Tutorial

Table of Contents
Table of Contents
,QWURGXFWLRQ
+LQWV DERXW WKH 7XWRULDO 0DQXDO
4XLFN 6WDUW 7XWRULDO
0RGHO /LPLWV (QWHULQJ %RXQGDULHV 0HVKLQJ %RXQGDU\ &RQGLWLRQV )LHOG 6WUHVV 3URSHUWLHV &RPSXWH ,QWHUSUHW
0DWHULDOV
6WDJLQJ 7XWRULDO

0RGHO /LPLWV -RE &RQWURO (QWHULQJ %RXQGDULHV 0HVKLQJ %RXQGDU\ &RQGLWLRQV 6XSSRUW )LHOG 6WUHVV 3URSHUWLHV 'HILQLQJ 3URSHUWLHV $VVLJQLQJ 3URSHUWLHV $VVLJQ 0DWHULDOV $VVLJQ %ROWV
ii
Table of Contents
&RPSXWH ,QWHUSUHW 9LHZLQJ 6WDJHV 6LJPD 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU 'LVSODFHPHQW 6WDJH %ROWV &RQWRXU 5DQJHV /RFNLQJ WKH &RQWRXU 5DQJH 'LIIHUHQWLDO 5HVXOWV /RJ )LOH
6XSSRUW 7XWRULDO 6WHS

0RGHO (QWHULQJ %RXQGDULHV 0HVKLQJ %RXQGDU\ &RQGLWLRQV )LHOG 6WUHVV 3URSHUWLHV &RPSXWH ,QWHUSUHW 1RWH DERXW WKH 6XSSRUW 7XWRULDO ILJXUHV 0RGHO &RPSXWH ,QWHUSUHW
6XSSRUW 7XWRULDO 6WHS

0RGHO $GGLQJ 3DWWHUQ %ROWV %ROW 3URSHUWLHV &RPSXWH ,QWHUSUHW 0RGHO $GGLQJ D /LQHU
Table of Contents
iii
/LQHU 3URSHUWLHV &RPSXWH ,QWHUSUHW 0RGHO /RDG 6SOLWWLQJ 5H0HVKLQJ 5H6XSSRUWLQJ )LHOG 6WUHVV 3URSHUWLHV &RPSXWH ,QWHUSUHW $GGLWLRQDO ([HUFLVH
6XUIDFH ([FDYDWLRQ 7XWRULDO

0RGHO /LPLWV -RE &RQWURO (QWHULQJ %RXQGDULHV 0HVKLQJ &XVWRP 'LVFUHWL]DWLRQ 0HVK %RXQGDU\ &RQGLWLRQV $GGLQJ D 7UDFWLRQ 9LHZLQJ WKH 7UDFWLRQ )LHOG 6WUHVV 3URSHUWLHV &RPSXWH ,QWHUSUHW 6LJPD 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU 'LVSODFHPHQW 4XHU\ 'DWD &UHDWLQJ D 4XHU\ *UDSKLQJ D 4XHU\ (GLWLQJ D 4XHU\ *UDSKLQJ 4XHULHV DW 'LIIHUHQW 6WDJHV $GGLWLRQDO ([HUFLVHV
iv
Table of Contents
6LQJOH 6WDJH 0RGHO $GGLQJ D /LQHU ([WHUQDO %RXQGDU\ 'LVWDQFH IURP ([FDYDWLRQV
-RLQW 7XWRULDO

0RGHO /LPLWV (QWHULQJ %RXQGDULHV 0HVKLQJ %RXQGDU\ &RQGLWLRQV )LHOG 6WUHVV 3URSHUWLHV &RPSXWH ,QWHUSUHW -RLQW <LHOGLQJ *UDSKLQJ -RLQW 'DWD $GGLWLRQDO ([HUFLVH &ULWLFDO )ULFWLRQ $QJOH IRU 6OLS 5HIHUHQFH IRU 7XWRULDO
$[LV\PPHWU\ 7XWRULDO

0RGHO /LPLWV -RE &RQWURO (QWHULQJ %RXQGDULHV 0HVKLQJ &XVWRP 'LVFUHWL]DWLRQ 0HVK %RXQGDU\ &RQGLWLRQV )LHOG 6WUHVV 3URSHUWLHV &RPSXWH ,QWHUSUHW 6LJPD 'LVSODFHPHQW
Table of Contents
4XHU\ 'DWD *UDSKLQJ D 4XHU\ 'HOHWLQJ D 4XHU\ *UDSKLQJ 0XOWLSOH 4XHULHV :ULWLQJ D 4XHU\ WR D )LOH &RS\LQJ D 4XHU\ WR ([FHO 3ODQH 6WUDLQ &RPSDULVRQ ZLWK $[LV\PPHWULF 5HVXOWV 0RGHO 0HVK %RXQGDU\ &RQGLWLRQV )LHOG 6WUHVV 3URSHUWLHV &RPSXWH ,QWHUSUHW $GGLWLRQDO ([HUFLVHV 5DGLDO 0HVK 'LVWDQFH RI ([WHUQDO %RXQGDU\ IURP ([FDYDWLRQ
Introduction
Introduction
7KH 3+$6( 7XWRULDO 0DQXDO FRQVLVWV RI WKH IROORZLQJ WXWRULDOV ,W LV UHFRPPHQGHG WKDW WKH XVHU IROORZ WKH VWHS E\VWHS LQVWUXFWLRQV WR FUHDWH WKH PRGHOV WKHPVHOYHV ,I WKH XVHU ZLVKHV WR VNLS WKH PRGHOLQJ SURFHVV WKH ILQLVKHG SURGXFW RI HDFK WXWRULDO FDQ EH IRXQG LQ WKH H[DPSOHV IROGHU LQ \RXU 3+$6( LQVWDOODWLRQ IROGHU LQ WKH ILOHV LQGLFDWHG EHORZ FILES WXWIHD DESCRIPTION 4XLFN 6WDUW 7XWRULDO D VLPSOH WXWRULDO ZKLFK ZLOO JHW WKH XVHU IDPLOLDU ZLWK VRPH RI WKH EDVLF PRGHOLQJ DQG GDWD LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ IHDWXUHV RI 3+$6( 0DWHULDOV 6WDJLQJ 7XWRULDO LQWURGXFWLRQ WR WKH XVH RI PXOWLSOH PDWHULDOV DQG VWDJLQJ 6XSSRUW 7XWRULDO WKLV WXWRULDO LV SUHVHQWHG LQ WZR VWHSV WKH PRGHO LV DQDO\]HG ZLWKRXW VXSSRUW DQG WKHQ EROWV DQG D OLQHU DUH LQVWDOOHG 6XUIDFH ([FDYDWLRQ 7XWRULDO D VXUIDFH H[FDYDWLRQ XVLQJ JUDYLW\ ILHOG VWUHVV LV PRGHOHG $ WUDFWLRQ ORDG LV LQFOXGHG LQ WKH WKLUG VWDJH -RLQW 7XWRULDO D MRLQW LV DGGHG QHDU DQ H[FDYDWLRQ DQG WKH HIIHFW RI LQHODVWLF MRLQW VOLS LV H[DPLQHG $[LV\PPHWU\ 7XWRULDO KRZ WR XVH WKH D[LV\PPHWULF PRGHOLQJ RSWLRQ RI 3+$6( DQG FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK SODQH VWUDLQ UHVXOWV
WXWIHD WXWDIHD WXWEIHD WXWIHD
WXWIHD
WXWIHD
PHASE2 Tutorial Manual
Hints about the Tutorial Manual

,QVWUXFWLRQV LQ WKH IROORZLQJ IRUPDW
6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG ([FDYDWLRQ

DUH XVHG WR QDYLJDWH WKH PHQX VHOHFWLRQV ,03257$17 127( :KHQ D WRROEDU EXWWRQ LV GLVSOD\HG LQ WKH PDUJLQ DV VKRZQ DERYH WKLV LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH RSWLRQ LV DYDLODEOH LQ D 3+$6( WRROEDU 7KLV LV DOZD\V WKH UHFRPPHQGHG DQG TXLFNHVW ZD\ WR XVH WKH RSWLRQ ,I QR WRROEDU EXWWRQ LV VKRZQ WKHQ WKH RSWLRQ LV RQO\ DYDLODEOH WKURXJK WKH 3+$6( PHQXV 7H[W LQ courier IRQW HQFORVHG E\ D ER[ HJ
Enter vertex [a=arc,esc=quit]: -5 10 Enter vertex [a=arc,u=undo,esc=quit]: -5 0 Enter vertex [a=arc,u=undo,esc=quit]: 5 0
LQGLFDWHV SURPSW OLQH LQVWUXFWLRQV IRXQG DW WKH ERWWRP ULJKW RI WKH 3+$6( VFUHHQ 7KH bold italic WH[W DW WKH HQG RI D SURPSW OLQH LQGLFDWHV WKH XVHU LQSXW IRU WKH SURPSW OLQH
Enter: Number of Stages = 3

Tolerance = 0.001 # Load Steps = Auto Method = Plane strain Solver Type = Gauss. Elim. Project Name = (optional) Max. # of iterations = 500
7H[W LQ courier IRQW HQFORVHG E\ D ER[ LV DOVR XVHG WR LQGLFDWH VWDWXV EDU LQIRUPDWLRQ HJ
Maximum Total Displacement = 0.00226428 m
:KHQ GLDORJ LQSXW LV UHTXLUHG LQ PRVW FDVHV WKH GLDORJ ZLOO EH GLVSOD\HG DORQJ ZLWK D OLVWLQJ LQ WKH PDUJLQ DV VKRZQ DW OHIW 3DUDPHWHUV UHTXLULQJ XVHU LQSXW DUH PDUNHG E\ D FKHFNPDUN ) 3DUDPHWHUV 127 PDUNHG E\ D FKHFNPDUN VKRXOG DOUHDG\ EH DW WKH FRUUHFW YDOXHV KRZHYHU WKH XVHU VKRXOG DOZD\V FKHFN $// LQSXW WR PDNH VXUH LW LV FRUUHFW
Quick Start Tutorial

10 MPa 20 MPa 30
0 , 15
-5 , 10
5 , 10
-5 , 0
5,0
external boundary expansion factor = 2
,I \RX ZLVK WR VNLS WKH PRGHO SURFHVV WKH ILQLVKHG SURGXFW RI WKLV WXWRULDO FDQ EH IRXQG LQ WKH WXWIHD GDWD ILOH ORFDWHG LQ WKH H[DPSOHV IROGHU LQ \RXU 3+$6( LQVWDOODWLRQ IROGHU
Model
7KLV TXLFN VWDUW WXWRULDO ZLOO LOOXVWUDWH VRPH RI WKH EDVLF IHDWXUHV RI 3+$6( XVLQJ WKH VLPSOH PRGHO VKRZQ DERYH <RX ZLOO VHH KRZ TXLFNO\ DQG HDVLO\ D PRGHO FDQ EH FUHDWHG DQG DQDO\]HG ZLWK 3+$6(
,I \RX KDYH QRW DOUHDG\ GRQH VR UXQ WKH 3+$6( 02'(/ SURJUDP E\ GRXEOHFOLFNLQJ RQ WKH 3+$6( LFRQ LQ \RXU LQVWDOODWLRQ IROGHU 2U IURP WKH 6WDUW PHQX VHOHFW 3URJUDPV5RFVFLHQFH3KDVH3KDVH
Limits
7KH ILUVW VWHS LQ DQ\ FRPSXWHUDLGHG GHVLJQ SURFHVV LV VHWWLQJ WKH GUDZLQJ OLPLWV RI WKH UHJLRQ VR WKDW WKH OLPLWV HQFRPSDVV WKH PRGHO JHRPHWU\
6HOHFW 9LHZ /LPLWV

(QWHU WKH PLQLPXP DQG PD[LPXP [\ FRRUGLQDWHV LQ WKH 6HW /LPLWV GLDORJ
7KHVH OLPLWV ZLOO PRUH RU OHVV FHQWHU WKH H[FDYDWLRQ LQ WKH GUDZLQJ UHJLRQ ZKHQ \RX HQWHU LW DV GHVFULEHG EHORZ
Entering Boundaries
)LUVW FUHDWH WKH H[FDYDWLRQ DV IROORZV
Enter vertex [a=arc,esc=quit]: -5 10 Enter vertex [a=arc,u=undo,esc=quit]: -5 0 Enter vertex [a=arc,u=undo,esc=quit]: 5 0 Enter vertex [a=arc,c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: 5 10 Enter vertex [a=arc,c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: a Number of segments in arc <20>: press Enter Enter second arc point [u=undo,esc=quit]: 0 15 Enter third arc point [u=undo,esc=quit]: c
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
6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG ([WHUQDO
Enter: Expansion Factor = 2

Boundary Type = Box
(QWHU DQ ([SDQVLRQ )DFWRU RI DQG VHOHFW 2. 7KH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ ZLOO EH DXWRPDWLFDOO\ FUHDWHG 7KH ERXQGDULHV IRU WKLV H[DPSOH KDYH QRZ EHHQ HQWHUHG
Meshing
:H ZLOO QRZ SURFHHG WR JHQHUDWH WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQW PHVK ,Q 3+$6( PHVKLQJ LV D VLPSOH WZRVWHS SURFHVV )LUVW \RX PXVW ',6&5(7,=( WKH ERXQGDULHV DQG WKHQ WKH 0(6+ FDQ EH JHQHUDWHG <RX FDQ DOVR FRQILJXUH YDULRXV 0HVK 6HWXS SDUDPHWHUV EHIRUH JHQHUDWLQJ WKH PHVK :H ZLOO GR WKLV ILUVW DOWKRXJK GHIDXOW SDUDPHWHUV DUH LQ HIIHFW LI \RX GR QRW XVH WKH 0HVK 6HWXS RSWLRQ
6HOHFW 0HVK 6HWXS
Enter: # Excavation Nodes = 60

Gradation Factor = 0.1 Mesh Type = Graded Elem. Type = 3 Noded Tri.
(QWHU WKH
RI ([FDYDWLRQ 1RGHV
DQG VHOHFW 2.
1RZ GLVFUHWL]H WKH ERXQGDULHV
6HOHFW 0HVK 'LVFUHWL]H

7KH GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ RI WKH ERXQGDULHV LQGLFDWHG E\ UHG FURVVHV ZLOO IRUP WKH IUDPHZRUN IRU WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQW PHVK 1RWLFH WKH VXPPDU\ RI GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ VKRZQ LQ WKH VWDWXV EDU LQGLFDWLQJ WKH DFWXDO QXPEHU RI GLVFUHWL]DWLRQV IRU HDFK ERXQGDU\ W\SH
Discretizations: Excavation=59 External=26
1RWH WKDW WKH QXPEHU RI H[FDYDWLRQ GLVFUHWL]DWLRQV LV EXW ZH HQWHUHG LQ WKH 0HVK 6HWXS GLDORJ 'RQW ZRUU\ WKLV LV QRUPDO 'XH WR WKH QDWXUH RI WKH GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ SURFHVV WKH DFWXDO QXPEHU ZLOO QRW DOZD\V EH WKH VDPH DV WKH QXPEHU \RX HQWHUHG ,I \RX DUH QRW KDSS\ ZLWK D JLYHQ GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ LW FDQ DOZD\V EH FXVWRPL]HG XVLQJ WKH &XVWRP 'LVFUHWL]H RSWLRQ WKLV LV FRYHUHG LQ ODWHU WXWRULDOV 1RZ JHQHUDWH WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQW PHVK E\ VHOHFWLQJ WKH 0HVK RSWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH 0HVK PHQX
6HOHFW 0HVK 0HVK

7KH ILQLWH HOHPHQW PHVK LV JHQHUDWHG ZLWK QR IXUWKHU LQWHUYHQWLRQ E\ WKH XVHU :KHQ ILQLVKHG WKH VWDWXV EDU ZLOO LQGLFDWH WKH QXPEHU RI HOHPHQWV DQG QRGHV LQ WKH PHVK
ELEMENTS = 585 NODES = 335
,I \RX KDYH IROORZHG WKH VWHSV FRUUHFWO\ VR IDU \RX VKRXOG JHW H[DFWO\ WKH VDPH QXPEHU RI QRGHV DQG HOHPHQWV DV LQGLFDWHG DERYH
Boundary Conditions
)RU WKLV WXWRULDO QR ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQV QHHG WR EH VSHFLILHG E\ WKH XVHU 7KH GHIDXOW ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQ ZLOO WKHUHIRUH EH LQ HIIHFW ZKLFK LV D IL[HG LH ]HUR GLVSODFHPHQW FRQGLWLRQ IRU WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\
Field Stress
,Q 3+$6( \RX FDQ GHILQH HLWKHU D &RQVWDQW ILHOG VWUHVV RU D *UDYLW\ ILHOG VWUHVV )RU WKLV WXWRULDO ZH ZLOO XVH D &RQVWDQW ILHOG VWUHVV
6HOHFW /RDGLQJ )OG 6WUHVV
Enter: Sigma 1 = 20 Angle = 30

Fld. Str. Type = Constant Sigma 3 = 10 Sigma Z = 10
(QWHU 6LJPD
$QJOH
DQG VHOHFW 2.
1RWLFH WKDW WKH VPDOO VWUHVV EORFN LQ WKH XSSHU ULJKW FRUQHU RI WKH YLHZ QRZ LQGLFDWHV WKH UHODWLYH PDJQLWXGH DQG GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH ILHOG VWUHVV \RX HQWHUHG 1RWH WKDW WKH DQJOH LV WKH FRXQWHUFORFNZLVH DQJOH RI 6LJPD IURP WKH KRUL]RQWDO D[LV
Properties
:H ZLOO QRZ GHILQH WKH SURSHUWLHV RI WKH URFNPDVV
6HOHFW 3URSHUWLHV 'HILQH 0DWHULDOV

:LWK WKH ILUVW GHIDXOW WDE VHOHFWHG HQWHU WKH IROORZLQJ SURSHUWLHV
Enter:
Name = default Init.El.Ld.=Fld Stress Only Material Type = Isotropic Youngs Modulus = 20000 Poissons Ratio = 0.2 Failure Crit. = Mohr Coul. Material Type = Elastic Tens. Strength = 0 Fric. Angle (peak) = 35
Cohesion (peak) = 12
(QWHU D FRKHVLRQ RI 03D DQG VHOHFW 2. 6LQFH \RX HQWHUHG SURSHUWLHV ZLWK WKH ILUVW GHIDXOW WDE VHOHFWHG \RX GR QRW KDYH WR $VVLJQ WKHVH SURSHUWLHV WR WKH PRGHO 3+$6( DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DVVLJQV WKH GHIDXOW SURSHUWLHV IRU \RX ,I \RX GHILQH SURSHUWLHV ZLWK WKH 0DWHULDO 0DWHULDO 0DWHULDO HWF WDEV HJ IRU D PXOWLSOH PDWHULDO PRGHO WKHQ \RX ZLOO KDYH WR XVH WKH $VVLJQ RSWLRQ WR DVVLJQ WKHVH SURSHUWLHV :H ZLOO GHDO ZLWK DVVLJQLQJ SURSHUWLHV LQ 7XWRULDO
,Q JHQHUDO WKH ILUVW WDE IRU HDFK RI WKH 'HILQH RSWLRQV 'HILQH 0DWHULDOV 'HILQH %ROWV 'HILQH /LQHUV 'HILQH -RLQWV UHSUHVHQWV WKH GHIDXOW SURSHUW\ DVVLJQPHQW IRU WKDW HQWLW\ W\SH
10
:H DUH QRZ ILQLVKHG ZLWK WKH PRGHOLQJ \RXU ILQLVKHG PRGHO VKRXOG DSSHDU DV VKRZQ EHORZ
)LJXUH )LQLVKHG PRGHO 3+$6( 4XLFN 6WDUW 7XWRULDO
Compute
%HIRUH \RX DQDO\]H \RXU PRGHO VDYH LW DV D ILOH FDOOHG TXLFNIHD 3+$6( PRGHO ILOHV KDYH DQ )($ ILOHQDPH H[WHQVLRQ
6HOHFW )LOH 6DYH

<RX ZLOO VHH D VWDQGDUG ZLQGRZV 6DYH $V GLDORJ 6DYH WKH ILOH <RX DUH QRZ UHDG\ WR UXQ WKH DQDO\VLV
6HOHFW )LOH &RPSXWH

7KH 3+$6( &20387( HQJLQH ZLOO SURFHHG LQ UXQQLQJ WKH DQDO\VLV :KHQ FRPSOHWHG \RX ZLOO EH UHDG\ WR YLHZ WKH UHVXOWV LQ ,17(535(7
11
Interpret
7R YLHZ WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH DQDO\VLV
6HOHFW )LOH ,QWHUSUHW

7KLV ZLOO VWDUW WKH 3+$6( ,17(535(7 SURJUDP %\ GHIDXOW \RX ZLOO DOZD\V VHH D FRQWRXU SORW RI WKH PDMRU SULQFLSDO VWUHVV 6LJPD ZKHQ D ILOH LV RSHQHG LQ ,17(535(7 7KLV LV VKRZQ LQ WKH ILJXUH EHORZ
)LJXUH &RQWRXUV RI 0DMRU 3ULQFLSDO 6WUHVV

1RWLFH WKH HIIHFW RI WKH ILHOG VWUHVV RULHQWDWLRQ RQ WKH 6LJPD FRQWRXUV 1RZ OHWV ]RRP LQ WR JHW D FORVHU ORRN DW WKH VWUHVV FRQWRXUV DURXQG WKH H[FDYDWLRQ $Q HDV\ VKRUWFXW WR ]RRP LQ WR \RXU H[FDYDWLRQV LV WR XVH WKH =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ RSWLRQ
6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ
12
1RWLFH WKH VWUHVV EXLOGXS DW WKH XSSHU OHIW DQG ORZHU ULJKW RI WKH H[FDYDWLRQ 7KH PD[LPXP 6LJPD LV DW WKH VKDUS FRUQHU DW WKH ORZHU ULJKW 1RZ WRJJOH WKH GLVSOD\ RI SULQFLSDO VWUHVV WUDMHFWRULHV RQ
Display Options is also available in the right-click menu.
6HOHFW 9LHZ 'LVSOD\ 2SWLRQV

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
6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP $OO

/HWV QRZ ORRN DW WKH 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU FRQWRXUV
6HOHFW 'DWD 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU

/HWV FKDQJH WKH QXPEHU RI FRQWRXU LQWHUYDOV VR WKDW ZH JHW HYHQ QXPEHUHG LQWHUYDOV
6HOHFW 9LHZ &RQWRXU 2SWLRQV

,Q WKH &RQWRXU 2SWLRQV GLDORJ FKDQJH WKH )RUPDW WR &XVWRP HQWHU WKH 1XPEHU RI FRQWRXU LQWHUYDOV DQG VHOHFW 'RQH
13
)LJXUH 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU &RQWRXUV

1RWLFH WKDW WKH PLQLPXP VWUHQJWK IDFWRU FRQWRXU LQWHUYDO LV EHWZHHQ DQG 7KHUHIRUH EDVHG RQ WKLV HODVWLF DQDO\VLV QR IDLOXUH LV WR EH H[SHFWHG IRU WKLV PRGHO 1R DGGLWLRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ ZRXOG EH JDLQHG IURP D SODVWLF DQDO\VLV RI WKH VDPH PRGHO ,W LV OHIW DV DQ H[HUFLVH IRU WKH XVHU WR GHILQH WKH PDWHULDO DV SODVWLF DQG UHUXQ WKH DQDO\VLV )LQDOO\ OHWV ORRN DW WKH GLVSODFHPHQWV )LUVW VHOHFW =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ DJDLQ
6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ 6HOHFW 'DWD 7RWDO 'LVSODFHPHQW

7KH WRWDO GLVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXUV ZLOO EH SORWWHG DQG WKH VWDWXV EDU ZLOO LQGLFDWH WKH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW IRU WKH HQWLUH PRGHO DERXW PP
14
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
Frequently used Display Options can be toggled on or off using the buttons in the Display toolbar.
)LJXUH 7RWDO GLVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXUV ZLWK GHIRUPDWLRQ YHFWRUV DQG GHIRUPHG ERXQGDULHV GLVSOD\HG
7RJJOH RII WKH GHIRUPDWLRQ YHFWRUV DQG GHIRUPHG ERXQGDULHV E\ UHVHOHFWLQJ WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ EXWWRQV LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU
15
Contour Options is available in the right-click menu.
/HWV H[SORUH VRPH PRUH FRQWRXU RSWLRQV E\ FXVWRPL]LQJ WKH FRQWRXU UDQJH DQG DGGLQJ VRPH FRQWRXU ODEHOV 5LJKW FOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW &RQWRXU 2SWLRQV ,Q WKH &RQWRXU 2SWLRQV GLDORJ VHW WKH PD[LPXP &RQWRXU 5DQJH WR DQG FKDQJH WKH 1XPEHU RI FRQWRXU LQWHUYDOV WR 6HOHFW 'RQH 1RZ OHWV DGG VRPH ODEHOV WR WKH FRQWRXUV WR LGHQWLI\ WKH YDOXHV UHSUHVHQWHG E\ HDFK FRQWRXU ERXQGDU\
6HOHFW 7RROV /DEHO &RQWRXU

$ FURVVKDLU FXUVRU ZLOO DSSHDU RQ WKH VFUHHQ &OLFN WKH OHIW PRXVH EXWWRQ DQ\ZKHUH RQ D FRQWRXU ERXQGDU\ DQG D FRQWRXU ODEHO ZLOO EH SODFHG DW WKDW SRLQW 7KH IROORZLQJ ILJXUH LOOXVWUDWHV ZKDW WKH GLVSOD\ PLJKW ORRN OLNH DIWHU \RX KDYH DGGHG VRPH FRQWRXU ODEHOV WR WKH PRGHO :KHQ \RX KDYH DGGHG DOO RI WKH ODEHOV WKDW \RX ZLVK SUHVV WKH (VF NH\ RU ULJKWFOLFN DQG VHOHFW &DQFHO
)LJXUH &RQWRXU ODEHOV DGGHG WR GLVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXU SORW
16
7R UHPRYH FRQWRXU ODEHOV IURP WKH PRGHO LI \RX GR QRW OLNH WKHLU SRVLWLRQ RU QR ORQJHU QHHG WKHP XVH WKH 'HOHWH 'UDZLQJV RSWLRQ
6HOHFW 7RROV 'HOHWH 'UDZLQJV

/HIW FOLFN RQ D IHZ FRQWRXU ODEHOV 1RWLFH WKDW WKH\ DUH KLJKOLJKWHG ZKHQ VHOHFWHG 1RZ ULJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW 'HOHWH 6HOHFWHG DQG WKH VHOHFWHG ODEHOV ZLOO EH GHOHWHG 1RWH 7R GHOHWH DOO ODEHOV DW RQFH \RX FDQ XVH WKH 7RROV 'HOHWH $OO 'UDZLQJV RSWLRQ RU 5LJKW FOLFN DQG VHOHFW 'HOHWH $OO ZKLOH LQ 'HOHWH 'UDZLQJV PRGH ,QGLYLGXDO ODEHOV FDQ EH GHOHWHG DW DQ\ WLPH E\ ULJKW FOLFNLQJ RQ D ODEHO DQG VHOHFWLQJ 'HOHWH IURP WKH SRSXS PHQX
)LQDOO\ QRWH WKDW VHOHFWLRQ ZRUNV DV D WRJJOH LH LI \RX DFFLGHQWDOO\ VHOHFW D FRQWRXU ODEHO LW FDQ EH GHVHOHFWHG E\ OHIW FOLFNLQJ RQ LW DJDLQ 7KLV DSSOLHV ZKHQHYHU HQWLWLHV DUH EHLQJ VHOHFWHG LQ 3+$6( %HIRUH ZH FRQFOXGH WKLV WXWRULDO OHWV H[DPLQH WKH ,QIR 9LHZHU RSWLRQ
6HOHFW )LOH ,QIR 9LHZHU

$ FRQYHQLHQW VXPPDU\ RI PRGHO DQG DQDO\VLV SDUDPHWHUV LV GLVSOD\HG LQ LWV RZQ YLHZ 6FUROO GRZQ WR YLHZ DOO RI WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KLV FDQ EH SULQWHG LI GHVLUHG
17
)LJXUH ,QIRYLHZHU OLVWLQJ

7KDW FRQFOXGHV WKLV TXLFN VWDUW WXWRULDO 7R H[LW WKH ,17(535(7 SURJUDP
6HOHFW )LOH ([LW
18
Materials and Staging Tutorial
19
Materials & Staging Tutorial

ROCKMASS ORE
20 MPa
15 , 80
30 MPa
35 , 80
0 , 20
20 ,20
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
20
Model
Limits
/HWV ILUVW VHW WKH GUDZLQJ OLPLWV VR WKDW WKH\ HQFRPSDVV WKH H[FDYDWLRQV \RX ZLOO EH HQWHULQJ
6HOHFW 9LHZ /LPLWV

(QWHU WKH PLQLPXP DQG PD[LPXP [\ FRRUGLQDWHV LQ WKH 6HW /LPLWV GLDORJ
7KHVH OLPLWV ZLOO PRUH RU OHVV FHQWHU WKH H[FDYDWLRQV LQ WKH GUDZLQJ UHJLRQ ZKHQ \RX HQWHU WKHP DV GHVFULEHG EHORZ
21
Job Control
:KHQHYHU ZH DUH FUHDWLQJ D VWDJHG PRGHO WKH ILUVW WKLQJ ZH VKRXOG DOZD\V UHPHPEHU WR GR LV WR VHW WKH 1XPEHU RI 6WDJHV LQ -RE &RQWURO VLQFH WKLV DIIHFWV VXEVHTXHQW PRGHOLQJ RSWLRQV 7KDW LV VRPH PRGHOLQJ RSWLRQV EHKDYH GLIIHUHQWO\ LI \RXU PRGHO LV VLQJOH VWDJH 1XPEHU RI 6WDJHV RU PXOWLVWDJH 1XPEHU RI 6WDJHV !
6HOHFW )LOH -RE &RQWURO
Enter: Number of Stages = 4 Tolerance = 0.01

# Load Steps = Auto Method = Plane strain Solver Type = Gauss. Elim. Project Name = (optional) Max. # of iterations = 500
,Q WKH -RE &RQWURO GLDORJ HQWHU 1XPEHU RI 6WDJHV DQG WKH 7ROHUDQFH $ 3URMHFW QDPH LV DOZD\V RSWLRQDO :H VHW WKH 7ROHUDQFH IRU WKLV H[DPSOH WR VDYH XV WLPH ZKHQ ZH UXQ WKH DQDO\VLV 7KH WROHUDQFH FRQWUROV KRZ IDU WKH SODVWLF LWHUDWLRQ LV DOORZHG WR SURFHHG DQG WKHUHIRUH FRQWUROV WKH DFFXUDF\ RI WKH ILQDO VROXWLRQ $ WROHUDQFH ZLOO JLYH XV D VXIILFLHQWO\ DFFXUDWH VROXWLRQ IRU WKLV WXWRULDO
22
Entering Boundaries
/HWV ILUVW HQWHU WKH VWRSH DQG WKH WKUHH DFFHVV GULIWV 5HPHPEHU WKDW (;&$9$7,21 ERXQGDULHV DOZD\V UHSUHVHQW WKH ILQDO VWDJH RI DQ H[FDYDWLRQ IRU VWDJHG PRGHOV

Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex [a=arc,esc=quit]: 35 80 [a=arc,u=undo,esc=quit]: 15 80 [a=arc,u=undo,esc=quit]: 10 60 [a=arc,c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: 5 [a=arc,c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: 0 [a=arc,c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]:20 [a=arc,c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]:25 [a=arc,c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]:30 [a=arc,c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: c
40 20 20 40 60

Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex [a=arc,esc=quit]: 0 80 [a=arc,u=undo,esc=quit]: -2.5 80 [a=arc,u=undo,esc=quit]: -2.5 77.5 [a=arc,c=close,u=undo,esc=qui]:0 77.5 [a=arc,c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: c

Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex [a=arc,esc=quit]: -5 60 [a=arc,u=undo,esc=quit]: -7.5 60 [a=arc,u=undo,esc=quit]: -7.5 57.5 [a=arc,c=clos,u=undo,esc=qui]:-5 57.5 [a=arc,c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: c

Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex [a=arc,esc=quit]: -10 40 [a=arc,u=undo,esc=quit]: -12.5 40 [a=arc,u=undo,esc=quit]: -12.5 37.5 [a=arc,c=clos,u=und,esc=qui]:-10 37.5 [a=arc,c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: c
23
1RZ OHWV DGG WKH WZR VWDJH ERXQGDULHV VR WKDW WKH VWRSH FDQ EH H[FDYDWHG LQ WKUHH VWDJHV 67$*( ERXQGDULHV DUH XVHG ZLWKLQ H[FDYDWLRQV IRU GHILQLQJ LQWHUPHGLDWH H[FDYDWLRQ ERXQGDULHV
6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG 6WDJH

%HIRUH ZH VWDUW ULJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW 9HUWH[ 6QDS VR WKDW ZH FDQ VQDS WKH VWDJH ERXQGDU\ YHUWLFHV WR WKH H[LVWLQJ H[FDYDWLRQ YHUWLFHV
Enter vertex [esc=quit]: use the mouse to click on the excavation vertex at 10 60 Enter vertex [u=undo,esc=quit]: use the mouse to click on the excavation vertex at 30 60 Enter vertex [enter=done,u=undo,esc=quit]: rightclick and select Done
6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG 6WDJH

Enter vertex [esc=quit]: use the mouse to click on the excavation vertex at 5 40 Enter vertex [u=undo,esc=quit]: use the mouse to click on the excavation vertex at 25 40 Enter vertex [enter=done,u=undo,esc=quit]: rightclick and select Done
6LQFH ZH SODQQHG DKHDG DQG DGGHG H[WUD YHUWLFHV WR WKH VWRSH ZKHUH WKH VWDJH ERXQGDULHV ZRXOG EH DOO ZH KDG WR GR ZDV VQDS WR WKHVH YHUWLFHV WR DGG WKH VWDJH ERXQGDULHV ,I WKH VWDJH ERXQGDU\ YHUWLFHV ZHUH QRW WKHUH ZH FRXOG KDYH VWLOO DGGHG WKH VWDJH ERXQGDULHV XVLQJ WKH DXWRPDWLF ERXQGDU\ LQWHUVHFWLRQ FDSDELOLW\ RI 3+$6( ZKLFK ZRXOG DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DGG WKH UHTXLUHG YHUWLFHV )RU DQ H[DPSOH RI WKLV VHH KRZ WKH MRLQW ZDV DGGHG LQ WKH -RLQW 7XWRULDO 1H[W OHWV DGG WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\
24

Boundary Type = Box
(QWHU DQ ([SDQVLRQ )DFWRU RI 6HOHFW 2. DQG WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ ZLOO EH DXWRPDWLFDOO\ FUHDWHG )LQDOO\ OHWV DGG WKH PDWHULDO ERXQGDULHV WR GHILQH WKH UHVW RI WKH RUHERG\ RXWVLGH RI WKH H[FDYDWLRQ
6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG 0DWHULDO

,I \RX DUH QRW DOUHDG\ LQ YHUWH[ VQDSSLQJ PRGH WKH VQDSSLQJ PRGH LV DOZD\V LQGLFDWHG LQ WKH VWDWXV EDU WKHQ ULJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW 9HUWH[ 6QDS
Enter vertex [esc=quit]: use the mouse to click on the excavation vertex at 15 80 Enter vertex [u=undo,esc=quit]: enter the point 40 180 in the prompt line Enter vertex [enter=done,u=undo,esc=quit]: press Enter

Enter vertex [esc=quit]: use the mouse to click on the excavation vertex at 35 80 Enter vertex [u=undo,esc=quit]: enter the point 60 180 in the prompt line Enter vertex [enter=done,u=undo,esc=quit]: press Enter
25
Enter vertex [esc=quit]: use the mouse to click on the excavation vertex at 0 20 Enter vertex [u=undo,esc=quit]: enter the point -25 -80 in the prompt line Enter vertex [enter=done,u=undo,esc=quit]: press Enter

Enter vertex [esc=quit]: use the mouse to click on the excavation vertex at 20 20 Enter vertex [u=undo,esc=quit]: enter the point 5 -80 in the prompt line Enter vertex [enter=done,u=undo,esc=quit]: press Enter
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
26
Meshing
$V XVXDO ZH ZLOO GLVFUHWL]H DQG PHVK WKH PRGHO :H ZLOO XVH WKH GHIDXOW 0HVK 6HWXS SDUDPHWHUV WKLV WLPH VR MXVW SURFHHG GLUHFWO\ WR 'LVFUHWL]H

$OO RI WKH PRGHO ERXQGDULHV ZLOO EH GLVFUHWL]HG DQG WKH VWDWXV EDU ZLOO VKRZ D VXPPDU\ RI WKH WRWDO QXPEHU RI GLVFUHWL]DWLRQV IRU HDFK ERXQGDU\ W\SH
Discretizations: Excavation=76, External=39, Material=49, Stage=14
1RZ JHQHUDWH WKH PHVK E\ VHOHFWLQJ WKH 0HVK RSWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH 0HVK PHQX
6HOHFW 0HVK 0HVK

7KH ILQLWH HOHPHQW PHVK ZLOO EH JHQHUDWHG EDVHG RQ WKH GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ RI WKH ERXQGDULHV DQG WKH VWDWXV EDU ZLOO VKRZ WKH WRWDO QXPEHU RI HOHPHQWV DQG QRGHV LQ WKH PHVK
7KH PHVK DSSHDUV VDWLVIDFWRU\ VR ZH ZLOO SURFHHG ZLWK WKH PRGHOLQJ
Boundary Conditions
27
Support
:H ZLOO VXSSRUW WKH KDQJLQJZDOO RI WKH VWRSH ZLWK FDEOH EROWV LQVWDOOHG IURP WKH DFFHVV GULIWV 7R VDYH VRPH WLPH ZH ZLOO LPSRUW WKH EROW JHRPHWU\ IURP D ';) ILOH VLQFH VXSSRUW LQVWDOODWLRQ SDWWHUQ EROWLQJ DQG OLQHUV LV FRYHUHG LQ PRUH GHWDLO LQ WKH 3+$6( 6XSSRUW 7XWRULDO
Read in the bolt coordinates from a DXF file.
6HOHFW )LOH ,PSRUW ,PSRUW ';)
,Q WKH ';) 2SWLRQV GLDORJ VHOHFW %ROWV DQG VHOHFW 2. <RX ZLOO WKHQ VHH D :LQGRZV 2SHQ ILOH GLDORJ 2SHQ WKH EROWVG[I ILOH ZKLFK \RX VKRXOG ILQG LQ WKH H[DPSOHV IROGHU RI \RXU 3+$6( LQVWDOODWLRQ IROGHU 7ZHOYH FDEOHV WKLFN EOXH OLQHV VKRXOG QRZ EH LQVWDOOHG IURP WKH DFFHVV GULIWV WR WKH KDQJLQJZDOO 1RUPDOO\ WKHVH EROWV ZRXOG EH LQVWDOOHG XVLQJ WKH $GG 6SRW %ROW RSWLRQ EXW WKDW LV OHIW DV DQ RSWLRQDO H[HUFLVH IRU WKH XVHU WR H[SHULPHQW ZLWK DIWHU FRPSOHWLQJ WKLV WXWRULDO 7R JHW D EHWWHU ORRN DW WKH EROWV

:KHQ ILQLVKHG SUHVV ) WR =RRP $OO
28
Field Stress
)RU WKLV WXWRULDO ZH ZLOO XVH D FRQVWDQW ILHOG VWUHVV
6HOHFW /RDGLQJ )LHOG 6WUHVV
Enter: Sigma 1 = 30 Sigma 3 = 20 Sigma Z = 20

Angle = 0 Fld. Str. Type = Constant
,Q WKH )LHOG 6WUHVV GLDORJ HQWHU D FRQVWDQW ILHOG VWUHVV RI 6LJPD 03D DQG 6LJPD 6LJPD = /HDYH WKH $QJOH GHJUHHV 6HOHFW 2. 1RWLFH WKDW WKH VWUHVV EORFN QRZ LQGLFDWHV WKH UHODWLYH PDJQLWXGH DQG GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH LQSODQH SULQFLSDO VWUHVVHV \RX HQWHUHG 7KH DQJOH LQ WKLV FDVH LV ]HUR VR 6LJPD LV KRUL]RQWDO
29
Properties
7KLV LV ZKHUH PRVW RI WKH DFWLRQ ZLOO EH LQ WKLV WXWRULDO DV IDU DV WKH PRGHOLQJ LV FRQFHUQHG )LUVW ZH ZLOO GHILQH WKH PDWHULDO SURSHUWLHV URFNPDVV RUH DQG EDFNILOO DQG WKH EROW SURSHUWLHV DQG WKHQ ZH ZLOO DVVLJQ WKHVH SURSHUWLHV DQG WKH VWDJLQJ VHTXHQFH WR WKH YDULRXV HOHPHQWV RI RXU PRGHO
Defining Properties
6HOHFW WKH VHFRQG WDE DW WKH WRS RI WKH 'HILQH 0DWHULDO 3URSHUWLHV GLDORJ DQG HQWHU WKH URFNPDVV SURSHUWLHV
Enter: Name = rockmass

Init.El.Ld.=Fld Stress Only
Youngs Modulus = 64000 Poissons Ratio = 0.25 Failure Crit. = Hoek-Brown Material Type = Plastic Comp. Strength = 110 m (peak) = 10 s (peak) = 0.05 Dilation = 2.5 m (residual) = 10 s (residual) = 0.02
Material Type = Isotropic
6HOHFW WKH WKLUG WDE DQG HQWHU WKH RUH SURSHUWLHV DQG VHOHFW WKH IRXUWK WDE DQG HQWHU WKH EDFNILOO SURSHUWLHV
30
Enter: Name = ore

Youngs Modulus = 35000 Poissons Ratio = 0.25 Failure Crit. = Hoek-Brown Material Type = Plastic Comp. Strength = 54 m (peak) = 2 s (peak) = 0.02 m (residual) = 2 s (residual) = 0.01
Dilation = 0
Enter: Name = backfill Init.El.Ld.=Body Force Only Unit Weight = 0.023 Youngs Modulus = 2000 Poissons Ratio = 0.025 Failure Crit. = Hoek-Brown Material Type = Plastic Comp. Strength = 7.5 m (peak) = 6 s (peak) = 1 Dilation = 1.5 m (residual) = 6 s (residual) = 1
31
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
:H DUH ILQLVKHG GHILQLQJ WKH PDWHULDO SURSHUWLHV OHWV QRZ GHILQH WKH EROW SURSHUWLHV
6HOHFW 3URSHUWLHV 'HILQH %ROWV
Enter: Bolt Type = Queens Cable

Borehole Diameter = 48 Cable Diameter = 19 Cable Modulus = 200000 Cable Peak = 0.1 Name = default
Out-of-Plane Spacing = 2 Attached Face Plates =
Water/Cement Ratio = 0.35
32
(QWHU WKH EROW SURSHUWLHV ZLWK WKH ILUVW GHIDXOW WDE VHOHFWHG 7KH 4XHHQV &DEOH EROW PRGHO LV D QHZ PRGHO IRU SUHGLFWLQJ WKH EHKDYLRXU RI FDEOHEROW UHLQIRUFHPHQW LQ PLQHV )RU LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKLV PRGHO VHH WKH +HOS V\VWHP LQ WKH 3+$6( 02'(/ SURJUDP <RX KDYH QRZ GHILQHG DOO WKH QHFHVVDU\ PDWHULDO DQG EROW SURSHUWLHV :H ZLOO QRZ SURFHHG WR WKH ILQDO SDUW RI RXU PRGHOLQJ WKH DVVLJQLQJ RI WKH SURSHUWLHV DQG VWDJLQJ VHTXHQFH
Assigning Properties
6HOHFW 3URSHUWLHV $VVLJQ 3URSHUWLHV
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
$VVLJQ 0DWHULDOV 0DNH VXUH WKH 6WDJH WDE LV VHOHFWHG DW WKH ERWWRP OHIW RI WKH YLHZ
33
0DNH VXUH WKH 0DWHULDOV WDE LV VHOHFWHG LQ WKH $VVLJQ GLDORJ

Stage 1 material assignment and excavation of bottom section of stope and access drifts
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

1RZ SUHVV WKH ) IXQFWLRQ NH\ WZLFH WR ]RRP LQ D ELW FORVHU ) LV HTXLYDOHQW WR XVLQJ WKH =RRP ,Q RSWLRQ <RX ZLOO QRWLFH WKH FLUFOHV ZKLFK DSSHDU DW WKH HQGV RI WKH EROWV DW WKH DFFHVV GULIWV ZH ZDQW WR H[FDYDWH WKHVH UHSUHVHQW WKH EROW IDFHSODWHV
34
6HOHFW WKH ([FDYDWH EXWWRQ LQ WKH $VVLJQ GLDORJ 3ODFH WKH FXUVRU LQ HDFK RI WKH WKUHH DFFHVV GULIWV DQG OHIW FOLFN WR H[FDYDWH WKHP
Stage 2 excavation of mid-section of stope.
6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE 3ODFH WKH FXUVRU LQ WKH PLGGOH VHFWLRQ RI WKH VWRSH DQG FOLFN WKH OHIW PRXVH EXWWRQ DQG WKH HOHPHQWV ZLOO GLVDSSHDU
Stage 3 excavation of top-section of stope.
6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE 3ODFH WKH FXUVRU LQ WKH WRS VHFWLRQ RI WKH VWRSH DQG FOLFN WKH OHIW PRXVH EXWWRQ DQG WKH HOHPHQWV ZLOO GLVDSSHDU
Stage 4 backfill of entire stope.
6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE 6HOHFW WKH EDFNILOO EXWWRQ LQ WKH $VVLJQ GLDORJ &OLFN LQ HDFK RI WKH WKUHH VHFWLRQV RI WKH VWRSH DQG WKH HOHPHQWV ZLOO UHDSSHDU ZLWK WKH FRORXU UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH EDFNILOO SURSHUW\ DVVLJQPHQW <RX DUH QRZ ILQLVKHG DVVLJQLQJ PDWHULDOV $V DQ RSWLRQDO VWHS VHOHFW HDFK 6WDJH 7DE VWDUWLQJ DW 6WDJH DQG YHULI\ WKDW WKH H[FDYDWLRQ VWDJLQJ DQG PDWHULDO SURSHUW\ DVVLJQPHQW LV FRUUHFW $VVLJQ %ROWV
The bolts must now be installed in the correct sequence.
6LQFH ZH GHILQHG RXU EROW SURSHUWLHV ZLWK WKH ILUVW GHIDXOW EROW SURSHUW\ WDE VHOHFWHG LQ WKH 'HILQH %ROW 3URSHUWLHV GLDORJ ZH GRQW KDYH WR DVVLJQ SURSHUWLHV VLQFH WKH\ DUH DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DVVLJQHG EXW ZH GR KDYH WR DVVLJQ WKH VWDJLQJ VHTXHQFH RI WKH EROW LQVWDOODWLRQ 6HOHFW WKH %ROWV WDE LQ WKH $VVLJQ GLDORJ 6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE
35
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
36
)LJXUH )LQLVKHG PRGHO 3+$6( 0DWHULDO
6WDJLQJ 7XWRULDO
Compute
%HIRUH \RX DQDO\]H \RXU PRGHO VDYH LW DV D ILOH FDOOHG PDWVWJIHD
6HOHFW )LOH 6DYH

6HOHFW )LOH &RPSXWH

7KH 3+$6( &20387( HQJLQH ZLOO SURFHHG LQ UXQQLQJ WKH DQDO\VLV 6LQFH ZH DUH XVLQJ 3/$67,& PDWHULDOV DQG EROWV WKH DQDO\VLV PD\ WDNH D IHZ PLQXWHV GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH VSHHG RI \RXU FRPSXWHU :KHQ FRPSOHWHG \RX ZLOO EH UHDG\ WR YLHZ WKH UHVXOWV LQ ,17(535(7
37
Interpret

7KLV ZLOO VWDUW WKH 3+$6( ,17(535(7 SURJUDP
Viewing Stages
%\ GHIDXOW \RX ZLOO DOZD\V VHH WKH 6WDJH UHVXOWV ZKHQ D PXOWLVWDJH PRGHO LV RSHQHG LQ ,17(535(7 9LHZLQJ UHVXOWV DW GLIIHUHQW VWDJHV LQ 3+$6( LV VLPSO\ D PDWWHU RI VHOHFWLQJ WKH GHVLUHG VWDJH WDE DW WKH ORZHU OHIW RI WKH YLHZ
Sigma 1
/HWV ILUVW ]RRP LQ

<RX DUH QRZ YLHZLQJ WKH 6LJPD 6WDJH UHVXOWV 6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH DQG WDEV DQG REVHUYH WKH FKDQJLQJ VWUHVV GLVWULEXWLRQ 7RJJOH RQ WKH SULQFLSDO VWUHVV WUDMHFWRULHV XVLQJ WKH EXWWRQ SURYLGHG LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU $JDLQ VHOHFW WKH VWDJH WDEV WR DQG REVHUYH WKH VWUHVV IORZ DURXQG WKH H[FDYDWLRQ ,I \RX ZDQW WR FRPSDUH UHVXOWV DW GLIIHUHQW VWDJHV RQ WKH VDPH VFUHHQ LW FDQ HDVLO\ EH GRQH DV IROORZV 6HOHFW :LQGRZ1HZ :LQGRZ 7:,&( WR FUHDWH WZR QHZ YLHZV RI WKH PRGHO
38
6HOHFW WKH 7LOH 9HUWLFDOO\ EXWWRQ LQ WKH 6WDQGDUG WRROEDU WR WLOH WKH WKUHH YLHZV YHUWLFDOO\ 6HOHFW =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ LQ HDFK YLHZ 6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE LQ WKH OHIW YLHZ WKH 6WDJH WDE LQ WKH PLGGOH YLHZ DQG WKH 6WDJH WDE LQ WKH ULJKW YLHZ 'LVSOD\ WKH VWUHVV WUDMHFWRULHV LQ HDFK YLHZ +LGH WKH OHJHQG LQ WKH ULJKW DQG PLGGOH YLHZV E\ VHOHFWLQJ 9LHZ /HJHQG <RXU VFUHHQ VKRXOG DSSHDU DV VKRZQ EHORZ
)LJXUH 6LJPD FRQWRXUV VWDJHV DQG 3ULQFLSDO VWUHVV WUDMHFWRULHV DUH GLVSOD\HG
39
Strength Factor
:KLOH ZH KDYH WKH WKUHH YLHZV GLVSOD\HG OHWV ORRN DW WKH 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU FRQWRXUV 'LVSOD\ WKH 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU LQ HDFK YLHZ 7RJJOH 6WUHVV 7UDMHFWRULHV 2)) DQG <LHOGHG (OHPHQWV 21 XVLQJ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU EXWWRQV LQ HDFK YLHZ 2EVHUYH WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI VWUHQJWK IDFWRU DQG \LHOGLQJ DURXQG WKH H[FDYDWLRQ 1RWH WKDW 7KH RUHERG\ KDV GLIIHUHQW VWUHQJWK IDFWRU FRQWRXUV WKDQ WKH VXUURXQGLQJ URFNPDVV VLQFH ZH DVVLJQHG LW ZHDNHU SURSHUWLHV WKDQ WKH URFNPDVV 0RVW RI WKH \LHOGLQJ LV LQ WKH EDFN DQG IORRU RI WKH VWRSH LH LQ WKH RUHERG\ DOWKRXJK WKHUH LV VRPH \LHOGLQJ LQ WKH URFNPDVV DV ZHOO
/HWV YLHZ WKH PRGHO IXOO VFUHHQ DJDLQ 0D[LPL]H RQH RI WKH YLHZV LW GRHVQW PDWWHU ZKLFK RQH 5HGLVSOD\ WKH OHJHQG LI QHFHVVDU\ 9LHZ /HJHQG DQG VHOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE LI QHFHVVDU\ =RRP LQ WR JHW D FORVHU ORRN DW WKH \LHOGHG HOHPHQWV LQ WKH VWRSH EDFN
6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP :LQGRZ

Enter first window point[esc=quit]: 0 100 Enter second window point[esc=quit]: 50 60
<RX ZLOO VHH WKDW WKHUH DUH DFWXDOO\ WZR V\PEROV XVHG IRU WKH \LHOGHG SRLQW PDUNHUV IDLOXUH LQ VKHDU LV LQGLFDWHG E\ DQ PDUNHU DQG IDLOXUH LQ WHQVLRQ LV LQGLFDWHG E\ D PDUNHU ,Q PRVW FDVHV WHQVLOH IDLOXUH LV DFFRPSDQLHG E\ VKHDU IDLOXUH VR WKH V\PEROV RYHUODS LQ WKLV FDVH
40
)LJXUH 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU FRQWRXUV DQG \LHOGHG HOHPHQWV 6WDJH

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
41
Displacement
1RZ ORRN DW WKH WRWDO GLVSODFHPHQWV
6HOHFW 'DWD 7RWDO 'LVSODFHPHQW

6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE 7KH PD[LPXP WRWDO GLVSODFHPHQW IRU 6WDJH LV DERXW PP DV LQGLFDWHG LQ WKH VWDWXV EDU
6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE



7KH 6WDJH DQG 6WDJH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQWV DUH DOPRVW LGHQWLFDO 7KXV IDU ZH KDYH QRW GLVFXVVHG WKH 6WDJH UHVXOWV 7KLV LV GLVFXVVHG LQ WKH QH[W VHFWLRQ =RRP LQ DJDLQ

5LJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW 'LVSOD\ 2SWLRQV ,Q WKH 'LVSOD\ 2SWLRQV GLDORJ WRJJOH RQ 'HIRUP %RXQGDULHV HQWHU D 6FDOH )DFWRU RI DQG VHOHFW 'RQH 6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDEV WR DJDLQ DQG REVHUYH WKH GLVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXUV ZLWK WKH GHIRUPHG ERXQGDULHV GLVSOD\HG
42
7KH GHIRUPHG ERXQGDULHV JUDSKLFDOO\ LOOXVWUDWH WKH LQZDUG PRYHPHQW RI WKH H[FDYDWLRQ ERXQGDULHV ,W LV DOVR LQWHUHVWLQJ WR REVHUYH WKH VKLIWLQJ RI WKH DFFHVV GULIWV WRZDUGV WKH KDQJLQJZDOO LI \RX GLG QRW QRWLFH WKLV VHOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDEV WR DQG REVHUYH WKH GLVSODFHG RXWOLQHV RI WKH DFFHVV GULIWV 1RWH WKH 'HIRUP %RXQGDULHV RSWLRQ LV DOVR DYDLODEOH LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU +RZHYHU LI \RX ZDQW WR FXVWRPL]H WKH VFDOH IDFWRU DV ZH GLG KHUH ZLWK D VFDOH IDFWRU \RX ZLOO KDYH WR XVH WKH 'LVSOD\ 2SWLRQV GLDORJ
)LJXUH 'LVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXUV WKLUG VWDJH 'HIRUPHG %RXQGDU\ RSWLRQ WRJJOHG 21 6FDOH )DFWRU
7R SUHSDUH IRU WKH ODVW SDUW RI WKH WXWRULDO OHWV FORVH WZR RI WKH YLHZV ZH FUHDWHG )LUVW WLOH WKH YLHZV ZLWK WKH 7LOH RSWLRQ LQ WKH 6WDQGDUG WRROEDU 7KHQ FORVH WZR RI WKH YLHZV 7KHQ PD[LPL]H WKH UHPDLQLQJ YLHZ DQG VHOHFW =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ LI QHFHVVDU\
43
Stage 4
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
44
Bolts
1RZ OHWV VHH ZKDWV JRLQJ RQ ZLWK RXU EROWV 7KH\ GRQW VHHP WR KDYH DQ\ REYLRXV HIIHFW RQ WKH VWUHVV RU VWUHQJWK FRQWRXUV VR OHWV VHH ZKDW RWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ ZH FDQ JDWKHU XVLQJ WKH *UDSK %ROW 'DWD RSWLRQ
6HOHFW *UDSK *UDSK %ROW 'DWD

Pick bolts to graph[enter=done,*=all, esc=quit]: use the mouse to select the lower set of 4 bolts
:KHQ WKH IRXU EROWV DUH VHOHFWHG WKH\ DUH KLJKOLJKWHG E\ D GRWWHG OLQH ZKHQ VHOHFWHG ULJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW *UDSK 6HOHFWHG DQG \RX ZLOO VHH WKH IROORZLQJ GLDORJ
,Q WKH *UDSK %ROW 'DWD GLDORJ FKDQJH WKH 3ORW &RQILJXUDWLRQ WR /LQHV RQ JUDSK VDPH FRORU DV EROW 6HOHFW &UHDWH 3ORW DQG D JUDSK RI $[LDO )RUFH IRU WKH VHOHFWHG EROWV ZLOO EH JHQHUDWHG 1RZ UHSHDW WKH DERYH SURFHGXUH IRU WKH PLGGOH DQG WKH WRS VHWV RI IRXU EROWV WR JHQHUDWH WZR PRUH JUDSKV
45
/HWV WLOH WKH JUDSKV ZH KDYH FUHDWHG VR WKDW ZH FDQ YLHZ WKHP DOO RQ RQH VFUHHQ
6HOHFW :LQGRZ 7LOH 9HUWLFDOO\

2Q HDFK JUDSK \RX ZLOO QRWLFH D OHJHQG ZLWK D EROW QXPEHU DQG D VWDJH QXPEHU 2Q WKH PRGHO \RX ZLOO QRWLFH QXPEHUV RQ HDFK EROW 7KH EROW QXPEHUV RQ WKH PRGHO FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH EROW QXPEHUV RQ WKH JUDSKV DOORZLQJ \RX WR LGHQWLI\ WKH EROWV
Graph ranges and titles can be changed with the Chart Properties option in the Graph menu or the right-click menu.
)LJXUH $[LDO IRUFH LQ FDEOHV YV GLVWDQFH DORQJ HDFK FDEOH
)XUWKHUPRUH WKH QXPEHUV DOVR LGHQWLI\ WKH HQG RI HDFK EROW DQG WKHUHIRUH WKH HQG RI HDFK FXUYH 7KH VWDUW RI HDFK FXUYH WKHUHIRUH UHSUHVHQWV WKH HQG ZLWK WKH IDFH SODWH DW WKH DFFHVV GULIWV $Q LPSRUWDQW SRLQW WR UHPHPEHU ZKHQ \RX DUH LQVWDOOLQJ 4XHHQV %ROWV ZLWK IDFH SODWHV EHWZHHQ WZR H[FDYDWLRQV WKH ILUVW SRLQW RI HDFK EROW PXVW EH WKH HQG ZLWK WKH IDFH SODWH <RX PXVW UHPHPEHU WKLV ZKHQ \RX FUHDWH WKH EROW JHRPHWU\ XVLQJ VSRW EROWLQJ RU ';) LPSRUW
46
$OVR QRWLFH RQ WKH SORWV WKDW WKH SHDN FDSDFLW\ RI WKH EROWV N1 LV LQGLFDWHG E\ D KRUL]RQWDO OLQH 7KH IRUFH LQ DOO RI WKH EROWV LV ZHOO EHORZ WKLV OLQH LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW WKHUH LV QR \LHOGLQJ LQ WKH EROWV /HWV YHULI\ WKLV ZLWK WKH <LHOGHG %ROWV RSWLRQ /HIWFOLFN LQ WKH PRGHO YLHZ DQG VHOHFW WKH <LHOGHG %ROWV EXWWRQ IURP WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU
No yielded bolt elements
$V ZH H[SHFWHG QR EROWV KDYH \LHOGHG LI WKHUH ZHUH \LHOGHG EROWV WKH \LHOGHG VHFWLRQV ZRXOG EH KLJKOLJKWHG LQ UHG :KLOH ZH DUH ORRNLQJ DW EROW GDWD OHWV LOOXVWUDWH RQH PRUH IHDWXUH WKH DELOLW\ WR SORW GDWD IURP PXOWLSOH VWDJHV RQ D VLQJOH JUDSK )LUVW PD[LPL]H WKH PRGHO YLHZ LI \RX DUH VWLOO ORRNLQJ DW WKH WLOHG YLHZ RI DOO WKH JUDSKV
6HOHFW *UDSK *UDSK %ROW 'DWD

Pick bolts to graph[enter=done,*=all, esc=quit]: select the first (lowest) bolt on the model
5LJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW *UDSK 6HOHFWHG DV EHIRUH H[FHSW WKLV WLPH VHOHFW WKH ILUVW WKUHH VWDJHV WR SORW
47
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
Contour Ranges
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
48
Locking the Contour Range

,Q WKH &RQWRXU 2SWLRQV GLDORJ WKH XVHU FDQ VSHFLI\ D XVHU GHILQHG UDQJH +RZHYHU XQOHVV \RX XVH WKH /RFN 5DQJH RSWLRQ XVHUGHILQHG FRQWRXU UDQJHV GLVDSSHDU DV VRRQ DV DQRWKHU VWDJH RU DQRWKHU GDWD W\SH LV YLHZHG 7R ORFN D XVHUGHILQHG UDQJH VR WKDW LW FDQQRW FKDQJH WKH /RFN 5DQJH RSWLRQ LV SURYLGHG LQ WKH &RQWRXU 2SWLRQV GLDORJ 7R ORFN D UDQJH HQWHU WKH GHVLUHG FRQWRXU UDQJH VHOHFW WKH /RFN 5DQJH FKHFNER[ DQG VHOHFW 'RQH RU $SSO\
7KH HIIHFW RI ORFNLQJ WKH FRQWRXU UDQJH LV DV IROORZV 7KH UDQJH ZLOO VWD\ ORFNHG UHJDUGOHVV RI WKH VWDJH EHLQJ YLHZHG IRU D JLYHQ GDWD W\SH 7KH UDQJH ZLOO RQO\ VWD\ ORFNHG ZLWKLQ FRPPRQ GDWD W\SHV HJ 6LJPD 6LJPD 6LJPD = RU ; < 7RWDO 'LVSODFHPHQW ,I \RX VZLWFK WR D FRPSOHWHO\ GLIIHUHQW GDWD W\SH HJ 6LJPD WR 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU WKH UDQJH ZLOO QR ORQJHU EH ORFNHG
Differential Results
,Q WKH ,QWHUSUHW SRUWLRQ RI WKLV WXWRULDO ZH DOZD\V XVHG D 5HIHUHQFH 6WDJH 'LIIHUHQWLDO UHVXOWV EHWZHHQ DQ\ WZR VWDJHV FDQ EH YLHZHG E\ VHWWLQJ WKH 5HIHUHQFH 6WDJH ! LQ WKH 6WDJH 6HWWLQJV GLDORJ )RU H[DPSOH
6HOHFW 'DWD 6WDJH 6HWWLQJV
49
6HW WKH 5HIHUHQFH 6WDJH WR DQG VHOHFW 2. 1RWLFH WKDW WKH 6WDJH 7DEV QRZ DOORZ \RX WR YLHZ UHVXOWV UHODWLYH WR WKH UHIHUHQFH VWDJH \RX MXVW HQWHUHG :H ZLOO QRW H[SORUH GLIIHUHQWLDO UHVXOWV IXUWKHU LQ WKLV WXWRULDO EXW WKH XVHU LV HQFRXUDJHG WR H[SORUH WKLV RQ WKHLU RZQ 6HH WKH +HOS V\VWHP LQ WKH 3+$6( ,17(535(7 SURJUDP IRU LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW KRZ WR LQWHUSUHW GLIIHUHQWLDO UHVXOWV
Log File
%HIRUH ZH FRQFOXGH WKLV WXWRULDO OHWV H[DPLQH WKH /RJ )LOH ZKLFK LV FUHDWHG DIWHU D 3+$6( DQDO\VLV
6HOHFW )LOH /RJ )LOH

$ VXPPDU\ RI WKH QXPEHU RI ORDG VWHSV DW HDFK VWDJH DQG WKH QXPEHU RI LWHUDWLRQV DQG WROHUDQFH DW HDFK ORDG VWHS LV GLVSOD\HG LQ LWV RZQ YLHZ 6FUROO GRZQ WR YLHZ DOO RI WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ $IWHU D SODVWLF DQDO\VLV LW LV D JRRG LGHD WR FKHFN WKH ORJ ILOH WR PDNH VXUH WKDW WKH VROXWLRQ FRQYHUJHG ZLWKLQ WKH VSHFLILHG WROHUDQFH 7KH WROHUDQFH QXPEHU RI ORDG VWHSV DQG PD[LPXP QXPEHU RI LWHUDWLRQV FDQ DOO EH XVHU VSHFLILHG LQ WKH -RE &RQWURO RSWLRQ ZKHQ \RX FUHDWH WKH PRGHO
50
)LJXUH 3+$6( ORJ ILOH

7KDW FRQFOXGHV WKH 0DWHULDOV DQG 6WDJLQJ WXWRULDO 7R H[LW WKH ,17(535(7 SURJUDP
6HOHFW )LOH ([LW
Support Tutorial Step 1
51

12 MPa 8 MPa
-35
,Q WKLV ILUVW VWHS RI WKH 6XSSRUW WXWRULDO WKH DERYH PRGHO ZLOO EH FUHDWHG DQG DQDO\]HG ZLWKRXW VXSSRUW %RWK DQ HODVWLF DQG D SODVWLF DQDO\VLV ZLOO EH FDUULHG RXW 6XSSRUW EROWV DQG VKRWFUHWH ZLOO EH DGGHG LQ 6WHS RI WKH 6XSSRUW 7XWRULDO ,I \RX ZLVK WR VNLS WKH PRGHO SURFHVV WKH ILQLVKHG SURGXFW RI 6WHS RI WKH 6XSSRUW 7XWRULDO ZLWK SODVWLF PDWHULDO SDUDPHWHUV FDQ EH IRXQG LQ WKH WXWDIHD GDWD ILOH ORFDWHG LQ WKH H[DPSOHV IROGHU LQ \RXU 3+$6( LQVWDOODWLRQ IROGHU
52
Model
7KLV PRGHO UHSUHVHQWV D KRUVHVKRH VKDSHG WXQQHO RI DERXW PHWUH VSDQ WR EH H[FDYDWHG LQ KHDYLO\ MRLQWHG URFN 7KH URFN LV GHVFULEHG DV EORFN\VHDP\ RI SRRU TXDOLW\ DQG ZLOO UHTXLUH VXSSRUW WR SUHYHQW FROODSVH ,I \RX KDYH QRW DOUHDG\ GRQH VR UXQ WKH 3+$6( 02'(/ SURJUDP E\ GRXEOHFOLFNLQJ RQ WKH 3+$6( LFRQ LQ \RXU LQVWDOODWLRQ IROGHU 2U IURP WKH 6WDUW PHQX VHOHFW 3URJUDPV5RFVFLHQFH3KDVH3KDVH
Entering Boundaries
)RU WKLV H[DPSOH WKH FRRUGLQDWHV GHILQLQJ WKH WXQQHO FURVVVHFWLRQ KDYH DOUHDG\ EHHQ VDYHG LQ ';) IRUPDW EHFDXVH RI WKH ODUJH QXPEHU RI YHUWLFHV ZKLFK ZHUH XVHG WR DFFXUDWHO\ GHILQH WKH FURVVVHFWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH \RX ZLOO QRW HQWHU FRRUGLQDWHV PDQXDOO\ DV LQ SUHYLRXV WXWRULDOV EXW VLPSO\ UHDG LQ WKH ';) ILOH FRQWDLQLQJ WKH H[FDYDWLRQ JHRPHWU\
Read in the tunnel coordinates from a DXF file.
6HOHFW )LOH ,PSRUW ,PSRUW ';)
,Q WKH ';) 2SWLRQV GLDORJ VHOHFW ([FDYDWLRQV DQG VHOHFW 2.
53
<RX ZLOO WKHQ VHH D :LQGRZV 2SHQ ILOH GLDORJ 2SHQ WKH WXQQHOG[I ILOH ZKLFK \RX VKRXOG ILQG LQ WKH H[DPSOHV IROGHU LQ \RXU 3+$6( LQVWDOODWLRQ IROGHU <RX VKRXOG VHH WKH H[FDYDWLRQ GLVSOD\HG RQ WKH VFUHHQ 1RZ DGG WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\
Enter:
Boundary Type = Box Expansion Factor = 3
:H ZLOO XVH WKH GHIDXOW SDUDPHWHUV VR MXVW VHOHFW 2. WR DXWRPDWLFDOO\ FUHDWH D %2; H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ ZLWK DQ H[SDQVLRQ IDFWRU RI 7KLV FRPSOHWHV WKH HQWU\ RI ERXQGDULHV IRU WKLV H[DPSOH VR ZH ZLOO SURFHHG WR WKH PHVKLQJ
Meshing
:H ZLOO QRZ SURFHHG WR JHQHUDWH WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQW PHVK ,Q 3+$6( PHVKLQJ LV D VLPSOH WZRVWHS SURFHVV )LUVW \RX PXVW ',6&5(7,=( WKH ERXQGDULHV DQG WKHQ WKH 0(6+ FDQ EH JHQHUDWHG <RX FDQ DOVR FRQILJXUH YDULRXV 0HVK 6HWXS SDUDPHWHUV EHIRUH JHQHUDWLQJ WKH PHVK +RZHYHU IRU WKLV H[DPSOH WKH GHIDXOW 0HVK 6HWXS SDUDPHWHUV ZLOO EH XVHG DQG ZH ZLOO SURFHHG GLUHFWO\ WR WKH GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ
54
7KH ERXQGDULHV ZLOO EH GLVFUHWL]HG DQG WKH VWDWXV EDU ZLOO GLVSOD\ D VXPPDU\ RI WKH QXPEHU RI GLVFUHWL]DWLRQV IRU HDFK ERXQGDU\ W\SH
Discretizations: Excavation=83, External=66
1RZ JHQHUDWH WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQW PHVK E\ VHOHFWLQJ WKH 0HVK RSWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH 0HVK PHQX
6HOHFW 0HVK 0HVK

7KH ILQLWH HOHPHQW PHVK ZLOO EH JHQHUDWHG DQG WKH VWDWXV EDU ZLOO VKRZ WKH WRWDO QXPEHU RI HOHPHQWV DQG QRGHV LQ WKH PHVK
7KH PHVK LV VDWLVIDFWRU\ VR ZH ZLOO SURFHHG ZLWK WKH PRGHOLQJ
Boundary Conditions
Field Stress
)RU WKLV WXWRULDO ZH ZLOO XVH D FRQVWDQW ILHOG VWUHVV
55
Enter: Sigma 1 = 12 Sigma 3 = 8 Angle = 35

Fld. Str. Type = Constant
Sigma Z = 10
,Q WKH )LHOG 6WUHVV GLDORJ HQWHU 6LJPD 03D 6LJPD 6LJPD = DQG HQWHU DQ $QJOH RI GHJUHHV QRWH WKH PLQXV VLJQ 1RWLFH WKDW WKH VWUHVV EORFN QRZ LQGLFDWHV WKH UHODWLYH PDJQLWXGH DQG GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH LQSODQH SULQFLSDO VWUHVVHV \RX HQWHUHG 1RWH WKDW WKH DQJOH \RX HQWHUHG LV WKH FRXQWHUFORFNZLVH DQJOH RI 6LJPD IURP WKH KRUL]RQWDO D[LV $ QHJDWLYH FRXQWHUFORFNZLVH DQJOH LV HTXLYDOHQW WR D SRVLWLYH FORFNZLVH DQJOH GHJUHHV LQ WKLV FDVH DV FDQ EH VHHQ IURP WKH VWUHVV EORFN
56
Properties
)RU WKH LQLWLDO DQDO\VLV ZH ZLOO EH GHILQLQJ WKH URFN PDVV DV HODVWLF
Enter: Name = phyllite

Youngs Modulus = 1120 Poissons Ratio = 0.3 Failure Crit. = Hoek-Brown Comp. Strength = 50 m (peak) = 0.43 s (peak) = 0.00006
Material Type = Elastic
:LWK WKH ILUVW GHIDXOW WDE VHOHFWHG LQ WKH 'HILQH 0DWHULDO 3URSHUWLHV GLDORJ HQWHU WKH DERYH SURSHUWLHV 6LQFH ZH GHILQHG WKH SURSHUWLHV ZLWK WKH ILUVW GHIDXOW PDWHULDO WDE VHOHFWHG ZH GR QRW KDYH WR DVVLJQ WKHP WR WKH PRGHO 3+$6( DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DVVLJQV WKH GHIDXOW SURSHUWLHV WR DOO ILQLWH HOHPHQWV RI WKH URFNPDVV 3URSHUW\ DVVLJQPHQW LV FRYHUHG LQ GHWDLO LQ WKH 0DWHULDOV DQG 6WDJLQJ WXWRULDO
57
6LQFH ZH GR QRW KDYH WR GR DQ\ SURSHUW\ DVVLJQPHQW ZH DUH ILQLVKHG ZLWK WKH PRGHOLQJ DQG FDQ UXQ WKH DQDO\VLV <RXU PRGHO VKRXOG DSSHDU DV EHORZ
)LJXUH )LQLVKHG PRGHO 3+$6( 6XSSRUW 7XWRULDO 6WHS
Compute
%HIRUH \RX DQDO\]H \RXU PRGHO VDYH LW DV D ILOH FDOOHG VXSSRUWIHD
6HOHFW )LOH 6DYH

6HOHFW )LOH &RPSXWH

58
Interpret
6WDUW WKH 3+$6( ,17(535(7 SURJUDP

/HWV ILUVW YLHZ WKH VWUHQJWK IDFWRU FRQWRXUV
Support Tutorial Elastic Analysis
)LJXUH 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU &RQWRXUV DIWHU HODVWLF DQDO\VLV

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
59
,I \RX DGGHG FRQWRXU ODEHOV GHOHWH WKHP QRZ XVLQJ 7RROV 'HOHWH $OO 'UDZLQJV 1RZ OHWV YLHZ WKH GLVSODFHPHQWV

1RWLFH WKH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW GLVSOD\HG LQ WKH VWDWXV EDU
=RRP LQ DQG WRJJOH WKH GLVSODFHPHQW YHFWRUV RQ
6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ 6HOHFW 9LHZ 'LVSOD\ 2SWLRQV

,Q WKH 'LVSOD\ 2SWLRQV GLDORJ WRJJOH 'HIRUPDWLRQ 9HFWRUV RQ HQWHU D 6FDOH )DFWRU RI DQG VHOHFW 'RQH
)LJXUH 'LVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXUV DQG YHFWRUV DURXQG H[FDYDWLRQ HODVWLF DQDO\VLV
60
7KH HODVWLF GLVSODFHPHQWV VKRZ DQ LQZDUG GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH WXQQHO ZDOOV DV ZHOO DV D VLJQLILFDQW IORRU KHDYH 1RZ WKDW ZH KDYH GHWHUPLQHG IURP WKH HODVWLF DQDO\VLV WKDW WKH UHJLRQ RI RYHUVWUHVV LV VLJQLILFDQW ZH ZLOO PRYH RQ WR WKH SODVWLF DQDO\VLV RI WKLV SUREOHP
Note about the Support Tutorial figures

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
61
Model
)URP ,17(535(7 VZLWFK EDFN WR WKH 3+$6( 02'(/ SURJUDP
6HOHFW )LOH 0RGHO

:H ZLOO QRZ GHILQH WKH URFN PDVV WR EH SODVWLF DQG UHUXQ WKH DQDO\VLV
Enter:
Name = phyllite Init.El.Ld.=Fld Stress Only Material Type = Isotropic Youngs Modulus = 1120 Poissons Ratio = 0.3 Failure Crit. = Hoek-Brown
Material Type = Plastic

Comp. Strength = 50 m (peak) = 0.43 s (peak) = 0.00006 Dilation = 0
m (residual) = 0.43 s (residual) = 0.00006
7RJJOH WKH 0DWHULDO 7\SH WR 3ODVWLF DQG HQWHU UHVLGXDO P DQG V SDUDPHWHUV HTXDO WR WKH SHDN P DQG V SDUDPHWHUV 7KLV GHILQHV WKH PDWHULDO DV LGHDOO\ HODVWLFSODVWLF LH QR VWUHQJWK GURS RQFH \LHOG LV UHDFKHG 6HOHFW 2. 1RZ VDYH WKH ILOH DQG UHUXQ WKH DQDO\VLV
62
Compute
%HIRUH \RX DQDO\]H \RXU PRGHO OHWV VDYH WKLV DV D QHZ ILOH FDOOHG VXSSRUWIHD 0DNH VXUH \RX VHOHFW 6DYH $V DQG QRW 6DYH RU \RX ZLOO RYHUZULWH WKH VXSSRUWIHD ILOH
6HOHFW )LOH 6DYH $V

6DYH WKH ILOH DV VXSSRUWIHD
6HOHFW )LOH &RPSXWH

Interpret
)URP 02'(/ VZLWFK EDFN WR ,17(535(7

/HWV YLHZ WKH VWUHQJWK IDFWRU FRQWRXUV

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
63
629 Yielded finite elements
=RRP LQ XVLQJ WKH ]RRP PHWKRG RI \RXU FKRLFH VXJJHVWLRQ WU\ WKH =RRP 0RXVH RSWLRQ 2EVHUYH WKH ]RQH RI SODVWLF \LHOGLQJ VKHDU IDLOXUH WHQVLOH IDLOXUH DURXQG WKH H[FDYDWLRQ 1RWLFH WKDW WKH \LHOGHG ]RQH FRUUHVSRQGV URXJKO\ ZLWK WKH ]RQH RI VWUHQJWK IDFWRU IURP WKH HODVWLF DQDO\VLV )LJXUH ZLWK DGGLWLRQDO SURSDJDWLRQ EH\RQG WKLV OLPLW DV ZRXOG EH H[SHFWHG IURP D SODVWLF DQDO\VLV
Support Tutorial Plastic Analysis
)LJXUH 6WUHQJWK IDFWRU FRQWRXUV DQG \LHOGHG HOHPHQWV DIWHU SODVWLF DQDO\VLV RI XQVXSSRUWHG H[FDYDWLRQ
7RJJOH WKH GLVSOD\ RI \LHOGHG HOHPHQWV RII E\ UHVHOHFWLQJ WKH <LHOGHG (OHPHQWV EXWWRQ LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU /HWV ORRN DW WKH SODVWLF GLVSODFHPHQWV

1RWH WKH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW LQGLFDWHG LQ WKH VWDWXV EDU
64
7KLV LV QHDUO\ WKUHH WLPHV WKH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW IURP WKH HODVWLF DQDO\VLV 7RJJOH WKH GHIRUPDWLRQ YHFWRUV RQ

,Q WKH 'LVSOD\ 2SWLRQV GLDORJ WRJJOH 'HIRUPDWLRQ 9HFWRUV RQ HQWHU D 6FDOH )DFWRU RI DQG VHOHFW 'RQH /HWV ]RRP LQ

<RX VKRXOG VHH WKH IROORZLQJ ILJXUH 6LQFH ZH XVHG WKH VDPH VFDOH IDFWRU IRU WKH GHIRUPDWLRQ YHFWRUV ZH FDQ PDNH D GLUHFW YLVXDO FRPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ )LJXUH DQG )LJXUH
)LJXUH 'LVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXUV DQG YHFWRUV DURXQG H[FDYDWLRQ SODVWLF DQDO\VLV
65
)URP WKH GHIRUPDWLRQ YHFWRUV LW FDQ EH VHHQ WKDW WKH RYHUDOO PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW P LV RFFXUULQJ LQ WKH IORRU RI WKH WXQQHO <RX DUH QRZ ILQLVKHG WKH ILUVW VWHS LQ WKH 6XSSRUW 7XWRULDO ,WV DERXW WLPH ZH DGGHG VRPH VXSSRUW &RQWLQXH RQ WR 6WHS RI WKLV WXWRULDO
66
67

12 MPa 8 MPa
-35
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
68
Model
,I \RX KDYH EHHQ IROORZLQJ WKLV WXWRULDO IURP 6WHS WKHQ MXVW FRQWLQXH RQ ,I \RX TXLW WKH SURJUDP DIWHU GRLQJ 6WHS DQG ZLVK WR FRQWLQXH QRZ VWDUW WKH 3+$6( 02'(/ SURJUDP DQG RSHQ WKH VXSSRUWIHD ILOH \RX FUHDWHG LQ 6WHS
6HOHFW )LOH 2SHQ

2SHQ WKH VXSSRUWIHD ILOH
Adding Pattern Bolts

Now we add the pattern bolt support.
/HWV QRZ DGG VRPH EROWV WR WKLV PRGHO :H ZLOO EH LQVWDOOLQJ D UDGLDO DUUD\ RI PHWHU ORQJ SDWWHUQ EROWV RQ D [ PHWHU JULG %HIRUH DGGLQJ RXU EROW SDWWHUQ OHWV ]RRP LQ RQ WKH H[FDYDWLRQ VR WKDW ZH FDQ DFFXUDWHO\ VHOHFW WKH VWDUWLQJ DQG HQGLQJ SRLQWV RI WKH EROW SDWWHUQ
6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ 6HOHFW 6XSSRUW $GG 3DWWHUQ %ROW
Enter: Bolt Length = 5 In-Plane Spacing = 1 Pattern Type = Radial

Apply Ptn. To = Excavation
69
6LQFH \RX DUH HQWHULQJ D 5DGLDO EROW SDWWHUQ \RX ZLOO WKHQ EH SURPSWHG
Select drilling point [esc=quit]: 100 100
7KLV LV WKH SRLQW IURP ZKLFK WKH UDGLDO SDWWHUQ ZLOO EH JHQHUDWHG 8VH WKH NH\ERDUG WR HQWHU WKH H[DFW SRLQW DV LQGLFDWHG LQ WKH SURPSW DERYH <RX FDQ XVH WKH PRXVH WR JUDSKLFDOO\ HQWHU WKH SRLQW EXW LW LV EHVW WR XVH WKH NH\ERDUG ZKHQ DQ H[DFW SRLQW LV GHVLUHG
To generate bolt patterns around part of an excavation, the second vertex must be selected counter-clockwise relative to the first vertex.
1H[W \RX ZLOO EH SURPSWHG WR HQWHU VWDUWLQJ DQG HQGLQJ QRGHV IRU WKH SDWWHUQ %HFDXVH RI WKH SRRU TXDOLW\ RI WKH URFN DQG H[WHQVLYH \LHOGLQJ DOO DURXQG WKH WXQQHO ZH ZLOO EROW WKH HQWLUH FLUFXPIHUHQFH RI WKH WXQQHO LQFOXGLQJ WKH IORRU 7R EROW DOO WKH ZD\ DURXQG D WXQQHO VHOHFW WKH VDPH YHUWH[ RQ WKH H[FDYDWLRQ ERXQGDU\ DV ERWK WKH VWDUWLQJ DQG HQGLQJ QRGH )RU H[DPSOH VHOHFW WKH XSSHUPRVW YHUWH[ DW WKH PLGSRLQW RI WKH URRI
Select boundary node to start bolt pattern [esc=quit]: use the cursor to select the vertex located at about 100.0 , 102.3 Select boundary node to end bolt pattern [esc=quit]: click the mouse again on the same vertex
7KH EROW SDWWHUQ ZLOO EH JHQHUDWHG DIWHU WKH VHFRQG SRLQW LV HQWHUHG DQG WKH VWDWXV EDU ZLOO WHOO \RX KRZ PDQ\ EROWV ZHUH LQVWDOOHG
Number of bolts installed = 16
1RZ XVH =RRP $OO WR EULQJ HYHU\WKLQJ EDFN LQWR YLHZ $Q DOWHUQDWLYH VKRUWFXW WR ]RRP DOO WKDW \RX FDQ XVH DW DQ\ WLPH LV WR SUHVV WKH ) IXQFWLRQ NH\ 1RWH RQO\ H[FDYDWLRQ YHUWLFHV FDQ EH VHOHFWHG DV WKH VWDUW HQG SRLQWV RI WKH EROW SDWWHUQ ,I \RX WU\ WR VHOHFW D GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ SRLQW RQ D ERXQGDU\ LH WKH UHG FURVVHV JHQHUDWHG ZKHQ \RX 'LVFUHWL]H QRWKLQJ ZLOO KDSSHQ XQOHVV WKH GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ SRLQW LV FRLQFLGHQW ZLWK D YHUWH[
70
Bolt Properties
1RZ WKDW WKH EROW JHRPHWU\ LV GHILQHG OHWV GHILQH WKH EROW SURSHUWLHV 7KH EROW SURSHUWLHV ZH HQWHU ZLOO FRUUHVSRQG WR IXOO\ JURXWHG XQWHQVLRQHG VWHHO GRZHOV ZLWK D PD[LPXP ORDG FDSDFLW\ RI WRQQHV 01
6HOHFW 3URSHUWLHV 'HILQH %ROWV
Enter: Name = grouted Bolt Type = Fully Bonded Bolt Diameter = 25 Peak Capacity = 0.2 Residual Capacity = 0.2
Pre-Tensioning = 0 Out-of-Plane Spacing = 1 Bolt Modulus = 200000
(QWHU WKH EROW SURSHUWLHV ZLWK WKH ILUVW GHIDXOW WDE VHOHFWHG 6LQFH \RX HQWHUHG WKH EROW SURSHUWLHV ZLWK WKH ILUVW GHIDXOW WDE VHOHFWHG \RX GR QRW KDYH WR $VVLJQ WKHVH SURSHUWLHV WR WKH EROWV 3+$6( ZLOO DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DVVLJQ WKH SURSHUWLHV IRU \RX 1RZ VDYH WKH ILOH DQG UHUXQ WKH DQDO\VLV
71
Compute
6HOHFW )LOH 6DYH $V

6HOHFW )LOH &RPSXWH

Interpret

/HWV VHH WKH HIIHFW RI WKH EROWV RQ WKH VWUHQJWK IDFWRU FRQWRXUV

7KH H[WHQW RI WKH UHJLRQ HQFRPSDVVHG E\ WKH FRQWRXU RI VWUHQJWK IDFWRU LV QRWLFHDEO\ UHGXFHG FRPSDUHG ZLWK )LJXUH 7RJJOH WKH GLVSOD\ RI \LHOGHG HOHPHQWV RQ E\ VHOHFWLQJ WKH <LHOGHG (OHPHQWV EXWWRQ LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU 7KH QXPEHU RI \LHOGHG HOHPHQWV ZLOO EH GLVSOD\HG LQ WKH VWDWXV EDU
72
7KH \LHOGHG ]RQH EDVHG RQ WKH H[WHQW DQG ORFDWLRQ RI WKH \LHOGHG HOHPHQWV LV QRW GLVFHUQDEO\ GLIIHUHQW IURP WKH XQVXSSRUWHG \LHOG ]RQH VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH +RZHYHU WKH QXPEHU RI \LHOGHG ILQLWH HOHPHQWV GHFUHDVHG IURP XQVXSSRUWHG WR VXSSRUWHG
Support Tutorial Plastic Analysis + Bolts
)LJXUH 6WUHQJWK IDFWRU FRQWRXUV DQG \LHOGHG SRLQWV IRU H[FDYDWLRQ ZLWK SDWWHUQ EROW VXSSRUW RQO\
/HWV FKHFN IRU \LHOGLQJ LQ WKH EROWV 6HOHFW WKH <LHOGHG %ROWV EXWWRQ LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU 7KH \LHOGHG EROW HOHPHQWV ZLOO EH KLJKOLJKWHG LQ UHG DQG WKH QXPEHU RI \LHOGHG HOHPHQWV ZLOO EH GLVSOD\HG LQ WKH VWDWXV EDU
234 Yielded bolt elements
$OPRVW DOO RI WKH EROWV KDYH \LHOGHG DV VKRZQ E\ WKH EROW VHFWLRQV KLJKOLJKWHG LQ UHG 5HPHPEHU WKDW EROW HOHPHQWV IRU IXOO\ ERQGHG EROWV DUH GHILQHG E\ WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQV RI EROWV ZLWK WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQWV %ROW HOHPHQWV FDQ EH GLVSOD\HG ZLWK WKH 'LVSOD\ 2SWLRQV GLDORJ 7KLV LV OHIW DV DQ RSWLRQDO VWHS
73
5HFDOO WKDW ZKHQ ZH GHILQHG WKH EROW SURSHUWLHV ZH HQWHUHG D UHVLGXDO EROW FDSDFLW\ HTXDO WR WKH SHDN EROW FDSDFLW\ 7KHUHIRUH HYHQ WKRXJK WKH EROWV KDYH UHDFKHG WKHLU \LHOG FDSDFLW\ WKH\ VWLOO SURYLGH VXSSRUW )LQDOO\ OHWV ORRN DW WKH HIIHFW RI WKH EROWV RQ WKH GLVSODFHPHQW

7KH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW LQGLFDWHG LQ WKH VWDWXV EDU LV QRZ
&RPSDUHG WR WKH XQVXSSRUWHG H[FDYDWLRQ WKH GLVSODFHPHQWV KDYH EHHQ VOLJKWO\ UHGXFHG EXW QRW E\ PXFK 0D[LPXP XQVXSSRUWHG GLVSODFHPHQW P :HOO KDYH WR DGG VKRWFUHWH WR UHDOO\ VXSSRUW WKLV WXQQHO
74
Model
)URP ,17(535(7 VZLWFK EDFN WR 02'(/
6HOHFW )LOH 0RGHO

1RWH WKH ILQLVKHG SURGXFW RI WKH PRGHOLQJ VHFWLRQ RI WKLV WXWRULDO ZLWK EROWV DQG VKRWFUHWH EXW EHIRUH WKH ORDG VSOLWWLQJ FDQ EH IRXQG LQ WKH WXWEIHD GDWD ILOH ORFDWHG LQ WKH H[DPSOHV IROGHU LQ \RXU 3+$6( LQVWDOODWLRQ IROGHU LI \RX ZLVK WR VNLS WKH PRGHO SURFHVV
Now we add the liner support.
Adding a Liner
:H ZLOO QRZ OLQH WKH WXQQHO ZLWK VKRWFUHWH )LUVW OHWV ]RRP LQ VR WKDW ZH FDQ VHH ZKDW ZH DUH GRLQJ
6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ 6HOHFW 6XSSRUW $GG /LQHU

Select segment(s) to add liner [enter=done, esc=quit]:
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
75
Liner Properties
1RZ GHILQH WKH OLQHU SURSHUWLHV 7KH SURSHUWLHV ZH HQWHU ZLOO FRUUHVSRQG WR D PP WKLFN OD\HU RI VWHHO ILEUH UHLQIRUFHG VKRWFUHWH
6HOHFW 3URSHUWLHV 'HILQH /LQHUV
Enter: Name = shotcrete Thickness = 0.2 Youngs Modulus = 3000 Poissons Ratio = 0.25 Material Type = Plastic Comp. Str. (peak) = 35
Comp. Str. (res) = 5 Tens. Str. (peak) = 5 Tens. Str. (res) = 0 Beam Form. = Bernoulli
(QWHU WKH OLQHU SURSHUWLHV ZLWK WKH ILUVW GHIDXOW WDE VHOHFWHG 6LQFH \RX HQWHUHG WKH OLQHU SURSHUWLHV ZLWK WKH ILUVW GHIDXOW WDE VHOHFWHG \RX GR QRW KDYH WR $VVLJQ WKHVH SURSHUWLHV WR WKH OLQHU 3+$6( ZLOO DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DVVLJQ WKH SURSHUWLHV IRU \RX 1RZ VDYH WKH ILOH DQG UHUXQ WKH DQDO\VLV
76
Compute
6HOHFW )LOH 6DYH $V

6HOHFW )LOH &RPSXWH

Interpret

1RZ OHWV VHH KRZ WKH DGGLWLRQ RI WKH VKRWFUHWH OLQHU DIIHFWHG WKH VWUHQJWK IDFWRU DQG \LHOGLQJ

7KH H[WHQW RI WKH UHJLRQ HQFRPSDVVHG E\ WKH FRQWRXU RI VWUHQJWK IDFWRU LV QRZ FRQVLGHUDEO\ UHGXFHG FRPSDUHG ZLWK )LJXUHV DQG /HWV GR D GLUHFW FRPSDULVRQ RI WKH WKUHH ILOHV RQ WKH VDPH VFUHHQ DV GHVFULEHG EHORZ ,I \RX KDYH EHHQ IROORZLQJ WKH 6XSSRUW WXWRULDO IURP WKH EHJLQQLQJ WKHQ \RX VKRXOG KDYH IRXU ILOHV RSHQ LQ ,17(535(7 VXSSRUW VXSSRUW VXSSRUW DQG VXSSRUW ,I WKLV LV WKH FDVH WKHQ &/26( WKH VXSSRUW ILOH DQG OHDYH WKH RWKHU WKUHH RSHQ
77
,I \RX KDYH EHHQ FORVLQJ ILOHV DV \RX ZHQW DORQJ WKHQ UHRSHQ WKH VXSSRUW DQG VXSSRUW ILOHV 1RZ WLOH WKH WKUHH YLHZV XVH WKH 7LOH 9HUWLFDOO\ EXWWRQ LQ WKH 6WDQGDUG WRROEDU 'LVSOD\ WKH 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU LQ HDFK YLHZ 6HOHFW =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ LQ HDFK YLHZ 6HOHFW =RRP 2XW DSSUR[LPDWHO\ RU WLPHV LQ HDFK YLHZ 'LVSOD\ WKH \LHOGHG HOHPHQWV LQ HDFK YLHZ ,I WKH OHJHQGV DUH GLVSOD\HG WRJJOH WKHP RII LQ WKH 9LHZ PHQX IRU HDFK YLHZ <RXU VFUHHQ VKRXOG DSSHDU DV EHORZ
Strength Factor Unsupported (left) Bolts only (middle) Bolts + Shotcrete (right)
)LJXUH 6WUHQJWK IDFWRU FRQWRXUV DQG \LHOGHG HOHPHQWV IRU VXSSRUW VXSSRUW DQG VXSSRUW ILOHV
78
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upport1 (elastic analyis) Support2 (plastic, no support) Support3 (bolts only) Support4 (bolts + shotcrete) # of yielded finite elements 0 629 586 391
1RZ PD[LPL]H WKH YLHZ RI WKH VXSSRUW ILOH VR WKDW ZH FDQ YLHZ LW IXOO VFUHHQ DJDLQ 7RJJOH WKH GLVSOD\ RI \LHOGHG HOHPHQWV RII E\ UHVHOHFWLQJ WKH <LHOGHG (OHPHQWV EXWWRQ LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU /HWV FKHFN IRU \LHOGLQJ LQ WKH EROWV 6HOHFW WKH <LHOGHG %ROWV EXWWRQ LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU $JDLQ PRVW RI WKH EROWV KDYH \LHOGHG DV VKRZQ E\ WKH EROW VHFWLRQV KLJKOLJKWHG LQ UHG 7KH VWDWXV EDU LQGLFDWHV WKH WRWDO QXPEHU RI \LHOGHG EROW HOHPHQWV
79
7KH QXPEHU RI \LHOGHG EROW HOHPHQWV ZDV GHFUHDVHG IURP WR E\ WKH SUHVHQFH RI WKH OLQHU 7RJJOH RII WKH GLVSOD\ RI \LHOGHG EROW HOHPHQWV E\ UHVHOHFWLQJ WKH <LHOGHG %ROWV EXWWRQ LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU :H FDQ ORRN DW \LHOGLQJ LQ WKH OLQHU LQ WKH VDPH PDQQHU DV \LHOGLQJ LQ WKH EROWV LV GLVSOD\HG 6HOHFW WKH <LHOGHG /LQHUV EXWWRQ LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU 7KH VWDWXV EDU ZLOO LQGLFDWH
34 Yielded liner elements
=RRP LQ VR WKDW \RX FDQ VHH WKH \LHOGHG OLQHU HOHPHQWV

7KH \LHOGHG OLQHU HOHPHQWV KLJKOLJKWHG LQ UHG DUH FRQFHQWUDWHG DW WKH XSSHU ULJKW ORZHU OHIW DQG IORRU RI WKH WXQQHO 7RJJOH WKH \LHOGHG OLQHU HOHPHQWV RII E\ UH VHOHFWLQJ WKH <LHOGHG /LQHUV EXWWRQ LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU )LQDOO\ OHWV ORRN DW WKH GLVSODFHPHQWV DIWHU DGGLQJ WKH OLQHU

7KH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW LQGLFDWHG LQ WKH VWDWXV EDU LV QRZ
7KH FRPELQDWLRQ RI EROWV DQG VKRWFUHWH KDV UHGXFHG WKH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW WR QHDUO\ KDOI RI WKH XQVXSSRUWHG YDOXH P 7RJJOH WKH GHIRUPDWLRQ YHFWRUV RQ

,Q WKH 'LVSOD\ 2SWLRQV GLDORJ WRJJOH 'HIRUPDWLRQ 9HFWRUV RQ HQWHU D 6FDOH )DFWRU RI DQG VHOHFW 'RQH
80
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
)LJXUH 7RWDO GLVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXUV DQG YHFWRUV IRU VXSSRUW VXSSRUW DQG VXSSRUW ILOHV
+LQWV 7LOH DQG ]RRP WKH YLHZV DV GHVFULEHG HDUOLHU IRU WKH VWUHQJWK IDFWRU FRQWRXUV :KHQ GLVSOD\LQJ WKH GHIRUPDWLRQ YHFWRUV IRU HDFK YLHZ XVH D 6FDOH )DFWRU RI
81
,Q &RQWRXU 2SWLRQV FKDQJH WKH )RUPDW WR &XVWRP WKH &RQWRXU 5DQJH WR WR DQG WKH 1XPEHU RI ,QWHUYDOV WR IRU HDFK YLHZ 7KH RXWHUPRVW FRQWRXU VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH VKRXOG WKHQ EH WKH PHWHU WRWDO GLVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXU ,I \RX KDYH JRWWHQ WKLV IDU FRQJUDWXODWLRQV $V WKH ILQDO VWHS LQ WKH 6XSSRUW WXWRULDO ZH ZLOO H[DPLQH RQH PRUH IHDWXUH RI 3+$6( FDOOHG ORDG VSOLWWLQJ XVLQJ WKLV VDPH H[DPSOH
82
Model
,I \RX DUH VWLOO YLHZLQJ PXOWLSOH ILOHV LQ ,17(535(7 PDNH VXUH WKH VXSSRUW YLHZ LV VHOHFWHG EHIRUH \RX VZLWFK EDFN WR 02'(/
6HOHFW )LOH 0RGHO
Load Splitting
7KH SUHYLRXV DQDO\VHV LQ 6WHS RI WKLV WXWRULDO LH SDWWHUQ EROW VXSSRUW RQO\ DQG FRPELQHG SDWWHUQ EROWVKRWFUHWH VXSSRUW LPSOLFLWO\ DVVXPH WKDW WKH VXSSRUW LV LQVWDOOHG LPPHGLDWHO\ DIWHU H[FDYDWLRQ DQG WKDW QR GLVSODFHPHQW WDNHV SODFH SULRU WR WKH LQVWDOODWLRQ RI VXSSRUW 2I FRXUVH WKLV LV QRW UHDOLVWLF DQG D FHUWDLQ DPRXQW RI GHIRUPDWLRQ ZLOO DOZD\V RFFXU EHIRUH WKH VXSSRUW FDQ EH LQVWDOOHG $V D PHDQV RI VLPXODWLQJ WKH GHOD\HG LQVWDOODWLRQ RI VXSSRUW 3+$6( KDV DQ RSWLRQ FDOOHG ORDG VSOLWWLQJ ZKLFK DOORZV WKH ILHOG VWUHVV LQGXFHG ORDG WR EH VSOLW EHWZHHQ WKH ILUVW WZR VWDJHV RI D VWDJHG PRGHO (IIHFWLYHO\ WKLV DOORZV VRPH GHIRUPDWLRQ WR WDNH SODFH LQ WKH ILUVW VWDJH ZKLFK KDV QR VXSSRUW DQG WKHQ WKH VXSSRUW LV LQVWDOOHG LQ WKH VHFRQG VWDJH DQG FDQ UHVSRQG WR WKH UHPDLQGHU RI WKH ILHOG VWUHVV LQGXFHG ORDG 7KH ILUVW VWHS WRZDUGV LQFOXGLQJ ORDG VSOLWWLQJ LQ D PRGHO LV WR VHW WKH 1XPEHU RI 6WDJHV LQ WKH -RE &RQWURO RSWLRQ WR $Q\ QXPEHU RI VWDJHV JUHDWHU WKDQ ZLOO HQDEOH ORDG VSOLWWLQJ KRZHYHU ZH RQO\ QHHG WZR VWDJHV IRU WKLV H[DPSOH
Now we introduce the load splitting option.
83

6HOHFW 2. <RX ZLOO WKHQ VHH GLDORJV ZDUQLQJ WKDW WKH 6XSSRUWV LH EROWV DQG OLQHUV DQG WKH 0HVK ZLOO EH UHVHW 6HOHFW <HV RQ ERWK RI WKHVH GLDORJV 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ EHFDXVH \RX DUH FKDQJLQJ WKH QXPEHU RI VWDJHV IRU DQ H[LVWLQJ PRGHO ERWK WKH PHVK DQG WKH VXSSRUW PXVW EH UHVHW <RX ZLOO KDYH WR UHHQWHU WKHP DV GHVFULEHG EHORZ
Re-Meshing
7KH GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ LV VWLOO LQWDFW VR \RX GR QRW QHHG WR UH GLVFUHWL]H \RX RQO\ QHHG WR UHPHVK
6HOHFW 0HVK 0HVK

&RPSDUHG WR WKH VLQJOH VWDJH PRGHO \RX VKRXOG QRWLFH RQH PDMRU GLIIHUHQFH WKH LQVLGH RI WKH H[FDYDWLRQ LV QRZ DOVR PHVKHG 7KH VWDWXV EDU LQGLFDWHV D FRUUHVSRQGLQJO\ ODUJHU QXPEHU RI HOHPHQWV DQG QRGHV
84
6LQFH \RXU PRGHO LV QR ORQJHU VLQJOH VWDJH 3+$6( PHVKHV HYHU\WKLQJ LQVLGH WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ LQFOXGLQJ ZLWKLQ H[FDYDWLRQV 7KH HOHPHQWV LQVLGH WKH H[FDYDWLRQ ZLOO KDYH WR EH H[FDYDWHG DV GHVFULEHG LQ WKH 3URSHUWLHV VHFWLRQ EHORZ 'RQW ZRUU\ WKLV LV YHU\ VLPSOH WR GR
Re-Supporting
5HHQWHU WKH EROW SDWWHUQ DQG WKH VKRWFUHWH OLQHU LQ H[DFWO\ WKH VDPH ZD\ DV GHVFULEHG HDUOLHU LQ WKLV WXWRULDO +RZHYHU EHIRUH \RX GR WKLV VHOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE VR WKDW \RX DUH DFWXDOO\ DGGLQJ WKH VXSSRUW LQ 6WDJH
Select the Stage 2 tab BEFORE you add the support.
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
85
Field Stress
7KLV LV ZKHUH WKH DFWXDO ORDG VSOLW LQIRUPDWLRQ LV HQWHUHG
Enter:
Fld. Str. Type = Constant Sigma 1 = 12 Sigma 3 = 8 Sigma z = 10
Load Split = 30 | 70
Angle = -35
1RWLFH WKDW /RDG 6SOLW LV QRZ HQDEOHG LQ WKH )LHOG 6WUHVV GLDORJ 6HOHFW WKH /RDG 6SOLW FKHFNER[ DQG HQWHU D ORDG VSOLW RI 7KH ORDG VSOLW DVVXPHV WKDW RI WKH ILHOG VWUHVV LQGXFHG ORDG KDV EHHQ UHOLHYHG E\ GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH H[FDYDWLRQ ERXQGDULHV EHIRUH WKH VXSSRUW LV LQVWDOOHG 7KH ORDG VSOLW FRXOG EH HVWLPDWHG IURP D SORW VXFK DV )LJXUH LQ WKH 3+$6( $[LV\PPHWU\ 7XWRULDO EDVHG RQ KRZ FORVH WKH VXSSRUW FDQ EH LQVWDOOHG WR WKH DGYDQFLQJ IDFH RI WKH WXQQHO
86
Properties
:H VWLOO KDYH QRW H[FDYDWHG WKH WXQQHO /HWV GR WKDW QRZ DQG ZH ZLOO EH ILQLVKHG ZLWK WKH PRGHOLQJ

8VH WKH IROORZLQJ SURFHGXUH 0DNH VXUH WKH 6WDJH WDE LV VHOHFWHG DW WKH ERWWRP OHIW RI WKH YLHZ 0DNH VXUH WKDW WKH 0DWHULDOV WDE LV VHOHFWHG LQ WKH $VVLJQ GLDORJ 6HOHFW WKH ([FDYDWH EXWWRQ LQ WKH $VVLJQ GLDORJ &OLFN WKH OHIW PRXVH EXWWRQ LQVLGH WKH WXQQHO 7KH HOHPHQWV LQ WKH WXQQHO ZLOO GLVDSSHDU LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW WKH WXQQHO LV H[FDYDWHG 7KDWV DOO WKDW LV UHTXLUHG 7KH WXQQHO LV QRZ H[FDYDWHG IRU WKH ILUVW DQG DOO VXEVHTXHQW VWDJHV LH LQ WKLV FDVH WKH VHFRQG VWDJH DV ZHOO <RX FDQ YHULI\ WKLV E\ VHOHFWLQJ WKH 6WDJH WDE &ORVH WKH $VVLJQ GLDORJ E\ VHOHFWLQJ WKH LQ WKH XSSHU ULJKW FRUQHU RI WKH GLDORJ ,PSRUWDQW QRWH 5HPHPEHU WKDW ZKHQ ZH DGGHG WKH VXSSRUW ZH VHOHFWHG WKH 6WDJH WDE ILUVW 7KLV DXWRPDWLFDOO\ LQVWDOOHG WKH VXSSRUW EROWV DQG OLQHU DW 6WDJH ZKLFK LV ZKDW ZH ZDQWHG ,I ZH GLG 127 DGG WKH VXSSRUW DW WKH LQVWDOODWLRQ VWDJH ZH ZRXOG KDYH WR XVH WKH $VVLJQ GLDORJ WR DVVLJQ WKH LQVWDOODWLRQ VWDJH RI WKH VXSSRUW
1RZ VDYH WKH ILOH DQG UHUXQ WKH DQDO\VLV
87
Compute
6HOHFW )LOH 6DYH $V

6HOHFW )LOH &RPSXWH

Interpret

:H ZLOO QRZ VHH ZKDW HIIHFW WKH ORDG VSOLWWLQJ KDG RQ WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH DQDO\VLV 6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE VLQFH ZH ZDQW WR YLHZ WKH ILQDO VWDJH UHVXOWV DIWHU WKH LQVWDOODWLRQ RI WKH VXSSRUW /HWV ILUVW ORRN DW WKH VWUHQJWK IDFWRU

7RJJOH WKH GLVSOD\ RI \LHOGHG HOHPHQWV RQ E\ VHOHFWLQJ WKH <LHOGHG (OHPHQWV EXWWRQ LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU 7KH QXPEHU RI \LHOGHG HOHPHQWV LV QRZ
7KLV FRPSDUHV ZLWK \LHOGHG ILQLWH HOHPHQWV EHIRUH WKH ORDG VSOLW
88
,W LV OHIW WR WKH XVHU WR YHULI\ WKDW WKH VWUHQJWK IDFWRU FRQWRXUV DQG \LHOGHG ]RQH DUH HVVHQWLDOO\ WKH VDPH DV SULRU WR WKH ORDG VSOLW 7KLV LV QRW VXUSULVLQJ DV ZH GLG QRW H[SHFW WKH ORDG VSOLW WR KDYH PXFK HIIHFW RQ WKH VWUHQJWK IDFWRU 7RJJOH WKH GLVSOD\ RI \LHOGHG HOHPHQWV RII E\ UH VHOHFWLQJ WKH <LHOGHG (OHPHQWV EXWWRQ LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU 2I PRUH LQWHUHVW LV WKH VWDWH RI \LHOGLQJ LQ WKH EROWV 6HOHFW WKH <LHOGHG %ROWV EXWWRQ LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU 7KH VWDWXV EDU QRZ LQGLFDWHV
7KH QXPEHU RI \LHOGHG EROW HOHPHQWV LV VXEVWDQWLDOO\ UHGXFHG DV D UHVXOW RI WKH ORDG VSOLW IURP EHIRUH WKH ORDG VSOLW WR 7KLV LV WKH SULPDU\ UHVXOW RI LQWHUHVW IURP WKH ORDG VSOLWWLQJ DQDO\VLV 7RJJOH WKH GLVSOD\ RI \LHOGHG EROWV RII E\ UHVHOHFWLQJ WKH <LHOGHG %ROWV EXWWRQ LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU /HWV FKHFN WKH GLVSODFHPHQWV

7KH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW VKRZQ LQ WKH VWDWXV EDU LV QRZ
7KLV LV DOPRVW LGHQWLFDO WR WKH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW EHIRUH WKH ORDG VSOLW RI P ,W LV OHIW WR WKH XVHU WR YHULI\ WKDW WKH GLVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXUV DQG GHIRUPDWLRQ YHFWRUV DUH HVVHQWLDOO\ WKH VDPH DV SULRU WR WKH ORDG VSOLW
89
,Q VXPPDU\ LW VKRXOG EH HPSKDVL]HG WKDW WKH SULPDU\ HIIHFW RI WKH ORDG VSOLWWLQJ IRU WKLV H[DPSOH ZDV WR GHFUHDVH WKH \LHOGLQJ LQ WKH EROWV DQG WKXV LPSURYH WKH PRGHOLQJ RI VXSSRUW /HWV ORRN DW RQH PRUH WKLQJ 6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE DQG FKHFN WKH ILUVW VWDJH GLVSODFHPHQWV

7KH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW LQGLFDWHG LQ WKH VWDWXV EDU LV
&RPSDUH WKLV ZLWK WKH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW DIWHU WKH ILQDO VHFRQG VWDJH ZKLFK ZDV %DVHG RQ WKHVH QXPEHUV RQO\ WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI WKH GLVSODFHPHQW WDNLQJ SODFH LQ WKH ILUVW VWDJH LV DERXW 7KLV LV LQ JRRG DJUHHPHQW ZLWK RXU ORDG VSOLW RI %HWWHU DJUHHPHQW WKDQ WKLV VKRXOG QRW EH H[SHFWHG VLQFH RXU DQDO\VLV LV SODVWLF DQG ZH DUH RQO\ FRPSDULQJ D VLQJOH QXPEHU ,W LV RQO\ PHQWLRQHG WR IXUWKHU LOOXVWUDWH WKH VLJQLILFDQFH RI XVLQJ WKH ORDG VSOLW RSWLRQ LQ 3+$6(
Additional Exercise
2QH ILQDO H[HUFLVH LQ WKH 6XSSRUW 7XWRULDO ZLOO EH OHIW WR WKH XVHU WR FRPSOHWH LI VR GHVLUHG 7KXV IDU ZH GLG QRW GLVFXVV WKH QDWXUH RI WKH EROWV ZH LQVWDOOHG KRZHYHU EDVHG RQ WKH PRGXOXV RI 03D ZH FDQ LQIHU WKDW ZH KDYH EHHQ XVLQJ VROLG VWHHO GRZHOV /HWV FKDQJH WKH EROW PRGXOXV WR 03D DV DQ HVWLPDWHG VWLIIQHVV RI D VHYHQ VWUDQG VWHHO FDEOH 5HUXQ WKH DQDO\VLV ZLWK WKLV RQH FKDQJH NHHSLQJ DOO RWKHU PRGHO SDUDPHWHUV WKH VDPH DV LQ WKH ORDG VSOLW H[DPSOH
90
<RX VKRXOG ILQG WKDW WKH VWUHQJWK IDFWRU DQG GLVSODFHPHQW UHVXOWV DUH QHDUO\ LGHQWLFDO DV FRPSDUHG WR WKH UHVXOWV XVLQJ WKH 03D EROWV 7KH ELJ GLIIHUHQFH LV WKDW EROW \LHOGLQJ KDV EHHQ JUHDWO\ UHGXFHG DV VXPPDUL]HG LQ WKH WDEOH EHORZ Maximum Displacement 0.0568 m 0.0575 m Number of Yielded Bolt Elements 177 83
Bolt Modulus 200,000 MPa 75,000 MPa
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
Surface Excavation Tutorial
91

0.2 MPa
-10 , 4
4.5 , 4
6.5 , 4
15 , 4
h
-1 , 0 1,0 4.5 , -1 6.5 , -1
Kh
-10 , -8
15 , -8
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
Model
92
Limits
/HWV ILUVW VHW WKH GUDZLQJ OLPLWV RI WKH UHJLRQ VR WKDW WKH OLPLWV HQFRPSDVV WKH PRGHO JHRPHWU\
6HOHFW 9LHZ /LPLWV

(QWHU WKH IROORZLQJ FRRUGLQDWHV LQ WKH 6HW /LPLWV GLDORJ
7KHVH OLPLWV ZLOO PRUH RU OHVV FHQWHU WKH PRGHO LQ WKH GUDZLQJ UHJLRQ ZKHQ \RX HQWHU LW DV GHVFULEHG EHORZ
Job Control
:KHQHYHU ZH DUH FUHDWLQJ D VWDJHG PRGHO WKH ILUVW WKLQJ ZH VKRXOG DOZD\V UHPHPEHU WR GR LV WR VHW WKH 1XPEHU RI 6WDJHV LQ -RE &RQWURO VLQFH WKLV DIIHFWV VXEVHTXHQW PRGHOLQJ RSWLRQV 7KDW LV VRPH PRGHOLQJ RSWLRQV EHKDYH GLIIHUHQWO\ LI \RXU PRGHO LV VLQJOH VWDJH 1XPEHU RI 6WDJHV RU PXOWLVWDJH 1XPEHU RI 6WDJHV !
93

,Q WKH -RE &RQWURO GLDORJ HQWHU 1XPEHU RI 6WDJHV VHOHFW 2.
DQG
Entering Boundaries
)LUVW HQWHU WKH FLUFXODU WXQQHO DV IROORZV

Enter vertex [a=arc,esc=quit]: a
%\ HQWHULQJ D DW WKLV ILUVW SURPSW \RX FDQ HQWHU D FLUFOH DW WKH IROORZLQJ SURPSWV
Number of segments in arc <20>: enter 60 Enter first arc point[esc=quit]: -1 0 Enter second arc point[u=undo, esc=quit]: 1 0 Enter third arc point[u=undo, esc=quit]: c
%\ HQWHULQJ F DW WKH ODVW SURPSW WKH DUF FORVHV RQ LWVHOI DQG IRUPV D FLUFOH ZLWK D GLDPHWHU GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ WKH ILUVW DQG VHFRQG SRLQWV LQ WKLV FDVH PHWHUV
94
1RZ HQWHU WKH UHFWDQJXODU WUHQFK

Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter vertex[a=arc,esc=quit]: 4.5 4 vertex[a=arc,u=undo,esc=quit]: 4.5 -1 vertex[a=arc,u=undo,esc=quit]: 6.5 -1 vertex[a=arc,c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: 6.5 4 vertex[a=arc,c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: c
1RZ HQWHU WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\
Enter: Bndry Type = User Defined
7KLV PRGHO ZLOO UHTXLUH D XVHUGHILQHG H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ VR LQ WKH DERYH GLDORJ VHW WKH %RXQGDU\ 7\SH WR 8VHU 'HILQHG DQG VHOHFW 2. <RX ZLOO WKHQ EH DEOH WR HQWHU WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ FRRUGLQDWHV LQ WKH VDPH PDQQHU DV HQWHULQJ WKH H[FDYDWLRQV
Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter vertex[esc=quit]: 15 4 vertex[u=undo,esc=quit]: 6.5 4 vertex[u=undo,esc=quit]: 4.5 4 vertex[c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: vertex[c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: vertex[c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: vertex[c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: vertex[c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: vertex[c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]:
1 4 -1 4 -10 4 -10 -8 15 -8 c
95
1RWLFH WKDW RQ WKH XSSHU VXUIDFH RI WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ LH WKH JURXQG VXUIDFH ZH GHILQHG D OLQH VHJPHQW LGHQWLFDO WR WKH XSSHU VHJPHQW RI WKH WUHQFK DQG DOVR D VHJPHQW GLUHFWO\ DERYH WKH FLUFXODU WXQQHO ZKLFK ZLOO EH XVHG ZKHQ ZH GHILQH WKH WUDFWLRQ :H DUH GRQH HQWHULQJ ERXQGDULHV VR OHWV SURFHHG WR WKH PHVKLQJ
Meshing
$V XVXDO ZH ZLOO GLVFUHWL]H DQG PHVK WKH PRGHO +RZHYHU ZH ZLOO ILUVW FRQILJXUH WKH RI ([FDYDWLRQ 1RGHV LQ 0HVK 6HWXS VR WKDW ZH JHW D ILQHU PHVK DURXQG WKH H[FDYDWLRQV
6HOHFW 0HVK 6HWXS
Enter: # Excavation Nodes = 100

Gradation Factor = 0.1 Mesh Type = Graded Elem. Type = 3 Noded Tri.
1RZ VHOHFW GLVFUHWL]H

7KH PRGHO LV GLVFUHWL]HG DQG WKH VWDWXV EDU ZLOO LQGLFDWH WKH DFWXDO QXPEHU RI GLVFUHWL]DWLRQV FUHDWHG
96
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
2Q WKH ZKROH WKH GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ LV VDWLVIDFWRU\ KRZHYHU WKH GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ RI WKH JURXQG VXUIDFH FRXOG EH LPSURYHG VLQFH WKH XSSHU VHJPHQW RI WKH WUHQFK KDV D PXFK ILQHU GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ WKDQ WKH UHVW RI WKH JURXQG VXUIDFH :H FDQ FXVWRPL]H WKH GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ RI LQGLYLGXDO ERXQGDU\ VHJPHQWV DIWHU FUHDWLQJ WKH LQLWLDO GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ ZLWK WKH &XVWRP 'LVFUHWL]H RSWLRQ
Custom Discretization
6HOHFW 0HVK &XVWRP 'LVFUHWL]H
Select Segments to Discretize [enter=done, esc=quit]: use the mouse to select the three segments marked 10 in Figure 4-1. Right-click and select Done Selection, or just press Enter.
$ GLDORJ ZLOO DSSHDU DOORZLQJ \RX WR HQWHU WKH QXPEHU RI GLVFUHWL]DWLRQV IRU WKH VHOHFWHG VHJPHQWV 7KH GHIDXOW LV ZKLFK LV ZKDW ZH ZDQW LQ WKLV FDVH VR MXVW VHOHFW 2.
97
)LJXUH &XVWRP GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ RI JURXQG VXUIDFH VHJPHQWV

7KH WKUHH VHJPHQWV \RX VHOHFWHG VKRXOG QRZ KDYH GLVFUHWL]DWLRQV HDFK )ROORZ WKLV VDPH SURFHGXUH WR DSSO\ D FXVWRP GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ RI WR WKH VHJPHQW GLUHFWO\ DERYH WKH WXQQHO

Select Segments to Discretize [enter=done, esc=quit]: use the mouse to select the segment above the tunnel. Right-click and select Done Selection, or just press Enter.
,Q WKH &XVWRP 'LVFUHWL]H GLDORJ HQWHU DV WKH QXPEHU RI GLVFUHWL]DWLRQV DQG VHOHFW 2. 1RWH WKH VHJPHQWV ZKLFK DUH QRW PDUNHG LQ )LJXUH DUH WR EH OHIW DW WKHLU RULJLQDO GLVFUHWL]DWLRQV 1RZ ZH DUH UHDG\ WR JHQHUDWH WKH PHVK
Mesh
6HOHFW WKH 0HVK RSWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH 0HVK PHQX DQG WKH PHVK ZLOO EH JHQHUDWHG EDVHG RQ WKH GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ \RX MXVW FUHDWHG
6HOHFW 0HVK 0HVK
98
7KH VWDWXV EDU ZLOO LQGLFDWH WKH WRWDO QXPEHU RI HOHPHQWV DQG QRGHV LQ WKH PHVK
1RWH WKDW WKH FXVWRP GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ ZH DSSOLHG WR WKH JURXQG VXUIDFH KHOSHG WR FUHDWH D VPRRWK WUDQVLWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH ILQH PHVK DW WKH WRS RI WKH WUHQFK DQG WKH UHVW RI WKH JURXQG VXUIDFH ,I ZH KDG VLPSO\ DFFHSWHG WKH LQLWLDO GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ ZH ULVN JHQHUDWLQJ D SRRU PHVK ZKHUH WKH ILQH WR FRDUVH WUDQVLWLRQ LV WRR DEUXSW
Boundary Conditions
%\ GHIDXOW ZKHQ WKH PHVK LV JHQHUDWHG DOO QRGHV RQ WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ DUH JLYHQ D IL[HG ]HUR GLVSODFHPHQW ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQ 7KLV LV LQGLFDWHG E\ WKH WULDQJXODU SLQ V\PEROV ZKLFK \RX FDQ VHH DW HDFK QRGH RI WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ 6LQFH WKLV LV D VXUIDFH H[FDYDWLRQ PRGHO ZH PXVW VSHFLI\ WKDW WKH JURXQG VXUIDFH LV D IUHH VXUIDFH 7KLV LV GRQH XVLQJ WKH )UHH RSWLRQ LQ WKH 5HVWUDLQWV PHQX
6HOHFW 5HVWUDLQWV )UHH

Select segments to free [enter=done, esc=quit]: Use the mouse to select the five segments representing the ground surface. When finished, right-click and select Done Selection, or press Enter.
7KH WULDQJXODU SLQ V\PEROV VKRXOG QRZ EH JRQH IURP WKH JURXQG VXUIDFH LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW LW LV IUHH WR PRYH ZLWKRXW UHVWUDLQW /HWV QRZ VSHFLI\ WKH OHIW DQG ULJKW HGJHV RI WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ DV IL[HG LQ WKH ; GLUHFWLRQ RQO\ LH IUHH WR PRYH LQ WKH < GLUHFWLRQ DQG WKH ORZHU HGJH DV IL[HG LQ WKH < GLUHFWLRQ RQO\ LH IUHH WR PRYH LQ WKH ; GLUHFWLRQ
99
)LJXUH 'LVSODFHPHQW ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQV RQ H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ 6HOHFW 5HVWUDLQWV 5HVWUDLQ ;
Select segments to restrain in the X direction [enter=done,esc=quit]: Use the mouse to select the left and right edges of the external boundary. Right-click and select Done Selection, or press Enter.
6HOHFW 5HVWUDLQWV 5HVWUDLQ <

Select segments to restrain in the Y direction [enter=done,esc=quit]: Use the mouse to select the bottom edge of the external boundary. Right-click and select Done Selection, or press Enter.
1RZ ZH KDYH VRPH WLG\LQJ XS WR GR WKH QRGHV DW WKH ERWWRP FRUQHUV KDYH UROOHUV DQG WKH\ VKRXOG EH SLQQHG
6HOHFW 5HVWUDLQWV 5HVWUDLQ ;<

5LJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW %RXQGDU\ 1RGH IURP WKH SRSXS PHQX 7KLV ZLOO FKDQJH WKH PRGH RI UHVWUDLQW DSSOLFDWLRQ IURP ERXQGDU\ VHJPHQWV WR ERXQGDU\ QRGHV
100
6HOHFW WKH ORZHU OHIW DQG ORZHU ULJKW YHUWLFHV RI WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ 7ULDQJXODU SLQ V\PEROV VKRXOG UHSODFH WKH UROOHU V\PEROV DW WKHVH YHUWLFHV 6HOHFW (VFDSH RU ULJKWFOLFN DQG VHOHFW &DQFHO 7KLV EULQJV XV WR DQ LPSRUWDQW SRLQW DIWHU DSSO\LQJ UHVWUDLQWV WR ERXQGDU\ VHJPHQWV \RX VKRXOG DOZD\V FKHFN WKDW QRGHV DW WKH HQGV RI VHJPHQWV KDYH WKH FRUUHFW FRQGLWLRQV DSSOLHG
Adding a Traction
1RZ OHWV DGG WKH WUDFWLRQ WR WKH JURXQG VXUIDFH VHJPHQW DERYH WKH WXQQHO
6HOHFW /RDGLQJ 7UDFWLRQV +RUL]RQWDO 9HUWLFDO
Enter: Vertical = 0.2 Stage Traction

Horizontal = 0
,Q WKH 7UDFWLRQ &RQILJXUDWLRQ GLDORJ HQWHU D 9HUWLFDO 7UDFWLRQ 01P DQG VHOHFW WKH 6WDJH 7UDFWLRQ FKHFNER[ 6HOHFW 2. 1RZ VHOHFW WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ OLQH VHJPHQWV WR EH ORDGHG
Select segments to add traction [enter=done, esc=quit] : use the mouse to select the external boundary line segment directly above the circular tunnel. Right-click and select Done Selection, or press Enter.
101
%HFDXVH ZH VHOHFWHG WKH 6WDJH 7UDFWLRQ FKHFNER[ LQ WKH 7UDFWLRQ &RQILJXUDWLRQ GLDORJ ZH ZLOO EH SUHVHQWHG ZLWK RQH PRUH GLDORJ IRU HQWHULQJ WKH WUDFWLRQ VWDJLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ
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
102
Field Stress
)RU PRVW SUREOHPV LQYROYLQJ D JURXQG VXUIDFH ZH ZLOO ZDQW WR XVH D JUDYLW\ VWUHVV ILHOG
Enter: Fld. Str. Type = Gravity Ground Surf. Elev. = 4 Str.Ratio (in-plane) = 0.5 Str.Ratio(out-of-plane) =0.5
Locked-in (in-plane) = 0
Show Ground Surf. Elev.
Locked-in (out-of-plane) = 0
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
103
Properties
Enter: Name = till Unit Weight = 0.02

In.El.Ld.=Fld Str & Bdy For.
Youngs Modulus = 50 Poissons Ratio = 0.25

Tens. Strength = 0
Failure Crit. = Mohr Coul. Material Type = Elastic
Fric. Angle (peak) = 38 Cohesion (peak) = 0.01
:LWK WKH ILUVW GHIDXOW WDE VHOHFWHG LQ WKH 'HILQH 0DWHULDO 3URSHUWLHV GLDORJ HQWHU WKH DERYH SURSHUWLHV 1RWH WKH IROORZLQJ WKH XQLW ZHLJKW ZH HQWHUHG ZDV WKH VDPH DV WKH XQLW ZHLJKW RI RYHUEXUGHQ HQWHUHG LQ WKH )LHOG 6WUHVV GLDORJ 7KH PRGXOXV DQG VWUHQJWK YDOXHV ZH HQWHUHG DUH WKRVH RI D WLOO ZLWK KLJK IULFWLRQDO VWUHQJWK
104
1RWH WKDW WKH GHIDXOW VHWWLQJ IRU ,QLWLDO (OHPHQW /RDGLQJ LV QRZ )LHOG 6WUHVV DQG %RG\ )RUFH EHFDXVH ZH DUH GHDOLQJ ZLWK D VXUIDFH H[FDYDWLRQ DQG D JUDYLWDWLRQDO VWUHVV ILHOG WKH ERG\ IRUFH FRPSRQHQW RI ORDGLQJ RQ HDFK HOHPHQW LV VLJQLILFDQW )RU D &RQVWDQW VWUHVV ILHOG WKH ERG\ IRUFH FRPSRQHQW LV XVXDOO\ QRW FRQVLGHUHG DQG WKH GHIDXOW ,QLWLDO (OHPHQW /RDGLQJ LV )LHOG 6WUHVV 2QO\
6LQFH ZH GHILQHG WKH SURSHUWLHV ZLWK WKH ILUVW GHIDXOW PDWHULDO WDE VHOHFWHG ZH GR QRW KDYH WR DVVLJQ WKHP WR WKH PRGHO 3+$6( DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DVVLJQV WKH GHIDXOW SURSHUWLHV :H GR KRZHYHU KDYH WR DVVLJQ WKH VWDJLQJ RI WKH H[FDYDWLRQV

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
105
6HOHFW 6WDJH RQO\ WKH WXQQHO VKRXOG EH H[FDYDWHG 6HOHFW 6WDJH ERWK WKH WUHQFK DQG WXQQHO VKRXOG EH H[FDYDWHG 6HOHFW 6WDJH WKH WUDFWLRQ VKRXOG QRZ DSSHDU DERYH WKH FLUFXODU WXQQHO
<RX FDQ XVH WKH 6WDJH WDEV DW DQ\ WLPH WR YLHZ WKH VWDJHV RI \RXU PRGHO DQG YHULI\ PDWHULDO DVVLJQPHQWV DQG H[FDYDWLRQ DQG VXSSRUW VHTXHQFLQJ :H KDYH QRZ FRPSOHWHG WKH PRGHOLQJ \RXU ILQLVKHG PRGHO VKRXOG DSSHDU DV VKRZQ EHORZ
)LJXUH )LQLVKHG PRGHO 3+$6( 6XUIDFH ([FDYDWLRQ 7XWRULDO
106
Compute
%HIRUH \RX DQDO\]H \RXU PRGHO VDYH LW DV D ILOH FDOOHG VXUIIHD
6HOHFW )LOH 6DYH

6HOHFW )LOH &RPSXWH

Interpret

Sigma 1
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
107
)LJXUH 6LJPD FRQWRXUV DQG SULQFLSDO VWUHVV WUDMHFWRULHV *UDYLWDWLRQDO ILHOG VWUHVV LV LQ HIIHFW
7RJJOH WKH GLVSOD\ RI VWUHVV WUDMHFWRULHV RII E\ UHVHOHFWLQJ WKH 6WUHVV 7UDMHFWRULHV EXWWRQ LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU /HWV H[SORUH KRZ ZH PLJKW YLHZ UHVXOWV IRU PXOWLSOH VWDJHV RQ WKH VDPH VFUHHQ 7KH IROORZLQJ SURFHGXUH LV MXVW DQ H[DPSOH RI KRZ WKLV FRXOG EH GRQH 6HOHFW :LQGRZ 1HZ :LQGRZ
When comparing contours of the same data (eg. Sigma 1) at different stages, always check that the ranges are the same. If not, use Contour Options to set the desired range.
6HOHFW :LQGRZ 7LOH +RUL]RQWDOO\ 6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE RQ WKH XSSHU YLHZ DQG WKH 6WDJH WDE RQ WKH ORZHU YLHZ DQG FRPSDUH WKH FRQWRXUV 6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE RQ WKH ORZHU YLHZ DQG FRPSDUH WKH 6WDJH YV 6WDJH FRQWRXUV 6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE LQ WKH XSSHU YLHZ DQG FRPSDUH WKH 6WDJH YV 6WDJH FRQWRXUV
108
Strength Factor
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
109
1RWLFH WKDW WKH FRQWRXUHG UHJLRQ RI 6LJPD FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH WHQVLRQ ]RQH RI WKH 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU FRQWRXUV
)LJXUH &RPSDULVRQ RI 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU DQG 6LJPD FRQWRXUV DW 6WDJH

7KLV LV VLPSO\ DQ H[DPSOH RI WKH GDWD LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ SRVVLELOLWLHV XVLQJ PXOWLSOH YLHZV 0DQ\ PRUH SRVVLELOLWLHV ZLOO EHFRPH DSSDUHQW DV \RX EHFRPH IDPLOLDU ZLWK WKH 3+$6( ,17(535(7 SURJUDP
Displacement
1RZ OHWV ORRN DW GLVSODFHPHQWV )LUVW PD[LPL]H RQH RI WKH WZR YLHZV LW GRHVQW PDWWHU ZKLFK RQH

9LHZ WKH GLVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXUV DW HDFK VWDJH E\ VHOHFWLQJ WKH VWDJH WDEV 2EVHUYH WKH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW GLVSOD\HG LQ WKH VWDWXV EDU DQG ZKHUH LW LV RFFXUULQJ RQ WKH PRGHO
110
7KH 6WDJH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW DERXW PP LV RFFXUULQJ DW WKH ERWWRP RI WKH WXQQHO 7KH 6WDJH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW DERXW PP LV RFFXUULQJ DW WKH OHIW VLGH RI WKH WUHQFK 7KH 6WDJH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW DERXW PP LV XQGHUQHDWK WKH WUDFWLRQ 1RZ OHWV WXUQ RII WKH GLVSOD\ RI WKH FRQWRXUV DQG YLHZ WKH GHIRUPHG VKDSH RI WKH ERXQGDULHV DQG PHVK PDJQLILHG E\ D IDFWRU RI
Toggling contours Off is useful when you wish to hide the contours and view other information, for example stress trajectories, deformation vectors or deformed boundaries.
5LJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW &RQWRXU 2SWLRQV ,Q WKH &RQWRXU 2SWLRQV GLDORJ VHW WKH 0RGH WR 2II DQG VHOHFW 'RQH 5LJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW 'LVSOD\ 2SWLRQV ,Q WKH 'LVSOD\ 2SWLRQV GLDORJ VHOHFW 'HIRUP 0HVK DQG 'HIRUP %RXQGDULHV DQG HQWHU D 6FDOH )DFWRU RI 6HOHFW 'RQH 6HOHFW =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ 6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE
)LJXUH D 'HIRUPHG PHVK DQG ERXQGDULHV VWDJH 'LVSODFHPHQWV PDJQLILHG E\
111
1RWLFH WKH IODWWHQHG VKDSH RI WKH FLUFXODU WXQQHO DQG WKH VXEVLGHQFH RI WKH JURXQG VXUIDFH DERYH WKH WXQQHO ,I \RX ORRN FDUHIXOO\ \RX ZLOO QRWLFH WKDW WKH ERWWRP RI WKH WXQQHO KDV GLVSODFHG VOLJKWO\ PRUH WKDQ WKH WRS 7KLV LV GXH WR WKH JUDYLW\ VWUHVV ILHOG ZKLFK RI FRXUVH LQFUHDVHV ZLWK GHSWK 6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE
)LJXUH E 'HIRUPHG PHVK DQG ERXQGDULHV VWDJH 'LVSODFHPHQWV PDJQLILHG E\
7KH GHIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH WUHQFK ERXQGDULHV LV FOHDUO\ YLVLEOH 1RWLFH WKDW WKH H[FDYDWLRQ RI WKH WUHQFK KDV VKLIWHG WKH GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH WXQQHO WRZDUGV WKH ULJKW 6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE 7KH GLVSODFHPHQWV DUH QRZ GRPLQDWHG E\ WKH HIIHFW RI WKH WUDFWLRQ 7KH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW LV GLUHFWO\ EHQHDWK WKH WUDFWLRQ 7KH RYHUDOO GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH WXQQHO KDV EHHQ VKLIWHG GRZQZDUG DQG WKH ORZHU KDOI RI WKH WXQQHO LV QRZ DOPRVW LQ LWV RULJLQDO SRVLWLRQ
112
)LJXUH F 'HIRUPHG PHVK DQG ERXQGDULHV VWDJH 'LVSODFHPHQWV PDJQLILHG E\
/HWV DQLPDWH WKH UHVXOWV
6HOHFW 'DWD $QLPDWH 6WDJHV

7KH VWDJH WDEV DUH QRZ DXWRPDWLFDOO\ VHOHFWHG IRU \RX JLYLQJ \RX DQ DQLPDWHG GLVSOD\ RI UHVXOWV DW HDFK VWDJH 7KH WLPLQJ RI WKH DQLPDWLRQ FDQ EH VHW LQ WKH 'DWD6WDJH 6HWWLQJV RSWLRQ 7R H[LW WKH DQLPDWLRQ PRGH SUHVV (VFDSH %HIRUH ZH PRYH RQ 'LVSOD\ WKH FRQWRXUV DJDLQ 5LJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW &RQWRXU 2SWLRQV 6HW WKH 0RGH WR )LOOHG DQG VHOHFW 'RQH $OVR WXUQ RII WKH GLVSOD\ RI WKH 0HVK DQG 'HIRUPHG %RXQGDULHV E\ VHOHFWLQJ WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ EXWWRQV LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU
113
Query Data
3+$6( DOORZV WKH XVHU WR TXHU\ GDWD DQ\ZKHUH LQ WKH URFNPDVV WR REWDLQ YDOXHV LQWHUSRODWHG IURP WKH FRQWRXU SORWV 7KHVH YDOXHV FDQ EH GLVSOD\HG GLUHFWO\ RQ WKH PRGHO RU JUDSKHG $ TXHU\ FDQ EH D VLQJOH SRLQW D OLQH VHJPHQW RU DQ\ DUELWUDU\ SRO\OLQH 7KH IROORZLQJ VWHSV ZLOO LOOXVWUDWH KRZ WR &UHDWH D TXHU\ DQG VKRZ WKH YDOXHV RQ WKH PRGHO *UDSK DQG HGLW WKH TXHU\ *UDSK TXHULHV DW PXOWLSOH VWDJHV RQ WKH VDPH SORW
Creating a Query
7R FUHDWH D TXHU\
6HOHFW 4XHU\ $GG 0DWHULDO 4XHU\

,W ZLOO EH KDQG\ WR XVH WKH 9HUWH[ VQDS RSWLRQ LQ WKLV FDVH VR ULJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW 9HUWH[ 6QDS 8VH WKH PRXVH WR VHOHFW WKH YHUWH[ DW LH WKH XSSHU OHIW FRUQHU RI WKH WUHQFK 8VH WKH PRXVH WR VHOHFW WKH YHUWH[ DW LH WKH ORZHU OHIW FRUQHU RI WKH WUHQFK 5LJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW 'RQH <RX ZLOO VHH WKH IROORZLQJ GLDORJ
114
:H ZLOO XVH WKH GHIDXOW YDOXHV VR MXVW VHOHFW 2. <RX VKRXOG QRZ VHH YDOXHV DORQJ WKH OHIW HGJH RI WKH WUHQFK VLQFH ZH XVHG WKH GHIDXOW YDOXH RI ORFDWLRQV LQ WKH 6SHFLI\ 4XHU\ ORFDWLRQV GLDORJ ,I \RX DUH QRW ]RRPHG LQ VHOHFW =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ WR JHW D EHWWHU YLHZ 7KH YDOXHV FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH VWDJH DQG WKH GDWD W\SH \RX DUH YLHZLQJ 6HOHFW WKH VWDJH WDEV DQG REVHUYH WKH FKDQJH LQ WKH YDOXHV 6HOHFW GLIIHUHQW GDWD W\SHV HJ 6LJPD 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU DQG REVHUYH WKH FKDQJH LQ YDOXHV
Graphing a Query
$ VKRUW FXW IRU JUDSKLQJ GDWD IURP D VLQJOH TXHU\ LV WR ULJKWFOLFN RQ WKH TXHU\ DQG VHOHFW *UDSK 'DWD ,I \RX FKDQJHG GDWD W\SHV DV VXJJHVWHG DERYH VZLWFK EDFN WR YLHZLQJ 7RWDO 'LVSODFHPHQW DW 6WDJH 5LJKW FOLFN RQ WKH TXHU\ LH DQ\ZKHUH DORQJ WKH OHIW HGJH RI WKH WUHQFK DQG VHOHFW *UDSK 'DWD IURP WKH SRSXS PHQX $ JUDSK RI 7RWDO 'LVSODFHPHQW DORQJ WKH TXHU\ ZLOO EH JHQHUDWHG
115
1RWH WKDW WKH JUDSK KDV SRLQWV LH WKH QXPEHU RI ORFDWLRQV LQ WKH TXHU\ :H FDQ HGLW WKH QXPEHU RI SRLQWV WR REWDLQ D VPRRWKHU JUDSK &ORVH WKH JUDSK DQG ZH ZLOO HGLW WKH TXHU\ DQG JHQHUDWH D QHZ JUDSK
Editing a Query
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
Graphing Queries at Different Stages

/HWV VD\ ZH ZDQW WR SORW DQG FRPSDUH WKH GLVSODFHPHQWV DORQJ WKH OHIW HGJH RI WKH WUHQFK DW 6WDJH DQG 6WDJH LH EHIRUH DQG DIWHU DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH WUDFWLRQ +HUH LV KRZ \RX FRXOG GR LW 0DNH VXUH \RX DUH YLHZLQJ 7RWDO 'LVSODFHPHQW DW 6WDJH 6HOHFW 4XHU\ :ULWH 4XHU\ )LOH
116
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
117
Axis ranges and titles can be modified by rightclicking on the graph and selecting Chart Properties.
)LJXUH 7UHQFK ZDOO GLVSODFHPHQW EHIRUH DQG DIWHU DGGLQJ VXUIDFH ORDG
7KH D[LV UDQJHV DQG WLWOHV FDQ EH PRGLILHG E\ ULJKW FOLFNLQJ RQ WKH JUDSK DQG VHOHFWLQJ &KDUW 3URSHUWLHV 7KDW LV OHIW DV DQ RSWLRQDO H[HUFLVH IRU WKH XVHU WR FRPSOHWH 7KDW FRQFOXGHV WKLV WXWRULDO IXUWKHU H[HUFLVHV EDVHG RQ WKLV PRGHO DUH VXJJHVWHG EHORZ
118
Additional Exercises
Single Stage Model
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
)LJXUH 6XUIDFH H[FDYDWLRQ PRGHO VLQJOH VWDJH YHUVLRQ
119
:KHQ \RX UXQ WKH DQDO\VLV WKH UHVXOWV VKRXOG EH YLUWXDOO\ LGHQWLFDO WR WKH WKLUG VWDJH UHVXOWV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV WXWRULDO VLQFH WKH DQDO\VLV LQ ERWK FDVHV LV HODVWLF ,I ZH ZHUH GRLQJ D SODVWLF DQDO\VLV WKLV ZRXOG QRW QHFHVVDULO\ EH WKH FDVH
Adding a Liner
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
External Boundary Distance from Excavations

,I \RX JR EDFN DQG H[DPLQH WKH FRQWRXU SORWV 6LJPD 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU 'LVSODFHPHQW LQ WKLV WXWRULDO \RX ZLOO VHH WKDW WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ LV DFWXDOO\ LQIOXHQFLQJ WKH FRQWRXUV HVSHFLDOO\ DW WKH OHIW HGJH DQG ERWWRP HGJH RI WKH ERXQGDU\ )RU H[DPSOH WKH 6LJPD FRQWRXUV DW WKH ORZHU HGJH RI WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ VKRXOG EH KRUL]RQWDO IRU D JUDYLW\ VWUHVV ILHOG EXW WKH\ DUH QRW 7KLV WHOOV XV WKDW WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ LV WRR FORVH WR WKH H[FDYDWLRQV DQG LV DFWXDOO\ UHVWULFWLQJ PRYHPHQW
120
5HGR WKH VWDJHG DQDO\VLV ZLWK D ODUJHU H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ )RU H[DPSOH LQ WKH IROORZLQJ ILJXUH WKH OHIW ULJKW DQG ERWWRP HGJHV DUH ORFDWHG DW [ [ DQG \ UHVSHFWLYHO\
)LJXUH 0RGLILHG H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ IRU VXUIDFH H[FDYDWLRQ WXWRULDO

<RX ZLOO ILQG WKDW 7KH 6LJPD FRQWRXUV EHFRPH KRUL]RQWDO DW D FHUWDLQ GLVWDQFH EHORZ WKH H[FDYDWLRQV ZKLFK LV DSSURSULDWH IRU D JUDYLW\ VWUHVV ILHOG 7KH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQWV DUH JUHDWHU DW HDFK VWDJH DV LQGLFDWHG LQ WKH WDEOH EHORZ ORIGINAL BOUNDARY Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 .0029 .0045 .0171 EXTENDED BOUNDARY .0035 .0063 .0184
7DEOH 0D[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW P DW HDFK VWDJH IRU RULJLQDO DQG H[WHQGHG H[WHUQDO ERXQGDULHV
,Q JHQHUDO WKH H[WHQGHG ERXQGDU\ LV IDU HQRXJK DZD\ WR EHWWHU VLPXODWH LQILQLWH FRQGLWLRQV DQG VKRXOG QR ORQJHU LQIOXHQFH WKH UHVXOWV QHDU WKH H[FDYDWLRQV
Joint Tutorial
121
Joint Tutorial
10 MPa 10 MPa
- 27.5 , 3.5 - 2.5 , 0
2.5 , 0
27.5 , 3.5
Model
7KLV WXWRULDO LQYROYHV D FLUFXODU RSHQLQJ RI PHWHU UDGLXV WR EH H[FDYDWHG FORVH WR D KRUL]RQWDO SODQH RI ZHDNQHVV MRLQW ORFDWHG PHWHUV DERYH WKH FHQWHU RI WKH FLUFXODU RSHQLQJ
122
)RU WKLV DQDO\VLV WKH URFN PDVV LV DVVXPHG WR EH HODVWLF EXW WKH MRLQW ZLOO EH DOORZHG WR VOLS LOOXVWUDWLQJ WKH HIIHFW RI D SODQH RI ZHDNQHVV RQ WKH HODVWLF VWUHVV GLVWULEXWLRQ QHDU DQ RSHQLQJ 7KLV H[DPSOH LV EDVHG RQ WKH RQH SUHVHQWHG RQ SJ RI %UDG\ DQG %URZQ 5RFN 0HFKDQLFV IRU 8QGHUJURXQG 0LQLQJ FRQVXOW WKLV UHIHUHQFH IRU IXUWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ ,I \RX KDYH QRW DOUHDG\ GRQH VR VWDUW WKH 3+$6( 02'(/ SURJUDP E\ VHOHFWLQJ 3URJUDPV5RFVFLHQFH 3KDVH3KDVH IURP WKH 6WDUW PHQX
Limits
/HWV ILUVW VHW WKH GUDZLQJ OLPLWV RI WKH UHJLRQ VR WKDW WKH OLPLWV HQFRPSDVV WKH PRGHO JHRPHWU\
6HOHFW 9LHZ /LPLWV

7KHVH OLPLWV ZLOO PRUH RU OHVV FHQWHU WKH FLUFXODU RSHQLQJ LQ WKH GUDZLQJ UHJLRQ ZKHQ \RX HQWHU LW DV GHVFULEHG EHORZ
Joint Tutorial
123
Entering Boundaries
)LUVW FUHDWH WKH FLUFXODU H[FDYDWLRQ DV IROORZV

%\ HQWHULQJ D DW WKLV ILUVW SURPSW \RX FDQ HDVLO\ HQWHU D FLUFOH RU DUF DW WKH IROORZLQJ SURPSWV
Number of segments in arc <20>: enter 32 Enter first arc point[esc=quit]: 2.5 0 Enter second arc point[u=undo, esc=quit]: -2.5 0 Enter third arc point[u=undo, esc=quit]: c
%\ HQWHULQJ F DW WKH ODVW SURPSW WKH DUF FORVHV RQ LWVHOI DQG IRUPV D FLUFOH ZLWK D GLDPHWHU GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ WKH ILUVW DQG VHFRQG SRLQWV LQ WKLV FDVH PHWHUV 7KH FLUFXODU H[FDYDWLRQ KDV EHHQ HQWHUHG VR \RX FDQ QRZ DGG WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\

Boundary Type = Box
(QWHU DQ ([SDQVLRQ )DFWRU RI DQG VHOHFW 2. DQG WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ ZLOO EH DXWRPDWLFDOO\ FUHDWHG <RX FDQ QRZ DGG WKH MRLQW WR WKH PRGHO
6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG -RLQW
124
Enter vertex [esc=quit]: -30 3.5 Enter vertex [u=undo,esc=quit]: 30 3.5 Enter vertex [enter=done,u=undo,esc=quit]: press Enter
1RWLFH WKDW WKH WZR SRLQWV GHILQLQJ WKH MRLQW ZHUH DFWXDOO\ HQWHUHG MXVW RXWVLGH RI WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ DQG 3+$6( DXWRPDWLFDOO\ LQWHUVHFWHG WKH ERXQGDULHV DQG DGGHG QHZ YHUWLFHV 7KLV FDSDELOLW\ RI 3+$6( LV YHU\ XVHIXO IRU H[DPSOH ZKHQ
PHASE2 automatically intersects boundaries and adds vertices when required.
WKH XVHU GRHV QRW NQRZ WKH H[DFW LQWHUVHFWLRQ RI WZR OLQHV WKH DXWRPDWLF LQWHUVHFWLRQ FDSDELOLW\ RI 3+$6( VDYHV WKH XVHU WKH WURXEOH RI KDYLQJ WR FDOFXODWH VXFK LQWHUVHFWLRQV RU ZKHQ QHZ YHUWLFHV DUH UHTXLUHG DW NQRZQ ORFDWLRQV WKH\ FDQ EH FUHDWHG DXWRPDWLFDOO\ UDWKHU WKDQ PDQXDOO\ ZLWK WKH $GG 9HUWLFHV RSWLRQ
1RWH \RX FRXOG KDYH HQWHUHG DQG DW WKH DERYH SURPSWV LH SRLQWV H[DFWO\ RQ WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ DQG DFKLHYHG WKH VDPH UHVXOW +RZHYHU WR EH RQ WKH VDIH VLGH ZH HQWHUHG SRLQWV VOLJKWO\ EH\RQG WKH ERXQGDU\ WR HQVXUH LQWHUVHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH QHZO\ HQWHUHG MRLQW ERXQGDU\ DQG WKH H[LVWLQJ H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ $OO ERXQGDULHV KDYH QRZ EHHQ HQWHUHG VR ZH FDQ JR DKHDG DQG PHVK WKH PRGHO
Meshing
:H ZLOO QRZ SURFHHG WR JHQHUDWH WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQW PHVK ,Q 3+$6( PHVKLQJ LV D VLPSOH WZRVWHS SURFHVV )LUVW \RX PXVW ',6&5(7,=( WKH ERXQGDULHV DQG WKHQ WKH 0(6+ FDQ EH JHQHUDWHG
Joint Tutorial
125
7KLV ZLOO DXWRPDWLFDOO\ GLVFUHWL]H DOO RI WKH PRGHO ERXQGDULHV 7KH GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ IRUPV WKH IUDPHZRUN IRU WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQW PHVK 1RWLFH WKH VXPPDU\ RI GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ VKRZQ LQ WKH VWDWXV EDU LQGLFDWLQJ WKH QXPEHU RI GLVFUHWL]DWLRQV IRU HDFK ERXQGDU\ W\SH
Discretizations: Excavation=64, External=90, Joint=64
1RWH WKDW WKH RI H[FDYDWLRQ GLVFUHWL]DWLRQV ZKLFK LV WZLFH WKH QXPEHU RI OLQH VHJPHQWV HQWHUHG IRU WKH H[FDYDWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH HDFK OLQH VHJPHQW RI WKH H[FDYDWLRQ ZLOO KDYH WZR ILQLWH HOHPHQWV RQ LW ZKHQ WKH PHVK LV JHQHUDWHG 7KH GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ LV EDVHG RQ WKH 0HVK 6HWXS SDUDPHWHUV ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH GHIDXOW SDUDPHWHUV ZHUH XVHG 6HH SUHYLRXV WXWRULDOV IRU D GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH 0HVK 6HWXS RSWLRQ 1RZ VHOHFW WKH 0HVK RSWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH 0HVK PHQX WR JHQHUDWH WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQW PHVK
6HOHFW 0HVK 0HVK

7KH ILQLWH HOHPHQW PHVK LV JHQHUDWHG ZLWK QR IXUWKHU LQWHUYHQWLRQ E\ WKH XVHU :KHQ ILQLVKHG WKH VWDWXV EDU ZLOO LQGLFDWH WKH QXPEHU RI HOHPHQWV DQG QRGHV LQ WKH PHVK
,I \RX KDYH IROORZHG WKH VWHSV FRUUHFWO\ VR IDU \RX VKRXOG JHW H[DFWO\ WKH VDPH QXPEHU RI QRGHV DQG HOHPHQWV DV LQGLFDWHG DERYH
Boundary Conditions
)RU WKLV WXWRULDO QR ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQV QHHG WR EH VSHFLILHG E\ WKH XVHU WKHUHIRUH WKH GHIDXOW ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQ ZLOO EH LQ HIIHFW ZKLFK LV D IL[HG LH ]HUR GLVSODFHPHQW FRQGLWLRQ IRU WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\
126
Field Stress
:H ZLOO EH XVLQJ WKH GHIDXOW ILHOG VWUHVV IRU WKLV PRGHO ZKLFK LV D FRQVWDQW K\GURVWDWLF VWUHVV ILHOG ZLWK 6LJPD 6LJPD 6LJPD = 0SD 7KHUHIRUH \RX GR QRW KDYH WR HQWHU DQ\ ILHOG VWUHVV SDUDPHWHUV WKH YDOXHV ZH ZDQW DUH DOUHDG\ LQ HIIHFW
Properties
7KH SURSHUWLHV RI WKH URFNPDVV DQG WKH MRLQW PXVW QRZ EH HQWHUHG
Enter:
Name = default Init.El.Ld.=Fld Stress Only Material Type = Isotropic Youngs Modulus = 20000
Poissons Ratio = 0.25

Tens. Strength = 0
Failure Crit. = Mohr Coul. Material Type = Elastic Fric. Angle (peak) = 35 Cohesion (peak) = 10.5
:LWK WKH ILUVW GHIDXOW WDE VHOHFWHG LQ WKH 'HILQH 0DWHULDO 3URSHUWLHV GLDORJ HQWHU WKH DERYH SURSHUWLHV RQO\ D 3RLVVRQV UDWLR RI QHHGV WR EH HQWHUHG DOO RWKHU SURSHUWLHV VKRXOG EH DW WKH FRUUHFW YDOXHV
Joint Tutorial
127
<RX KDYH MXVW GHILQHG WKH URFNPDVV SURSHUWLHV QRZ GR WKH VDPH IRU WKH MRLQW SURSHUWLHV
6HOHFW 3URSHUWLHV 'HILQH -RLQWV
Enter:
Name = default Normal Stiffness = 250000 Shear Stiffness = 100000 Joint Aperture = 0.1
Slip Criterion = Mohr Coul.

Tensile Strength = 0
Friction Angle = 20 Initial Joint Def. = off
Cohesion = 0
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
128
)LJXUH )LQLVKHG PRGHO 3+$6( -RLQW 7XWRULDO
Compute
%HIRUH \RX DQDO\]H \RXU PRGHO VDYH LW DV D ILOH FDOOHG MRLQWIHD
6HOHFW )LOH 6DYH

6HOHFW )LOH &RPSXWH

Joint Tutorial
129
Interpret

7KLV ZLOO VWDUW WKH 3+$6( ,17(535(7 SURJUDP )LUVW OHWV ]RRP LQ VR WKDW ZH FDQ JHW D EHWWHU ORRN DW ZKDWV JRLQJ RQ QHDU WKH H[FDYDWLRQ

7KDW ]RRPV XV LQ D ELW WRR FORVH VR VHOHFW WKH =RRP 2XW EXWWRQ RQ WKH =RRP WRROEDU WLPHV WR ]RRP EDFN RXW D ELW
6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP 2XW

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

1RWLFH WKH GLVFRQWLQXLW\ RI WKH VWUHQJWK IDFWRU FRQWRXUV DERYH DQG EHORZ WKH MRLQW 1RZ YLHZ WKH GLVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXUV
130
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
Joint Yielding
6R QRZ ZH DVN ZKDW LV FDXVLQJ WKLV SHUWXUEDWLRQ RI WKH FRQWRXUV LQ WKH YLFLQLW\ RI WKH MRLQW" :H ZLOO ILQG RXW LI ZH YLHZ WKH \LHOGHG MRLQW HOHPHQWV )LUVW VZLWFK EDFN WR YLHZLQJ 6LJPD DJDLQ 7KHQ VHOHFW WKH <LHOGHG -RLQWV EXWWRQ LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU 7KH \LHOGHG MRLQW HOHPHQWV DUH KLJKOLJKWHG LQ UHG RQ WKH PRGHO DQG WKH QXPEHU RI \LHOGHG HOHPHQWV LV GLVSOD\HG LQ WKH VWDWXV EDU
15 Yielded joint elements
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
Joint Tutorial
131
/HWV MXVW TXLFNO\ YHULI\ WKDW WKHUH DUH \LHOGHG MRLQW HOHPHQWV 5LJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW 'LVSOD\ 2SWLRQV ,Q WKH 'LVSOD\ 2SWLRQV GLDORJ VHOHFW 'LVFUHWL]DWLRQV DQG VHOHFW 'RQH <RX FDQ QRZ FRXQW WKH \LHOGHG MRLQW HOHPHQWV DQG WKHUH DUH LQ IDFW LQ WKH OHIW \LHOGHG UHJLRQ DQG LQ WKH ULJKW 7RJJOH RII WKH GLVSOD\ RI 'LVFUHWL]DWLRQV LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ RSWLRQV GLDORJ
Graphing Joint Data

*UDSKV RI QRUPDO VWUHVV VKHDU VWUHVV QRUPDO GLVSODFHPHQW DQG VKHDU GLVSODFHPHQW FDQ EH HDVLO\ REWDLQHG IRU MRLQWV XVLQJ WKH *UDSK -RLQW 'DWD RSWLRQ
6HOHFW *UDSK *UDSK -RLQW 'DWD

6LQFH WKHUH LV RQO\ RQH MRLQW LQ WKH PRGHO LW LV DXWRPDWLFDOO\ VHOHFWHG DQG \RX ZLOO VHH WKH *UDSK -RLQW 'DWD GLDORJ
The Graph Joint Data option is also available if you right-click on a joint.
-XVW VHOHFW &UHDWH 3ORW WR JHQHUDWH D SORW RI 1RUPDO 6WUHVV DORQJ WKH OHQJWK RI WKH MRLQW
132
)LJXUH 1RUPDO VWUHVV DORQJ MRLQW

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
Joint Tutorial
133
,W LV OHIW DV DQ RSWLRQDO H[HUFLVH WR FUHDWH JUDSKV RI QRUPDO GLVSODFHPHQW DQG VKHDU GLVSODFHPHQW IRU WKH MRLQW DQG YHULI\ WKDW WKH VKDSH RI WKH JUDSKV FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH QRUPDO DQG VKHDU VWUHVV SORWV 1RUPDO DQG VKHDU GLVSODFHPHQW IRU MRLQWV UHIHUV WR WKH UHODWLYH PRYHPHQW RI QRGHV RQ RSSRVLWH VLGHV RI WKH MRLQW
Additional Exercise
Critical Friction Angle for Slip
&DOFXODWLRQV LQ %UDG\ %URZQ LQGLFDWH WKDW LI WKH DQJOH RI IULFWLRQ IRU WKH SODQH RI ZHDNQHVV H[FHHGV DERXW QR VOLS LV SUHGLFWHG RQ WKH SODQH DQG WKH HODVWLF VWUHVV GLVWULEXWLRQ FDQ EH PDLQWDLQHG $V DQ H[HUFLVH UXQ WKH DQDO\VLV XVLQJ DQJOHV RI IULFWLRQ IRU WKH MRLQW RI WR GHJUHHV DQG WKHQ XVH WKH <LHOGHG -RLQWV RSWLRQ DV GHVFULEHG DERYH WR FKHFN WKH VOLS RQ WKH MRLQW <RX VKRXOG ILQG WKH UHVXOWV EHORZ Number of yielded joint elements 15 12 10 2 0
Angle of friction for joint 20 21 22 23 24
7DEOH (IIHFW RI MRLQW IULFWLRQ DQJOH RQ MRLQW VOLS

7KH UHVXOWV DERYH FRQILUP WKDW WKH FULWLFDO DQJOH IRU MRLQW VOLS LV DURXQG GHJUHHV
134
Reference for Tutorial 5

%UDG\ %+* DQG %URZQ (7 5RFN 0HFKDQLFV IRU 8QGHUJURXQG 0LQLQJ *HRUJH $OOHQ 8QZLQ /RQGRQ SS
Axisymmetry Tutorial
135
0 , 18 10 MPa 0 , 12 10 MPa 0,6 28 , 18
0,0
4,0
x=0 (axis of symmetry)
user-defined external boundary
4 , 24
12 , 24
20 , 24
28 , 24
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
136
$ IHZ UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI VLPSOH D[LV\PPHWULF PRGHOV DUH VKRZQ EHORZ
x=0
x=0
a) sphere
b) cylinder
x=0
x=0
c) open cylinder
d) infinite cylinder
)LJXUH 6LPSOH D[LV\PPHWULF PRGHOV )RU D E DQG F WKH OHIW HGJH RI HDFK ERXQGDU\ LV FRLQFLGHQW ZLWK WKH ; YHUWLFDO D[LV )RU G WKH ERXQGDU\ LV GLVSODFHG IURP WKH ; D[LV WKHUHIRUH PRGHOLQJ DQ LQILQLWH WXQQHO HTXLYDOHQW WR D FLUFXODU KROH LQ D SODQH VWUDLQ DQDO\VLV $SSURSULDWH ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQV PXVW DOVR EH DSSOLHG WR FRPSOHWH WKH PRGHOLQJ
137
1RWH WKDW RQO\ DQ H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ LV QHFHVVDU\ WR GHILQH DQ D[LV\PPHWULF PRGHO WKH H[FDYDWLRQ LV LPSOLFLWO\ GHILQHG E\ WKH VKDSH DQG ORFDWLRQ UHODWLYH WR WKH [ D[LV RI WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ 7KH D[LV RI URWDWLRQ LV DOZD\V WKH ; YHUWLFDO D[LV <RXU PRGHO PXVW DOZD\V EH PDSSHG WR ILW WKLV FRQYHQWLRQ UHJDUGOHVV RI WKH DFWXDO RULHQWDWLRQ RI WKH H[FDYDWLRQ %HFDXVH RI WKH V\PPHWU\ RQO\ KDOI RI WKH SUREOHP QHHGV WR EH GHILQHG
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
138
Model
2XU D[LV\PPHWULF PRGHO ZLOO UHSUHVHQW WKH HQG RI D FLUFXODU WXQQHO :H ZLOO REWDLQ UHVXOWV QRW RQO\ DURXQG WKH HQG RI WKH WXQQHO EXW DOVR DORQJ LWV OHQJWK ZKHUH WKH FRQGLWLRQV DUH HIIHFWLYHO\ SODQH VWUDLQ :H ZLOO ODWHU YHULI\ WKHVH UHVXOWV E\ FRPSDULQJ ZLWK D SODQH VWUDLQ DQDO\VLV
Limits
/HWV ILUVW VHW WKH GUDZLQJ OLPLWV VR WKDW WKH\ HQFRPSDVV WKH FRRUGLQDWHV \RX ZLOO EH HQWHULQJ IRU WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\
6HOHFW 9LHZ /LPLWV

7KHVH OLPLWV ZLOO DOORZ \RX WR VHH WKH HQWLUH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ DV \RX DUH HQWHULQJ LW
Job Control
7KH QH[W VWHS LV WR VHOHFW -RE &RQWURO DQG WRJJOH WKH 0HWKRG WR $[LV\PPHWULF
139
Enter:
Project Name = (optional) Number of Stages = 1 Max. # of iterations = 500 Tolerance = 0.001
Method = Axisymmetric
Solver Type = Gauss. Elim.
# Load Steps = Auto
,Q WKH -RE &RQWURO GLDORJ WRJJOH WKH 0HWKRG WR $[LV\PPHWULF DQG VHOHFW 2.
Entering Boundaries
6LQFH RQO\ DQ H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ LV UHTXLUHG WR GHILQH DQ D[LV\PPHWULF SUREOHP LQ 3+$6( SURFHHG GLUHFWO\ WR WKH $GG ([WHUQDO RSWLRQ UDWKHU WKDQ WKH XVXDO SURFHGXUH RI ILUVW DGGLQJ H[FDYDWLRQV

<RX ZLOO VHH D ZDUQLQJ GLDORJ 6LQFH WKHUH DUH QR H[FDYDWLRQV GHILQHG \RX PXVW HQWHU D 8VHU 'HILQHG H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ WKH DXWRPDWLFDOO\ JHQHUDWHG H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ W\SHV DUH RQO\ DSSOLFDEOH ZKHQ H[FDYDWLRQV H[LVW -XVW VHOHFW <HV DQG HQWHU WKH IROORZLQJ FRRUGLQDWHV DW WKH SURPSWV
140
Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter
vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex
[esc=quit]: 28 18 [u=undo,esc=quit]: 0 18 [u=undo,esc=quit]: 0 12 [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]:
0 6 0 0 4 0 4 -24 12 -24 20 -24 28 -24 c
7KLV LV WKH RQO\ ERXQGDU\ UHTXLUHG IRU WKH SUREOHP VR ZH FDQ SURFHHG WR WKH PHVKLQJ
Meshing
$V XVXDO ZH ZLOO GLVFUHWL]H DQG PHVK WKH PRGHO +RZHYHU ZH ZLOO ILUVW FRQILJXUH RQH RI WKH 0HVK 6HWXS SDUDPHWHUV
6HOHFW 0HVK 6HWXS
Enter: # External Nodes = 60

Mesh Type = Graded Elem. Type = 3 Noded Tri.
,Q WKH 0HVK 6HWXS GLDORJ HQWHU WKH ([WHUQDO %RXQGDU\ 1RGHV DQG VHOHFW 2. 1RWLFH WKDW WKH 0HVK 6HWXS GLDORJ QRUPDOO\ DVNV \RX IRU WKH ([FDYDWLRQ 1RGHV +RZHYHU IRU PRGHOV ZKLFK KDYH QR H[SOLFLWO\ GHILQHG H[FDYDWLRQV VXFK DV WKLV RQH WKH ([WHUQDO %RXQGDU\ 1RGHV LV HQWHUHG LQVWHDG $OVR WKH *UDGDWLRQ )DFWRU LV QRW DSSOLFDEOH ZKHQ WKHUH DUH QR H[FDYDWLRQV
141
1RZ ZH FDQ GLVFUHWL]H WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\

7KH VWDWXV EDU ZLOO LQGLFDWH WKH DFWXDO QXPEHU RI GLVFUHWL]DWLRQV FUHDWHG LQ WKLV FDVH H[DFWO\ WKH VDPH DV WKH QXPEHU \RX HQWHUHG LQ WKH 0HVK 6HWXS GLDORJ
Discretizations: External=60
1RWH WKDW WKLV LV D IDLUO\ FRDUVH GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ 7KH ERXQGDU\ VHJPHQWV ZKLFK DUH SDUW RI RU DGMDFHQW WR WKH H[FDYDWLRQ ZLOO UHTXLUH D PXFK ILQHU GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ :H FDQ GR WKLV ZLWK WKH &XVWRP 'LVFUHWL]H RSWLRQ
Custom Discretization
Select Segments to Discretize [enter=done, esc=quit]: use the mouse to select the long edge of the tunnel ie. the long vertical segment at the lower left of the external boundary. Right-click and select Done Selection, or just press Enter.
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
CUSTOM DISCRETIZATION
142
Mesh
1RZ VHOHFW WKH 0HVK RSWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH 0HVK PHQX DQG WKH PHVK ZLOO EH JHQHUDWHG EDVHG RQ WKH GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ \RX MXVW FUHDWHG
6HOHFW 0HVK 0HVK

7KH VWDWXV EDU ZLOO LQGLFDWH WKH WRWDO QXPEHU RI HOHPHQWV DQG QRGHV LQ WKH PHVK
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
Boundary Conditions
,Q PRVW RI WKH WXWRULDOV VR IDU ZH KDYH QRW EHHQ VSHFLI\LQJ DQ\ ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQV :H ZHUH XVLQJ WKH GHIDXOW ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQ ZKLFK LV D IL[HG ]HUR GLVSODFHPHQW H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ )RU DQ D[LV\PPHWULF PRGHO WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQV DUH YHU\ LPSRUWDQW DQG PXVW EH XVHU VSHFLILHG :H FDQQRW VLPSO\ OHDYH WKH ERXQGDU\ IL[HG RU HOVH QRWKLQJ ZRXOG KDSSHQ LH QR GLVSODFHPHQWV FRXOG WDNH SODFH )LUVW OHWV IUHH WKH WXQQHO ERXQGDULHV DV ZHOO DV WKH ERXQGDU\ VHJPHQWV DORQJ WKH [ D[LV
DISPLACEMENT BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
143
6HOHFW 5HVWUDLQWV )UHH

Select segments to free [enter=done, esc=quit]: Use the mouse to select the 5 segments marked FREE in the margin figure on the previous page. When finished, right-click and select Done Selection, or press Enter.
7KH WULDQJXODU SLQ V\PEROV DUH QRZ JRQH IURP WKH VHOHFWHG ERXQGDU\ VHJPHQWV LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW WKH\ DUH IUHH WR PRYH ZLWK QR UHVWULFWLRQ LQ DQ\ GLUHFWLRQ 1RZ ZH KDYH WR VSHFLI\ WKH ERXQGDU\ VHJPHQWV DORQJ WKH ERWWRP DV UHVWUDLQHG LQ WKH < GLUHFWLRQ EXW IUHH WR PRYH LQ WKH ; GLUHFWLRQ
6HOHFW 5HVWUDLQWV 5HVWUDLQ <

Select segments to restrain in the Y direction [enter=done,esc=quit]: Use the mouse to select the three segments marked FIXED Y in the margin figure on the previous page. Right-click and select Done Selection, or press Enter.
2EVHUYH WKDW WKH WULDQJXODU SLQV RQ WKH ERWWRP VHJPHQWV KDYH EHHQ UHSODFHG E\ KRUL]RQWDO UROOHUV 1RZ ZH KDYH D ELW RI WLG\LQJ XS WR GR
6HOHFW 5HVWUDLQWV 5HVWUDLQ ;<

5LJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW %RXQGDU\ 1RGH IURP WKH SRSXS PHQX 7KLV ZLOO FKDQJH WKH PRGH RI UHVWUDLQW DSSOLFDWLRQ IURP ERXQGDU\ VHJPHQWV WR ERXQGDU\ QRGHV 7KH PRGH FDQ DOVR EH FKDQJHG LQ WKH 5HVWUDLQWV 2SWLRQV GLDORJ 6HOHFW WKH XSSHU OHIW FRUQHU RI WKH PRGHO LH WKH YHUWH[ DW $ WULDQJXODU SLQ V\PERO VKRXOG DSSHDU DW WKH YHUWH[ UHSODFLQJ WKH UROOHU V\PERO
144
6HOHFW WKH ORZHU ULJKW FRUQHU RI WKH PRGHO LH WKH YHUWH[ DW $ WULDQJXODU SLQ V\PERO VKRXOG DSSHDU DW WKH YHUWH[ 3UHVV (VFDSH RU ULJKWFOLFN DQG VHOHFW &DQFHO 7KH DERYH VWHSV ZHUH QHFHVVDU\ VLQFH WKH XSSHU OHIW DQG ORZHU ULJKW YHUWLFHV UHTXLUHG D 5HVWUDLQHG ;< FRQGLWLRQ 7KLV OHDGV XV WR DQ LPSRUWDQW SRLQW DIWHU DSSO\LQJ UHVWUDLQWV WR ERXQGDU\ VHJPHQWV \RX VKRXOG DOZD\V FKHFN WKDW QRGHV DW WKH HQGV RI VHJPHQWV KDYH WKH FRUUHFW FRQGLWLRQV DSSOLHG
Field Stress
)RU WKLV H[DPSOH ZH ZLOO EH XVLQJ WKH GHIDXOW K\GURVWDWLF VWUHVV ILHOG RI 03D +RZHYHU OHWV ORRN DW WKH ILHOG VWUHVV RSWLRQ WR VHH KRZ DQ D[LV\PPHWULF ILHOG VWUHVV LV VSHFLILHG
6HOHFW /RDGLQJ )OG 6WUHVV

2QO\ WZR LQGHSHQGHQW SULQFLSDO VWUHVVHV +RUL]RQWDO DQG 9HUWLFDO DUH VSHFLILHG IRU DQ D[LV\PPHWULF SUREOHP DQG QR DQJOH LV DOORZHG 6HOHFW 2. RU &DQFHO 1RWH WKH IROORZLQJ FRUUHVSRQGHQFHV EHWZHHQ 3ODQH 6WUDLQ DQG $[LV\PPHWULF ILHOG VWUHVV DV GHILQHG LQ 3+$6( PLANE STRAIN Sigma 1 (in-plane) Sigma 3 (in-plane) Sigma Z (out-of-plane) Angle AXISYMMETRIC Horizontal stress Horizontal stress Vertical stress not applicable
7DEOH (TXLYDOHQW SODQH VWUDLQ DQG D[LV\PPHWULF ILHOG VWUHVV FRPSRQHQWV
145
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
Properties
Enter:
Name = default Init.El.Ld.=Fld Stress Only Material Type = Isotropic Youngs Modulus = 20000 Poissons Ratio = 0.2 Failure Crit. = Mohr Coul. Material Type = Elastic Tens. Strength = 0 Fric. Angle (peak) = 35 Cohesion (peak) = 10.5
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
146
)LJXUH )LQLVKHG PRGHO 3+$6( $[LV\PPHWULF 7XWRULDO
Compute
%HIRUH \RX DQDO\]H \RXU PRGHO VDYH LW DV D ILOH FDOOHG D[LIHD
6HOHFW )LOH 6DYH

6HOHFW )LOH &RPSXWH

147
Interpret

Sigma 1
2Q WKH 6LJPD FRQWRXUV QRWLFH WKH VWUHVV FRQFHQWUDWLRQ DW WKH FRUQHU RI WKH WXQQHO UHPHPEHU WKH WXQQHO LV FLUFXODU 7RJJOH WKH VWUHVV WUDMHFWRULHV RQ E\ VHOHFWLQJ WKH 6WUHVV 7UDMHFWRULHV EXWWRQ LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU 7KH SULQFLSDO VWUHVV WUDMHFWRULHV LOOXVWUDWH WKH VWUHVV IORZ DURXQG WKH HQG RI WKH WXQQHO
)LJXUH 3ULQFLSDO VWUHVV WUDMHFWRULHV DURXQG D[LV\PPHWULF H[FDYDWLRQ
148
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
Displacement
1RZ OHWV YLHZ WKH GLVSODFHPHQWV

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
149
)LJXUH 'LVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXUV DQG YHFWRUV DURXQG D[LV\PPHWULF H[FDYDWLRQ

7RJJOH WKH GHIRUPDWLRQ YHFWRUV RII E\ VHOHFWLQJ WKH 'HIRUPDWLRQ 9HFWRUV EXWWRQ LQ WKH 'LVSOD\ WRROEDU
Query Data
3+$6( DOORZV WKH XVHU WR TXHU\ GDWD DQ\ZKHUH LQ WKH URFNPDVV WR REWDLQ YDOXHV LQWHUSRODWHG IURP WKH FRQWRXU SORWV $ TXHU\ FDQ EH D VLQJOH SRLQW D OLQH VHJPHQW RU DQ\ DUELWUDU\ SRO\OLQH /HWV ILUVW FUHDWH D TXHU\ DORQJ WKH OHQJWK RI WKH WXQQHO

,W ZLOO EH KDQG\ WR XVH WKH 9HUWH[ VQDS RSWLRQ VR ULJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW 9HUWH[ 6QDS 8VH WKH PRXVH WR VHOHFW WKH YHUWH[ DW 8VH WKH PRXVH WR VHOHFW WKH YHUWH[ DW
150
5LJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW 'RQH <RX ZLOO VHH WKH IROORZLQJ GLDORJ
(QWHU ORFDWLRQV WRJJOH RII 'LVSOD\ 4XHULHG 9DOXHV DQG VHOHFW 2. $ TXHU\ KDV QRZ EHHQ FUHDWHG DORQJ WKH OHQJWK RI WKH WXQQHO 7KH ORFDWLRQV DW ZKLFK GDWD ZLOO EH JHQHUDWHG DUH LQGLFDWHG E\ EODFN FURVV PDUNHUV
Graphing a Query
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
151
)LJXUH 7RWDO GLVSODFHPHQW DORQJ OHQJWK RI WXQQHO

$V \RX FDQ VHH WKH GLVSODFHPHQW OHYHOV RII DQG EHFRPHV FRQVWDQW DW D FHUWDLQ GLVWDQFH DZD\ IURP WKH WXQQHO IDFH 7KLV FXUYH LV XVHIXO LQ WKDW LW DOORZV XV WR VHH WKH GLVWDQFH DW ZKLFK HQG HIIHFWV FDQ EH LJQRUHG DQG SODQH VWUDLQ FRQGLWLRQV FDQ EH DVVXPHG $OVR WKLV FXUYH FDQ EH XVHG WR HVWLPDWH WKH ORDG VSOLW DV GHVFULEHG LQ WKH 6XSSRUW 7XWRULDO 6WHS
Deleting a Query
4XHULHV DUH GHOHWHG ZLWK WKH 'HOHWH 0DWHULDO 4XHU\ RSWLRQ +RZHYHU D FRQYHQLHQW VKRUWFXW WR GHOHWH D VLQJOH TXHU\ LV WR VLPSO\ ULJKWFOLFN RQ WKH TXHU\ DQG VHOHFW 'HOHWH 4XHU\ )LUVW FORVH WKH JUDSK LI \RX DUH VWLOO YLHZLQJ LW 5LJKWFOLFN RQ WKH TXHU\ DQG VHOHFW 'HOHWH 4XHU\ DQG WKH TXHU\ ZLOO EH UHPRYHG IURP WKH PRGHO
152
Graphing Multiple Queries

1RZ OHWV FUHDWH WZR PRUH TXHULHV WKLV WLPH SHUSHQGLFXODU WR WKH WXQQHO DQG SORW WKHP RQ WKH VDPH JUDSK

7KH YHUWH[ VQDS RSWLRQ VKRXOG VWLOO EH LQ HIIHFW VR XVH WKH PRXVH WR VHOHFW WKH YHUWH[ DW DQG WKHQ VHOHFW WKH YHUWH[ DW 5LJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW 'RQH ,Q WKH 6SHFLI\ 4XHU\ /RFDWLRQV GLDORJ DJDLQ HQWHU ORFDWLRQV WRJJOH RII 'LVSOD\ TXHULHG YDOXHV DQG VHOHFW 2. $GG DQRWKHU TXHU\

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
6HOHFW *UDSK *UDSK 0DWHULDO 4XHULHV
153
6HOHFW WKH WZR TXHULHV E\ FOLFNLQJ RQ WKHP ZLWK WKH OHIW PRXVH EXWWRQ $OWHUQDWLYHO\ \RX FRXOG ULJKWFOLFN WKH PRXVH DQG VHOHFW 6HOHFW $OO IURP WKH SRSXS PHQX 5LJKWFOLFN DQG VHOHFW *UDSK 6HOHFWHG RU MXVW SUHVV (QWHU DQG \RX VKRXOG VHH WKH IROORZLQJ JUDSK
)LJXUH 7RWDO GLVSODFHPHQW SHUSHQGLFXODU WR WXQQHO DW IDFH ORZHU FXUYH DQG DW PHWHUV IURP IDFH XSSHU FXUYH
7KH WRWDO GLVSODFHPHQW GHFUHDVHV DV ZH PRYH DZD\ IURP WKH WXQQHO 1RWH WKH WRWDO GLVSODFHPHQW DORQJ WKH ORZHU ERXQGDU\ LV H[DFWO\ HTXLYDOHQW WR WKH ; GLVSODFHPHQW VLQFH WKH < GLVSODFHPHQW DORQJ WKLV ERXQGDU\ LV ]HUR ,I \RX JUDSKHG WKLV TXHU\ ZKLOH YLHZLQJ ; GLVSODFHPHQW LQVWHDG RI 7RWDO GLVSODFHPHQW \RX FRXOG YHULI\ WKLV IRU \RXUVHOI 7KH WRWDO GLVSODFHPHQW FXUYH DW WKH IDFH RI WKH WXQQHO LQFOXGHV ERWK ; DQG < GLVSODFHPHQW FRPSRQHQWV
154
Writing a Query to a File

)LQDOO\ OHWV VDYH RQH RI WKH TXHULHV WR D ILOH XVLQJ WKH :ULWH 4XHU\ )LOH RSWLRQ
6HOHFW 4XHU\ :ULWH 4XHU\ )LOH

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
155
Plane Strain Comparison with Axisymmetric Results

7R IXUWKHU LOOXVWUDWH WKH VLJQLILFDQFH DQG PHDQLQJ RI DQ D[LV\PPHWULF PRGHO ZH ZLOO FUHDWH D SODQH VWUDLQ PRGHO ZKLFK LV HTXLYDOHQW LQ DOO UHVSHFWV WR RXU D[LV\PPHWULF PRGHO H[FHSW RI FRXUVH WKDW WKH WXQQHO ZLOO QRZ EH LQILQLWH ZLWK QR HQG HIIHFWV DQG FRPSDUH WKH DQDO\VLV UHVXOWV )URP ,17(535(7 VZLWFK EDFN WR 02'(/
6HOHFW )LOH 0RGHO

2U LI \RX TXLW WKH SURJUDP DQG DUH MXVW UHVWDUWLQJ WKH WXWRULDO DW WKLV SRLQW WKHQ VWDUW WKH 3+$6( 02'(/ SURJUDP
Model
,I \RX KDYH EHHQ IROORZLQJ WKLV WXWRULDO IURP WKH EHJLQQLQJ DQG WKH D[LV\PPHWULF PRGHO LV VWLOO RSHQ
6HOHFW )LOH 1HZ

WR RSHQ D QHZ GRFXPHQW ZLQGRZ VR WKDW \RX FDQ EHJLQ FUHDWLQJ D QHZ PRGHO 3ODQH VWUDLQ LV WKH GHIDXOW DQDO\VLV W\SH VR \RX GR QRW KDYH WR VHW WKLV LQ -RE &RQWURO LW ZLOO DOUHDG\ EH LQ HIIHFW /HWV ILUVW FUHDWH D FLUFXODU WXQQHO RI UDGLXV PHWHUV LH WKH VDPH UDGLXV DV WKH D[LV\PPHWULF WXQQHO

%\ HQWHULQJ D DW WKH ILUVW SURPSW \RX FDQ HQWHU D FLUFOH RU DUF DW WKH IROORZLQJ SURPSWV
156
Number of segments in arc <20>: enter 60 Enter first arc point[esc=quit]: 4 0 Enter second arc point[u=undo, esc=quit]: -4 0 Enter third arc point[u=undo, esc=quit]: c
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
Enter:
Boundary Type = Box Expansion Factor = 3
:H ZLOO XVH WKH GHIDXOW SDUDPHWHUV VR MXVW VHOHFW 2. WR DXWRPDWLFDOO\ FUHDWH D %2; H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ ZLWK DQ H[SDQVLRQ IDFWRU RI 1RWLFH WKDW WKLV H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ LV WKH VDPH GLVWDQFH DZD\ IURP WKH H[FDYDWLRQ DV WKH ULJKW HGJH RI WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ IRU WKH D[LV\PPHWULF SUREOHP LH PHWHUV IURP WKH FHQWHU RI WKH WXQQHO
157
Mesh
1RZ GLVFUHWL]H DQG PHVK WKH PRGHO

7KH VWDWXV EDU ZLOO LQGLFDWH
6HOHFW 0HVK 0HVK

7KH VWDWXV EDU ZLOO LQGLFDWH
Boundary Conditions
:H ZLOO XVH WKH GHIDXOW ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQ ZKLFK LV D IL[HG LH ]HUR GLVSODFHPHQW FRQGLWLRQ RQ WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ 7KLV FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH )L[HG ;< FRQGLWLRQ RI WKH ULJKW HGJH RI WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ LQ WKH D[LV\PPHWULF PRGHO
Field Stress
:H ZLOO XVH WKH GHIDXOW )LHOG 6WUHVV LH K\GURVWDWLF FRQGLWLRQV = 03D ZKLFK LV WKH VDPH ILHOG VWUHVV ZH XVHG IRU WKH D[LV\PPHWULF SUREOHP VR \RX GR QRW QHHG WR XVH WKH )LHOG 6WUHVV RSWLRQ
Properties
:H ZLOO XVH WKH GHIDXOW URFN PDWHULDO SURSHUWLHV VR \RX GR QRW KDYH WR HQWHU RU DVVLJQ DQ\ SURSHUWLHV 7KH GHIDXOW SURSHUWLHV DUH 0DWHULDO 7\SH (ODVWLF <RXQJV 0RGXOXV 03D 3RLVVRQV UDWLR <RXU ILQLVKHG PRGHO VKRXOG DSSHDU DV EHORZ
158
)LJXUH ,QILQLWH WXQQHO PHWHU UDGLXV SODQH VWUDLQ SUREOHP
Compute
%HIRUH \RX DQDO\]H \RXU PRGHO VDYH LW DV D ILOH FDOOHG D[LIHD
6HOHFW )LOH 6DYH

<RX ZLOO VHH D VWDQGDUG ZLQGRZV 6DYH $V GLDORJ 6DYH WKH ILOH <RX DUH QRZ UHDG\ WR UXQ WKH DQDO\VLV $OWHUQDWLYHO\ LI \RX VHOHFW &RPSXWH EHIRUH VDYLQJ D QHZ ILOH 3+$6( ZLOO UHFRJQL]H WKLV DQG GLVSOD\ WKH 6DYH $V GLDORJ
6HOHFW )LOH &RPSXWH

159
Interpret
:H ZLOO QRZ ZUDS XS WKLV WXWRULDO ZLWK D IHZ FRPSDULVRQV EHWZHHQ WKH D[LV\PPHWULF DQG SODQH VWUDLQ PRGHOV ZH KDYH FUHDWHG 6ZLWFK EDFN WR ,17(535(7

9LHZ WKH WRWDO GLVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXUV

1RWLFH WKH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW GLVSOD\HG LQ WKH VWDWXV EDU
7KLV LV DOPRVW LGHQWLFDO WR WKH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW IURP WKH D[LV\PPHWULF SUREOHP 1RZ OHWV XVH WKH 4XHU\ DQG *UDSK RSWLRQV DJDLQ WR SORW WKH GLVSODFHPHQW YV GLVWDQFH IURP WKH WXQQHO ERXQGDU\

(QWHU WKH SRLQW DW WKH ILUVW SURPSW DQG DW WKH VHFRQG SURPSW 5LJKWFOLFN DQG VHOHFW 'RQH RU MXVW SUHVV (QWHU ,Q WKH 6SHFLI\ 4XHU\ /RFDWLRQV GLDORJ HQWHU ORFDWLRQV WRJJOH RII 'LVSOD\ TXHULHG YDOXHV DQG VHOHFW 2. 1RWLFH WKH TXHU\ FUHDWHG IURP WKH ULJKW HGJH RI WKH WXQQHO WR WKH ULJKW HGJH RI WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ 5LJKWFOLFN RQ WKH TXHU\ DQG VHOHFW *UDSK 'DWD DQG D JUDSK RI WRWDO GLVSODFHPHQW ZLOO LPPHGLDWHO\ EH JHQHUDWHG
160
<RX FDQ VHH WKH GLVSODFHPHQW GHFUHDVLQJ IURP WKH PD[LPXP DW WKH WXQQHO ERXQGDU\ WR ]HUR DW WKH IL[HG H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ )LQDOO\ OHWV FRPSDUH WKLV FXUYH ZLWK WKH RQH ZH VDYHG XVLQJ :ULWH 0DWHULDO 4XHU\ DW WKH HQG RI WKH D[LV\PPHWULF DQDO\VLV )LUVW FORVH WKH JUDSK \RX MXVW FUHDWHG LI \RX DUH VWLOO YLHZLQJ LW
6HOHFW *UDSK *UDSK 0DWHULDO 4XHULHV

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
7KLV LOOXVWUDWHV WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH D[LV\PPHWULF DQG SODQH VWUDLQ PRGHOV DOWKRXJK WKH WZR PRGHOV ORRN YHU\ GLIIHUHQW ZH FDQ H[WUDFW WKH VDPH UHVXOWV IURP HLWKHU RQH
161
Additional Exercises
:KHQ \RX SORWWHG WKH WRWDO GLVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXUV IRU WKH SODQH VWUDLQ WXQQHO PRGHO \RX PD\ QRW KDYH QRWLFHG EXW WKH FRQWRXUV EHJLQ WR JHW VTXDUH DV \RX JHW IXUWKHU IURP WKH WXQQHO LPPHGLDWHO\ DURXQG WKH WXQQHO WKH\ DUH FLUFXODU 7KH GLVSODFHPHQWV DUH FRQIRUPLQJ WR WKH VKDSH RI WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ DQG WKH IL[HG ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQ ZH LPSRVHG RQ LW
Radial Mesh
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
Enter: # Excavation Nodes = 60 Mesh Type = Radial

Expansion Factor = 3 Elem. Type = 3 Noded Tri.
162
:KHQ \RX SORW WKH GLVSODFHPHQW YHUVXV GLVWDQFH IURP WKH WXQQHO \RX VKRXOG JHW QHDUO\ LGHQWLFDO UHVXOWV DV ZKHQ \RX XVHG WKH %2; H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ +RZHYHU WKH GLVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXUV DUH QR ORQJHU GLVWRUWHG DQG DUH FLUFXODU DW DQ\ GLVWDQFH IURP WKH H[FDYDWLRQ
Distance of External Boundary from Excavation

$V SRLQWHG RXW LQ RWKHU WXWRULDOV WKH GLVWDQFH RI WKH H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ IURP WKH H[FDYDWLRQV DQG WKH ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQV ZH LPSRVH RQ LW DUH YHU\ LPSRUWDQW &UHDWH DQRWKHU 5$',$/ PHVK DV GHVFULEHG DERYH H[FHSW WKLV WLPH XVH DQ ([SDQVLRQ )DFWRU RI LQ WKH 0HVK 6HWXS GLDORJ 5HUXQ WKH DQDO\VLV DQG SORW WKH GLVSODFHPHQW YHUVXV GLVWDQFH IURP WKH WXQQHO <RX ZLOO VHH WKDW DFWXDOO\ RXU SUHYLRXV ([SDQVLRQ )DFWRU RI ZDV WRR ORZ EHFDXVH GLVSODFHPHQWV LQFUHDVH VLJQLILFDQWO\ ZKHQ ZH PRYH WKH IL[HG H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ IDUWKHU IURP WKH WXQQHO
Upper curve Expansion factor = 5 Lower curve Expansion factor = 3
)LJXUH 0RYLQJ WKH IL[HG H[WHUQDO ERXQGDU\ IDUWKHU IURP WKH H[FDYDWLRQ UHVXOWV LQ LQFUHDVHG GLVSODFHPHQWV
163
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

Tutorial

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tutorial

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Table of Contents

+LQWV DERXW WKH 7XWRULDO 0DQXDO 

4XLFN 6WDUW 7XWRULDO

6XSSRUW 7XWRULDO 6WHS 

6XSSRUW 7XWRULDO 6WHS 

6XUIDFH ([FDYDWLRQ 7XWRULDO

WXWIHD WXWDIHD WXWEIHD WXWIHD

PHASE2 Tutorial Manual

Hints about the Tutorial Manual

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG ([FDYDWLRQ

Enter: Number of Stages = 3

Quick Start Tutorial

Quick Start Tutorial

external boundary expansion factor = 2

PHASE2 Tutorial Manual

6HOHFW 9LHZ /LPLWV

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG ([FDYDWLRQ

Quick Start Tutorial

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG ([WHUQDO

Enter: Expansion Factor = 2

PHASE2 Tutorial Manual

6HOHFW 0HVK 6HWXS

Enter: # Excavation Nodes = 60

 DQG VHOHFW 2.

1RZ GLVFUHWL]H WKH ERXQGDULHV

6HOHFW 0HVK 'LVFUHWL]H

Quick Start Tutorial

6HOHFW 0HVK 0HVK

6HOHFW /RDGLQJ )OG 6WUHVV

PHASE2 Tutorial Manual

Enter: Sigma 1 = 20 Angle = 30

 DQG VHOHFW 2.

6HOHFW 3URSHUWLHV 'HILQH 0DWHULDOV

Quick Start Tutorial

PHASE2 Tutorial Manual

)LJXUH  )LQLVKHG PRGHO 3+$6( 4XLFN 6WDUW 7XWRULDO

6HOHFW )LOH 6DYH

6HOHFW )LOH &RPSXWH

Quick Start Tutorial

6HOHFW )LOH ,QWHUSUHW

)LJXUH  &RQWRXUV RI 0DMRU 3ULQFLSDO 6WUHVV

6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ

PHASE2 Tutorial Manual

6HOHFW 9LHZ 'LVSOD\ 2SWLRQV

6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP $OO

6HOHFW 'DWD 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU

6HOHFW 9LHZ &RQWRXU 2SWLRQV

Quick Start Tutorial

)LJXUH  6WUHQJWK )DFWRU &RQWRXUV

6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ 6HOHFW 'DWD 7RWDO 'LVSODFHPHQW

PHASE2 Tutorial Manual

Quick Start Tutorial

Contour Options is available in the right-click menu.

6HOHFW 7RROV /DEHO &RQWRXU

)LJXUH  &RQWRXU ODEHOV DGGHG WR GLVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXU SORW

PHASE2 Tutorial Manual

6HOHFW 7RROV 'HOHWH 'UDZLQJV

6HOHFW )LOH ,QIR 9LHZHU

Quick Start Tutorial

)LJXUH  ,QIRYLHZHU OLVWLQJ

6HOHFW )LOH ([LW

PHASE2 Tutorial Manual

Materials and Staging Tutorial

Materials & Staging Tutorial

+LQWV DERXW WKH 7XWRULDO 0DQXDO

6XSSRUW 7XWRULDO 6WHS

6XSSRUW 7XWRULDO 6WHS

WXWIHD WXWDIHD WXWEIHD WXWIHD

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG ([FDYDWLRQ

6HOHFW 9LHZ /LPLWV

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG ([FDYDWLRQ

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG ([WHUQDO

6HOHFW 0HVK 6HWXS

DQG VHOHFW 2.

1RZ GLVFUHWL]H WKH ERXQGDULHV

6HOHFW 0HVK 'LVFUHWL]H

6HOHFW 0HVK 0HVK

6HOHFW /RDGLQJ )OG 6WUHVV

DQG VHOHFW 2.

6HOHFW 3URSHUWLHV 'HILQH 0DWHULDOV

)LJXUH )LQLVKHG PRGHO 3+$6( 4XLFN 6WDUW 7XWRULDO

6HOHFW )LOH 6DYH

6HOHFW )LOH &RPSXWH

6HOHFW )LOH ,QWHUSUHW

)LJXUH &RQWRXUV RI 0DMRU 3ULQFLSDO 6WUHVV

6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ

6HOHFW 9LHZ 'LVSOD\ 2SWLRQV

6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP $OO

6HOHFW 'DWD 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU

6HOHFW 9LHZ &RQWRXU 2SWLRQV

)LJXUH 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU &RQWRXUV

6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ 6HOHFW 'DWD 7RWDO 'LVSODFHPHQW

6HOHFW 7RROV /DEHO &RQWRXU

)LJXUH &RQWRXU ODEHOV DGGHG WR GLVSODFHPHQW FRQWRXU SORW

6HOHFW 7RROV 'HOHWH 'UDZLQJV

6HOHFW )LOH ,QIR 9LHZHU

)LJXUH ,QIRYLHZHU OLVWLQJ

6HOHFW )LOH ([LW

6HOHFW 9LHZ /LPLWV

6HOHFW )LOH -RE &RQWURO

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG ([FDYDWLRQ

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG ([FDYDWLRQ

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG ([FDYDWLRQ

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG ([FDYDWLRQ

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG 6WDJH

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG 6WDJH

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG ([WHUQDO

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG 0DWHULDO

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG 0DWHULDO

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG 0DWHULDO

6HOHFW %RXQGDULHV $GG 0DWHULDO

6HOHFW 0HVK 'LVFUHWL]H

6HOHFW 0HVK 0HVK

7KH PHVK DSSHDUV VDWLVIDFWRU\ VR ZH ZLOO SURFHHG ZLWK WKH PRGHOLQJ

6HOHFW )LOH ,PSRUW ,PSRUW ';)

6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ

6HOHFW /RDGLQJ )LHOG 6WUHVV

6HOHFW 3URSHUWLHV 'HILQH %ROWV

0DNH VXUH WKH 0DWHULDOV WDE LV VHOHFWHG LQ WKH $VVLJQ GLDORJ

6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ

)LJXUH )LQLVKHG PRGHO 3+$6( 0DWHULDO

6HOHFW )LOH 6DYH

6HOHFW )LOH &RPSXWH

6HOHFW )LOH ,QWHUSUHW

6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP ([FDYDWLRQ

6HOHFW 9LHZ =RRP =RRP :LQGRZ

)LJXUH 6WUHQJWK )DFWRU FRQWRXUV DQG \LHOGHG HOHPHQWV 6WDJH

6HOHFW 'DWD 7RWDO 'LVSODFHPHQW

6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE

6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE

6HOHFW WKH 6WDJH WDE