CHNG 1

TONG QUAN
VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
Nguon: Anh t lieu
S ra i cua cac KCN gan lien vi
ng loi oi mi, chnh sach m ca cua
ang tai ai hoi ang lan th VI nam
1986. Th i gian qua, th c hie n chu
trng, chnh sach cua ang va Nha
nc ve ay manh phat trien cong nghiep
trong tien trnh CNH-HH at nc, moi
KCN eu la au moi quan trong trong thu
hut von au t, ac biet la von au t
nc ngoai. Viec hnh thanh cac KCN a
tao ong lc ln cho phat trien cong
nghiep, thuc ay chuyen dch c cau kinh
te cac a phng, tao cong an viec lam
cho ngi lao ong. KCN con gop phan
thuc ay s hnh thanh khu o th mi,
cac nganh cong nghiep phu tr va dch
vu.
3
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
CHNG 1
TONG QUAN
VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
Tnh en thang 10 nam 2009, toan quoc a co 223 KCN c thanh lap theo Quyet nh cua Thu
tng Chnh phu. Trong o, 171 KCN a i vao hoat ong, vi tong dien tch at 57.264 ha, at ty le
lap ay trung bnh khoang 46%.
Giai oan 2006 - 2015, theo quy hoach a c Thu tng Chnh phu phe duyet, se u tien thanh
lap mi 115 KCN vi tong dien tch khoang 26.400 ha va m rong dien tch 27 KCN, nang tong dien
tch KCN len khoang 70.000 ha, phan au ty le lap ay trung bnh at khoang 60%. Theo o, ch trong
3 nam 2006, 2007, 2008, toan quoc a thanh lap mi c 74 KCN vi tong dien tch khoang 20.500
ha va m rong dien tch cua 14 KCN.
Cac KCN a co nhieu ong gop quan trong trong chuyen dch c cau va phat trien kinh te, tao viec
lam, nang cao thu nhap va chat lng cuoc song ngi dan. Rieng nam 2008, cac KCN a tao gia tr
san xuat cong nghiep at hn 33 ty USD (chiem 38% GDP ca nc); gia tr xuat khau at tren 16 ty
USD (chiem gan 26% tong gia tr xuat khau ca nc); nop ngan sach khoang 2,6 ty USD, tao cong
an viec lam cho gan 1,2 trieu lao ong.
Phat trien cac KCN vi muc tieu tap trung cac c s san xuat cong nghiep, s dung hieu qua tai
nguyen va nang lng, tap trung cac nguon phat thai o nhiem vao cac khu vc nhat nh, nang cao
hieu qua san xuat, hieu qua quan ly nguon thai va bao ve moi trng. Tuy nhien, qua trnh phat trien
KCN a boc lo mot so khiem khuyet trong viec x ly chat thai va am bao chat lng moi trng.
Trong thi gian ti, viec phat trien cac KCN se lam gia tang lng thai va cac chat gay o nhiem moi
trng, neu khong tang cng cong tac quan ly moi trng th se anh hng ti s tang trng ben
vng cua at nc.
Cong ty may Hoa Tho, KCN Nam ong Ha, Quang Tr
Nguon: tinkinhte.com
1.1. 80 h0h hk0h k Phk IE0 kh0 0008
08hIEP 0 IE 0kN
1.1.1. S hnh tha nh va pha t trie n khu co ng nghie p
Tnh t nam 1991 en nam 2009, trai qua 18
nam xay dng va phat trien, ca nc a thanh lap
c 223 KCN vi tong dien tch t nhien at
57.264 ha, phan bo tren 56/63 tnh, thanh pho
trc thuoc Trung ng. Trong o, dien tch at s
dung cho phat trien cong nghiep co the cho thue
theo quy hoa ch a t ga n 40.000 ha, chie m
khoang 65% dien tch at quy hoach cac KCN
(Nguon: Bo KH&T, 2009).
Trong so 223 KCN hien nay cua ca nc, co
171 KCN a i vao hoat ong, 52 KCN ang
trong qua trnh xay dng ha tang ky thuat, chu
yeu la cac KCN mi thanh lap trong nhng nam
gan ay. Tnh chung cho toan bo cac KCN ca
nc th ty le lap ay ch at 46% vi 17.107 ha
at cong nghiep a cho thue.
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Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
Bieu o 1.1. Tnh hnh phat trien KCN (thanh lap theo Quyet nh cua Thu tng Chnh phu) thi gian qua
Nguon: Bo KH&T, 2009
Mo hnh khu cong nghiep
Nguon: Anh t lieu
KCX Tan Thuan (Tp. Ho Ch Minh),
KCX au tien cua Viet Nam, thanh lap nam 1991
Nguon: Anh ve tinh nam 2009, TCMT tong hp
5
Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
kbong 1.2. ao to, pbat tricn kCN
Kho cong nghop co tho dooc thunh up vu khu thuc bo cuc dounh nghop Vot Num, dounh nghop co von
nooc ngou huy on dounh, go chong u Cong ty lhut tron hu tung KCN. Cong ty lhut tron hu tung KCN co
qoyon cho thoo dut cho cuc dounh nghop khuc moon duo to vuo KCN vu cong cup cuc dch vo khuc pho
hop vo no dong cou guy phop duo to: un dnh gu thoo vu ph dch vo trong KCN.
KCN cou mot tnh, thunh pho thooc qoun y hunh chnh cou CL cuc KCN cup tnh. CL dooc o KH&D1
phun cup thoc hon voc cup, doo chnh, bo song, tho ho guy phop duo to vuo KCN thoo Lout Duo to.
Cuc ou hnh dounh nghop duo to trong KCN: dounh nghop Vot Num thooc cuc thunh phun knh to, dounh
nghop co von nooc ngou, cuc bon thum gu hop dong hop tuc knh dounh thoo Lout Duo to tu Vot Num.
Cuc dounh nghop noo tron co tho hout dong trong nh voc xuy dong, khu thuc hu tung, hout dong sun xout,
gu cong hung xout khuo huy bun ru th troong no du, cong ong cuc dch vo cong nghop vu nghon coo phut
tron sun phum mo.
Nguon: TCMT tong hp
kbong 1.1. kbai nicm kbo cong ngbicp, kbo cbc xoat, kbo kinb tc, kbo cong ngbc cao,
Com cong ngbicp va icm cong ngbicp
1. kbo cong ngbicp u kho choyon sun xout hung cong nghop vu thoc hon cuc dch vo cho sun xout cong
nghop, co runh go du y xuc dnh, dooc thunh up thoo doo kon, trnh to vu tho toc qoy dnh.
2. kbo cbc xoat u KCN choyon sun xout hung xout khuo, thoc hon dch vo cho sun xout hung xout khuo vu
hout dong xout khuo, co runh go du y xuc dnh, dooc thunh up thoo doo kon, trnh to vu tho toc up dong
do vo KCN du qoy dnh.
kCN, kCX dooc goi cbong Ia kCN, tro troong bop co qov dinb co tbc.
3. kbo kinb tc u kho voc co khong gun knh to rong bot vo mo troong duo to vu knh dounh duc bot thoun
o cho cuc nhu duo to, co runh go du y xuc dnh,.. KK1 dooc to choc thunh cuc kho choc nung gom: kho
ph thoo qoun, kho buo thoo, KCX, KCN, kho gu tr, kho do ch, kho do th, kho dun co, kho hunh chnh vu
cuc kho choc nung khuc pho hop vo duc dom cou tong KK1.
4. kbo cong ngbc cao |*) u no tup trong, on kot hout dong nghon coo vu phut tron, ong dong cong ngho
cuo: oom tuo cong ngho cuo, oom tuo dounh nghop cong ngho cuo: duo tuo nhun oc cong ngho cuo: sun xout
vu knh dounh sun phum cong ngho cuo: cong ong dch vo cong ngho cuo.
5. Com cong ngbicp |**) u mot dung KCN nhong co qoy mo nho do chnh qoyon du phoong pho doyot, cup
phop vu qoun y:
6. icm cong ngbicp |**) u mot dung cong nghop tup trong mo xout hon gun duy do so phut tron bong
phut cuc ung ngho. Dom cong nghop co qoy mo nho to vu choc hu tro xoong, dooc chnh qoyon du phoong
pho doyot vu cup phop.
Nguon: Ngh nh 29/N-CP ngay 14/3/2008 cua Chnh phu quy nh ve KCN, KCX&KKT;
(*) Luat Cong nghe cao
(**) TCMT tong hp
Nam 2008, Chnh phu a ban hanh Ngh nh
so 29/2008/N-CP quy nh ve thanh lap, hoat
ong, chnh sach va quan ly nha nc oi vi
KCN, KCX va KKT, trong o quy nh thong nhat
hoat ong cua KCN tren cac lnh vc theo hng
ay manh phan cap quan ly cho Ban quan ly cac
KCN. Ngh nh a gop phan oi mi sau sac ve
the che, moi trng au t kinh doanh cung qua
trnh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te manh me sau khi
Viet Nam gia nhap WTO. Cong tac quan ly Nha
nc ve KCN cung nh ban than hoat ong cua
cac KCN a co nhng ieu chnh ve c cau to
chc, nang lc, chng trnh hoat ong e thch
nghi vi ieu kien mi. Nh o, trong nam 2008,
cac KCN mot mat tiep tuc a tang trng nh
nhng nam trc, mat khac, co nhng net phat
trien mi mang tnh ot pha, vi 48 d an au t
phat trien ket cau ha tang KCN c cap Giay
chng nhan au t, thanh lap 44 KCN mi vi
tong dien tch at t nhien 15.675,6 ha (tang 73%
so vi nam 2007) va m rong 8 KCN vi tong
dien tch at t nhien 2.810,8 ha (tang 41,1% so
vi nam 2007).
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Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
Ghi chu: * khong co so lieu
Nguon: Bo KH&T, 2006, 2007, 2008
ang 1.1. Tnb bnb pbat tricn kCN qoa cac nam 2006, 2007, 2008
S phat trien manh me cua KCN
trong nam 2008 cung xuat phat t nhu
cau cua cac a phng nham tan
dung c hoi thu hut au t ang tang
cao tren ca nc. Mat khac, do viec
cap Giay chng nhan au t cho d an
phat trien ket cau ha tang ky thuat
KCN a c phan cap ve a phng
nen a tao ieu kien cho cac a
phng chu ong va ay nhanh qua
trnh thc hien thu tuc au t.
No i dung Na m 2006 Na m 2007 Na m 2008
To ng so KCN toa n quo c 139 179 223
So KCN tha nh la p m i 8 40 44
So KCN xin m ro ng die n tch 3 12 8
To ng die n tch KCN tha nh la p m i (ha) 2.607 11.016 18.486
Ty le la p a y KCN trung bnh (%) 54,5 50 46
Gia tr sa n xua t kinh doanh/1ha die n tch a t cho
thue (trie u USD)
* 1,5 1,68
Gia tr sa n xuat co ng nghie p KCN (ty USD) 16,8 22,4 28,9
Gia tr xua t kha u cu a doanh nghie p KCN
(ty USD) 8,3 10,8 14,5
Ty le so v i to ng gia tr xuat khau ca n c (%) 21 22 24,7
No p nga n sa ch (ty USD) 0,88 1,1 1,3

Che bien thuy san xuat khau Nguon: Anh t lieu
Tuy nhien, qua trnh phat trien KCN cung a
nay sinh mot so van e nh s gia tang ve so
lng khong ty le thuan vi ty le lap ay KCN.
Trong 3 nam gan ay, ty le lap ay KCN giam
trung bnh khoang 4%/nam (Bang 1.1). Qua khao
sat mot so KCN, cho thay, cac KCN do Thu
tng Chnh phu ra quyet nh thanh lap co c s
ha tang ky thuat ong bo, thuan tien, nhng toc
o lap ay cham, khong thu hut c cac doanh
nghiep va va nho, bi suat au t cao, cho nen
cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam vi tai chnh co ha n
ra t kho thue ca c KCN na y. Ca c KCN do
UBND ca p tnh quye t nh tha nh la p va ho tr
a u t xa y d ng c s ha ta ng th co to c o la p
a y nhanh nhng kho ng the tha nh la p nhie u do
nga n sa ch a phng ha n he p. Ca c KCN kha c
cho ca c doanh nghie p sa n xua t thue a t tr c
khi xa y d ng ha ta ng ky thua t ne n sua t a u t
tha p, co to c o trie n khai xa y d ng va la p a y
nhanh nhng la i ga p kho kha n trong qua n ly mo i
tr ng, he tho ng ha ta ng ky thua t kho ng o ng
bo .
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Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
KCN Tan Tao,
Tp. Ho Ch Minh
Nguon: Anh ve tinh
(2009), TCMT tong hp
kbong 1.3. Tnb bnb pbat tricn kbo cong ngbicp tai tnb ong Nai
Dong Nu hon co 28 KCN do 1ho toong Chnh pho ru qoyot dnh thunh up vu l KCN do |ND tnh ru qoyot
dnh thunh up vo tong don tch 9.076 hu, trong do co 2l KCN dung hout dong |tho hot 77l do un) vu 8
KCN chou tho hot do un duo to.
Cho do n nuy, tu cu c KCN o Do ng Nu, du co 33 qoo c gu vu vo ng u nh tho hou t do ng du o to vo to ng so
803 do u n lDl vo to ng vo n du o to u ll,6 ty |SD vu 269 do u n trong noo c vo to ng vo n du o to 22.436 ty
do ng.
1rong nu m 2008, hu o ho t cu c KCN tu Do ng Nu do o doy tr to c do tu ng troo ng o n dnh. Co 823 do u n
tro n khu hou t do ng vo to ng vo n du ng ky l0,03 ty |SD vu l6.375 ty do ng, du t 77% so vo to ng so do u n
du ng ky .
Nguon: BQL cac KCN tnh ong Nai, 2009
8
Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
TT Te n tnh/Tp.
So
KCN
Die n
tch
quy
hoa ch
Die n
tch
s
du ng
Die n
tch a
cho
thue
TT Te n tnh/Tp.
So
KCN
Die n
tch
quy
hoa ch
Die n
tch s
du ng
Die n
tch a
cho
thue
1. Ba c Giang 5 1.239 777 195 * 29. Kon Tum 2 210 44 * 44 *
2. Ba c Ka n 1 74 51 K 30. La m o ng 2 359 209 112
3. Ba c Ninh 9 3.295 2.263 779 * 31. Nghe An 1 60 42 30 *
4. Cao Ba ng 1 62 40 K 32. Phu Ye n 3 770 770 520
5. Ha Giang 1 255 173 K 33. Qua ng Bnh 2 161 112 79
6. Ha Nam 3 571 571 245 34. Qua ng Nam 3 750 529 260
7. Ha No i 11 2.000 1.523 732 * 35. Qua ng Nga i 2 262 194 79
8. Ha i Dng 9 1.904 1.267 476 * 36. Qua ng Tr 2 304 161 72
9. Ha i Pho ng 6 1.094 506 348 * 37. Th a Thie n-Hue 2 369 243 84 *
10. Ho a Bnh 1 300 K K 38. An Giang 2 58 17 K
11. Hng Ye n 6 1.465 921 247 39. Ba Ra-Vu ng Ta u 10 7.900 5.297 1.871
12. Nam nh 2 478 369 261 40. Be n Tre 2 171 116 78
13. Ninh Bnh 2 496 347 318 41. Bnh Dng 23 7.010 1.819 * 918 *
14. Phu Tho 2 506 392 138 42. Bnh Ph c 2 309 73 * 2 *
15. Qua ng Ninh 3 771 490 161 43. Ca Mau 1 360 217 48
16. Tha i Bnh 2 188 118 114 44. Ca n Th 3 562 432 226
17. Tha i Nguye n 1 320 K K 45. o ng Nai 28 8.816 5.832 3.554 *
18. Thanh Ho a 1 88 60 53 46. o ng Tha p 3 253 170 139
19. Tuye n Quang 1 170 69 27 47. Ha u Giang 1 126 80 K
20. Vnh Phu c 5 1.395 916 426 48. Tp. Ho Ch Minh 15 2.931 1.939 1.154 *
21. Ye n Ba i 1 138 82 K 49. Long An 13 4.049 1.851 * 589 *
22. Bnh nh 2 558 418 277 50. So c Tra ng 1 251 174 130
23. Bnh Thua n 4 743 68 * 68 * 51. Ta y Ninh 2 394 259 234
24. a Na ng 4 901 631 476 52. Tie n Giang 4 875 245 * 84 *
25. a k La k 1 182 114 21 53. Tra Vinh 1 100 62 42
26. a k No ng 1 181 181 141 54. Vnh Long 2 268 185 93 *
27. Gia Lai 1 109 80 77 55. Ninh Thua n 2 777 536 16
28. Kha nh Ho a 1 136 136 87 56. Kie n Giang 2 315 K K

ang 1.2. Tnb bnb pbat tricn cac kCN tai cac tnb, tbanb pbo tnb dcn tbang 10 nam 2009
n v tnh: ha
Ghi chu: So lieu chi tiet ve cac KCN cua cac tnh, thanh pho xem tai Phu luc cua Bao cao.
* So lieu thong ke cha ay u.
K: khong co so lieu
Nguon: Bo KH&T, 2009; so lieu ieu tra cua TCMT, thang 10/2009
1.1.2. S phan bo khu cong nghiep Viet Nam
So lieu ve so lng KCN thanh lap mi va m
rong nam 2008 cung nh nhng nam trc cho
thay, mac du s phan bo KCN a c ieu
chnh theo hng tao ieu kien cho mot so a
ban ac biet kho khan Trung du mien nui pha
Bac (Yen Bai, Tuyen Quang, Hoa Bnh, Bac
Kan...), Tay Nguyen (ak Lak, ak Nong, Gia
Lai, Kon Tum, Lam ong), Tay Nam Bo (Hau
Giang, An Giang, Soc Trang...) nham phat trien
cong nghiep e chuyen dch c cau kinh te, song
cac KCN van tap trung 23 tnh, thanh pho thuoc
4 vung KTT (vung KTT Bac Bo, vung KTT
mien Trung, vung KTT pha Nam va vung
KTT vung BSCL). en cuoi thang 12/2008,
vi 167 KCN, tong dien tch at t nhien at
46.825 ha, cac KCN thuoc 4 vung KTT chiem
ti 74,9 % tong so KCN va 81,8 % tong dien tch
at t nhien cac KCN ca nc (Nguon: Bo
KH&T; TCMT tong hp, 2009). ong Nai va
Bnh Dng la nhng a phng co so lng
KCN ln nhat trong ca nc.
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Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
Bieu o 1.2. So lng va dien tch KCN theo vung kinh te tnh en het thang 12/2008
Nguon: Bo KH&T; so lieu ieu tra cua TCMT, thang 10/2009
kbong 1.4. Tv Ic Iap dav dat cong ngbicp trong cac kCN coa cac vong
1y o up duy cou cuc KCN khu dong doo gou cuc vong
tron cu nooc. 1y o up duy tnh chong cho cuc KCN du
vun hunh vu dung xuy dong co bun cou cuc vong duo
dong trong khoung 50 - 60%: noo tnh rong cuc KCN
du vun hunh th o moc 65 - 75%.
Mot so vong phut tron KCN to uo nho Dong Num o,
DSH, DSCL co ty o up duy cou cuc KCN du vun
hunh o moc cuo. 1nh trong bnh: Dong Num o |buo
gom cu Long An): 73%: DSH: 73%: DSCL: 89%.
Nguon: anh gia hieu qua s dung at trong qua trnh
phat trien KCN, Tap ch KCN Viet Nam, 09/2008
KCN Bac Thang Long (Ha Noi)
Nguon: Anh ve tinh (10/2005), TCMT tong hp
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Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
Hnh 1.1. Tnh hnh phan bo cac KCN tren toan quoc
Nguon: Bo KH&T, 2009; so lieu ieu tra cua TCMT, thang 10/2009
1.1.3. Xu the phat trien khu cong nghiep
Ngay 21/8/2006, Thu tng Chnh phu a ky
Quyet nh so 1107/2006/Q-TTg phe duyet
Quy hoach phat trien cac KCN Viet Nam en
nam 2015 va nh hng en nam 2020. Quy
hoach a xac nh se hnh thanh he thong cac
KCN chu ao co vai tro dan dat s phat trien
cong nghiep quoc gia, ong thi hnh thanh cac
KCN co quy mo hp ly e tao ieu kien phat trien
cong nghiep, nham chuyen dch c cau kinh te
tai nhng a phng co ty trong cong nghiep
trong GDP thap. a ty le ong gop cua cac
KCN vao tong gia tr san xuat cong nghiep
khoang t 24% hien nay len khoang 39 - 40%
vao nam 2010 va tren 60% vao giai oan tiep
theo. Tang ty le xuat khau hang cong nghiep cua
cac KCN t 19,2% gia tr xuat khau toan quoc
hien nay len khoang 40% vao nam 2010 va cao
hn vao cac giai oan tiep theo.
Ke hoach en nam 2010
- Phan au en nam 2010 ve c ban lap ay
cac KCN a c thanh lap trc nam 2006;
thanh lap mi mot cach co chon loc cac KCN vi
dien tch tang them khoang 15.000 - 20.000 ha,
nang tong dien tch cac KCN en nam 2010 len
khoang 45.000 - 50.000 ha.
- au t ong bo, hoan thien cac cong trnh
ket cau ha tang cac KCN hien co, ac biet la cac
cong trnh x ly nc thai va am bao dien tch
trong cay xanh trong cac KCN theo quy hoach
xay dng c duyet nham bao ve moi trng va
phat trien ben vng.
Ke hoach en nam 2015
- au t ong bo e hoan thien cac KCN hien
co, thanh lap mi mot cach co chon loc cac KCN
vi tong dien tch tang them khoang 20.000 -
25.000 ha; nang tong dien tch cac KCN en nam
2015 khoang 65.000 - 70.000 ha. Phan au at
ty le lap ay cac KCN bnh quan tren toan quoc
khoang tren 60%.
- Xay dng cac cong trnh x ly chat thai cong
nghiep tap trung quy mo ln nhng khu vc tap
trung cac KCN tai cac vung KTT(*).
- Tiep tuc hoan thien c che, chnh sach
khuyen khch au t vao cac KCN, phan au thu
hut them khoang 6.500 - 6.800 d an vi tong
von au t ang ky khoang tren 36 - 39 ty USD,
trong o von au t thc hien khoang 50%.
11
Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
kbong 1.5. Mot so dico kicn va tico cb
bnb tbanb kbo cong ngbicp moi
lho hop vo qoy houch, ko houch vu tnh hnh
phut tron K1-XH: qoy houch vu ko houch so dong
dut cou tong du phoong:
Co cuc doo kon thoun o houc co khu nung xuy
dong ho thong kot cuo hu tung ky thout vu hu tung
xu ho, tron khu dong bo vu kot hop chut cho
gou qoy houch phut tron KCN, KCX vo qoy
houch phut tron do th, phun bo dun co, nhu o vu
cuc cong trnh xu ho phoc vo cong nhun trong
KCN, KCX:
Co qoy dut do tro do phut tron vu co doo kon
on kot thunh com cuc KCN:
Co khu nung tho hot von duo to cou cuc nhu duo
to trong nooc vu nhu duo to nooc ngou:
Do vo cuc du phoong du phut tron KCN, voc
thunh up mo cuc KCN ch dooc thoc hon kh
tong don tch dut cong nghop cou cuc KCN hon
co du dooc cho thoo t nhut u 60%:
Voc mo rong cuc KCN hon co ch dooc thoc hon
kh tong don tch dut cong nghop cou KCN do du
dooc cho thoo t nhut u 60% vu du xuy dong xong
cong trnh xo y nooc thu tup trong.
Nguon: Quyet nh 1107/2006/Q-TTg cua Thu tng
Chnh phu ve viec phe duyet Quy hoach phat trien
cac KCN Viet Nam en nam 2015 va nh hng
en nam 2020
(*) Ngay 06 thang 10 nam 2008, Thu tng Chnh phu a ban
hanh Quyet nh so 1440/Q-TTg ve viec phe duyet Quy
hoach xay dng khu x ly chat thai ran 3 vung kinh te trong
iem Bac Bo, mien Trung va pha Nam en nam 2020.
nh hng en nam 2020
- Quan ly tot va co quy hoach s dung hp ly
dien tch at d tr cho xay dng KCN.
- Hoan thien ve c ban mang li KCN tren
toan lanh tho vi tong dien tch cac KCN at
khoang 80.000 ha vao nam 2020.
- Qua n ly , chuye n o i c ca u a u t pha t trie n
ca c KCN a c tha nh la p theo h ng o ng bo
hoa .
Trong giai oan 2006-2008, cac KCN c
thanh lap mi van chu yeu tap trung vung ong
bang song Hong, ong Nam Bo va ong bang
song Cu Long (Bieu o 1.3). Vung Trung du mien
nui pha Bac giai oan nay cung co so lng KCN
thanh lap mi kha nhieu, ap ng yeu cau phat
trien cac KCN tai vung co ieu kien kho khan. Tuy
nhien, vung Bac Trung Bo va duyen hai mien
Trung cung vi Tay Nguyen van la hai vung co t
KCN c thanh lap mi. ieu nay a boc lo ro s
phat trien KCN khong can oi gia cac vung, mien
tren ca nc.
Can c vao phan tch cac so lieu thong ke
(Bang 1.3) cho thay, cac ch tieu ve phat trien
KCN nh tang so lng va dien tch KCN eu at
va vt ke hoach. Tuy nhien, ch tieu lien quan
12
Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
Bieu o 1.3. So KCN d kien u
tien thanh lap mi giai oan
2006 - 2015 theo vung kinh te
va so sa nh v i so KCN a
thanh lap giai oan 2006 - 2008
Ghi chu: So KCN thanh lap mi
giai oan 2006 - 2008 c tnh
theo so KCN c ra Quyet nh
thanh lap tnh t au nam 2006
en cuoi nam 2008.
Nguon: Quyet nh
1107/2006/Q-TTg ve viec phe
duyet Quy hoach phat trien cac
KCN Viet Nam en nam 2015
va nh hng en nam 2020;
Bo KH&T, TCMT tong hp,
2009
ang 1.3. So sanb gia tri da dat dooc tnb dcn bct tbang 12/2008
va cac cb tico pbat tricn kCN dcn nam 2010, 2015
(theo Quy hoach phat trien cac KCN Viet Nam en nam 2015 va nh hng en nam 2020,
Quyet nh so 1107/2006/Q-TTg)
No i dung
Ch tie u a a t
c e n he t
12/2008
Ch tie u trong
Quy hoa ch e n 2010
Ch tie u trong
Quy hoa ch e n 2015
So l ng KCN 223 - 246
Die n tch KCN (ha) 57.300 45.000 - 50.000 65.000 - 70.000
Ty le la p a y (%)
46 % *
55 % **
C ba n la p a y ca c KCN a
tha nh la p tr c na m 2006
60 %
He tho ng x ly n c
tha i (%)
32,7 % *
43,3 % **
70 % *** 100 %

Ghi chu: * Tnh theo so KCN a c thanh lap en het nam 2008;
** Tnh theo so KCN a i vao hoat ong va ang xay dng c ban en het nam 2008;
*** Muc tieu en 2010 cua Chien lc bao ve moi trng quoc gia en nam 2010 va nh hng en nam 2020
Nguon: So lieu ieu tra cua TCMT, thang 10/2009
en cong tac bao ve moi trng o la 70% cac
KCN co he thong x ly nc thai tap trung at
tieu chuan th con xa so vi con so thc te (en
cuoi nam 2009 mi co 43,3 % cac KCN a i vao
hoat ong co cong trnh x ly nc thai tap trung,
nhieu cong trnh trong so o con cha x ly nc
thai at tieu chuan). ieu nay oi hoi s no lc,
co gang cua chnh cac KCN, s quan ly sat sao
va s ho tr cua cac cap e co the at c ch
tieu nay.
1.Z. kI 0 00k kh0 0008 08hIEP 008 Phk
IE0 kI0h E - Ik h0I
1.2.1. Khu cong nghiep trong phat trien kinh te
va giai quyet lao ong, viec lam
Trong 18 nam qua, cac KCN ong vai tro
quan trong trong hnh thanh lc lng cong
nghiep manh cho phat trien kinh te at nc.
Nam 2008, tong gia tr san xuat cong nghiep cua
cac KCN at 33,2 ty USD (chiem 38% GDP ca
nc). Cac KCN ong gop ang ke vao tong gia
tr kim ngach xuat khau cua ca nc, hang nam
at ty trong trung bnh khoang 20%. Tnh bnh
quan 1 ha at cong nghiep a cho thue tao ra gia
tr xuat khau khoang 700.000 USD. Gia tr xuat
khau cua cac KCN lien tuc tang trong nhng nam
gan ay (nam 2006 at khoang 8 ty USD, nam
2007 at 10,8 ty USD, nam 2008 at 16,2 ty USD
chiem ty trong 25,8% trong tong gia tr xuat khau
cua ca nc). Vi vai tro quan trong cua mnh,
trong nam 2008, cac doanh nghiep KCN a nop
ngan sach nha nc khoang 2,6 ty USD. Thong
ke cua Bo KH&T cho thay, gia tr san xuat kinh
doanh tren 1 ha dien tch at cong nghiep a cho
thue at 1,68 trieu USD/nam.
KCN ong gop ang ke vao ket qua thu hut
au t ca nc, ac biet la thu hut au t nc
ngoai. Tnh bnh quan 1 ha at cong nghiep a
cho thue thu hut von au t bnh quan khoang
3,8 trieu USD. Tnh en het nam 2008, cac KCN
trong ca nc thu hut c 3.564 d an co von
au t nc ngoai vi tong von ang ky la 42,7 ty
USD; 3.588 d an au t trong nc vi tong von
ang ky la 251.542 ty ong (tng ng 14,8 ty
USD). Rieng nam 2008, cac KCN a thu hut gan
59.200 ty ong au t trong nc (tng ng
3,5 ty USD), trong o co 524 d an mi vi tong
von ang ky la 53.255 ty ong va ieu chnh 173
d an vi tong von au t tang them at 5.945 ty
ong (Bang 1.4).
Giai oan cuoi nam 2008, au nam 2009, mac
du kinh te nc ta gap nhieu kho khan do anh
hng cua suy thoai kinh te toan cau, s bien
ong tieu cc cua th trng the gii; san xuat
cong nghiep co xu hng chng lai; mc tieu thu
san pham hang hoa tren th trng trong nc
cham; xuat, nhap khau hang hoa b giam
nhieu va th trng xuat khau b thu hep; tnh
trang thieu viec lam xay ra tai mot so KCN va
doanh nghiep ln, song cac d an trong KCN van
trien khai vi toc o kha cao. Trong nam 2008,
cac d an au t nc ngoai trong KCN a thc
hien them c 2,5 ty USD, ty le giai ngan at
22% tong so von au t nc ngoai. Ty trong von
giai ngan nay cho thay cac KCN a ong gop
ang ke vao hieu qua thc hien von au t nc
13
Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
kbong 1.6. Mot so boong nang cao tnb
bcn vong trong pbat tricn kCN
l. Nung cuo chut oong, hoo qou vu buo dum tnh
ho thong trong qoy houch KCN tron toun qooc:
2. Nghon coo vu vun dong cho Vot Num cuc mo
hnh KCN thoo hoong hon du vu pho hop vo
doo kon th troong mo:
3. 1hoc hon choyon dch co cuo trong no bo
KCN thoo hoong hoo qou vu pho hop vo so
phut tron cou khou hoc vu cong ngho:
4. uo dum tnh dong bo cou cuc yoo to co so hu
tung vo K1-XH vu mo troong:
5. Chnh pho oon co cuc chnh such pho hop
cho voc phut tron cuc KCN.
Nguon: Van e phat trien ben vng cac KCN
Viet Nam, Tap ch KCN Viet Nam, 03/2007
14
Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
Bieu o 1.4. Tang trng kinh te va so lao ong cua cac KCN giai oan 1995 - 2008
Nguon: Bo KH&T, 2009
ang 1.4. So do an va von dao to vao cac kCN qoa cac nam 2006, 2007, 2008
Nguon: Bo KH&T, 2006, 2007, 2008
No i dung Na m 2006 Na m 2007 Na m 2008
To ng so d a n n c ngoa i 2.433 3.020 3.564
So d a n n c ngoa i m m i 356 605 540
To ng vo n a u t n c ngoa i ca p m i (ty USD) 4,34 4,81 10,45
Ty le so v i to ng vo n a u t n c ngoa i a ng ky
ca n c (%)
56 42,3 38
So d a n n c ngoa i ta ng vo n 337 459 537
To ng vo n a u t n c ngoa i xin ta ng (ty USD) 1,35 2,47 2,34
To ng so d a n trong n c 2.623 3.070 3.588
So d a n trong n c m m i 300 468 524
To ng vo n a u t trong n c (nghn ty o ng) 15 41(*) 59,3(*)
Ghi chu : (*) - bao go m ca vo n xin ta ng the m

ngoai tren ca nc. Theo o, en cuoi thang
12/2008, cac KCN ca nc a co 2.250 d an FDI
va 2.258 d an trong nc a i vao hoat ong
vi tong von au t thc hien at khoang 16,2 ty
USD va 121,1 nghn ty ong, tng ng 38% va
49% tong von au t nc ngoai va trong nc
ang ky vao KCN.
KCN a gop phan quan trong trong giai quyet
viec lam. Tai thi iem 31/12/2008, cac KCN a
thu hut tren 1,17 trieu lao ong trc tiep, neu tnh
ca so lao ong gian tiep th so lao ong c thu
hut vao cac hoat ong cua cac KCN con ln hn
nhieu. Tnh bnh quan 1 ha at cong nghiep a
cho thue thu hut tren 70 lao ong trc tiep (trong
khi 1 ha at nong nghiep ch thu hut c t 10 -
12 lao ong). Thong ke cho thay, phan ln lao
ong lam viec trong cac KCN la lao ong tre, co
kha nang nhanh chong tiep thu ky thuat, cong
nghe mi, hien ai, phng thc to chc va quan
ly san xuat tien tien.
ong hanh cung s phat trien cua cac KCN,
c s ha tang ky thuat nh cang bien, he thong
ng, ien, nc, thong tin lien lac... tai cac khu
vc nay cung phat trien theo. Qua 18 nam, ha
tang KCN cung nh nhng vung xung quanh
KCN phat trien rat nhanh. Them vao o, s phat
trien KCN cung a hnh thanh c mot oi ngu
cong nhan co tac phong cong nghiep va y thc
ky luat lao ong cao. Qua lam viec tai cac doanh
nghiep nc ngoai, oi ngu lao ong a c cai
thien rat nhieu ve ky luat, tac phong cong
nghiep, cung nh ky nang lam viec va trnh o
quan ly. Nh vay, cac KCN vi vai tro, tiem nang,
sc hut au t,... thc s a co nhng ong gop
khong nho trong phat trien KT-XH.
1.2.2. Khu cong nghiep va mot so van e xa
hoi phat sinh
Tuy co ong gop khong nho oi vi s phat
trien KT-XH cua quoc gia, song tren thc te, qua
trnh phat trien cua cac KCN a lam phat sinh
mot so van e xa hoi ang quan tam.
Chuyen oi s dung at nong nghiep va
nhng anh hng en ngi dan
Tai mot so quoc gia, KCN thng c xay
dng tai cac khu vc nong nghiep kem phat trien.
Trong khi o, tai nhieu a phng nc ta, ac
biet la vung ong bang song Hong va ong bang
song Cu Long, nhieu at phuc vu san xuat nong
nghiep a c s dung cho phat trien KCN.
Theo thong ke s bo, co en 20% dien tch at thu
15
Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
kbong 1.7. Tbo bot dao to coa cac kCN
tai Tp. Ho Cb Minb
1nh do n 3l/03/2009, cu c KCN tu 1p. Ho Ch
Mnh du tho ho t l.l52 do u n du o to du ng ky vo
to ng vo n 4,43 ty |SD. 1rong do du o to noo c
ngou u 463 do u n |2,62 ty |SD), du o to trong
noo c u 689 do u n |l,8l ty |SD). So do u n du o
to dung hou t do ng u 97l do u n vo to ng vo n du o
to 3,2 ty |SD.
Nguon: BQL cac KCX va KCN Tp. Ho Ch Minh, 2009
kbong 1.8. Tbo bot dao to coa cac kCN
tai tnb ac Ninb
1ho ho t l5 noo c vu vo ng u nh tho vo nho o nhu
du o to o n co oy tn, cu c tu p dou n knh to du qoo c
gu nho: Cunon |Nhu t u n), Sumsong |Hu n Coo c),
loxcom |1rong Coo c),... vo l77 do u n lDl vu l2
ch nhu nh, vu n pho ng du do n. 1o ng so vo n du ng
ky du t gu n 2,4 ty |SD: vo n tho c ho n gu n 2 ty
|SD.
1ho ho t 200 do u n du o to trong noo c vu o cu c KCN
tu p trong, vo to ng vo n du ng ky hon l3.000 ty
do ng.
1uo voc um cho tron 26.000 uo dong |chom
khoung 42% uo dong du phoong), dong gop tron
50% gu tr sun xout cong nghop, tron 70% gu tr
xout khuo toun tnh.
Nguon: S TN&MT Bac Ninh, 2009
hoi xay dng KCN la at nong nghiep (khoang
tren 10.000 ha). Tong dien tch at trong lua c
chuyen oi e phat trien cac KCN en nam 2015
t 18.000 - 20.000 ha, chiem khoang 0,5% tong
dien tch at trong lua tren ca nc.
Viec thu hoi at nong nghiep e xay dng cac
KCN a lam anh hng khong nho en i song
cua cac ho nong nghiep. Theo Dien an doanh
nghiep (thang 9/2009), hn 300.000 ho nong
nghiep ong bang song Hong, hn 100.000 ho
tai ong bang song Cu Long a b anh
hng do viec thu hoi at nong nghiep e xay
dng cac KCN. Quy trnh, quy nh ve thu hoi at
xay dng KCN cha hp ly, thng keo dai a tac
ong khong tot ti i song va viec lam cua cac
ho b thu hoi at. Hn the na, i song cua cac
ho b thu hoi at nong nghiep con chu anh hng
do ngi dan khong c chuyen oi c cau nghe
nghiep hp ly, khong t ho dan b ban cung hoa do
khong co t lieu san xuat.
Tr c th c te na y, ta i Co ng va n so
2031/VPCP-CN ngay 31/3/2008 va Quyet nh
so 391/Q-TTg nga y 18/4/2008, Thu t ng
Chnh phu a ch ao khong phat trien KCN tren
at nong nghiep co nang suat on nh. Bo
KH&T a co van ban hng dan cac a
phng trong xay dng quy hoach phat trien
KCN; to chc tham nh cac e an quy hoach
phat trien KCN cua a phng; ra soat, xay dng
phng an ieu chnh quy hoach KCN tren c s
tuan thu chat che viec bao am khong xay dng
KCN tren at lua co nang suat on nh va bao
am an ninh lng thc, ong thi to chc cac
oan kiem tra tnh hnh trien khai quy hoach
KCN, trong o co van e s dung at phat trien
KCN cac a phng.
i song vat chat cua ngi lao ong con
nhieu kho khan
S phat trien cac KCN a hnh thanh dong di
chuyen lao ong kha manh t khu vc nong thon
ra thanh th va t mien Bac, mien Trung vao mien
Nam (ni co nhieu KCN). Bao cao tong ket 15
nam xay dng va phat trien KCN&KCX Viet
Nam (Bo KH&T, 2006) cho thay, en 70% lao
ong trong cac KCN la lao ong nhap c va 60%
la lao ong n lam viec trong cac KCN. Chnh v
vay nhu cau ve nha cua ngi lao ong rat ln
va bc xuc.
Trong khi o, hau het cac KCN eu cha chu
y en van e nha cho ngi lao ong. Tai cac
KCN, mi co khoang 30% so lao ong co cho
on nh, so con lai phai t thu xep, thue tro rai rac
trong cac khu dan c xung quanh KCN. Ngui
lao ong thng thue nha e c tru vi ieu kien
song tam b, het sc kho khan. Doanh nghiep
cha quan tam xay dng nha cho ngi lao
ong. Thong ke cua cac BQL KCN cap tnh cho
thay, hien ch co khoang 2% lao ong c lu
tru trong cac nha tro do cac doanh nghiep s
dung lao ong va cac to chc oan the au t
xay dng (Tp. Ho Ch Minh la a phng co ty le
cao nhat cung ch at 5,4%). Nhieu a phng
mi d kien phat trien nha cho ngi lao ong
trong cac KCN ma cha co nh hng, c che,
chnh sach va bien phap cu the.
Quyen li cua ngi lao ong cha c
ton trong va bao am
Nhn chung, con nhieu doanh nghiep trong
KCN cha tuan thu nghiem tuc cac quy nh cua
phap luat ve lao ong, khong am bao quyen li
16
Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
Nhieu canh ong
nhng cho cho phat trien cac KCN
Anh: Ngoc Sn - Xuan Phu
cua ngi lao ong. ien hnh nh vi pham thi
gian ky ket hp ong, vi pham ve tham quyen va
noi dung hp ong, ky hp ong lao ong vi ty
le thap hoac co tnh keo dai thi gian th viec
nham cham ky hp ong vi ngi lao ong. Viec
ky luat, sa thai lao ong con tuy tien, khong tuan
theo quy nh cua Nha nc. Nhieu doanh
nghiep co tnh khong ong hoac cham ong, n
bao hiem xa hoi cua ngi lao ong. Cong tac an
toan ve sinh moi trng va phong chong chay no
trong doanh nghiep cha c quan tam va chu
y ung mc.
Chnh sach tien lng oi vi ngi lao ong
trong cac doanh nghiep cung con nhieu vi pham.
Theo ieu tra cua Bo Lao ong - Thng binh va
Xa hoi, co ti 20% doanh nghiep khong tra lng
lam them gi, 9% doanh nghiep khong tra lng
lam em, tren 50% doanh nghiep khong tra
lng cho lao ong n trong thi gian ngh thai
san. Do o, thi gian qua a xay ra mot so vu
tranh chap, nh cong, lan cong gay mat on nh
san xuat va an ninh trat t xa hoi tai mot so KCN.
Quyen li khong c am bao nen nhieu lao
ong khong co y nh lam viec lau dai oi vi cong
viec hien tai. Mac du so lao ong tang them hang
nam khoang 10%, nhng bien o bien ong lao
ong (vao - ra) len ti 50% - 60%, tham ch co
doanh nghiep KCN cua Tp. Ho Ch Minh len
en 70%. Tnh trang lao ong khong on nh,
doanh nghiep phai lien tuc tuyen lao ong cung
gay kho khan va tr ngai cho cac doanh nghiep.
Cac van e xa hoi khac
Dch vu y te, cham soc sc khoe va ieu kien
an uong cua cong nhan cung cha c doanh
nghiep quan tam chu ao. ieu kien sinh hoat,
moi trng song khong bao am, thieu cac hoat
ong sinh hoat van hoa, tinh than la nguyen nhan
phat sinh nhieu te nan xa hoi nh: trom cap, tran
lot, anh lon, mai dam, nghien hut,... Cac van e
tren gay anh hng trc tiep ti nang suat lao
ong, ti tnh on nh cua lc lng lao
ong, nang suat va hieu qua san xuat lau
dai cua cac doanh nghiep KCN.
1.8. kP l00 N0I 0008 0 h0k 0008 00k 0k0
kh0 0008 08hIEP
Xet ve mat moi trng, viec tap trung cac
c s san xuat trong KCN nham muc ch s
dung hp ly tai nguyen va nang lng, khoanh
vung san xuat cong nghiep vao mot khu vc nhat
nh, tap trung nguon thai, nang cao hieu qua s
dung tai nguyen thien nhien va nang lng, hieu
qua x ly nguon thai o nhiem va giam thieu toi a
anh hng o nhiem moi trng do cac hoat ong
san xuat oi vi cong ong sinh song trong cac
khu dan c xung quanh. Viec tap trung cac c s
san xuat trong cac KCN gop phan nang cao hieu
17
Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
Cum chung c cho ngi lao ong
tai KCN Tan Bnh (Tp. Ho Ch Minh)
Nguon: Anh t lieu
Ngi lao ong trong KCN
Nguon: Anh t lieu
18
Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
qua x ly nc thai, chat thai ran,... ong thi,
giam chi ph au t cho he thong x ly, giam chi
ph x ly moi trng tren mot n v chat thai.
Ngoai ra, cong tac quan ly moi trng oi vi cac
c s san xuat trong KCN cung c thuan li
hn.
Tuy nhien, ben canh nhng u the tren, KCN
khi c xay dng va i vao hoat ong a boc lo
nhng thach thc khong nho oi vi moi trng.
Quan ly moi trng KCN oi hoi can co c che
va mo hnh quan ly phu hp nham ap ng thc
te khi so lng va quy mo KCN khong ngng
tang nhanh trong thi gian qua. Tuy nhien, mo
hnh quan ly hien nay van con nhieu han che,
cha c cai thien nham bat kp vi toc o phat
trien KCN. Nam 2002, Bo KHCN&MT a ban
hanh Quyet nh 62/Q-BKHCNMT ve quy che
bao ve moi trng KCN, tuy nhien Quyet nh
nay a boc lo mot so han che, khong theo kp s
phat trien cua KCN. Nam 2009, Bo TN&MT a
ban hanh Thong t 08/2009/TT-BTNMT quy nh
ve quan ly va bao ve moi trng khu kinh te, khu
cong nghe cao, khu cong nghiep va cum cong
nghiep thay the Quyet nh neu tren. Do thong t
mi c ban hanh nen viec trien khai tren thc
te con cha c ay u. Ben canh o, ban than
Thong t 08/2009/TT-BTNMT cung cha giai
quyet triet e cac van e lien quan en mo hnh
quan ly moi trng KCN.
Phan ln KCN phat trien san xuat mang tnh a
nganh, a lnh vc, tnh phc tap ve moi trng
cao, do vay, yeu cau oi vi cong tac xay dng,
tham nh bao cao TM va giam sat moi trng
cac c s san xuat noi rieng va hoat ong cua ca
KCN noi chung trong giai oan hoat ong se rat
kho khan (Khung 1.9 va Bang 1.5). Cung v tnh
a nganh trong KCN nen chat lng cong trnh
va cong nghe x ly nc thai can au t mang
tnh ong bo. Tai nhieu KCN, chat lng nc
thai sau x ly van cha at quy chuan moi trng
va cha on nh.
Nguon thai t KCN mac du tap trung nhng
thai lng rat ln, trong khi o cong tac quan ly
cung nh x ly chat thai KCN con nhieu han che,
do o pham vi anh hng tieu cc cua nguon thai
t KCN la rat ln.
Trong nhng nam gan ay, nhieu KCN a
hoan thanh hang muc xay dng cong trnh x ly
nc thai tap trung. Tuy nhien, ty le nay con rat
nh cong - Lan cong cua
ngi lao ong tai KCN
Song Than (Bnh Dng)
nam 2007
Nguon: Anh t lieu
19
Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
kbong 1.9. kbo cong ngbicp don nganb va kbo cong ngbicp da nganb
KCN don ngunh huy choyon ngunh mo xout hon gun duy vo so hnh thunh KCN Dot muy duo ton |KCN
lho No - Hong Yon). Chon ooc ngunh Dot muy du qoy houch ll KCN choyon ngunh tron khup cu nooc
vo moc too on kot cuc hout dong dot muy vu pho tro nhum tuo hoo qou knh to vu mo troong cuo hon. Xo
hoong nuy gun duy con dooc thoc duy trong thoc to do phun on hout dong dot nhoom, n cou ngunh Dot muy
doo khong dooc houn nghonh o cuc KCN khuc do ngoy co guy o nhom cou ngunh dot, nhoom rut cuo. on
cunh cuc KCN choyon ngunh dot muy, hon du xout hon cuc KCN choyon ngunh khuc nho KCN - 1o hop
oc hou duo, kh don dum, huy KCN 1uo thoy Lu Vo,..
KCN du ngunh chom phun on trong so cuc KCN. KCN du ngunh gom nhoo dounh nghop, thooc nhoo
choyon ngunh, phun bo tup trong tron mot don tch go hun dooc cup phop |do phun bot vo dounh nghop
bon ngou hung ruo KCN). Vo y thoyot, cuc KCN phu co thot ko ky thout, phun kho choc nung nhong du
phun du khong dooc ton trong do nhong doo kon thoc to. Xot to goc do qoun y, voc phun bo thoo chon
oc, khong toun tho qoy dnh, trnh to sup xop nhut dnh co tho guy nhong kho khun cho qoun y, um tung
ch ph xo y nooc thu |phun bot xo y bung hou chut vu xo y v snh). Nhong num gun duy, mot so KCN du
nhun ru nhong ton tu nuy vu dung tm cuch khuc phoc, song nhong ton tu do ch so do u khong do gu
qoyot.
Nguon: TCMT tong hp
ang 1.5. ac trong san xoat coa cac kCN tai Tp. a Nang
Te n KCN a c trng sa n xua t Va n e mo i tr ng kho ng kh Va n e mo i tr ng n c
Hoa
Kha nh
Th c pha m, va t lie u
xa y d ng, gia y, c
kh ca n the p...,
O nhie m kh tha i, bu i kim loa i
chu ye u do ca c c s sa n
xua t thuo c nga nh c kh - ca n
the p (co e n 20 c s ), va t
lie u xa y d ng, che bie n cao
su, nh a ga y ra.
L ng n c tha i thu gom c
khoa ng 1/5, 4/5 co n la i do
doanh nghie p t x ly va cha
a t ye u ca u.
He tho ng x ly n c tha i
5.000 m
3
/nga y
a Na ng De t kim, may ma c,
gia y da, sa n
xua t/la p ra p thie t b
ie n, ie n t ,
nh a/bao b, th c
pha m, in a n.
Chu ye u la kh tha i lo hi, hi
dung mo i cu a Co ng ty H u
Ngh va Co ng ty TNHH
Sinaran.
L ng n c tha i chu ye u la
n c tha i sinh hoa t, ha m
l ng o nhie m tha p
He tho ng x ly n c tha i 250
m
3
/nga y
Lie n
Chie u
Sa n xua t sa t the p,
ma , va t lie u xa y
d ng, che bie n thu y
sa n, ho a cha t,...
O nhie m do bu i, hi kim loa i
va kh tha i va n cha c
kha c phu c ta i ca c c s sa n
xua t xima ng
Lu l ng tha i tha p nhng tha i
l ng ca c cha t o nhie m trong
n c tha i cao;
Cha co he tho ng x ly n c
tha i.
Ho a Ca m Sa n xua t va t lie u
xa y d ng, c kh,
ie n t , va n pho ng
pha m, che bie n go ,
may ma c, ....
Hi axit t da y chuye n ma kim
loa i, hi dung mo i, bu i sn t
co ng oa n sn, kh o c t da y
chuye n sa n xua t nh a,..
Kh tha i pha t sinh trong qua
trnh o t nhie n lie u: SO
x
, NO
x
,
CO, C
x
H
y
,..
N c tha i b o nhie m do kim
loa i na ng;
Cha co he tho ng x ly n c
tha i.

Nguon: S TN&MT Tp. a Nang, 2009
20
Chng 1 TONG QUAN VE KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM
MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM MO I TR NG KHU CO NG NGHIE P VIE T NAM
thap (khoang 43,3 % cac KCN ang hoat ong)
va hieu qua hoat ong khong cao, dan en tnh
trang nc thai cua KCN van c thai ra ngoai
vi thai lng o nhiem cao.
Tai khong t KCN, he thong x ly kh thai cua
cac c s san xuat con han che, s sai, phan ln
ch mang tnh hnh thc oi pho. Kh thai khong the
giai quyet tap trung giong nh nc thai ma can x
ly ngay tai nguon thai. Kh thai do cac c s san
xuat thai ra moi trng cha nhieu chat oc hai
neu khong c quan ly, kiem soat tot tai c s
san xuat se gay anh hng nghiem trong en sc
khoe cua cong ong xung quanh.
Qua trnh thu gom va van chuyen chat thai ran
a phan do trc tiep tng doanh nghiep trong
KCN thc hien. Con nhieu doanh nghiep cha
thc hien nghiem tuc cong tac phan loai chat thai
ran. Chat thai ran cong nghiep con b o lan vi
rac thai sinh hoat, chat thai nguy hai con cha
c phan loai va van chuyen ung quy nh.
Nhieu KCN cha co khu vc lu gi tam thi chat
thai nguy hai t cac doanh nghiep trong KCN
theo quy nh.
Ngoai ra, quy hoach he thong giao thong va
cay xanh cua nhieu KCN cha c quan tam
ung mc. Cay xanh c trong trong nhieu KCN
van mang tnh oi pho, phan nhieu la co, cay
canh,.. cha trong c nhieu cay tao bong mat va
sinh khoi ln co tac dung bao ve moi trng.
ANH GIA CHUNG
Qua trnh phat trien thi gian qua cho thay,
cac KCN tang nhanh ve so lng, dien tch, thu
hut lng khong nho von au t trong nc va
ngoai nc, thuc ay san xuat cong nghiep, tao
cong an viec lam cho ngi lao ong, nang cao
chat lng cuoc song, gop phan chuyen dch c
cau kinh te theo hng CNH-HH,...
Tuy nhien, ben canh cac muc tieu at c, ty
le lap ay cua cac KCN va cong tac xay dng cac
cong trnh bao ve moi trng trong KCN (ien
hnh la viec xay dng, hoan thien va van hanh
cac cong trnh x ly nc thai tap trung) la cha
at ch tieu; i song ngi lao ong cha c
am bao; ngi dan b thu hoi at phuc vu phat
trien cac KCN cham c chuyen oi nghe
nghiep, tham ch, khong t ngi dan b ban cung
hoa do khong co t lieu san xuat...
S phat trien KCN a gay sc ep khong nho
en moi trng, en cuoc song cua ngi lao
ong va cong ong xung quanh, anh hng en
s phat trien ben vng cua at nc. Hien trang o
nhiem moi trng, nhng ton tai trong quan ly moi
trng KCN, d bao xu hng phat trien, cac giai
phap tong hp nham kiem soat va cai thien moi
trng KCN se tiep tuc c phan tch va lam ro
hn trong nhng Chng sau cua Bao cao.
San xuat giay xuat khau tai Cong ty co phan
cong nghiep Hai My, KCN Song Than, Bnh Dng
Anh: H. Thuy