN_ P k \^ o P P ] P /Vk b hWgWhRhhk o W\ b k P t _ Z q \^ P U Q P Q P d \ P U haAW8"gWVm b RW PW<N_k8 UQ U Q^ <ud { Q l Z P \ ^ ^ k Q P U Q k P o ^ f \S _ wu^ ab jRW`sP l W\ b <"<RW`WN o W\ b {k P t P k _X GhNN[~Q b <k b P l `u Ng<uW8R"xWVNV8M UQ ] f^ Q^ \ _^ Q^ \ q P o P U Q _ k ohfN_ l `^ P ] f P ] \^ c h"`} a[X i`N_ u~g^ b `^ "\ b k _ Q \^ Q^ l f Q b VR`^ " ggW U Q f P l ^ f^ U _f o Q b VWf UQ U] Z \ `^ P] \P Z P h"hWjhf b <G`hWVQ b VW\ b gW f Q f^ P P k P U Q U Q f P f^ U X^ C g~hk b P l `gNg<hVgWWawsM b ] f^ Q^ \ _^ Q ] P k^ o P \ _ \v P Zf PfkP t \ _ WVf b a{ l VRNiN h"-:5- y lab _<Q 5RP Z Ph"\ b QG`WosPWUVQ `Q b d ] f^ f^ U o kPf k _Q P U f "\ b hRVN<i\ b WVQ `^ Xv M /o ll gab k _ Q b <Q U z S N[X S QP M LO D] U Z ]Wf _ kX Q \^ _ f^ NV[ jgN[gWo U t f<g^sPVkRPWU<Q Q b <QYPND_k Qf P X_ QP Zf Q b _ m|Vf VR] 8 ah] b P \ _ f Z _ Z \^ Q \ _ ] NWNWj`ViNh~{ l VN[uWWg^ k _X^ \ Z f Pk _X Pk P UQ o VN[Vh"<rW\ b
x X, y X, |E (x) E (y)| d(x, y ),

X^ \ _ o X g{ l NW\ b g^
E

lgab kN[XQ b V+aDVk z M S l _ UQ Pt_ z Q b V+aDVk M b UQ Pt_

P \ qP W8}

\ _^ Q ] \ ZX ]^ k Q P U Q^ Ng<R"W[`<~<ud

S _kX P ] N[sRW b Q f ^ o P U _ <Q S { S \ `"+"<Q QP RLO P b f ]^ k Q P R] 8 `<R b mVf VhVa_ l wQ RWNW\ b P X_ QP Zf oPf ] { P \ _ M K I KF I KF I KFE CB@? > = ;9 7 N/5AAJAGD-A8<~ 531/-+) 4 20 . , *
E xX

inf zE d(x, z).

x E E (x) = 0. 0 = E (x) = 1 {zk } E d(x, zk ) < k . limk zk = x, x E E x E. x X z E, d(x, z) E (x). d(x, y) + d(y, z) d(x, z), x, y X, z E. d(x, y) + d(y, z) E (x). z E d(x, y) + E (y) E (x), E (x) E (y) d(x, y). x y E (x) E (y) d(x, y). E K X K E = . E : X R K x0 K E K x0 K, x0 E, / E (x0 ) > 0.
1 E (x) = 18 .
K 0 < E (x0 ) E (x), ER E : X R E (x) = 0 X, x K. E (x) = inf d(x, z). x = 5, 6 x E.
zE

E.

E (x)

x0 K d

\ _^ Q ]^ k Q \ _ JN`VR`"o b Vjah] l k P Q \^ P U Q \ P U ab NhVi`WVRW \ N_ aW`"`W<VaWRWo X _ Z ^ \^ P U Q P Q _ \ P S S l ab {Q^ Z \^ Q \ _ ] X _ P f ] QP O L} \^ \ Q \ _ "`Wg^ b iNR] tkPQ \ Z R<i`^ Vf b NagVgVa_ { l RgV<GP W awgWj`ViNhaWZ b RP \ _ P t^ Q^ f Q ]^ k Q f Qf Z } i`N_ NVf Q b ag<uVN_ { l R`<Gf ` gQ b <TWVf b mNgVQ b RWWNW"\ b WNWjg<iNh `^ (D] S Q \^ P _ P t^ Q^ f Q ]^ k Q f^ Q^ U Q P Z f P t^ P \ \ _ \ o f Z _ Z \^ Q \ _ ] f Xv M f P l ^ U ]^ U d _ k P f^ \ _^ Q ] \ ZX P U Q X^ f^ _ k P hg^ W ``WW"VhR`rNg<R"W[YW<gg~hR+P _f o VW\ b l k P Q \^ P U Q \ b ] mb NR<i`W<{ b { l N|"<j d \ _ P UQ _f \ _ P t^ P \ \ _ \ o f Z _ \^ Q \ _ ] f NNu<Q b hWWaW~"\ b "NW`ViNh`^ \ _^ Q ] \ ZX P U a`<WW[W S { l Vk b VRhRWNk b <u^ k b f b d ^ ffP]P \ { kQ P ] \^ f o hWgV"\ b \ _ o \ P o \ f P _ o P Q^ \ q f NWhP WQJVh5WaVgW8s`^ Q b <<m| UQ PQ_

l ab ^ _ \ l b \S P U hW Q b VWf UQ U] Z S NW5{ _ QP RLO \ f Z _ \^ Q \ ] f P ] \^ c } \ P t^ a_("NWZj`Vja_h&g^ RW`hagNP f ^ P UQ Pk _ U f QfkP P P U <QfgPVkRPW<ahNhP"<QVf b k<GVhg^hW<Q{ Q b <QR`^ W g{ l P<Q b WhP~g^wgVQihWg`WVj ab NW5{ l _ j\ b `^ U f P l ^ ^ o {Q^ \ P o^ f^ U Q l ^ _ \ { f S ll _ `mb kN[X QP c R5&M \RWU P X v }Mf Z l ] X_ Pk _P U <WZ l h] mb 1ahNh"<Q lab i\h b "\W[X W<Q"\ b E f ab NhVjg^&N[XhVahWVQ WZ mb \ b WU<{ S { l VQ b ^"ohP~gD_ gl [`"1M b l k PQ \ k _ Pk_P U P l t P P Q Q P o Z P U o P ^ f d l _X f^ U h"-:5- l `lab kN[X _ \P U z h"<Q Q Pt_ M X g^+Q b UVaDVk D] oW\ b Ng^<R"WZ[NtgVQ b RWWNWsWZaWZj`<iN_R] b g^ \ _ Q ] \ X P ^ P \ \ _ \ f _ \^ Q \ f MRVNRPW<QfVf b <GVR`hz } Pk _ U k Qf k P^ P Q b <+NDVk UQ P t_

g [0, 1], P (x) |g(x) P (x)| . 1 1 1 1 2 g (x)dx = g(x)(g(x) P (x))dx |g(x)||g(x) P (x)|dx |g(x)|dx. 0 0 0 0 1 , |g(x)|dx 0 1 2 g (x)dx = 0. 0 g 2 (x) [0, 1] g(x) = 0 f (x) = 0. h x0 h [a, b] x0 1 m > 0 h [a, b]. h(x)dx (b a)m > 0 0

S Pf Zf d_ N_ " VnA M P Zff ~"VV| M b fVQ`^+hWVQ b VDWc f P PkP UQ UQ d_ U S QP RLO

a`<WW[WNWjg<iNh] b P } \ _^ Q ] \ ZX f Z _ Z \^ Q \ _
aA"a8AGD-A8<~; 531/-+) M KF I H I KFE CB@? > = ;9 7 4 20 . , *
f : [0, 1] R 1 f (x)dx = 1. 0

Q b VWf UQ U] Z

1 , n 0. n+1 g(x) = f (x) 1

ll k _ `mb N[X

P UQ Pf Z _Q Q d WVV"~V|i\ b { b N((} Z _

Q P f C Q \^ V(i`:E

ll k _ `mb a[X

h(x) = 0,

>0

g(x) = f (x) 1. f (x) = 1

h : [0, 1] R x [0, 1].

x [0, 1].

f (x)xn dx =

1
0

g(x)xn dx = 0,

c (0, 1)

n 0. P (x) = a0 +a1 x + +an xn 1 g(x)P (x) = 0. 0 f (c) = 1. 1

0

h(x)dx = 0,

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y (X, d), 1 |xn,i yi | 2i < . i 1 + |x 2 2 n,i yi | iM iM i i0 2

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{xn } xn = {xn,i }. j 0. {xn } {xn }
2j d(xn , xm ) < 1+ , n, m > N. {xn,j }n j 1, xn,j yj , n . y = {yj }. >0

U] Zf _ d k_ WV wQ a/

fP] \P Z P RhRWhWjS RVf P U P d at b W o W\ b S P ] \ P Z P +P S U Q l hWRWjh

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< 1,

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(X, d)

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(X, d)

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n, m.

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