Trng i hc S phm thnh ph H Ch Minh

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin

CC H QUN TR C S D LIU
Ts. Nguyn An T Nguyn Tin Dng (nate@hcmuns.edu.vn) (ntd@hcmuns.edu.vn)

Nguyn Thy Ngc

(ngocnt@hcmup.edu.vn)

Trng i hc S phm thnh ph H Ch Minh

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin

CC H QUN TR C S D LIU

Chng 2: T CHC LU TR
Nguyn Tin Dng

Nguyn Thy Ngc

Mc tiu
T chc CSDL
Hiu c cch t chc ca CSDL nh tp tin, mu tin, ch mc,

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

Ni dung
1. T chc CSDL

1.1 T chc tp tin

1.2 T chc mu tin 1.3 T chc tp tin gm cc mu tin khng sp th t

1.4 T chc tp tin gm cc mu tin c sp th t

1.5 SAN (Storage Area Network) 1.6 RAID (Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks)

2. Ch mc (Index)
3. K thut bm (hash) 4. Triggers
[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.1 T chc tp tin

Ti sao phi t chc lu tr d liu ? Cc phn mm DBMS c th truy cp, cp nht v x l cc d liu khi cn thit. Do :

Cn phi t chc v lu tr cc d liu mt cch tt nht p ng c

cc yu cu trn

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.1 T chc tp tin (tt.)

C nhng dng lu tr no ? Primary storage Secondary storage

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.1 T chc tp tin (tt.)

Primary storage L dng lu tr m CPU (central processing unit) c th thao tc trc tip c

V d nh b nh chnh ca my tnh (computer main memory), b nh

c s dng cho cache Tc truy cp nhanh nhng c gii hn v kh nng lu tr, gi thnh cao

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.1 T chc tp tin (tt.)

Secondary storage L dng lu tr m CPU khng th thao tc trc tip c (d liu phi c chuyn vo primary storage)

V d nh cc a t, a quang, bng t
Tc truy cp chm hn so vi primary storage Kh nng lu tr cao hn, gi thnh thp hn

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.1 T chc tp tin (tt.)

Cc dng t chc b nh (Primary storage)

static RAM (Random Access Memory)

B nh truy cp ngu nhin (thi gian c/ghi cc nh l nh nhau) B nh cho php c ghi (cc d liu b thay i hay

ang s dng) D liu trn RAM s b mt khi mt ngun in cung

cp

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.1 T chc tp tin (tt.)

Cc dng t chc b nh

Cache memory
Chnh l RAM nhng lu d liu ca nhng ln c trc Khi chng trnh cn c d liu th c th c trong

cache trc (khng cn thit phi c li t secondary storage) vic thc thi chng trnh s nhanh

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.1 T chc tp tin (tt.)

Cc dng t chc b nh

DRAM (dynamic RAM)

L vng lm vic chnh cho CPU (main memory) Lu tr cc chng trnh v d liu Tc truy cp chm hn so vi RAM nhng gi thnh

li r hn

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.1 T chc tp tin (tt.)

Cc dng t chc a (Secondary storage)

Gm cc loi
CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only) a quang (optical disk) a t (magnetic disk)

Bng t (magnetic tape)

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.1 T chc tp tin (tt.)

Cc dng t chc a

c trng
Dng lu tr d liu thng trc Khi chng trnh cn x l d liu, nu d liu cha c trn b nh chnh (primary storage) th s c c

vo t b nh ph (secondary storage)

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.1 T chc tp tin (tt.)

Ti sao cc CSDL phi c lu trn cc a t ? Kch thc ca CSDL thng rt ln nn khng th t ht trong b nh chnh c

D liu phi c lu thng trc

Gi thnh cc a t thp hn so vi b nh chnh

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.1 T chc tp tin (tt.)

Nhim v

Hiu c cc k thut t chc lu tr

DB Designer

Bit c u v khuyt im tng k thut

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.1 T chc tp tin (tt.)

Tm li

T chc vt l ca CSDL:
L cc tp tin cha cc mu tin (files of records) Mi mu tin c xem l mt thc th V d: mi mu tin l mt sinh vin, c cc thuc tnh

nh m s, h tn, a ch,

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

Ni dung
1. T chc CSDL

1.1 T chc tp tin

1.2 T chc mu tin 1.3 T chc tp tin gm cc mu tin khng sp th t

1.4 T chc tp tin gm cc mu tin c sp th t

1.5 SAN (Storage Area Network) 1.6 RAID (Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks)

2. Ch mc (Index)
3. K thut bm (hash) 4. Triggers
[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin

Mu tin v kiu mu tin l g ? Mu tin l mt thc th v c cc trng d liu (field) Mi trng u c kiu d liu

Cc kiu c s nh chui, s, ngy, lun l

Cc kiu c bit nh hnh nh, m thanh, phim, Tp hp tt c cc tn trng cng vi kiu d liu ca n c gi l kiu mu tin

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

V d mt mu tin

sinh vin Nguyn Ngc T

M s H v Tn Ngy sinh A001 Nguyn Ngc T 12/10/1990

Gii tnh a ch
S in thoi Hc bng

Nam 146 L Thng Kit

0903456789 300,000

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

V d mt kiu mu tin

structure SINH_VIEN { string ma_so; string ho_ten; date ngay_sinh; boolean gioi_tinh; string dia_chi; string dien_thoai; real hoc_bong; }

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

Mu tin c chiu di c nh hoc thay i Trong mt tp tin, nu kch thc tt c mu tin u nh nhau th gi l mu tin c chiu di c nh

Ngc li th gi l mu tin c chiu di thay i

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

V d mu tin c chiu di c nh

A001 6 bytes

Nguyn Ngc T 30 bytes

12/10/1989 12 bytes

146 L Thng Kit

1 bytes 100 bytes

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

V d mu tin c chiu di thay i Du phn cch

A001
6 bytes

Nguyn Ngc T

12/10/1989
12 bytes

1
1 bytes

146 L Thng Kit

Phn cch trng

Ho_ten=Nguyn Ngc T

Dia_chi=146 L Thng Kit

Phn cch mu tin

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

Lu tr cc mu tin trong cc khi

Khi l g? (block)
L mt n v d liu trong vic chuyn i d liu gia

a v b nh. V d: khi c kch thc 8 Kbyte Cc mu tin trong tp tin s c lu tr trong cc khi
ca a (disk block) Mt khi c th lu tr c nhiu mu tin (khi kch thc ca khi ln hn kch thc ca mu tin)

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

Lu tr cc mu tin trong cc khi c phn chia

Cc mu tin c th c lu trn nhiu khi Nu B l kch thc khi (theo byte) v R l kch thc mu tin (chiu di mu tin c nh). V BR th Khi cho php cha n B/R mu tin. Nu B/R c phn d khc 0 th phi cp thm khng gian s dng cho phn d ny Nu chiu di mu tin thay i th c th lu tr phn chia hoc khng phn chia

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

Lu tr cc mu tin trong cc khi c phn chia

Mu tin s lu trn mt khi v phn cn li c lu trn mt khi khc Cui khi th nht s c mt con tr (pointer) tr n a ch ca khi tip theo Nu kch thc ca cc mu tin ln th vic lu tr c phn chia s tit kim c cc khng gian s dng ca khi

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

Lu tr cc mu tin trong cc khi khng phn chia

Khi cc mu tin khng cho php phn chia trn cc khi Nu chiu di mu tin c nh v BR th cc mu tin s c lu trong mt khi v c mt a ch bt u a ch bt u ny c tnh nh sau
Gi B l kch thc ca khi Gi R l kch thc ca mu tin Vy N = B/R l s mu tin cha trong khi Nu F l tng s mu tin th s khi cn M = F/N Cc khi nh s th t t 0 n M-1 Mu tin th I s c a ch: I div N + I mod N

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

V d lu tr cc mu tin trong cc khi khng phn chia

record 1 Khi th i

record 2

record 3

record 4 Khi th i + 1

record 5

record 6

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

V d lu tr cc mu tin trong cc khi c phn chia

record 1 Khi th i

record 2

record 3

record 4

rec 4 Khi th i + 1

record 5

record 6

record 7

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

Cc dng cp pht khi

Cp pht lin tc
Cc khi trn a s c cp pht lin k nhau u im: khi c ton b tp tin s c rt nhanh Khuyt im: kh khn trong vic tng trng kch

thc tp tin

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

Cc dng cp pht khi

Cp pht lin kt
Mi khi s c mt con tr tr n khi tip theo u im: d dng trong vic tng trng kch thc tp tin

Khuyt im: khi c ton b tp tin s c th c chm

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

Cc dng cp pht khi

Cp pht xu (cluster)
L mt xu cc khi, cn c gi l file segment hoc file extend Cc khi cp pht c th lin k nhau hoc lin kt

nhau

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

Thng tin v tp tin

File header l g ?
L thng tin m t cho tp tin. Bao gm a ch ca cc khi lu tr trn a M t nh dng ca mu tin nh kch thc cc

trng, th t cc trng

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

Thng tin v tp tin

S dng File header nh th no ?

Cc chng trnh s dng file header khi truy cp n tp tin cc mu tin. V d khi tm kim mu tin th Mt hoc nhiu khi c c vo b m ca b nh

chnh Chng trnh thc hin vic tm kim trn b nh chnh

da trn thng tin ca file header

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

Thng tin v tp tin

S dng File header nh th no ? (tt.)

Nu mu tin vn cha tm thy th cc khi li tip tc c c vo b nh chnh Vic tm kim s chm dt khi tm thy mu tin hoc

tm khng thy mu tin no trong tt c cc khi Tp tin cng ln th thi gian tm kim s cng lu
T chc lu tr tp tin nh th no vic tm kim ch vi t nht cc ln c khi t a vo b nh chnh
[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

1.2 T chc mu tin (tt.)

Tm li

T chc vt l ca CSDL nh th no ?
vic tm kim ch vi t nht cc ln c khi t a vo b nh chnh

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]

[HQTCSDL-Chng 2: T chc lu tr]