SI

,
, , , .
.
MKSA (Metar, Kilogram, Sekund, Amper)
SI (Systme International).


. ,
. ,
.
, .
MKSA , , ,
(m), (kg), (s) (A). SI
, , (K),
(cd), .
,
.
.
.
, .
, (
1/(86400)).
:
: v =

l m
t s

: a =

v 2 l m
=
t t 2 s 2

kg * m

: F = ma N =
Njutn (N) 1N
s 2

kg 1m/s.

kg * m2
: A = F l J = N * m =
1J (Dul) 1N
s 2

1m.

: .
, , W. 1
1.

A
J N * m kg * m 2
: P =
W= =
=

t
s
s
s3
. W (Wat).

 :
n
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
6
9
12

10n
10-18
ato (a)
-15
10
femto (f)
-12
10
piko (p)
10-9
nano (n)
10-6
mikro ()
10-3
mili (m)
-2
10
centi (c)
10-1
deci (d)
1
10
deka (da)
2
10
hekto (h)
103
kilo (k)
6
10
mega (M)
109
giga (G)
12
10
tera (T)

, :

(). . , , , .
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
:

a b , c a b : c = a + b
:











a b , c a b : c = a b

a b , c a b :








c = a ib = a b cos (a, b)
:








a b c = a ib = a b cos (90 ) = 0

 :





aib = bia
:

a b , c a b :









c = a b = a b sin (a, b) ,



. a b .

.
:









a  b c = a b = a b sin (0 ili 180 ) = 0
:






a b = b a






a b = a b , .

) ( )

:
z , x , y . , z1
( x1 y1) z2 ( x2 y2)
, :
z = x + jy, z1 = x1 + jy1 , z2 = x2 + jy2 , 2= -1.

z1 + z2 = ( x1 + x2 ) + j ( y1 + y2 )
z1 * z2 = ( x1 x2 y1 y2 ) + j ( x2 y1 + x1 y2 )
z1
z2

( x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) + j ( x2 y1 x1 y2 )
x22 + y22

z = x jy
*

z z = ( x + jy ) *( x jy ) = x 2 + y 2 = z

* 2

= z

z = z e j = z (cos + j sin )
x = z cos , y = z sin
x
(za (x, y )iz I i IV kvadranta)
y
x
= + arctg (za (x, y ) iz II i III kvadranta)
y

= arctg

z = z e j
z1 z2 = z1 z 2 e j (1 +2 )
z
z1
= 1 e j (1 2 )
z2 z 2

 :
e j = cos j sin

cos 2 sin 2 = cos 2

sin sin = 12 [cos( ) cos( + )]

cos = 12 (e j + e j )

2 sin cos = sin 2

cos cos = 12 [cos( ) + cos( + )]

cos 2 = 12 (1 + cos 2 )

sin cos = 12 [sin( ) + sin( + )]

sin 2 = 12 (1 cos 2 )

sin + sin = 2 sin

sin =

1
2j

( e j e j )

sin 2 + cos 2 = 1
sin( ) = sin cos cos sin

cos( ) = cos cos sin sin

cos + cos = 2 cos

cos cos = 2 sin

:
y ( x) = C y '( x) = 0
y ( x) = x y '( x) = 1
y ( x) = x 2 y '( x) = 2 x
y ( x) = x3 y '( x) = 3 x 2
y ( x) = x n y '( x) = nx ( n 1)
y ( x) = cos x y '( x) = sin x
y ( x) = sin x y '( x) = cos x
y ( x) = cos(ax) y '( x) = a sin x
y ( x) = sin(ax) y '( x) = a cos x
y ( x) = e x y '( x) = e x
y ( x) = e ax y '( x) = ae ax
y ( x) = a x y '( x) = a x ln a, a > 0
1
y ( x) = ln x y '( x) = , x > 0
x
1
y ( x) = log a x y '( x) =
, c > 0, c 1, x > 0
x ln a

: ( y ( x) z ( x)) ' = y ( x) ' z ( x) + y ( x) z ( x) '

'

y ( x) y ( x) ' z ( x) y ( x) z ( x)'
:
=
( z ( x))2
z ( x)
: ( y ( z ( x))) ' = y '( z ) z '( x)

dx = x + C
x2
+C
2
x n +1
n
x
dx
=
+ C , n 1

n +1
cos x dx = sin x + C

xdx =

sin x dx = cos x + C
e dx = e + C
x

1
sin ax dx = cos ax + C
a

cos ax dx = a sin ax + C
: I = udv = uv vdu .

cos
cos

+
2

sin

 :
dy
+ ay = b , y(t)
dt
, b . t=t0
y(t0)=y0. :
dy

+ ay = 0
dt
y t:
dy
dy
dy
dy
+ ay = 0
= ay
= adt
= adt
dt
dt
y
y

ln y = at + ln K y = e at + ln K y = e at * eln K y = Ke at
, y = Ke at ,
.
K = K (t ) ,
y = K (t )e at
dy
dy
dy
:
+ ay = b . y = K (t )e at
= e at ( K ' (t ) aK (t ))
+ ay = b :
dt
dt
dt
b
K ' (t )e at aK (t )e at + aK (t )e at = b K (t ) = eat + K , .
a
at
dy d

dK (t ) at
de
d ( at )
= ( K (t )e at ) =
e + K (t )
= K ' (t )e at + K (t )e at
= K ' (t )e at aK (t )e at

dt
dt
dt
dt dt

dz
'

at
at
z dz
K (t ) = be K (t ) = be dt z = at ; dz = adt ; dt = a K (t ) = b e a

b z
b z
b at b
b

K (t ) = a e dz K (t ) = a (e + C ) K (t ) = a e + a C K = a C

b
, y = + Ke at . ,
a
dy

+ ay = b ,
dt
b
b

y0 = + Ke at0 , : K = y0 eat0 .
a
a

b
b
b
b
: y = + y0 e at0 e at = + y0 e a (t t0 ) .
a
a
a
a