Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

BI 3: PHP TNH TCH PHN

Mc tiu

Nm c cc khi nim v tch phn bt nh, tch phn xc nh, tch phn suy rng. Lm c bi tp v tch phn bt nh, tch phn xc nh. p dng phn mm Maple tnh tch phn.

Thi lng

Ni dung

Bn nn dnh mi tun khong 90 pht c k l thuyt v khong 120 pht trong vng hai tun lm bi tp nm vng ni dung bi hc ny.

Bi ny gii thiu vi cc bn cc khi nim tch phn bt nh, tch phn xc nh, tch phn suy rng v cc phng php tnh cc loi tch phn ny. Php tnh tch phn l mt trong hai php tnh c bn ca gii tch, c nhiu ng dng trong bi ton k thut, kinh t

Hng dn hc

Bn nn c k l thuyt nm c cc khi nim tch phn bt nh, tch phn xc nh v cc loi tch phn suy rng. Bn nn lm cng nhiu bi tp cng tt thnh tho phung php tnh cc loi tch phn .

43

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

{{

3.1. 3.1.1.

Tch phn bt nh Khi nim v tch phn bt nh

3.1.1.1. Nguyn hm

Bi ny trnh by v php tnh tch phn, y l php ton ngc ca php tnh o hm (vi phn) ca hm s. Nu ta cho trc mt hm s f (x) th c tn ti hay khng mt hm s F(x) c o hm bng f (x) ? Nu tn ti, hy tm tt c cc hm s F(x) nh vy. nh ngha: Hm s F(x) c gi l mt nguyn hm ca hm s f (x) trn mt khong D nu:

F '(x) = f (x), x D , hay dF(x) = f (x)dx .

V d 1:

V: (sin x) ' = cos x, x R nn sin x l nguyn hm ca hm s cos x trn R .

1 1 2x V: arctg x + '= + , x 1 2 2 1 x 1+ x (1 x 2 ) 2 nn: arctg x +

1 1 2x l mt nguyn hm ca hm s + trn R \ {1} . 2 2 1 x 1 + x (1 x 2 ) 2

nh l sau y ni rng nguyn hm ca mt hm s cho trc khng phi l duy nht, nu bit mt nguyn hm th ta c th miu t c tt c cc nguyn hm khc ca hm s .
nh l: Nu F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca hm s f (x) trn khong D th:

Hm s F(x) + C cng l mt nguyn hm ca hm s f (x) , vi C l mt hng s bt k. Ngc li, mi nguyn hm ca hm s f (x) u vit c di dng F(x) + C , trong C l mt hng s.
Chng minh:

Gi s C l mt hng s bt k, ta c:

( F(x) + C ) ' = F '(x) = f (x)

vi mi x D .

Theo nh ngha F(x) + C cng l mt nguyn hm ca hm s f (x) trn khong D. Ngc li, gi s (x) l mt nguyn hm bt k ca hm s f (x) trn khong D. Ta c:

[ F(x) (x)] ' = F'(x) '(x) = f (x) f (x) = 0, x D .

Suy ra F(x) (x) nhn gi tr hng s trn khong D: F(x) (x) = C (x) = F(x) + C, x D . Nh vy biu thc F(x) + C biu din tt c cc nguyn hm ca hm s f (x) , mi hng s C tng ng cho ta mt nguyn hm.
44

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

3.1.1.2. Tch phn bt nh

nh ngha: Tch phn bt nh ca mt hm s f (x) l h cc nguyn hm F(x) + C ; vi x D ; trong F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca hm s f (x) v C l mt hng s bt k. Tch

phn bt nh ca f (x)dx c k hiu l: f (x)dx . Biu thc f (x)dx c gi l biu thc di du tch phn v hm s f c gi l hm s di du tch phn. Vy: f (x)dx = F(x) + C , vi F(x) l nguyn hm ca f (x) .
V d 2:

cos xdx = sin x + C e dx = e + C .

x x

3.1.1.3. Cc tnh cht c bn ca tch phn xc nh

f (x)dx ' = f (x) hay d f (x)dx = f (x)dx

F '(x)dx = F(x) + C hay dF(x) = F(x) + C af (x)dx = a f (x)dx , ( a l hng s khc 0) [f (x) g(x)] dx = f (x)dx g(x)dx .
Hai tnh cht cui cng l tnh cht tuyn tnh ca tch phn bt nh, ta c th vit chung:

[f (x) + g(x)] dx = f (x)dx + g(x)dx

trong , l cc hng s khng ng thi bng 0 Cc tnh cht ni trn c chng minh trc tip t nh ngha ca tch phn bt nh.
3.1.1.4. Cc cng thc tch phn c bn

Cc cng thc tch phn sau y c chng minh bng nh ngha:

x dx =

x +1 + C, ( 1) +1

dx = ln x + C x dx
2

sin xdx = cos x + C

sin
x

cos xdx = sin x + C

cos
x

dx
2

= cotg x + C

= tg x + C
x

ax a dx = + C, (a > 0, a 1) ln a

e dx = e

+C

dx 1 a+x = ln +C 2 x 2a a x dx = ln x + x 2 + + C

dx 1 x = arctg + C 2 +a a a dx = arcsin x +C a

a x
2

x +
2

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Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

{{

3.1.2.

Cc phng php tnh tch phn bt nh

3.1.2.1. Phng php khai trin

tnh mt tch phn bt k, ta cn s dng cc phng php thch hp a v cc tch phn c trong bng cc cng thc tch phn c bn trn. Mt phng php n gin l phng php khai trin. Phng php ny da trn tnh cht tuyn tnh ca tch phn bt nh:

[f (x) + g(x)] dx = f (x)dx + g(x)dx .

Ta phn tch hm s di du tch phn thnh tng (hiu) ca cc hm s n gin m bit c nguyn hm ca chng, cc hng s c a ra bn ngoi du tch phn.
V d 3:
2 2 (2x x 3x )dx = 2 x 2 dx 3 x dx = 3

4 5 x 2 x3 + C 5

1 dx x4 2sin x + x3 dx = 2 sin xdx + x3dx = 2cos x + ln x + C x x 4

x
Nhn xt:

dx 1 1 1 = 2 dx = + arctg x + C . 2 2 (1 + x ) x x 1+ x

3.1.2.2. Phng php bin i biu thc vi phn

Nu: f (x)dx = F(x) + C th

f (u)du = F(u) + C ; trong

u = u(x) l mt hm s

kh vi lin tc. Ta c th kim tra li bng cch o hm hai v theo x. S dng tnh cht ny, ta bin i biu thc di du tch phn g(x)dx v dng: g(x)dx = f (u(x))u '(x)dx trong f (x) l mt hm s m ta d dng tm c nguyn hm F(x) . Khi tch phn cn tnh tr thnh:

g(x)dx = f (u(x))u '(x)dx = f (u(x))du = F(u(x)) + C ( a 0 )

Trong trng hp n gin u(x) = ax + b th du = adx , do nu 1 f (x)dx = F(x) + C ta suy ra: f (ax + b)dx = a F(ax + b) + C ( a 0 ) V d 4:

sin axdx = a cos ax + C . ( a 0 )

ax e dx =

eax + C ( a 0) a

e
46

sin x

cos xdx = esin x d(sin x) = esin x + C

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

dx tg 3 x 2 cos4 x = (1 + tg x)d(tg x) = 3 + tg x + C
2 x 1 + 3x dx =

1 1 2 2 1 + 3x d(1 + 3x ) = 9 6

1 + 3x 2

) +C
3

I=

arccos x arcsin x 1 x2

dx = arcsin x arcsin xd(arcsin x) 2

I=
3.1.2.3. Phng php i bin

1 arcsin 2 x arcsin 3 x + C . 4 3

Xt tch phn I = f (x)dx ; trong f (x) l mt hm s lin tc. tnh tch phn ny, ta tm cch chuyn sang tnh tch phn khc ca mt hm s khc bng mt php i bin sao cho biu thc di du tch phn i vi bin t c th tm c nguyn hm mt cch n gin hn. Ta chia phng php i bin lm hai trng hp l i bin xui x = (t) v i bin ngc t = (x) . Php i bin th nht: t x = (t) ; trong (t) l mt hm s n iu, v c o hm lin tc. Khi ta c:

I = f (x)dx = f [ (t) ] '(t)dt

Gi s hm s g(t) = f [ (t) ] '(t) c nguyn hm l hm G(t) , v t = h(x) l hm s ngc ca hm s x = (t) , ta c:

I = g(t)dt = G(t) + C I = G [ h(x) ] + C .

Php i bin th hai: t t = (x) , trong (x) l mt hm s c o hm lin tc, v ta vit c hm f (x) = g [ (x) ] '(x) . Khi ta c: I = f (x)dx = g [ (x) ] '(x)dx . Gi s hm s g(t) c nguyn hm l hm s G(t) , ta c:
I = G [ (x) ] + C .
CH : Khi tnh tch phn bt nh bng phng php i bin s, sau khi tm c nguyn hm theo bin s mi, phi i li thnh hm s ca bin s c.

V d 5:

a) Tnh tch phn: I1 =

x dx 2x

t x = 2sin 2 t, t 0, , ta tnh c: 2
dx = 4sin t cos tdt ;
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Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

{{

x 2sin 2 t = = tg t . 2x 2(1 sin 2 t)

Suy ra: I1 =

x dx = 4 sin 2 tdt = 2t sin 2t + C . 2x x , ta thu c: 2

i li bin x, vi t = arcsin
I1 =

x x dx = 2 arcsin 2x x 2 + C . 2x 2

b) Tnh tch phn I 2 =

e2x dx . ex + 1 t 1 dt = 1 dt = t ln t + 1 + C . t +1 t +1

t e x = t e x dx = dt , ta c: I2 =

i li bin x, ta c: I 2 = e x ln(e x + 1) + C .

c) Tnh tch phn I3 =

dx 1 + 4x

t t = 2 x dt = 2 x ln 2dx , tch phn tr thnh: I3 = dt t ln 2 1 + t

2

1 dt 1 2 t 2 + 1 = ln 2 ln(t + t + 1) + C . ln 2

i li bin x, ta c: I3 =

1 ln(2 x + 4 x + 1) + C . ln 2

3.1.2.4. Phng php tch phn tng phn

Gi s u = u(x) v v = v(x) l cc hm s c o hm lin tc. Theo quy tc ly vi phn d(uv) = udv + vdu uv = d(uv) = udv + vdu . Suy ra : udv = uv vdu . Xt tch phn: I = f (x)dx . Ta cn biu din:
f (x)dx = [ g(x)h(x)] dx = g(x) [ h(x)dx ] = udv

v p dng cng thc tch phn tng phn vi cc hm s u = g(x); v = h(x)dx . Ta thng s dng phng php ny khi biu thc di du tch phn cha mt trong cc hm s sau y: ln x;a x ; hm s lng gic, hm s lng gic ngc. C th: Trong cc tch phn x n ekx dx; x n sin kxdx; x n cos kxdx , n nguyn dng, ta thng chn: u = x n
48

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

Trong cc tch phn u = ln n x

ln n xdx , 1 v n nguyn dng, ta thng chn

Trong tch phn x n arctg kxdx; x n arcsin kxdx , n nguyn dng, ta thng chn: u = arctg kx hoc u = arcsin kx ; dv = x n dx .
V d 6: Tnh cc tch phn bt nh:

a) I1 = ln xdx = x ln x dx = x ln x x + C . b) I 2 = x 2 sin xdx . t u = x 2 , dv = sin xdx v = cos x , ta c: I 2 = x 2 cos x + 2 x cos xdx . t u = x, dv = cos xdx v = sin x , ta c: I2 = x 2 cos x + 2 x sin x sin xdx = x 2 cos x + 2xsin x + 2cos x + C.
xe x dx c) I3 = . (x + 1) 2

t u = xe x ;dv =

dx 1 v= ;du = (x + 1)e x dx , ta c: 2 (x + 1) x +1 xe x xe x ex + e x dx = + ex + C = +C. x +1 x +1 x +1

I3 = d) I 4 = xe x dx 1 + ex .

t 1 + e x = t

e x dx 1 + ex

= 2dt ; ta c:

I4 = 2 [ ln(t 1) + ln(t + 1)] dt = 2(t 1) ln(t 1) + 2(t + 1) ln(t + 1) 4t + C .

i li bin x ta c:

e) I5 = x arcsin x 1 x2

xe x dx 1+ e
x

= 2(x 2) 1 + e x + 4 ln 1 + 1 + e x 2x + C .

dx .

49

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

{{

t u = arcsin x;dv =

xdx 1 x
2

du =

dx 1 x
2

; v = 1 x 2 , ta c:

I5 = 1 x 2 arcsin x + dx = 1 x 2 arcsin x + x + C . f) I6 = e x cos 2xdx . t u = cos 2x;dv = e x dx v = e x ;du = 2sin 2xdx ; ta c: I6 = e x cos 2x + 2 e x sin 2xdx . t u = sin 2x;dv = e x dx v = e x ;du = 2 cos 2xdx ; ta c: I6 = ex cos2x + 2 ex sin2x 2 ex cos2xdx = ex cos2x + 2ex sin2x 4I6 + 5C . Vy: I6 = ex ( cos 2x + 2sin 2x ) + C . 5

Trong cc mc sau y chng ta s xt tch phn bt nh ca mt s dng hm c bn: Hm phn thc hu t, hm lng gic, hm cha cn thc v trnh by mt s phng php gii chung i vi tch phn cc hm ny.
3.1.3. Tch phn hm phn thc hu t

nh ngha:

Mt hm phn thc hu t l mt hm s c dng: f (x) = trong P(x), Q(x) l cc a thc ca x.

P(x) , Q(x)

Mt phn thc hu t c bc ca a thc t s nh hn bc ca a thc mu s l mt phn thc hu t thc s. Bng php chia a thc, chia P(x) cho Q(x) ta lun a c mt hm phn thc hu t v dng: f (x) = H(x) + r(x) Q(x)

Trong H(x) l a thc thng, r(x) l phn d trong php chia. r(x) l mt phn thc hu t thc s. Nguyn hm ca a thc H(x) c Q(x) tm bi cng thc tch phn c bn: Khi
n x dx =

x n +1 + C ; n nguyn dng. n +1

r(x) trong hai trng hp Q(x) c bit: Mu s ca phn thc l a thc bc nht hoc a thc bc hai. Trong nhng trng hp mu s phc tp hn, chng ta s dng phng php h s bt nh a v hai trng hp trn. Ta s xt vic tm nguyn hm ca phn thc hu t cn li
50

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

3.1.3.1. Tch phn ca phn thc hu t vi mu s bc nht

Xt tch phn:

ax + b dx .
Trong P(x) l mt a thc. Ta biu din hm di du tch phn dng sau: P(x) C = Q(x) + . ax + b ax + b Chng ta s dng hai cng thc sau tnh tch phn ni trn
n x dx =

P(x)

x n +1 + C, n 0 v n +1

ax + b = a ln ax + b + C .

dx

V d 7:

4x 3 2x + 1 1 1 2x 3 x 2 x ln 2x 1 dx = 2x 2 + x + dx = + + +C. 2x 1 2 2(2x 1) 3 2 2 4
3.1.3.2. Tch phn ca phn thc hu t vi mu s bc hai

Xt tch phn:

P(x) dx . + px + q

Trong P(x) l mt a thc. Ta biu din hm di du tch phn dng sau: P(x) Mx + N = Q(x) + 2 . x + px + q x + px + q
2

Ta vit li: Mx + N = suy ra:

M Mp (2x + p) + N 2 2

Mx + N M d(x 2 + px + q) Mp dx dx = 2 +N 2 x 2 + px + q 2 x + px + q 2 x + px + q

M Mp dx ln x 2 + px + q + N . 2 2 2 x + px + q dx c tm nh sau : x + px + q
2

Tch phn cn li v phi J =

Nu tam thc x 2 + px + q c hai nghim phn bit x1 x 2 ; ta c:

J= 1 xx dx 1 1 1 = x x1 x x 2 dx = x1 x 2 ln x x 12 + C . (x x1 )(x x 2 ) x1 x 2

Nu tam thc x 2 + px + q c nghim kp , ta c: J= dx 1 = +C. 2 (x ) x

51

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

{{

Nu tam thc x 2 + px + q v nghim, ta vit li: p p2 x 2 + px + q = x + + q = X 2 + a 2 , (a 2 > 0) . 2 4 1 2x + p suy ra: J = arctg +C. a 2a
V d 8:
2

Tnh tch phn:

2x 2 3x + 2 5x 5 2x + 1 1 x 2 + x + 1 dx = 2 x 2 + x + 1 dx = 2 dx 2 x 2 + x + 1 dx = 2x 5 d(x 2 + x + 1) 5 dx x 2 + x + 1 + 2 (x + 1/ 2)2 + 3 / 4 2

5 5 2x + 1 = 2x ln(x 2 + x + 1) + +C arctg 2 3 3
3.1.3.3. Phng php h s bt nh

Gi s chng ta mun phn tch mt phn thc hu t thc s

P(x) thnh tng (hiu) Q(x)

ca cc phn thc hu t thc s c mu s l a thc bc nht hoc bc hai. Trc ht ta phn tch a thc mu s Q(x) thnh tch ca cc a thc bc nht hoc bc hai: Q(x) = (x 1 )a1 ...(x m )a m (x 2 + p1x + q1 ) b1 ...(x 2 + p n x + q n ) bn .
trong i , p j , q j l cc hng s, a i , b j l cc s nguyn dng, 1 i m;1 j n . Nu trong phn tch ca Q(x) xut hin n thc (x )a , a l s nguyn dng th trong phn tch ca phn thc A i l hng s v 1 i a . Nu trong phn tch ca Q(x) xut hin biu thc (x 2 + px + q) b , b l s nguyn dng th trong phn tch ca phn thc
B jx + C j (x 2 + px + q) j

Ai P(x) xut hin cc hng t dng , trong Q(x) (x )i

P(x) xut hin cc hng t dng Q(x)

, trong B j , C j l cc hng s v 1 j b .

P(x) , ta tm cc hng s A i , B j , C j bng cch quy Q(x) ng mu s hai v, ri ng nht h s ca x n , n hai v. Sau khi vit c phn tch ca
V d 9: Tnh cc tch phn bt nh

a) I1 =
52

x 4 x 3 + 2x 2 2x + 1 dx . (x 2 + 2)(x 1)

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

Chia t s cho mu s ta c a thc x v phn d. Do mu s ca phn thc c cc nhn t l x 2 + 2 v x 1 nn ta vit li phn thc dng:
x 4 x 3 + 2x 2 2x + 1 1 A Bx + C . =x+ 2 =x+ + 2 2 (x + 2)(x 1) (x + 2)(x 1) x 1 x + 2

Quy ng mu s hai v 3 = (A + B)x 2 + (C B + 2)x C ng nht h s ca x 2 , x v h s t do, ta c:

= 0 A = 1 A + B C B + 2 = 0 B = 1 C C = 1 =1 x 4 x 3 + 2x 2 2x + 3 1 1 2x 1 =x+ 2 Suy ra: . 2 2 (x + 2)(x 1) x 1 2 x + 2 x + 2

Vy tch phn bng: I =

x2 ln(x 2 + 2) 1 x + ln x 1 + C. arctg 2 2 2 2

2x 4 + 10x 3 + 17x 2 + 16x + 5 dx . b) I 2 = (x + 1) 2 (x 2 + 2x + 3)

Ta vit:

2x 4 + 10x 3 + 17x 2 + 16x + 5 2 1 4 = 2+ 2 . 2 2 2 (x + 1) (x + 2x + 3) x + 1 (x + 1) x + 2x + 3

Suy ra: I = 2x + 2 ln x + 1 +
3.1.4. Tch phn hm lng gic

1 x +1 2 2 arctg +C. x +1 2

3.1.4.1. Phng php chung

Xt tch phn

R(sin x, cos x)dx , trong hm di du tch phn l hm s ca

x , khi : 2 2t 1 t2 2t 2dt ;cos x = ; tg x = ;dx = 2 2 2 1+ t 1+ t 1 t 1+ t2

sin x, cos x . Ta c th s dng php i bin tng qut t = tg

sin x =

Tch phn ang xt c a v tch phn ca hm s ca bin t .

V d 10:

Tnh tch phn: Ta vit:

1 + sin x + cos x dx .
d(1 + sin x + cos x) dx + 2 . 1 + sin x + cos x 1 + sin x + cos x
53

sin x cos x + 2

1 + sin x + cos x dx =

sin x cos x + 2

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

{{

t t = tg

x , suy ra: 2

1 + sin x + cos x = 1 + t = ln 1 + t + C .
Thay li bin c, ta c: sin x cos x + 2 x

dx

dt

1 + sin x + cos x dx = ln 1 + sin x + cos x + 2 ln 1 + tg 2 + C .

3.1.4.2. Tch phn dng

sin

x cos n xdx , trong m, n l cc s nguyn

Nu m l s nguyn dng l, ta t t = cos x . Nu n l s nguyn dng l, ta t t = sin x . Nu m, n l cc s nguyn dng chn, ta s dng cng thc h bc: sin 2 x = 1 cos 2x 1 + cos 2x ;cos 2 x = 2 2

ri a v tch phn dng sin k 2x cos e 2xdx.

V d 11: Tnh cc tch phn bt nh

a) I1 = sin 3 x cos 2 xdx t cos x = t sin xdx = dt ; ta c:

3 2 2 2 sin x cos xdx = (1 t )t (dt) =

t5 t3 cos5 x cos3 x +C = +C. 5 3 5 3

b) I 2 = sin 4 x cos 2 xdx S dng cng thc h bc ta c: (1 cos 2x)2 1 + cos 2x 1 I2 = dx = (1 cos 2x cos2 2x + cos3 2x ) dx 4 2 8 1 sin 2x 1 + cos 4x 1 I2 = x dx + (1 sin 2 2x)d(sin 2x) 8 2 2 2
1 x sin 2x sin 4x sin 2x sin 3 2x I2 = + +C. 8 2 2 8 2 6

i vi tch phn I 2 sau khi s dng cng thc h bc ln th nht ta cng c th tip tc h bc ca biu thc lng gic di du tch phn bi cng thc: sin 3 x =
54

3sin x sin 3x 3cos x + cos 3x . ;cos3 x = 4 4

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

p dng vo tch phn I 2 , ta c: I2 = 1 1 + cos 4x 3cos 2x + cos 6x dx 1 cos2x 2 + 8 4

1 x sin 2x sin 4x sin 6x I2 = + +C. 8 2 8 8 24 Trong trng hp tng qut sau khi s dng cng thc h bc, c th xut hin cc tch phn dng: sin ax cos bxdx; cos ax cos bxdx; sin ax sin bxdx vi a b . Cc tch phn dng ny c th tnh d dng bng cch bin i tng nh sau:

sin ax cos bxdx = 2 [sin(a + b)x + sin(a b)x ] dx

1 cos(a + b)x cos(a b)x = + +C. 2 a+b ab

cos ax cos bxdx = 2 [cos(a + b)x + cos(a b)x ] dx

= 1 sin(a + b)x sin(a b)x + +C. 2 a+b ab

sin ax sin bxdx = 2 [cos(a b)x cos(a + b)x ] dx

= Khi tch phn 1 sin(a b)x sin(a + b)x + C. 2 ab a+b c thm nhng tnh cht c bit, ta c th s .

R(sin x, cos x)dx

dng cc php i bin nh sau: t t = cosx nu R (sinx, cosx) = R(sinx, cosx). t t = sinx nu R(sinx, cosx) = R(sinx, cosx). t t = tgx nu R( sin x, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x) .
V d 12:

Tnh tch phn:

sin x cos

dx

t t = cos x dt = sin xdx , ta c:

sin x cos

dx

1 1 dt 1 1 1 1 1 t +1 = 4 2 + dt = 3t 3 t + 2 ln t 1 + C 2 4 (1 t )t t 2(t 1) 2(t + 1) t

dx 1 1 1 1 + cos x = + ln +C 4 3 sin x cos x 3cos x cos x 2 1 cos x

55

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

{{

3.1.5.

Tch phn hm cha cn thc

Xt tch phn c dng cc hm s hu t.

R(x,

2 x 2 )dx ,

R(x,

x 2 2 )dx , trong R(u, v) l

t x = tg t i vi tch phn R(x, 2 + x 2 )dx . t x = sin t hoc x = a cos t i vi tch phn R(x, 2 x 2 )dx . t x = hoc x = i vi tch phn R(x, x 2 2 )dx . cos t sin t

V d 13: Tnh cc tch phn sau:

a)

(1 x

) dx .

3 2

t x = sin t, t , dx = cos tdt, 1 x 2 = cos t , v 2 2

(1 x
b)

) dx =

3 2

dt = tg t + C = tg(arcsin x) + C . cos 2 t

dx
2

1+ x2

dt , ta c: t x = tg t t , dx = cos 2 t 2 2

x
3.2. 3.2.1. Tch phn xc nh

dx
2

1+ x2

cos tdt 1 1 = +C = +C. 2 sin t sin t sin(arctg x)

Khi nim tch phn xc nh. iu kin kh tch

3.2.1.1. Bi ton din tch hnh thang cong

Cho hm s y = f (x) xc nh v lin tc trn on [ a, b ] v gi s f (x) khng m trn on . Xt hnh thang cong AabB l hnh gii hn bi th ca hm s y = f (x) ( x [ a, b ] ); cc ng thng x = a, x = b v trc Ox. Tnh din tch S ca hnh thang cong AabB. Ta chia on [ a, b ] thnh n on nh bi cc im chia: x 0 a < x1 < ... < x i < ... < x n b Cch phn chia ni trn c gi l mt phn hoch ca on [ a, b ] . Ti mi im c honh x i trn trc honh ta k cc ng thng song song vi trc Oy. Cc ng thng ny giao vi th ca hm s f (x) ti cc im A i v s
56

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

chia hnh thang cong AabB thnh n hnh thang cong nh A i x i x i +1A i +1 . Ta c th xp x din tch ca mi hnh thang cong nh bi din tch ca hnh ch nht c cng y di v chiu cao f (i ) , trong i l mt im bt k nm gia x i v x i +1 . Gi Si l din tch ca hnh thang cong nh th i, ta c: Si f (i )(x i +1 x i ) = f (i )x i . Vy din tch S ca hnh thang cong AabB c th xp x bi cng thc: S f (i )x i .
i=0 n 1

Tng v phi c gi l tng tch phn ng vi phn hoch v cch chn im

i [ x i , x i +1 ] .

Khi s im chia n ln ln v hn v di cc on chia x i nh dn th cnh trn ca hnh ch nht th i cng st vi hnh dng ca th ca f (x) trn on [ x i , x i+1 ] , php xp x din tch S bi tng din tch cc hnh ch nht ni trn cng chnh xc. Khi n tin ra v cng, gii hn ca tng v phi chnh l din tch S ca hnh thang cong AabB:

S = lim
n

(3.1)

Trong ton hc, gii hn v phi trong nhng rng buc nht nh c gi l tch phn xc nh ca hm s f (x) trn on [ a, b ]
3.2.1.2. nh ngha tch phn xc nh

nh ngha:

Cho hm s f (x) xc nh trn on [ a, b ] . Phn hoch on [ a, b ] bi cc im chia x 0 a < x1 < ... < x i < ... < x n b Trn mi on [ x i , x i +1 ] ly mt im i bt k v lp tng tch phn = f (i )x i .
i=0 n 1

Nu tn ti gii hn hu hn I = lim = lim

max x i 0

max x i 0

f ( )x
i =0 i

n 1

, ( gii hn ny khng

ph thuc vo cch chia on [ a, b ] v cch chn cc im i ) th hm s f (x) c gi l kh tch trn on [ a, b ] v I c gi l tch phn xc nh ca hm s f (x) trn on [ a, b ] , v k hiu:

I = f (x)dx
a

a, b tng ng c gi l cn di v cn trn ca tch phn.

V d 14:

Xt hm hng f (x) = C, x [ 0,1] .

57

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

{{

Vi mt phn hoch bt k ca on [ 0,1] v cch chn im i [ x i , x i +1 ] , ta lp tng tch phn: = f (i )x i = C x i = C .

i=0 i=0 n 1 n 1

Theo nh ngha tch phn xc nh, ta c

Cdx =
0

max x i 0

lim = C .

CH : Tch phn xc nh ca mt hm s kh tch f (x) trn on [ a, b ] l mt s xc nh, do tch phn khng ph thuc vo k hiu ca bin s di du tch phn

f (x)dx = f (u)du = f (t)dt = ...

a a a

3.2.1.3. iu kin kh tch

Ta tha nhn cc nh l sau v tnh kh tch ca cc hm s.

nh l 1:

iu kin cn mt hm s f (x) kh tch trn on [ a, b ] l n b chn trn on .

nh l 2:

Mt hm s f (x) xc nh trn on [ a, b ] kh tch trn on nu n tho mn mt trong cc iu kin sau y: f (x) lin tc trn on [ a, b ] .

f (x) n iu v b chn trn [ a, b ] .

f (x) b chn v ch c hu hn im gin on trn [ a, b ] .

CH : T nh l 2 khi bit hm s f (x) kh tch trn on [ a, b ] th gii hn ca tng tch phn khng ph thuc vo cch phn hoch on [ a, b ] v cch chn im i . Do khi tnh tch phn xc nh ca mt hm kh tch bng nh ngha, ta thc hin vic chia u on [ a, b ] , v chn im i trng vi mt trong hai u mt ca on [ x i , x i +1 ] , (vi

0 i n 1 ). Khi ta c

xi = a +

i(b a) ba ; x i = ; i = x i hoc i = x i +1 n n

58

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

V d 15:

Tnh tch phn x 2 dx .

0

D thy hm s f (x) = x 2 lin tc v do kh tch trn on [ 0,1] . Phn hoch on

[0,1] bi cc im chia
0 x 0 < x1 < ... < x i = Chn im i x i +1 = i < ... < x n 1 . n

i +1 , ta c tng tch phn ng vi phn hoch ni trn v cch n

2

1 n 1 i + 1 1 n n(n + 1)(2n + 1) = 3 i2 = . chn im i l: = n i =0 n n i =1 6n 3 Vy:

x dx = lim
2 0

n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1 = . 6n 3 3

T v d trn ta thy cng c th ng dng tch phn xc nh trong vic tm gii hn ca dy s Sn , bng cch biu din Sn nh tng tch phn ca mt hm s no ng vi mt phn hoch v cch chn im i c bit.
3.2.1.4. ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh

Chng ta bit mi hm s lin tc trn on [ a, b ] u kh tch trn on , do cng thc (3.1) c th vit li di dng : S = f (x)dx .
a b

Nh vy nu y = f (x) l hm s lin tc v f (x) 0 trn on [ a, b ] th tch phn xc nh ca hm s f (x) trn on [ a, b ] l s o din tch ca hnh thang cong AabB gii hn bi th ca hm s f (x) trn on v cc ng thng

x = a, x = b, y = 0 .
3.2.1.5. Cc tnh cht c bn ca tch phn xc nh

Trong phn ny ta lun gi s a < b . Nu hm s f (x) kh tch trn on [ a, b ] th:

f (x)dx = f (x)dx .
a b

Nu f (x) kh tch trn on [ a, b ] v c l mt im bt k nm gia a v b, th hm s f (x) cng kh tch trn mi on [ a, c] ; [ c, b ] v

59

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

{{

f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx .

a a c

Tnh cht tuyn tnh ca tch phn xc nh

[f (x) + g(x)] dx = f (x)dx + g(x)dx

a a a

trong , l cc hng s v f (x);g(x) l cc hm s kh tch trn on [ a, b ] . Gi s f (x), g(x) l hai hm s kh tch trn on [ a, b ] v f (x) g(x), x [ a, b ] , ta c :

f (x)dx g(x)dx .
a a

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi f (x) = g(x) vi mi x [ a, b ] Nu f (x) kh tch trn on [ a, b ] th hm s f (x) cng kh tch trn on v

f (x)dx f (x) dx .
a a

Gi s hm s f (x) lin tc trn on [ a, b ] th tn ti t nht mt im c [ a, b ] sao cho :

f (x)dx = f (c)(b a) .
a

3.2.2.

Cng thc o hm theo cn trn

Gi s f (x) l mt hm s lin tc trn on [ a, b ] . Khi f (x) cng kh tch trn on [ a, x ] vi x l mt im bt k thuc on [ a, b ] . Xt hm s: (x) = f (t)dt, x [ a, b ] .
a x

Hm s (x) c gi l hm cn trn.
nh l:

Nu f (x) l hm s lin tc trn on [ a, b ] th hm cn trn (x) l hm kh vi lin tc trn on , v vi mi im x [ a, b ] ta c:

x '(x) = f (t)dt ' = f (x) . a

Nhn xt: Cng thc ni trn cho ta thy hm cn trn (x) l mt nguyn hm ca hm s

di du tch phn f (x) trn on [ a, b ] . V nh vy mi hm s lin tc u c nguyn hm.

60

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

3.2.3.

Cng thc Newton Leibnitz

f (x)dx = F(x)
a

b a

= F(b) F(a)

trong F(x) l mt nguyn hm bt k ca hm s lin tc f (x) . Cng thc Newton Leibnitz cho php ta tnh tch phn xc nh thng qua nguyn hm ca hm s .
Chng minh:

Do hm cn trn (x) l mt nguyn hm ca hm s f (x) trn on [ a, b ] nn ta c F(x) = (x) + C . Thay x = a ta c: F(a) = (a) + C = C . Suy ra: f (t)dt = (x) = F(x) C = F(x) F(a) .
a x

Thay x = b ta c: f (t)dt = F(b) F(a) .

a

V d 16: Tnh cc tch phn xc nh:

a) I1 = x 1 dx .
0

Ta thy rng tch phn ca hm s f (x) = x 1 khng suy ra trc tip c t bng cc tch phn c bn, do ta cn kh c du gi tr tuyt i ca hm di du tch phn. Do ta chia on ly tch phn thnh hai on: Trn on

[0,1]
1

hm s f (x) = 1 x , trn on [1, 2] hm s f (x) = x 1 . Sau dng cng

1 2

thc Newton Leibnitz ta tnh c tch phn: x2 x2 I1 = (1 x)dx + (x 1)dx = x + x = 1 . 2 0 2 1 0 1

2

b) I 2 = x arctg(x + 1)dx .
1

Ta tm mt nguyn hm ca hm di du tch phn

x2 x2 1 x 2 dx . F(x) = x arctg xdx = arctg xd = arctg x 2 1+ x2 2 2

x2 1 Suy ra F(x) = arctg x (x arctgx) v theo cng thc Newton Leibnitz: 2 2

x arctg(x + 1)dx = F(0) F(1) =

2 . 4
61

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

{{

3.2.4.

Cc phng php tnh tch phn xc nh

Ta bit cng thc Newton Leibnitz cho php tnh tch phn xc nh khi bit nguyn hm ca hm s di du tch phn, do cc phng php tnh tch phn bt nh u c s dng tnh tch phn xc nh nh l: Phng php khai trin, bin i vi phn, i bin v tch phn tng phn. Tuy nhin khi dng phng php i bin, ta khng cn phi i li bin ban u m ch cn tnh li cn tch phn tng ng. Sau y trnh by li hai cch i bin i vi tch phn xc nh, v cng thc tch phn tng phn.
3.2.4.1. Phng php tch phn tng phn

udv = ( uv ) a vdu
b a a

trong u(x), v(x) l cc hm s c o hm lin tc. Phng php ny c p dng trong trng hp hm di du tch phn c cha cc hm s a x , e x , ln x , cc hm lng gic v cc hm lng gic ngc.
V d 17:
1

Tnh tch phn: I = xe3x dx .

0

du = dx u = x t: e3x dv = e3x dx v = 3
1 xe3x 1 e3 1 2e3 + 1 e3x dx = e3x = . suy ra: I = 0 3 0 30 3 9 9 1 1

3.2.4.2. Phng php i bin

Gi s ta cn tnh tch phn f (x)dx , trong f (x) l hm s lin tc trn on [ a, b ] .

a

Php i bin th nht: t x = (t) , trong : Hm s (t) xc nh, lin tc v c o hm lin tc trn on [ , ] () = a, () = b . Khi t bin thin trong on [ , ] hm s x = (t) nhn gi tr tng ng trong on [ a, b ] . Khi :

f (x)dx = f [(t)] '(t)dt = g(t)dt .

a

Php i bin th hai: t t = (x) , trong :

62

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

(x) l hm s n iu thc s v c o hm lin tc trn [ a, b ] f (x)dx tr thnh g(t)dt , trong g(t) l mt hm s lin tc trn on [ (a), (b) ] Khi : f (x)dx =
a b
(b)

(a )

g(t)dt .

V d 18: a) Gi s hm s f (x) lin tc trn on [ a, a ] .

Nu f (x) l hm chn th
a

f (x)dx = 2 f (x)dx .
0

Nu f (x) l hm l th
a

f (x)dx = 0 .
0 a 1

Tht vy ta c I =

f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx = I

a

+ I2 .

i vi tch phn I1, thay bin x = t , ta c: I1 = f ( t)dt .

0 a

Do nu f (x) l hm l th: f (t) + f ( t) = 0 , v Nu f (x) l hm chn th: f (t) + f ( t) = 2f (t) , v b) Tnh tch phn: J =
1 2

f (x)dx = 0 .
a

f (x)dx = 2 f (x)dx .
0

x +1 dx . x 2ex

t xe x = t (x + 1)e x dx = dt .
2e2

Suy ra: J =

dt 1 2e 1 . = = 2 t te 2e 2
2

2e 2

c) Tnh tch phn: K = x 2 4 x 2 dx .

0

t x = 2sin t, (0 t ) , ta c: 2 dx = 2 cos tdt, 4 x 2 = 2 cos t . Vy: K = 16 sin t cos tdt = 2

2 2 0 0
/2 /2

sin 4t (1 cos 4t)dt = 2 t = . 4 0

/ 2

3.2.5.

ng dng ca tch phn xc nh

Xt mt bin s x nhn cc gi tr bng s khc nhau mt cch ngu nhin, c gi l bin ngu nhin. Xc sut bin ngu nhin x nhn mt gi tr x 0 no c cho
63

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

{{

bi hm mt xc sut. Hm mt xc sut ca mt bin ngu nhin lin tc x l mt hm s lin tc f (x) tho mn cc iu kin sau:

f (x) 0 .
B

Nu min bin thin ca bin x l on [ A, B] th f (x)dx = 1 .

A

Xc sut x nhn gi tr trong khong [ a, b ] c tnh bi cng thc: P [ a x b ] = f (x)dx, (A a b B) .

a b

V d 19:

Gi t l thi gian xp hng mua hng trong mt ca hng ln. Qua s liu thc nghim ngi ta c lng c hm mt xc sut: f (t) = 3 2 t , ( 0 t 5) . 125
3

Xc sut mt khch hng phi xp hng trong thi gian t 2 n 3 pht l: 3t 2 t3 P= dt = = 0,152. 125 125 2 2
3.3. Tch phn suy rng
3

Khi nh ngha tch phn xc nh, chng ta xt cc hm s xc nh trn mt on hu hn [ a, b ] v b chn trn on . Trong phn ny chng ta s m rng khi nim tch phn, t a vo khi nim tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn v tch phn ca hm s khng b chn.
3.3.1. Tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn

Gi s f (x) l hm s xc nh trn khong [ a, + ) v kh tch trn mi on hu hn [ a, A ] , (a A < +) .

nh ngha:

Gii hn ca tch phn xc nh f (x)dx khi A + c gi l tch phn suy rng

a

ca hm s f (x) trn khong [ a, + ) v k hiu nh sau:

+

f (x)dx =
a

A +

lim f (x)dx
a
+

Nu gii hn ny tn ti hu hn ta ni tch phn suy rng

f (x)dx
a

hi t. Ngc

li, nu khng tn ti gii hn ny hoc gii hn bng v cng ta ni tch phn phn k.
64

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

Tng t ta nh ngha tch phn ca mt hm s f (x) trn cc khong ( , a ] v

( , + )

bi cc cng thc sau:

f (x)dx =
+

lim f (x)dx v
A

f (x)dx =

A + A ' A '

lim

f (x)dx .

Ta c th vit:

f (x)dx =

f (x)dx +
a

f (x)dx

khi hai trong ba tch phn ni trn hi t. T nh ngha ta suy ra phng php tnh tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn.
V d 20:
+

a) Tnh tch phn

A

e2

x ln x(ln ln x)

dx

2 A

dx 1 1 1 Ta c: = = 2 x ln x(ln ln x) ln ln x e2 ln 2 ln ln A e2
A

lim
+

A +

e2

x ln x(ln ln x)
1 . ln 2

dx

1 . ln 2

Vy:

e2

x ln x(ln ln x)
+

dx

b) Tnh tch phn:

(x
A A' A

dx . + 1) 2
2

Trc ht ta tnh

(x

dx dx dt = = cos 2 tdt . , t x = tg t 2 2 2 + 1) (1 + x ) 1 + tg 2 t
arctg A arctg A

dx 1 + cos 2t t sin 2t ' (x 2 + 1)2 = arctg A ' 2 dt = 2 + 4 arctg A ' A Khi A +, A ' th arctg A ;arctg A ' 2 2
dx t sin 2t 2 = + suy ra: 2 = . 2 (x + 1) 2 4 2
2 +

c)

x sin xdx = lim x sin xdx = lim ( x cos x + sin x ) A = lim ( A cos A sin A )
0 A A A A

gii hn ny khng tn ti, do tch phn phn k.

+

d) Xt s hi t ca tch phn: I =

x
1

dx

65

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

{{

(A1 1) khi 1 dx Vi mi A > 1 , ta c: = 1 x 1 khi = 1 ln A

A

A1 1 1 Vi > 1 : I = lim = . A + 1 1 Vi < 1 : I = lim A1 1 = + . A + 1

Vi = 1 : I = lim ln A = + .
A +

Do tch phn suy rng I hi t khi v ch khi > 1 , v phn k khi v ch khi 1.
3.3.2. Tch phn suy rng ca hm s khng b chn

Gi s f (x) l hm s xc nh trn khong [ a, b ) v kh tch trn mi on [ a, t ] ; ( t < b bt k), v lim f (x) = . im x = b c gi l im bt thng (im k d)
x b

ca hm s f (x) .
nh ngha:
t

Gii hn ca tch phn

f (x)dx
a

khi t b ; c gi l tch phn suy rng ca hm

s f (x) trn khong [ a, b ) v c k hiu nh sau:

f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx .

a t b a

Nu gii hn v phi tn ti, ta ni tch phn suy rng hi t. Ngc li nu khng tn ti gii hn ny hoc gii hn bng v cng, ta ni tch phn phn k. Tng t ta nh ngha tch phn suy rng ca hm s f (x) khng b chn trn khong ( a, b ] v ( a, b ) ln lt nhn x = a v x = a, x = b lm im bt thng.

f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx v f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx .

a t a + t
a t a + t ' b t

t'

i vi tch phn c hai im bt thng x = a, x = b , ta c th vit:

f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx

a a c

khi hai trong ba tch phn ni trn hi t.

V d 21:

a)

dx 1 x
2

= lim
t 1 t

dx 1 x
2

= lim arcsin x = lim ( arcsin t ) =

t 1 t t 1

. 2

66

Bi 3: Php tnh tch phn

dx 1 x dx 1 x
2 2

= lim
t 1 0

dx 1 x
2

= lim arcsin x = lim arcsin t =

t 1 0 t 1 1

. 2

dx 1 x
1 2

+
0

dx 1 x2

= .

b) Xt s hi t ca tch phn I =
0

dx . x

im bt thng ca hm s l x = 0 .

1 t1 khi 1 Vi mi t ( 0,1] , ta c: I(t) = x dx = 1 t khi = 1 ln t

1

Vi < 1 I = lim +
t 0

1 t1 1 = . 1 1
1

1 t Vi > 1 : I = lim = + . t 0 1
+

Vi = 1 : I = lim( ln t) = + . +
t 0

Vy tch phn suy rng I hi t khi v ch khi < 1 , phn k khi v ch khi 1.

67

TM LC CUI BI

Trong bi ny chng ta nghin cu cc vn sau: Nguyn hm ca mt hm s. Tch phn xc nh ca hm s trn mt on. Tch phn bt nh ca mt hm s. Tch phn suy rng cn v hn v ca hm khng b chn. Bi ny nghin cu cc nh ngha, tnh cht, phng php tnh c bn ca tch phn xc nh v tch phn xc nh, s hi t ca tch phn suy rng. Khi hc, hc vin cn nm vng cc khi nim, cc phng php tnh tch phn, vn dng thnh tho v linh hot cc phng php trong tnh tch phn v kho st tch phn suy rng.

68

CU HI N TP 1. Hy nu cng thc xc nh hm cn trn. T hy chng minh cng thc Newton Leibnitz. 2. Trnh by ni dung nh l i bin s i vi tch phn xc nh. Ta c th s dng php i

1 bin x = tnh t

1+ x

dx

c khng?

69

BI TP 1. S dng phng php khai trin v bin i vi phn, tnh cc tch phn sau

a)

x2 + 3 x 2 1 dx 2 x +1 5x 1 10x dx

b)

tg

xdx

c)

d)

x 2 dx (x 3 + 2)5 / 2

e)

dx + e x

f)

sin xdx cos3 x

2. S dng phng php i bin v tch phn tng phn, tnh cc tch phn sau

a) c)

ln xdx x 1 + ln x

b) d) f)

sin x cos3 x 1 + cos2 x dx

1 x 2 dx

x ln(1 + x)dx x arctg

x
/ 2 1

e) e x sin 2xdx
3. Tnh cc tch phn sau

xdx .

4x 3 a) dx (2x + 1)(x 5) 0
/ 2

b)

x +1 dx + x +1

c)

sin 4 x cos5 xdx

d)

/ 2

sin x sin 2x sin 3xdx .

4. Xt s hi t ca cc tch phn suy rng sau

+

a)

2 0

dx 2 x + 2x 3

b) ln xdx
0

c)

dx x3 x

d)

(3 x)
0

dx 2x

70