HIV Prevention Information Kit For School Teacher - KH

KH/EDU/2008/PI/15
Phnom Penh, August 2008

Original: English
HIV Preventive Education

Information Kit for
School Teachers
Khmer version
RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa
mKeTsk_sMrab;RKUbeRgon
sIBI
emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
erobcMeday
KNkmaFikarGnrnaykdan
RbyuTnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
2008
matika
esckIENnaMrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>i
Garmkfa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>ii
esckIEfgGMNrKuN >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>iv
esckIepIm nigkarENnaMsRmab;GkGan >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>v
01> BtmanmUldanGMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1
02> emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ kgtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>11
03> plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_eTAelIRKYsar shKmn_ nigsalaeron>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>19
04> tYnaTIrbs;salaeronkgkarRbyuTRbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>29
05> karGb;rMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>39
06> karebCJacitCaGnrCatisIBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>49
07> RsI nigkumarI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>59
08> bursrUmePTCamYyburs MSM>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>69
09> Gkcak;faMejn>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>81
10> kumarkMRBa nigkumargayrgeRKaH >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>93
11> karpSarPab;salaeronCamYyesvaBak;BnnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ >>>>>>>>>>>>103
12> bBaIksarbEnm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>113
13> Btman nigtYelxsMxan;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>119
14> sTanuRkm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>123
kMNt;smal; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>131
esckIENnaMrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa

karelIkkMBs;KuNPaBGb;rM BiessKuNPaBbeRgon nigeron CabBaacMbgEdlRksYgGb;rM
yuvCn nigkILa RBmTaMgGkRKb;RKgRKb;ldM ab;fa k;)an nigkMBgu ykcitT ku dak;ya: gxaM nigCaRbcaM
kgenaHmankarbRBaabkarGb;rMTb;sat;karraldalnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_pgEdr.
sisSanusisSCaTMBaMgsgbJsSI CakMlaMgsl nigCassrRTUgnRbeTsCati. elakRKU
GkRKU caM)ac;RtUvCYyBYkeK[ecosputBICMgWdkacsahav nigminTan;manfaMBa)alenH.
esovePA {mKe Tsk_srM ab;RKUbeRgonsBI eI meraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ } EdlelxaFikardan
beckeTsnKNkmaFikarGnrnaykdanRbyuTnwgCMgWeGds_rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa
shkarCamYyGgkaryUeNsRbcaMenAkm<Ca )anerobcM ERbsMrYlRsbtambribTRbeTskm<Ca
BIksaredImrbs;GgkaryUeNsRbcaMTIRkug)agkk HIV Preventive Education Information
Kit for School Teachers - 2007 CaksarmYydsMxan;sMrab;elakRKU GkRKU eRbICa]bkrN_
kg karelIkkMBs;smtPaBbuKl edIm,ImanCMenOCak;elIxn g kg karbkRsay nigple; KalkarN_
RKwHsMxan; caM)ac; kgbMNgCYysisSanusisS[mankaryl;dwgkan;EtsIuCMerABICMgWdkac
sahavenH. Btman nigtYelxCak;Esg Bit kgesovePAenH GacCaPstagdmanRbsiTPaB
kg karbMpsu nigCMrju [eKGacpas;br \riyabf Tb;Tl;ngw emeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_EdlBYkeK
kMBugRbQmmuxnaeBlbcb,n nigeTAGnaKt.
RksYgsgwmfa esovePAenHBitCakayCaTIRbwkSadmanRbsiTP aBrbs;elakRKU GkRKURKb;
eBlevla ehIyelakRKU GkRKUngw ykcitT ku dak;eRbIesovePAenH CaksarCMnyY kg karbRBaab
emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ edIm,IrYmcMEnkksagFnFanmnusSRbkbedayKuNPaB.
PMeBj/ fTI 05 Ex sIha qaM 2008
C> eTsrdmnI rdmnIRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa
rdelxaFikar
mKeTsk_
sMrab;RKUbeRgonsIBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
Garmkfa
elakRKU GkRKUTaMgGs;CaTIeKarB
eCOCak;fa esovePAmKeTsk_enHBitCamansarRbeyaCn_sRmab;GkGan CaBiess

GkEdlmantYnaTICanayk bCaelakRKU GkRKU. esovePAmKeTsk_enHmanBtmanfI sIBIkar
bgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ EdlepatelIsalaeron nigplc; eM NHdwgcaM)ac;sRmab;elakRKU
GkRKU nigmitr mY kargarTaMgGs; edIm,IerobcMskmPaBeqyI tbnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_enA
tamsalaeron nigshKmn_.
enAqaM 2002 GgkaryUeNsRbcaMTIRkug)agkk )anbegItesovePAENnaMsRmab;kar
tsmU tisBI eI meraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ nigkarGb;rM sRmab;mnRI ksYgGb;rCM an;xs< ; nigfak;kNal
enAtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic. esovePAENnaMsRmab;kartsUmtimaneKaledACMruj pSBVpSaykarGb;rM
bgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ nigbegnI karyl;dgw BIplb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_
eTAelIvisyGb;rM. eyagtamBtmanRtLb;BIesovePAENnaMsRmab;kartsUmti EdleyIg)an
TTYl eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvbegItesovePAmKeTsk_RsedogKaenHsRmab;elakRKU GkRKU.
GgkaryUeNsR bcaMTRI kug)agkk )ancgRkgesovePAmKe Tsk_ sBI kI arbgaremeraKeGds_
enH edIm,ICaCMnYysartIdl;elakRKU GkRKU nigmitrYmkargarTaMgGs; kgkarbegInkaryl;dwgBI
plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ nigsarsMxan;nkarGb;rMbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgW
eGds_. TMnak;TnM gCitsTi r vagelakRKU GkRKU nigyuvvy man\TBi lelIcti KMnti nigGakb,kiryi a
rbs;yuvvy. elakRKU GkRKU CakmaMgdsMxan;kgkarCYybgarkarqgraldalnemeraKeGds_
kgcMeNamyuvvy. elakRKU GkRKUGaceFVI[manPaBERbRbYltamrykarRbyuTRbqaMgnwg
emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_enAtamsalaeron.
edaysarbcb ,nenHminTan;manfaBM a)al bfa bM garemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_enAeLIy
ii
mKeTsk_
karGb;rMrbs;elakRKU GkRKU BIkarbgar karbeRgonGMBICMnajkarBar nigGakb,kiriya manPaB

caM)ac;Nas;kg karkat;bnyPaBgayrgeRKaHrbs;yvu vykg karqgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.
elIsBIenH TegVIrbs;elakRKU GkRKU CakareqIytbdmanRbsiTPaB kgkarbgarkarqgraldal
eBjpRbeTs. elakKU GkRKU nigvisyGb;rM mantYnaTIdsMxan;kgkarFanafa yuvvyCMnan;
eRkayTTYl)ancMeNHdwg bMNin nig\riyabfEdlcaM)ac;sRmab;EfrkSasuxPaB nigkarrs;enA
Rbkbedaysuxmu alPaB. elakRKU GkRKUGacrYmcMENkkg karCYybegnI karyl;dgw nigkat;bny
PaBPyxac karmak;gay nigkarerIseGIgGkpkemeraKeGds_ nigGkCMgWeGds_ bGkEdl
kMBugrs;enACamYyGkpkemeraKeGds_.
sUmelakRKU GkRKUcUlrYmkgkicxitxMRbwgERbg edIm,IBRgwgkareqIytbrbs;visyGb;rM
cMeBaHemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_enARKb;kRmitsikSaTaMgGs;. karcUlrYmKaMRT nigkareFVsI kmPaB
dmantmrbs;elakRKU GkRKU CakarcaM)ac;bpM tu . sgwmy:agmutmaMfa esovePAmKe Tsk_enHnwg
eFVI[manPaBERbRbYlkgkicxitxMRbwgERbgCanirnr_ kgkarpl;karGb;rMEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;
sIBIkarbgarkarqgraldalnemeraKeGds_dl;yuvvyenAtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic.
Sheldon Shaeffer
naykGgkaryUeNsRbcaMTIRkug)agkk
mKeTsk_
iii
esckIEfgGMNrKuN
sUmeKarBEfgGMNrKuNy:agRCaleRCAcMeBaH k]tm Gwum siTI rdelxaFikarRksYg
Gb;rM yuvCn nigkILa nigcMeBaHelak Teruo Jinnai tMNagGgkar UNESCO RbcaMRbeTs
km<CaEdl)anKaMRTdMeNIrkarerobcM nig)an]btmEpkhirBavt beckeTs eFVI[esovePA
mKeTsk_sMrab;RKUbeRgonsIBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ enH ecjCarUbrageLIg.
esovePAenHCasmiTplEdlekItecjBIkareRCamERCgminecHenOyht; BIsMNak;
shkarICaeRcInkgkarviPaK vaytm BiniteLIgvij nigkarshkarepSgeTot.
sUmEfgGMNrKuNcMeBaHGkEdl)ancUlrYmcMENkcgRkgesckIRBag nigBiniteLIgvij
dUcCa Rosanne Wong, Simon Baker and Ngo Thanh Loan of the HIV and AIDS Coordination
and School Health Unit; Jan Wijngaarden TIRbwkSakraC Robert Horn TIRbwkSakraC
nig David Clarke TIRbwkSakraC nigGkcUlrYmcMENkepSgeTotmanCaGaT Praveena
Gunaratnam kGKrdTUtyuvCnGURsalI Emmanuelle Abrioux (UNICEF EAPRO) nig
Renata Zenatti kGKrdTUtyuvCnGURsalI.
sUmEfgGMNrKuNy:agRCaleRCAcMeBaHRkumsRmbsRmYlemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
RkumkargarsuxPaBsikSa CaBiessniBnnayk Caroline Haddad rbs;GgkaryUeNsRbcaM
TIRkug)agkk Edl)anrYmcMENkeFVI[kekItCaesovePAmKeTsk_enH.
sUmEfgGMNrKuNcMeBaH kBaa Silja Rajander GksMrbsMrYlEpkemeraKeGds_
CMgWeGds_ nigeynDrnGgkar UNESCO RbcaMRbeTskm<Ca GgkarCati GgkarGnrCati nig
mnIRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILaEdl)anpl;eyabl; EklMG eFVI[xwmsarnesovePAenHRsb
tambribTRbeTskm<Ca.
elxaFikardanbeckeTs
KNkmaFikarGnrnaykdanRbyuTnwgCMgWeGds_
iv
mKeTsk_
esckIepIm nigkarENnaMsRmab;GkGan
eKalbMNgrbs;esovePAmKeTsk_enH KWpl;BtmanmUldanEdlRKUbeRgon nigKrunisSit
TaMgGs;RtUvEtdwg edIm,IeqIytbeTAnwgcml;rbs;sisSBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_enAeBl
beRgon. edaysarbcb,nenH emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_kMBugmanvtmanenARbeTsPaKeRcIn
enAtMbn;GasIu ehIyebIeTaHCaemeraKeGds_eRcInEtmanvtmankgcMeNamRbCaCnEdlman
kRmitGb;rMTabkeday kCakarcaM)ac;EdlRtUvpl;cMeNHdwg nigCMnajkgkarbgaremeraKeGds_
dl;RKUbeRgon edIm,I[BYkKat;GacedIrtYnaTIdmanRbsiTPaBkgkarbgaremeraKeGds_.
karRbmUlcgRkgBtmankgesovePAmKeTsenH kmaneKalbMNgRKbdNb;ral;bBaa
EdlRKUbeRgonRtUvEtdwg edIm,IGacbeRgonBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_)an. BtmanTaMgenH
CakarENnaMeTAkan;RbFanbTCaeRcInBak;Bnedaypal;CamYynwgkumar. BtmanTaMgenHkman
eKalbMNgbegInkaryl;dwgGMBIbBaa nigpl;dMeNaHRsaynana EdlRKUbeRgonGacykeTAeRbI
R)as;enAtamsalaeron. Btm anTaMgenHGaceRbIR)as;CaRbPBksarkraC sRmab;karsikSa
dac;edayELk bCaksarbEnmsRmab;karbNHbNalbMb:nRKUbeRgon. ebIeTaHCaBtman
TaMgenH tUv)anykeTAeRbIR)as;sRmab;krNImyY Nakeday kBt m anTaMgenHKYrEttUv)anEkc
tRmUveTAtamesckRI tUvkarrbs;v; si y Gb;reM nAtamRbeTsnImyY kg kareqyI tbnwgemeraKeGds_
nigCMgWeGds_.
BtmanTaMgenHk)anbgajBtmanCIvevCsaRsmUldanGMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;karbgarkarqgraldal niglubbM)at;Bt m anminBitTaMgGs;Bak;Bn n gw emeraK
eGds_ nigCMgWeGds_. karyl;dwgBIemeraKeGds_mansarsMxan;kgkarlubbM)at;karmak;gay
kumarEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ brg\TiBlBIemeraKeGds_.
sanPaBqgraldalemeraKeGds_enAtMbn;GasIRu tUv)anbgajCUn ehIyCakarcaM)ac;Nas;
EdllkNnkarqgraldalemeraKeGds_enAtamRbeTsnImyY RtUv)anpSarPab;ngw sanPaB
xagelIenH.
mKeTsk_
plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_cMeBaHkumar kMBugEtrIkFMeLIg xNEdlBuk

mayrbs;kumar)anFak;xnQW nigsab;. plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_eTAelIRKYsar shKmn_
nigsalaeron RtUv)anplk; arykcitT ku dak;CaBiess edaysgtF; n e; lIkarCMrHkarmak;gay nig
karerIseGIg. Btmandac;edayELkmYy)anelIkeLIgBIbBaaepSgTak;TgnwgkumarkMRBa nig
kumarEdlgayTTYlrgeRKaH.
tYnaTICaeRcInrbs;salaeronkgkarRbyuTRbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ RtUv)an
elIkykmkBiPakSapgEdr edayepatelIkarGb;rMBIkarbgar nigbMNinCIvit. sarsMxan;nkar
pSarPab;rvagsalaeron nigesvaEdlBak;BnnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ kRtUv)anelIk
ykmkBiPakSapgEdr.
bBaaEdlTak;TgnwgPaBgayrgeRKaH nigskmPaBRbfuynwgeRKaHfak; manbgajkg
BtmanBIRsI nigkumarI. BtmankmanbgajBIbursrYmePTCamYyburs nigGkcak;faMejn.
enAEpkcugeRkay manbgajeQaHksarsRmab;Ganbn nigsTanuRkm.
vi
mKeTsk_
BtmanmUldanGMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
RKUbeRgon caM)ac;RtUvdwgBtmanmUldanBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ eRBaHfa Btman

TaMgGs;enHGacCYyelakRKU GkRKU kg karedaHRsaybBaamYycMnnY nigbM)at;karPan;RcLMBt m an
mUldanGMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_EdlkMBugraldal nigeFVI[eyIgeFVsRbEhskgkar
karBarxn.
1> niymny
k> etIemeraKeGds_ (HIV) CaGVI?
HIV CaemeraKma:g nigCaBaksresrkat;BIBakfa Human Immunodeficiency Virus
emeraKEdleFVI[RbBnPaBsuaMrbs;mnusScuHexSay. RbBnPaBsuaMCaRbBnkarBarragkayBI
FmCatiTb;Tl;nwgkarqgemeraK nigCMgWepSg.
emeraKeGds_manRbPBmkBITVIbGaRBic enAstvtSr_TI 20 ehIyemeraKenH)anqgral
dalBaseBjBiPBelaktamrymnusSEdleFVdI eM NIrBIkEngmYyeTAkEngmYyeTot. sBVfenH
esIrEtKanRbeTsNamYyeKcputBIkarqgraldalnemeraKenHeLIy. enHCabBaaRbQm
fImYycMeBaHsuxPaBrbs;mnusSCati.
x> etICMgWeGds_ (AIDS) CaGVI?
CMgWeGds_ (AIDS) CalkxNFn;Frrbs;GkpkemeraKeGds_edaysarEtRbBnPaBsuaM
cuHexSay minGackarBarRbqaMgnwgCMgWepSgeTot)an. Bakfa AIDS CaBaksresrkat;mkBI
Bakfa Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome RbCMueraKsBaaEdlekIteRkayBIRbBn
PaBsuaMrbs;mnusScuHexSay. GkCMgWeGds_Gacsab;edaysarCMgWkasniymepSg.
K> etIGacBa)alCMgWeGds_CasHes,IyEdrbeT?
bcb,n minTan;mankarBa)alCMgWeGds_[CasHes,IyenAeLIyeT. RkumevCbNit nig
GkviTasaskBM gu RsavRCavbegtI facM ak;bgarCMgeW nH faEM dlGackarBarmnusSBIkarqgemeraK
2
mKeTsk_
eGds_. b:uEn KannrNamak;Gacdwgc,as;fa etIkarbegItfaMcak;bgarRtUvcMNayeBlb:unan b

eBlNaEdlGkviTasaRsGacseRmc)aneCaKCyeLIy. dMeNIrkarnkarbegItfaMcak;bgar
sitelIpvdEvgqaymYy.
bcb,n mankarBa)alemeraKeGds_ edayeRbIfaMmYycMnYnedIm,IBa)alCMgWkasniym
EdlmaneQaHfa {faMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_}. faMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_Gackat;bnyemeraK
eGds_kgxnmnusS rhUtdl;kRmitmYyEdlesIrEtminGacrkeXIjemeraKenH. faMRbePTenH
karBarmin[emeraKbnBUC nigbMpajRbBnPaBsuaMrbs;mnusS. b:uEn faMRbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_
manCatiBulxaMg Bi)akelb nigGacmanplb:HBal;epSgeTot. RbsinebIGkCMgWelbfaMenH
)aneTogTat; BYkeKGacmanCIvitrs;enA)anrab;qaM bCYnkalrab;TsvtSkman. edaysarviFI
Ba)alCaviFIfI KannrNamak;GacFanafa etIGkCMgWeGds_GacbnCIvit)anryeBlyUrb:unan
bkenAeBlNaEdlfaMElgmanRbsiTPaBenaHeLIy.
karBa)aledayeRbIfaMfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_cMNayGs;eRcIn nigmingayrk)aneLIy
enAtamRbeTsmYycMnYn CaBiess RbeTskMBugGPivDn_. edaysarEtminTan;manfaMcak;bgar
bkarBa)al[)anCasHes,Iy ehIyfafaMRbqaMgemeraKeGdsmancMnYnkMNt; viFIbgarCa
meFa)aydRbesIr kgkarRbqaMgnwgkarqgraldalnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.
RbsinebInrNamak;manpkemeraKeGds_ karcab;epImBa)alkan;Etrhs kan;Etman
RbsiTPaB. dUecH CakarcaM)ac;Nas; GkEdlRbQmmuxnwgkarqgemeraKeGds_ RtUveFVIEts
QamrkemeraKeGds_ edIm,I[dwgfa man bKanpkemeraKeGds_.
X> etIRtUveFVdI cU emcedIm,Idgw famnusSmak;manpk emeraKeGds_ bC gM eW Gds_?
meFa)ayEtmYyKt;EdlGac[dwgfa mnusSmak;manpkemeraKeGds_ bmanCMgWeGds_
KWkareFVIEtsQamrkemeraKeGds_. kareFVIEtsKYreFVIedaymankarRbwkSa karrkSakarsmat; nig
mankaryl;RBmCamun. RbsinebIkareFVIEtseXIjfamanlTplviCman KYreFVIEtsCaelIkTIBIr
mKeTsk_
3
edIm,IbBaak;[kan;Etc,as; ecosvaglTplPan;RcLMEdlGacekItmanedayRbkarNamYy.
RbsinebImnusSmak;manlTplEtsQamviCman mnusSenaHKYrEtEsVgrkesvaRbwkSa edIm,IEsVg
yl;sa nPaBsuxPaB nigrebobrs;enACamYyemeraKeGds_. CaTUeTA buKl mak;KrY rg;caMryeBlbI
Exsin bnab;BImankarsgSyfa xn)anqgemeraKeGds_ munnwgseRmceTAeFVIEts eRBaHmin
GacrkeXIjemeraKenAkgQam bnab;BIqgPamenaHeT. manrebobeFVIEtsQamepSgKa
kgkarEsVgrkemeraKeGds_. b:uEn rebobeFVIEtsTaMgGs;KYrEtGacrkeXIjvtmanemeraKenH
kgQam bnab;BIryeBlbIEx. RbsinebImnusSmak;manpkemeraKeGds_ mnusSmak;enaHGac
cmgemeraKeGds_eTAGkdT muneBleFVIEtsQamkMNt;vtmanemeraKenAkgQameTAeTot
eBalKWmnusSmak;enaH GaccmgemeraKeGds_eTAGkdT edaymin)andwgfaxnmanpkemeraK
enHeLIy.
2> karvivtnemeraKeGds_
emeraKeGds_sitkgGMbUrBiessnemeraK. eBlEdlemeraKeGds_qgcUlkgragkay
mnusS emeraKenHeRbIR)as;eKalikaQamssRmab;ciBawmCivit nigbnBUC. kgdMeNIrkarbnBUC
emeraKeGds_bMpajeKalikaQams CaBiess eKalikaQamsmYyRbePTEdlCYykarBar
mnusSBIkarqgCMgW behAfaeKalika CD4. mnusSEdlmansuxPaBlFmta maneKalika CD4
BI 800 eTA 1200 kgQam1mIlIEm:tKUb.
CaTUeTA emeraKeGds_bpM a jsuxPaBmnusSedaysnSwm. GkxHFak;xn QWya: gqab;rhs
bnab;BIqgemeraKenH. b:uEnsRmab;mnusSeBjvyPaKeRcIn emeraKenHmin)anbeBajeraK
sBaaGVIbnicesaHkgryeBl10qaMkmanEdr. enAeBlEdlemeraKeGds_kMBugvayRbhar
RbBnPaBsuaM GkEdl)anqgemeraKenHRbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfak;nkarqgCMgWepSg dUcCa CMgW
rlakTgsYt CMgWrebg CMgWmharIkCaedIm EdlCMgWTaMgenHRtUv)anehAfa {CMgWkasniym}.
RbsinebIbuKlmak;)anqgemeraKeGds_ buKlenaHmansBaaNemeraKeGds_viCman
mKeTsk_
kgQam. edaysaremeraKeGds_vivtyWt GkpkemeraKGacmansuxPaBlFmta ehIyenHCa

mUlehtueFVI[emeraKenHqgraldal)any:aggayBaseBjBiPBelak. emeraKeGds_min
Gacrs;enAkgmCdanxageRkA)anyUreLIy ehIyGacqgmkmnusStammeFa)aymYycMnYn
ticb:ueNaH. b:uEn kar)a:n;sanrbs;GgkarkmviFIeGds_shRbCaCati (UNAIDS) )anbgajfa
manmnusSrhUtdl;39lannak;manpkemeraKenHenAqaM2005 nigCag 25lannak;eTot)an
sab;1. PaKeRcInnGkTaMgenaHmin)andwgfa xn)anqgemeraKeGds_eLIy.
enAeBlEdlemeraKkasniymqgcUlkg xn Gkpk emeraKeGds_ edaysaremeraKeGds_
)aneFVI[RbBnPaBsaMucuHexSay buKlenaHtUv)anehAfa {GkCMgWeGds_}.
CaTUeTA GkCMgWeGds_)at;bg;eKalika CD4 CaeRcIn. brimaNeKalika CD4 manEt 200
bticCagenHkgQam1mIlIEm:tKUb EdlCacMnYnminRKb;RKan;sRmab;karBarragkayeLIy.
3> rebobqg nigrebobminqg
k> etIemeraKeGds_qgtamrebobNa?
emeraKeGds_minqgedaykg)aneLIy ehIykminGacrs;enAeRkAxnmnusS)anyUr
Edr. emeraKRtUvkarvtravkgxnmnusSedIm,Irs;enA bnBUC nigqgeTAGkdT. emeraKqgtam
Qam Twkkam TwkrMGil nigTwkedaHmayEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_. emeraKeGds_Gacqgral
daltamviFI3y:agdUcxageRkam
karrYmePTEdlKankarkarBar karrYmePT tamTVarmas tamrnKTU bkareRbImat; CamYydKU
EdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ gayqgemeraKeGds_bMput. RsImanktaCIvsaRsEdlgayTTYlrg
eRKaHedaykarqgemeraKeGds_Cagburs CaBiesskarrYmePTtamTVarmas. ktavb,Fmk)an
eFVI[RsIgayTTYlrgkarqgemeraKeGds_pgEdr edaysarzaneynDrrbs;RsIkgsgm
)ankat;bnylTPaBrbs;RsI kg karecosvagkarrYmePTCamYydKUEdlpk emeraKeGds_ bkar
esIsMu[mankarrYmePTedaysuvtiPaBdUcCa karrYmePTedayeRbIeRsamGnamyCaedIm. karrYm
mKeTsk_
5
ePTtamrnKTU minfarvagbursnigburs brvagbursnigRseI T suTE tCakarRbRBwtR bfuynwgeRKaHfak;

TaMgGs; CaBiessPaKIEdlTTYlkarrYmePT eRBaHRsTab;xagkg rnKTU nigcugeBaHevonFMgaynwg
dac;rlat;kgeBlrYmePT. karrYmePTedayeRbImat;GacnwgcmgemeraKeGds_ RbsinebIman
kar)aj;TwkkamcUleTAkgmat; enAeBlEdlmat;rbs;dKUmandac;rlat; mandMe)AbNalmkBI
kameraK kardussMGateFjfI bdMe)AenAkgmat;. ktaTaMgenHsuTEtGacbNal[emeraK
eGds_eRCotcUlkgsrsQam)an.
karqgtamQam ekItmanenAeBleRbIml bsrW aMgu Edlmin)anrMgab;emeraKrYmKaCamYymnusS
EdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ CaBiess ml bsWraMugEdleRbIsRmab;cak;faMejn. krNIenHk
GacekItmanenAtammNlsuxPaBmYycMnYnpgEdr KWkarbBalQamEdlmin)anqgkat;kareFVI
EtsrkemeraK. kareRbIR)as;]bkrN_sak;Edlmin)anrMgab;emeraKrYmKa kGaceFVI[mankar
raldalnemeraKeGds_)anEdr.
karqgBIBukmayeTAkUn RbsinebIRsImak;manpkemeraKeGds_ kasqgBImayeTAkUn
eBlenAkgp enAeBlekIt nigenAeBlbMe)AedaH2 man 35. RbsinebImankarBa)al
edayeRbIfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_[)anCab;lab; enaHkasnkarqgGaccuHenAsl;RtwmEt 7
b:ueNaH3. CaTUeTA RsICamay)anqgemeraKeGds_BIbI bdKUrYmePTburs. dUecH burskRtUvrYm
cMENkTTYlxusRtUvkgkarcmgemeraKeGds_eTAkUnpgEdr. dUecH karcmgEbbenHehAfa
{karqgBIBukmayeTAkUn} PTCT minEmn {karqgBImayeTAkUn} eLIy.
x> etIemeraKeGds_minqgtamrebobNa?
emeraKeGds_minqgtamkarTak;TgKaFmta edayminmankardac;rlat;ecjQamTaMg
BIrnak;eT. dUecH eyIgminKYrPyxacBIGVIEdleyIgeFVIRbcaMf enApH enAkEngeFVIkar benAkg
shKmn_CamYyKaenaHeLIy. skmPaBdUcxageRkam minGacqgemeraKeGds_)aneT
mKeTsk_
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
rs;enA nigesksMelokbMBak;rYmKaCamYyGkpkemeraKeGds_
hUb)ay cMNIGahar nigeRbIR)as;sabRBa can qaMg rYmKaCamYyGkpkemeraKeGds_
EfTaMGkCMgWeGds_ b:HBal;ejIs Twkmat; kMGYt lamk bTwkenam
GgyeronCamYyGkpkemeraKeGds_
eFVIkarCamYyGkpkemeraKeGds_
eRbIR)as;TUrsBsaFarNrYmKaCamYyGkpkemeraKeGds_
elgkILa nigEl,gkMsanrYmKaCamYyGkpkemeraKeGds_
eRbIR)as;bnb;Twk bgn; GagEhlTwksaFarN rYmKaCamYyGkpkemeraKeGds_
eTAsYrsuxTukGkCMgWeGds_
eGab efIb kNas bkan;GkpkemeraKeGds_
stVlitTic bxaM
mineRbIeRKOgejn nigeRKOgRsvwg.
3> viFIbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_

k> mnusSmak;Gackat;bnyeRKaHfak;nkarqgemeraKeGds_edayrebobNa?
edaysarEtKankarBa)al[)anCasHes,Iy RKb;KacaM)ac;RtUvdwgBIrebobbgarkarqg
emeraKeGds_.
TMnak;TMngpvePT CaTUeTA manviFIbIy:agedIm,Ikat;bnyeRKaHfak;nkarqgemeraKeGds_
tamryTMnak;TMngpvePT. RbsinebImnusSmak;mandKUrYmePTkan;EteRcIn eRKaHfak;n
karqgemeraKeGds_kkan;Etx<s; CaBiess karrYmePTEdlmin)aneRbIeRsamGnamy.
viFIbIy:agenHman
tmkarrYmePT
mandKUrYmePTEtmak; esaHRtg;mYynwgmYy
rYmePTedaysuvtiPaB KWeRbIeRsamGnamy eRsamGnamysRmab;burs bRsI
O
O
O
mKeTsk_
7
viFITaMgbIenH tUv)anehAfa { viFI ABC} A=Abstain/ tmkarrYmePT B=Be faithful/

esaHRtg; nig C=Condom mannyfa eRbIeRsamGnamy RbsinebIminGactmkarrYmePT)an
bmandKUrYmePTeRcIn. karTTYl)aneCaKCykgkarbgarkarraldal TamTarkareKarBviFI
TaMgbI edIm,Ikat;bnyTMnak;TMngpvePT nigbegInkarrYmePTedaysuvtiPaB. dMeNaHRsay
tmkarrYmePTnwgminGacmanRbsiTP aBeBjeljeT eRBaHCak;Esg minEmnRKb;bru s bRsEI dl
manskmPaBpv ePT GactmkarrYmePT)aneLIy. karCMrju [mankartmkarrYmePTkg cMeNam
yuvvyminTan;manskmPaBpvePT GacnwgCYyBnarkarcUlRbLkkgskmPaBpvePT. kar
rkSadKUrmY ePTEtmYy TamTar[PaKITaMgBIrecHXaeM mIlKaeTAvijeTAmk. PriyaesaHRtg;CaeRcIn
rUb)anqgemeraKeGds_BIbIEdlminesaHRtg;. viFITaMgbIenHKYrGaccat;TukCaviFIrYmbBalKa
edIm,IbgarkarqgemeraKeGds_.
kameraKkCaktaCMruj[mankarqgemeraKpgEdr. karsikSa)anbgajfa GkCMgW
kameraKgaynwgqgemeraKeGds_BIGkdT ehIykgaynwgcmgemeraKeGds_eTA[GkdT
Edr. kameraKGacbg[mandMe)A bsamdac;rlat;enAelIEs,k dUcCa sVay RbemH erIm nig
dMe)ATamLa bGacnwgminbg[mandMe)A bsamdac;rlat;enAelIEs,k dUcCa CMgWRbemHTwkfa
nigRbemHTwk)ayCaedIm.
karrYmePTedaybgMkCakarRbRBwtRbfuynwgeRKaHfak;nkarqgemeraKeGds_pgEdr
edaysarEtRsTab;xagkgnTVarmasGacnwgRtUvdac;rlat;)any:aggay. karrYmePTedaybgM
GacekItmancMeBaHKUsVamIPriyaEdlerobkarehIypg nigGkminTan;erobkarpg.
kareRbIR)as;ml bsWruaMgEdlmin)anrMgab;emeraK caM)ac;RtUvecosvagkareRbIR)as;ml

bsrW au gM Edlmin)anrMgab;emeraK. ml bsrW augM EdleRbIR)as;ehIy KYrEteFVkI arrMgab;emeraKeday
eRbIfa sM mab;emeraK edIm,Ikat;bnyhaniPy . ]bkrN_sak;rbU elIEs,kkKrY EteFVkI arrMgab;emeraK
pgEdr. GkeRbIfaMejnminKYr eRbIml bsuWruaMgrYmKaeLIy.
mKeTsk_
karqgBIBukmayeTAkUn karqgBImayeTAkUn GackarBar)anedaykareRbIfaM edIm,IbBab;

karqgBIma yeTAkUn. mayEdlmanpk emeraKeGds_mni KYrbMe)AkUnedayTwkedaHeT eRBaHfakar
bMe)AedaHGacnwgcmgemeraKeGds_)an. RsImanpeBaH caM)ac;RtUvEsVgrkkareFVIEtsQamrk
emeraKeGds_ nigesvaRbwkSaeyabl;.
x> etIyuvvygaynwgTTYlrgkarqgemeraKeGds_EdrbeT?
R)akdNas; yuvvygayTTYlrgkarqgemeraKeGds_ nigkameraKbMptu edaysaryuvvy
CaRkummnusSmanskmPaBpvePT ehIyBYkeKgaynwgRbRBwtskmPaBRbfuynwgeRKaHfak;.
yuvvymYycMnYnGaceRbIfaMejn nigeRKOgRsvwgEdlGaceFVI[BYkeKQaneTARbRBwtskmPaB
pvePTedaygay. dUecH RbkarcaM)ac;KWRtUveFVI[yuvvyTaMg enaHTTYlsal;fa BYkeKCaRkum
mnusSgayrgeRKaH nigcUlcitRbfuynwgeRKaHfak; ehIytUvpl;[BYkeKnUvBtmanBIemeraK
eGds_ nigCMnajkarBarxng nigdKUrYmePTnaeBlbcb,n nigdKUrYmePTnaeBlGnaKt.
mKeTsk_
9
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
10
BtmanbEnm BtmanminBitGMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_

xageRkamenH CaBtmanminBitCaeRcInTak;TgnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
manEtCnbreTsb:ueNaH EdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ nigekItCMgWeGds_.
manEtmnusSGaRkk;b:ueNaH EdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ nigekItCMgWeGds_.
RbsinebInrNamak;manpkemeraKeGds_ KWmkBIGkenaH)aneFVIGMeBIGVIm:ageTIb
)anTTYllTplEbbenH.
mnusSEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ cg;cmgCMgWenHeTAGkdT.
emeraKeGds_Gacqgtamkarkk bkNasrbs;GkCMgW.
emeraKeGds_GacqgtamkarhUbcuk bsmareRbIR)as;rbs;GkCMgW.
emeraKeGds_GacqgtamkareGab efIb karb:HBal;ejIs bTwkEPkrbs;GkCMgW.
emeraKeGds_GacqgtamkareRbIsemkbMBak;rYmKaCamYyGkCMgWeGds_.
emeraKeGds_GacqgedaysarkarGgyCit bkareRbIR)as;bc esovePA -l- rYmKa
CamYysisSmanpkemeraKeGds_.
emeraKeGds_Gacqgraldaltamkarcab;dGkCMgWeGds_.
emeraKeGds_GacqgtamkareRbIR)as;bgn; bbnb;TwkrYmKaCamYyGkCMgWeGds_.
emeraKeGds_GacqgtammUs bstVlitxaM.
mKeTsk_
emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_kgtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic
karsikSaGMBIkarqgraldalnemeraKeGds_enAfak;tMbn;BitCamansarsMxan;xaMgNas;
eRBaHfa emeraKeGds_qgedayKanRBMEdnkMNt;eLIy.
1> tMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPickMBugRbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfak;
tMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPicCatMbn;EdlmanmnusSpkemeraKeGds_ nigqgCMgWeGds_eRcInCageK
Cab;lMdab;TI2kgBiPBelak. cMENkTVIbGaRBicCatMbn;EdlCab;lMdab;TI1. enAcugqaM 2005
mankarRbmaNfa enAtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic manmnusSRbmaN 8/3 lannak;)anpkemeraKeGds_
nigqgCMgeW Gds_ kg enaHmnusSRbmaN 1/1 lannak;)anqg bpk emeraKeGds_enAqa2M 0051.
KanRbeTsNamYyenAtMbn;GasIu btMbn;)a:sIuPicEdlKanGkpkemeraKeGds_ nigqgCMgWeGds_
eLIy.
evCbNit nigGkviTasasCaeRcIn)anniyayfa {dl;eBlEdleyIgRtUveFVIGVIm:ag
ehIy}. Ggkar UNAIDS )anRbmaNfa kgGMLgeBl5qaMxagmux RbsinebIeyIgmincab;epIm
eFVIGVIma:genaHeT tMbn;GasuI nigtMbn;)a:suIPic GacnwgmanmnusS 12 lannak;eTotqgemeraK
eGds_. GgkarenHeCOCak;fa RbsinebImankmviFIbgarkarqgraldalRtwmRtUv tYelxenHGac
nwgkat;bny)anBak;kNal2.
2> kasbgarkarqgraldalya:gFn;FrnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_enA
manenAeLIy
tMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPicRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CatMbn;EdlmanGRtaqgraldalTab mannyfa
enAtamRbeTsPaKeRcInenAtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic GRtanBlrdEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ nigman
CMgWeGds_ ticCag1PaKryncMnYnBlrdTaMgmUl3. eyIgRtUveFVIskmPaBrYmKa edIm,IkarBar
kMu[emeraKeGds_qgraldaldl;BlrdTaMgmUl nigedIm,Ikat;bnylTPaBqgrbs;emeraK
eGds_. bNaRbeTsEdlmanGRtaqgraldalx<s; kMBugEtTTYlrgplb:HBal;GviCmanelI
dMeNIrkarGPivDRbeTs RBmTaMgRbBnGb;rMpgEdr. RbeTsenAtMbn;GasIuenAmankas
12
mKeTsk_
eCosvagplb:HBal;elI esdkic-sgm EdlbNalmkBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.

3> GRtaqgraldalTab b:uEnmanmnusSCaeRcIn)anqgCMgWeGds_
tMbn;GasIuCatMbn;EdlmanmnusSrs;enAeRcInCageKbMputenAelIBiPBelak ehtuenHehIy
cMnYnmnusSEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ nigmanCMgWeGds_ mancMnYneRcInelIslb; ebIeTaHCaGRta
qgenARbeTsmYycMnYnmankRmitTabkeday.
eyIgnwgeRbobeFobGRtaqgraldalenARbeTsBIr edIm,ICa]TahrN_. GRtaqgral
dalenARbeTs\NatUv)anRbmaNfa manRbEhlCa 0/9PaKrynRbCaCnsrub. cMENkGRta
qgraldalenARbeTsGaRBicxagt,gvijmanrhUtdl;20PaKry. b:uEn edaysarRbeTs\Na
mancMnYnRbCaCneRcInCagRbeTsGaRBicxagt,g ehtuenHRbeTs\NamancMnYnGkpkemeraK
eGds_eRcInCagRbeTsGaRBicxagt,g. enARbeTs\NamanmnusSpkemeraKeGds_ nigekIt
eGds_RbmaNCa 5/7lannak; cMENkenARbeTsGaRBicxagt,gmanmnusSEt 5/5lannak;
b:ueNaHEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ nigekItCMgWeGds_4.
4> GRtaqgraldalTab EtkarRbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfak;x<s;
ebIeTaHCaRbeTsCaeRcInenAtMbn;GasIu nig)a:sIuPic manGRtaqgraldalsrubTabkeday
kGRtaqgraldalenAtamtMbn;mYycMnYnkgRbeTsmankRmitx<s;.
RbeTsPUmaCa]TahrN_dl m yY . GRtaqgfak;CatienARbeTsPUmamancMnnY 1/2PaKry
b:Eu n enAtamtMbn;myY cMnnY kg RbeTsPUma GRtaqgraldalGacekIndl; 5PaKry b 7PaKry.
shKmn_enAtamtMbn;TaMgenaHGacrgplb:HBal;BIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ dUcCabBaakumar
kMRBaCaedIm. karkMNt;kmviFIbgaremeraKeGds_ EfTaM nigKaMBarGkCMgWeGds_enAtMbn;Edlman
GRtaqgraldalx<s; mansarsMxan;xaMgNas;kgkarkarBarkMu[mankarpHeLIgnUvkarqg
raldal nigvi)akEdlGacekItman RBmTaMgCYykat;bnylTPaBqgraldalrbs;emeraKkg
tMbn;EdlmanGRtaqgraldalTab. salaeronkgtMbn;EdlmanGRtaqgraldalx<s; RtUvkar
mKeTsk_
13
karKaMBarxagM CagtMbn;epSgeTot edIm,IFanafa GkEdlqgemeraKeGds_ nigGkTTYlrg\TBi lBI

emeraKeGds_ enAEtGacbnkarsikSa)an.
elIsBIenHeTot GRtaqgraldalmankRmitx<s;kgcMeNamRkummnusSEdlman
skmPaBRbQmnwgkarqgemeraKeGds_ dUcCa RkummnusSEdlcak;faMejn RsIbeRmIpvePT
GkeRbIR)as;esvapvePT bdKUrYmePTrbs;BYkeK nigbursrYmePTCamYyburs.
5> RbeTsmYycMnYnEdlmanGRtaqgraldalx<s;
RbeTsf PUma km<Ca nig)a:BUjhIeno CaRbeTsenAtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic EdlmanGRtaqg
raldalemeraKeGds_x<s;CageK. plb:HBal;elIkarGPivDkmanTMhMFMeFgxaMgNas;Edr.
Ggkar UNAIDS )an):an;sanfa tMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic)anxatbg;R)ak;cMnYn29Ban;landula
GaemrikkgmYyqaMedaysarEtkarpHeLIgnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_. RbsinebIeRbobeFob
CamYyplb:HBal;elIesdkic bNalmkBIrlkykSsUNamivij karxatbg;manRtwmEt 8Ban;
landulaGaemrikb:ueNaH.
14
6> krNIEdlTTYl)aneCaKCy
RbeTsf nigkm<Ca CaRbeTsBIrenAkgtMbn;EdlbBaak;fa kmviFIbgarGacpl;lTpl
viCman RbsinebIrdmanqn nigmanyuTsaRssmRsbedIm,IGnuvtkmviFITaMgenaH. kmviFITaMg
enaHmandUcCa karEckcay nigpSBVpSaykareRbIR)as;eRsamGnamyenAtampHbn karbegIt
yuTnakarpSBVpSayBtman nigkarGb;rMGMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_dl;saFarNCn.
yuTsaRsTaMgBIrenH )anCYykat;bnyGRtaqgraldalnCMgWweGds_. ebIeTaHCaenARbeTsf
manmnusSRbmaN 1/2lannak; kMBgu pk emeraKeGds_ bmanCMgeW Gds_ke day kteY lxenHman
25ticCagtYelxenAeBlEdlminTan;mankarGnuvtkmviFIbgarkarqgraldal5. enARbeTs
km<C a kmvFi bI garRbhak;RbEhlKaenH )anCYykat;bnyGRtaqgraldalfak;CatiB3I enAqaM
19976 [mkenARtwm 1/6 enAqaM20057 ehIymkdl; qaM 2006 GRtaqgraldalenH
enARtwmEt 0/9b:ueNaH.
mKeTsk_
7> karbBab;karqgraldalnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_

kareqIytbdeCaKCycMeBaHemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ TamTar[mankmviFIcRmuHKan
kmviFIbgar Ba)al EfrkSa nigKaMBar. elakevCbNit Swarup Sarkar beRmIkarenAGgkar
UNAIDS )anniyayfa edIm,IRbyuTnwgkarqgraldalnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ y:ag
ehacNas;RtUvman8
karpSBVpSaykareRbIR)as;eRsamGnamy TwkrMGil nigkarBa)alkameraK (STI)
dl;burs RsIbeRmIpvePT GkeRbIR)as;esvapvePT nigsaFarNCnTUeTA.
karbegItyuTnakarpSBVpSayBtmanGb;rM nigTMnak;TMng.
karmineRbIml bsWruaMgrYmKa nigpas;brviFIBa)alGkcak;faMejn.
karBnarkarcUlRbLkkgkarrYmePT karCMruj[mankarGnuvtRTwsIesaHRtg;mYy
nwgmYy nigkareRbIeRsamGnamykgcMeNamyuvvy.
karCMruj[BlrdmkeFVIkarRbwkSa nigeFVIEtsrkemeraKeGds_edaysRKcit.
karbgarkarqgBIBukmayeTAkUn.
karbegItlTPaBBlrdkgkarTTYl)anfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_ nigkarBa)alkas
niymepSgeTot.
viFIxagelIenHGacmanRbsiTPaB luHRtaEtmanBlrdEdlgayqgemeraKeGds_ 80
)anTTYlesvaEdl)anerobrab;xagelI ehIymanBlrdEdltUvkarfaRM bqaMgemeraKeGds_ 80
manlTPaBTTYl)anfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_ EdlenHCalkxNlM)akbMput edIm,IGacCMnH
karpHeLIgnkarqgraldalCMgWeGds_. tamelakevCbNit Sarkar karcMNayedIm,IGac
bMeBjlkxNenH)an mancMnYnRbmaN 4nfvikavisysuxaPi)alrbs;RbeTsPaKeRcIn9.
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
mKeTsk_
15
BtmanbEnm visyGb;rM nigkareqIytbnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_

visy Gb;rM nigkareqyI tbnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ CasmasFatuds xM an;myY kg
kmvFi eI Gds_fa k;CatiEdlmankarcUlrYmCavisy . smasFatusxM an;rbs;vsi y Gb;rkM g
kareqIytbcMeBaHemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ mandUcCa
eKalneya)ayvisyGb;rMsIBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ EdlEcgGMBIkarbgarCMgW
eGds_ nigbBaaEdlekIteLIgcMeBaHsalaeronedaysarEtemeraKeGds_.
karbNHbNalGMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_dl;buKlikGb;rMRKb;lMdab;
fak;.
karerobcMkmviFIGb;rMsIBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ RBmTaMgkarerobcMkmviFI nigsmar
beRgon nigeroneTAtamGayurbs;sisS.
karbNHbNal nigkarbMb:nRKUbeRgon muneBlcUlbeRmIkargar edIm,IGnuvtkmviFI
sikSasIBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_[)anlRbesIr.
karbegIt[manskmPaBRsbtamkmviFIsikSadUcCa kmviFImitGb;rMmit.
karXaMemIldMeNIrkarRbRBwteTAnkmviFI edIm,IFanaRbsiTPaBnkmviFITaMgenaH.
O
O
O
O
16
BtmanbEnm tYelxxHn HIV nig AIDSenAtMbn;GasIu nig)a:sIuPic

enAqaM2005 enAtMbn;GasIu nig)a:sIuPicmanmnusSRbmaN 8/3lannak; manpk
emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.
enAqaM2005 manmnusSRbmaN5Esnnak;)ansab;edaysarCMgWeGds_.
kumarRbmaN5Esnnak;)ankayCaekgkMRBaedaysarCMgWweGds_.
GkqgemeraKfIcMnYn50PaKry Cayuvvy GayuBI15-25qaM.
enAtMbn;GasIu manyuvvycMnYn2/2lannak; kMBugmanpkemeraKeGds_ bCMgWeGds_.
enAtMbn;GasIu mnusSGayueRkam 24qaM RbmaN 1400nak; qgemeraKeGds_ral;f.
mKeTsk_
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
GkqgemeraKeGds_fI PaKeRcInCaGkeRbIR)as;esvapvePT.
GRtankarqgemeraKeGds_fI rvagburs nigRsI KW 31 mannyfa bursmanGRta
qgfI 3dgelIssI.
enAqaM2005 kumarGayueRkam15qaM elIsBI11/000nak; )anqgemeraKeGds_.
enAqaM2005 kumarGayueRkam15qaM cMnYn 8500nak; tUvkarfaMBnarCIvit.
manmata7/500nak;RtUvkareRbIR)as;meFa)aybgarkarqgBIBukmayeTAkUn.
BtmanbEnm karqgraldalemeraKeGds_enAkm<Ca
tamkarRbmaN enAqaM 2007 GkpkemeraKeGds_man 71 000nak;.
mnusSRbmaN 16 000nak; )ansab;edaysarCMgWeGds_.
kgcMeNamGkpkemeraKeGds_ kumarmanRbmaN 3 900nak;.
mnusSeBjvyRbEhl 21 900nak; nigkumarRbEhl 1 900nak; )anTTYl
karBa)aledayeRbIfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_.
kgqaM 2007 sImanpeBaH 505nak; )anTTYlfaMBa)al edIm,Ikat;bnykarqg
emeraKeGds_BImataeTATark.
kgqaM 2007 GkqgemeraKeGds_fImanRbmaN 1 350nak;.
manRkumGkKaMRTemeGds_cMnYn 685Rkum kg 14ext-Rkug.
manmCmNleFVIEtsrkemeraKeGds_edaysRKcit nigrkSakarsMgat;cMnYn 190.
manKInickameraKcMnYn 30.
PaKeRcInnkarqgfI KWkarqgBIbIeTARbBn nigKUsgSar.
cMnYnGkqgfIesIKarvagburs nigsI.
mKeTsk_
17
srub
sI
burs
plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_elIRKYsar shKmn_ nigsalaeron
karGb;rbM garemeraKeGds_RtUvkMNt;faCaGaTiPaBcm,gsRmab;kareqyI tbeTAnwgemeraK

eGds_ nigCMgWeGds_enAfak;Cati. plb:HBal;dsKsajnkarraldalemeraKeGds_eTAelI
sgm kRtUvEtmankaryl;dgw nigedaHRsaypgEdr. kumarEtgTTYlrgplb:HBal;BkI arqgral
dalnemeraKeGds_kgshKmn_ CaBiess kgkrNIEdlBukmayrbs;kumarmanpkemeraK
eGds_ ehIykumarRtUvkarkarkarBar karykcitTukdak; nigkarKaMRTbEnm sUmGanBtmansIBI
kumarkMRBa nigkumarEdlgayrgeRKaH.
1> karmak;gay nigkarerIseGIg
vi)akmYykg cMeNamvi)akdGaRkk;bpM tu nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ KwkarRbQmmuxnwg
karmak;gay nigkarerIseGIgGkmanpkemeraKeGds_ bGkEdltUv)anGkdTyl;famanpk
emeraKenH. karmak;gay nigkarerIseGIgminRtwmEteFVI[manplGaRkk;cMeBaHGkEdlmanpk
emeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_beu: NaHeT EtEfmTaMgCYyCMrju [mankarqgraldalkan;EtxagM eLIg
EfmeTotpg. karPyxacfa GkdTmanRbtikmmkelIxn enAeBldwgfaxnmanpkemeraK
eGds_ CMruj[mnusSminhaneTAeFVIEtsQam em:aHehIymindwgfaetIxnman bKanpkemeraK
eGds_eLIy. dUecH GkTaMgenaHGacnwgcmgbneTAGkepSgeTotedaymindwgxn.
bBaaerIseGIgGkCMgWeGds_ GaceFVI[GkEdldwgfaxnmanpkemeraKeGds_lak;elom
Gafk)M aMgrbs;xn ehIykayeTACamnusSminesBKb;ngw GkdT nigsti kg PaBeka. bBaaerIs
eGIgGaceFVI[GkCMgWkayCamnusSmin[tmxng nigGaceFVI[b:HBal;dl;suxPaBrbs;xn.
karmak;gay bPaBxaseGonrbs;GkmanpkemeraKeGds_ GaceFVI[GkCMgWkayCamnusSGs;
sgwm KiteRcIn brhUtdl;haneFVIGtXatpgkman.
mnusShak;dcU CamankarPyxacBIGRIV Kb;ya: gEdlxn mindwgc,as;. karmak;gaykbNal
mkBIGarmN_Pyxac EdlKanehtuplBIkarqgemeraKeGds_. dUecH karGb;rMGMBIkarbgar
emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_GacCYykat;bnybBaaenH ehIyelakRKU GkRKUmantYnaTIsMxan;kg
20
mKeTsk_
karGb;rMBIbBaaenH.
karmak;gayTak;TgnwgkarpkemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_PaKeRcIn bNalmkBIkarKit
fa emeraKeGds_qgraldaledaysarmnusSeFVIskmPaBEdlsgmminTTYlsal;dUcCa kar
cak;faMejn karrksIupvePT bbursrYmePTCamYyburs.
RsIEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_kGacrgkarmak;gaypgEdr edaysarmanmnusSmYycMnYn
eCOfa RsITaMgenHmandKUrYmePTeRcIn eTIb)anCaqgCMgWenH. b:uEn RsIPaKeRcInEdlqgemeraK
enH CaRsIEdlmandKUrYmePTEtmak; CamnusSesaHRtg;cMeBaHsVamI bbursCadKUrYmePT. tam
Bit RsIqgemeraKeGds_kedaysarEtbursCasVamI bdKUrYmePT)aneTAmanskmPaBpvePT
ehIyqgemeraKeGds_mkBIxageRkAEtb:ueNaH.
karRsavRCavmYysIBIbBaaerIseGIgGkCMgWeGds_enAtMbn;GasIu EdleFVIeLIgeday Asia
Pacific Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS (APN+) )anbgajfa karerIseGIgxaMgbMput
ekItmanenAkgvisysuxaPi)al dUcCa karbdiesFminTTYlBa)alGkCMgW karTmaykarsmat;
rbs;GkCMgW nigkarBnarkarpl;esvasuxPaBCaedIm. kgRKYsar nigshKmn_ RsIEdlmanpk
emeraKeGds_TMngCaTTYlrgkarerIseGIgeRcInCagburs. RsITaMgenaHEtgEtTTYlrgkarcMGk
karrMxan karvaydMragkay nigRtUvbgM[pas;brkEngsak;enA.
kgvisyGb;rMkmanbBaaerIseGIgGkCMgWeGds_pgEdr. kumarEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_
GacTTYlrgkarKMramkMEhg nigkarcMGkBIkumarepSgeTot.
2> emeraKeGds_qgraldalxaMgkgcMeNamRbCaCnsamBa
plb:HBal;xaMgbMputnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ KWeTAelIRbCaCnsamBa dUcCa buKl
RKYsar salaeron nigshKmn_. emeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ eFV[I RKYsarkan;EtFak;kg PaBRkIRk
begIncMnYnkumarkMRBa kumarKanpHsEm,g nigkumarrs;enAtamcieBaImfl;. emeraKeGds_ nigCMgW
eGds_ )anbgak;dMeNIrkarbeRgon nigeronrbs;elakRKU GkRKU sisSanusisS RBmTaMgGac
bBab;dMeNIrkarsalaeronTaMgmUlEfmeTotpg. emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ kGacbgM[
mKeTsk_
21
shKmn_eRbIFnFanEdlman edIm,Ipl;karKaMBar nigkar]btmdl;GkCMgWeGds_ nigGkEdl

TTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarCMgWenH.
karmak;gayedaysaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_kg cMeNamRbCaCnsamBa GacbegtI [
manlTplBIr
TI1 RbCaCnminTukcitKaeTAvijeTAmk edaysarEtkarPyxacbNalmkBIBtman
minBit nigkaryl;xus
TI2 RbCaCnRbmUlpMKa nigBRgwgkmaMgedIm,IKaMBar nig]btmGkpkemeraKeGds_
nigGkCMgWeGds_. lTplTaMgBIrenH CYnkalekItmanenAkgshKmn_EtmYy.
O
3> plb:HBal;elIRKYsar
RkumRKYsarGacEbk)ak;Ka bCYbCMuKavijedaysarEtemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_. kumar
TaMgGs;EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ suTEtmanvibtipvcit
edaysarBuk bma y bTaMgBukTaMgmay)ansab;ecal. edaysarmUlehtuenH kumar)at;bg;kar
Rslaj; karkarBar nigkarEfrkSadmantmbMputsMrab;BYkeK. kumarmYycMnYnRtUv)ansac;
BaJati dUcCaCIdUn CIta ykeTAciBawm. xHeTotRtUv)anbBaneTAmNlkumarkMRBa bsasna nig
sl;xHeTotRtUvrs;enAtamcieBaImfl;. b:uEn KankrNINamYyGacpl;karRslaj;[dUcCa
lkNbuKl EdlkumarRtUvkarenAGMLg eBlFMltU las;. CIdnU CIta nigBaJatisnan RtUvTTYlra:br; g
ciBawmkumarkMRBaedaysarCMgWeGds_ EdlRbkarenHGacCaktaCMruj[BYkeKFak;kgPaBRkIRkpg
Edr. minEtb:eu NaH BaJatisnanRtUvTTYledaHRsaybBaavibtip v citr bs;kmu ar EdlekIteLIgeday
sarEtkar)at;bg;Bukmay. eTaHbICay:agNa kumarPaKeRcIneBjcitnwgrs;enACamYyBaJati
snan nigshKmn_ EdlBYkeKFab;rs;enA. karykkumareTAciBawmenAtammNl KYrEtCa
CeRmIscugeRkay.
kumarEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_TTYlrgkarQWcab;CaeRcIndg. RbsinebImin)anTTYlkar
22
mKeTsk_
Ba)aleTenaH emeraKeGds_raldalkgxnkumarqab;rhsCagmnusSeBjvy2. eRkABIkar

QWcab;Epkragkay kumarTaMgenaHRtUvTTYlrgkarmak;gay nigkarerIseGIgeTotpg. Rbsin
ebIKankarKaMBar karBa)al nigkar]btmenaHeT GarmN_eka nigkarQWcab;EpkragkayGac
bNal[kumarkayCamnusSGs;sgwm nigGacbg[manbBaaGtcritEfmeTotpg.
emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_bg[manplb:HBal;GviCmandl;R)ak;cMNUlRKYsar. Buk
mayEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ GacFak;xnQW minGacrkcMNUlsRmab;RTRTg;
RKYsar)an. FnFanEdlenAesssl;RtUvcayvayelIkarEfTaMsxu PaB nigcMNayepSgeTot dUc
CakareFVIbuNsBCaedIm. CalTpl kumar BiessekgRsI Edlrs;kgRKYsarEdlmanekIt
CMgWenH RtUvbgM[Qb;eron edIm,ICYykickarpH nigrkR)ak;cMNUlsRmab;RKYsar. karsikSaRsav
RCavenARbeTskm<Ca)anbgajfa kumarBIrnak;kgcMeNamkumarR)aMnak;Edlrg\TiBlCMgWeGds_
)anQb;eronedIm,IeFVIkarciBawmRKYsar3. kumarCaeRcIneTotRtUvrs;enAedayKanGaharbMb:nRKb;
RKan; EdlbNal[ekItbBaakgVHCIvCati ehIyRtUvRbQmmuxnwgbBaasuxPaBCaeRcIn nigeFVI[
ragkaycuHexSay. karcuHexSayenHbNal[manbBaalM)akkgkareronsURt.
TukesakdFMeFgmYyKW RKYsarxHbgMcite)aHbg;ecalsmaCikrbs;xnEdlmanpkemeraK
eGds_ bekItCMgeW Gds_. vtRBHBuTs asnamYyenAextlbu bUrI RbeTsf manectIymYyEdldMkl;
suTE tFaturbs;Gk sab;edaysarCMgeW Gds_rab;Ban;nak;. ekaddak;FatuCaeRcInminEdlmanbgbn
bBaJatisnanNamkRbmUlykeTArkSa bBaH b)actamxl;eTAtamBIFIsasnaeLIy. karmak;
gaybNalmkBICMgWeGds_man\TiBlxaMgNas; sUm,IEtGkCMgW)ansab;eTAehIykBaJatisnan
minTTYlsal;Edr.
4> plb:HBal;elIshKmn_
emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_GaceFVI[shKmn_Ebk)ak; bRbmUlpMKavij)an. Rbtikm
TUeTAmYyrbs;shKmn_RbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ KWkarerIseGIg nigkarmak;gayGk
mKeTsk_
23
CMgWeGds_. karb:unb:gbeNjGkEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarCMgWenH [cakecjBIPUmi

Rsuk mnIreBT salaeron nigTIeKarBbUCa manenARKb;TIkEngnBiPBelak kgcMeNamRkumCn
CatiPaKtic nigRKb;zan sgm nigesdkic. CagenHeTAeTot GkdwknaMCMenOsasnamYycMnYn
)anbdiesFminEfTaM minykcitTukdak; nigminbUCaGksab;edaysarCMgWeGds_EfmeTotpg.
pyeTAvij manRkumsasna nigRkumCMenOmYycMnYn )anedIrtYnaTIy:agskmkgkarlub
bM)at;PaBPyxac PaBmineGIeBI karmak;gay nigkarerIseGIg. RBHviharsasnaRKws vtRBHBuT
sasna nigvihar\sam )ancUlrYmykcitTukdak; nigpl;karEfTaM karGb;rM nigkarKaMRT dl;
mnusSeBjvy nigkumarkMRBa EdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ bkumarkMRBaedaysarEtBukmay
sab;edaysarCMgWeGds_.
enAshKmn_xH kg GnutbM n;GaRBicsahara: CMgeW Gds_)ansmab;yvu vy nigmnusSvykNal
Gs;CaeRcIn CaehtueFVI[mankarb:HBal;dl;rcnasm<nsgm. edaysaryuvvy nigmnusSeBj
vyEdlGacbnBUC)anCaeRcIn)an)at;bg;CIvit bnkCaeRcInRtUvFak;eTAelImnusScas; nigkumar.
kumarRtUv)anbgM[Qb;eron ehIyrkkargareFVIedIm,IRTRTg;CIvPaBRKYsar. cMENkmnusScas;
EdlenAmankmaMgGaceFVIkar)an RtUvRtLb;cUleFVIkarvij. bnkTaMgenHbNal[manvibti
hirBavt nigvibtpi v citk g RKYsar nigshKmn_. ebIeTaHCabBaaTaMgenHkRmekItmankg shKmn_
GasInu aeBlbcb ,nke day kbBaaTaMgenHGacekItmannaeBlGnaKt RbsinebIKa nviFTI b;sa t;kar
qgratt,ateT. shKmn_ekaHmYycMnYnenAtMbn;)a:sIuPic kTTYlrgplb:HBal;enHEdr edaysar
shKmn_TaMgenaHmanTMhMtUc dUecHRbsinebImnusSeBjvycMnYneRcInsab;edayCMgWenH enaH
plb:HBal;nwgkan;EtxaMg.
shKmn_tUcBwgEpkelIBaNiCkmtUctac. RbsinebImnusSsab;edaysarCMgWeGds_
BaNiCkmCaeRcInnwg)at;bg;buKlikmantm nigmanCMnaj CalTpl CMnYjTaMgenaHnwgdYl
rlM. ehtuenHehIy)anCaemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ RtUv)anehaAfa {vibtibBaaGPivDn_}.
enAtMbn;mYycMnYn dUcCa GnutMbn;GaRBicsahara: mnusSCaeRcIn)anqgemeraKeGds_ eFVI[man
24
mKeTsk_
karFak;cuHnUvkmaMgBlkmCaeRcIn. kgVHxatBlkrnwgeFVI[manplb:HBal;elIkarrIkceRmIn
nigkarGPivDesdkic. dUecH emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_Gacbgak;dMeNIrkarGPivDRbeTs
bMpajesdkic nigkMeNInGPivDn_EdlxitxMRbwgERbgksagedaylM)ak. ebIeTaHCaenARbeTs
CaeRcInntMbn;GasI)u a:sPuI ci minTan;eXIjmanekItbBaadUcxagelIkI sanPaBEbbenHGacnwgekIt
maneLIg RbsinebIKankmviFIbgar[manRbsiTPaBeTenaH.
5> plb:HBal;elIsalaeron
emeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_bH: Bal;elItRmUvkar nigkarptp; g k; arGb;rM kdcU CaKuNPaBGb;rM
pgEdr. plb:HBal;GacmankRmitxagM kg shKmn_EdlmanemeraKeGds_raldalxagM . kumar
EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarCMgWeGds_ e)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa. RbsinebIminTTYl)an
karBa)aleTenaH kumarTaMgenaHnwgRtUvsab;Cabnbnab;. RbsinebIBukmay bbgbnminGac
eFVIkar)an kumarGacnwgtRmUv[rkkargareFVI edIm,IRTRTg;CIvPaBRKYsar. ebIekgRsIvij nagGac
nwgtRmUv[CYykickarpH. CYnkal kumarRtUvmantYnaTIEfTaMBukmay bbgbnEdlekItCMgW
enH. RbsinebIkumarmineFVIkar R)ak;cMNUlRKYsarFak;cuHedaysarEtBukmayQWminGaceTA
eFVkI ar)an mannyfa kumarRtUve)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa edaysarEtKanlTPaBbg;fsalaeron.
Canickal sisSRsIe)aHbg;ecalkarsikSaeRcInCagsisSRbus.
emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_b:HBal;RbBnGb;rMTaMgmUl. cMnYnsisSkan;EtticenAeBlEdl
kumar yuvvyFak;xnQW e)aHbg;karsikSa nigsab;. bBaaenHeFVI[tRmUvkarGb;rMFak;cuH. Rbsin
ebIshKmn_mansmaCik manpkemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ elakRKU GkRKUksitkgcMeNam
GkTaMgenaHEdr. RbsinebIelakRKU GkRKUFa k;xn QW nigsab; cMnnY RKU beRgonnwgFak;cHu ehIybT
BiesaFmantmk)at;bg;eTAtamenaHEdr. kgVHxatRKUbeRgonGacpl;plb:HBal;GviCmandl;
KuNPaBnkarGb;rM eRBaHfa cMnnY sisSkg fak;kan;EtekIneLIg salaeronGacnwgRtUvbg[M eRCIs
erIsRKUbeRgonEdlmanbTBiesaFtictYc bRKUbeRgon EdlKanlkNsm,tismRsb.
mKeTsk_
25
matabitasisS bbKu l ki beRmIkarenAsalaeron GacnwgminGnuBaat[kumarmanpk emeraK

eGds_ bkumarTTYlrgplb:HBal;edayCMgWeGds_mksalaeron edaysarkarPyxacqgEdl
minsmehtupl. kumarEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edayCMgWeGds_pal; GacseRmccite)aHbg;
ecalkarsikSa edayminGacRTaMRTnwgkaresIccMGk nigkarKMramkMEhgEdlBYkeK)anTTYl.
kumarEdlmanmay bBukmanCMgWeGds_ GacnwgmanbBaakgVHCIvCatiedaysarRKYsar
Fak;xnRk. kumarniwgmanragkayRTuDeRTam minGaceronsURt)anl manbBaacitsaRssgm
edaysarEtsanPaBRKYsar bkarmak;gayEdlBYkeKRbQmmuxkgsalaeron bkgshKmn_.
dUecH elakRKU GkRKURtUvkarkarbNH bNal edIm,Iyl;dgw BIbBu eV htu nigrebobedaHRsayenAeBl
bBaaTaMgenaHekItmaneLIg.
RKUbeRgon nigbuKl ki sikSaepSgeTotkGacmanpk emeraKeGds_ bFa k;xn QW edaysar
CMgWeGds_Edr. bBaaenHGacb:HBal;dl;karbMeBjkargar nigKuNPaBnkarGb;rMEdlkumar
TTYl)an. elakRKU GkRKU EdlmanpkemeraKeGds_RtUvkarkarBa)al nigkar]btmKaMRT.
elakRKU GkRKU RtUvkarkarBa)aledayeRbIfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_ karelIkTwkcit nigkarKaMRT
edIm,IbnbeRgon nigbeRmIshKmn_. cMeNHdwg bTBiesaF nigkarcUlrYmcMENkrbs;elakRKU
GkRKU mantmCaGenk minKYr)at;bg;eTAeday\tRbeyaCn_eLIy.
26
mKeTsk_
O
O
O
O
BtmanbEnm GVIEdlRKUbeRgonGaceFVI)an
eFV[I mankarcUlrYmBIGk dwknaMshKmn_ edaysarGkdwknaMTaMgenaHman\TBi lxagM ka
elIshKmn_ Gacbnrbnykarmak;gay nigkarerIseGIg tamrykareFVICaKMrU
sRmab;Gk dTGnuvttam. GkdwknaMTaMgenaHkGacCMrju rd)altMbn; [dak;RbFanbT
sIBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_kgrebobvarnkarRbCMurbs;BYkeK.
RtUvyl;dwgBIrebobEdlemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_b:HBal;kumar nigraldaldl;
shKmn_.
RtUvyl;dwgBItRmUvkarcitsaRssgmrbs;sisSTaMgGs; rab;bBalTaMgGkpkemeraK
eGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ nigGkTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarCMgWeGds_.
cUlrYmKaMRTy:agskmnUvkarbeRgonGMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_enAtamsalaeron.
RtUveFVCI aKMrlU k g karbegnI karyl;dgw edIm,Ikat;bnykarmak;gay nigkarerIseGIgkg
salaeron nigkgshKmn_ ehIysUmGnuvtGVIEdlelakRKU GkRKU)anTTYl.
begItbriyakasKaMRTkgfak;eron edIm,IedaHRsaybBaavismPaBeynDr.
RtUvFanafa fak;eronCakEngmansuvtiPaB KankarKMramkMEhg kareRbIhigSa nig
karrMxan.
ebIkkas[GkpkemeraKeGds_ nigGkCMgWeGds_ cUlrYmkgkarRbyuTnwgCMgWeGds_
rbs;salaeron. GeBaIjGgkarEdleFVIkarCamYyGkpkemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
[cUlrYmCYyerobcMkarRbyuTRbqaMgnwgCMgWeGds_kgsalaeron.
cUlrYmKaMRTkarGnuvteKalneya)aysIBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_enAtamkEng
eFVIkarenAkgsalaeron.
CMruj elIkTwkcit[smaKmRKUbeRgonedIrtYnaTIskmkgkartsUmti nigelIkeLIgBI
plb:HBal;rbs;CMgWeGds_mkelIRKUbeRgon.
mKeTsk_
27
Btm anbEnm plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_enARbeTskm<Ca

TMnak;TMngrvagkarGPivDFnFanmnusS nigemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ TsSnvisyfak;Cati
smiTplEpk
esdkic karrIkcMerInEpk
esdkic nigplTunsrub.
esdkicrIkcMerInGacEckrMElkFnFan
RKb;RKan;dl;kmviFIbgar nigBa)al
GRtasab;edaysarCMgWeGds_maneRcInbMputkgcMeNamekg
EdlmankMlaMgmaMmYnnwgkargar EdleFVI[visysaFarN
nigkCncuHexSay
visysaFarNEdlbuKlikmansmtPaB nigehdarcnasm<n
visysaFarNEdl
l GacTb;sat;karrIkraldalemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.
manRbsiTPaB suxaPi)al
emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_eFVI[buKlikrbs;visysaFarN karrIkral
nigGb;rM
cuHexSay. RbBnEfTaMsuxPaBRtUvdYlrlMedaysartMrUvkar daln
eRcIneBk
RbeTsmanesrPaB bgrlkNlkgkareqIytbnwgkarrIk emeraK
raldalnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.
eGds_
snisux
karPyxac TukRBYy nigvismPaB sgmGacmanPaBclacl. nigCMgW
sMelgrbs;sI Ca]bkrN_dmanGMNacbMputedIm,I[man
eGds_
suvtiPaBsuxPaBpvePT.
smPaBeynDr
karrIkraldaldak;bnkya:gFn;FrelIsI eRBaHsICaGkemIlEf
TaM nigpl;FnFankgRKYsar.
PyxacBImuxmat;GviCmanrbs;RbeTsCati GaceFVI[rdaPi)al
mineGIeBIkarrIkraldal.
muxmat;RbeTsCatielIqak
GnrCati
muxmat;viCmanrbs;RbeTsmansarsMxan;sMrab;GnuvtskmPaB
nana dUcCa visyeTscrN_ BiesskarPab;TMnak;TMngRbeTseTA
nwgbribTBiPBelak.
28
mKeTsk_
28
tYnaTIrbs;salaeronkgkarRbyuTnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
visy Gb;rCM adKUds xM an; kg karcUlrYmRbyuTn gw emeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_fa k;Cati Edl
mankarcUlrYmBIvisycRmuH. tamrykarGb;rM yuvvyGacTTYl)ancMeNHdwg nigbMNinkgkar
karBarxn nigmitPkiBIkarqgemeraKeGds_. salaeron nigRKUbeRgon mantYnaTIdsMxan;kgkar
ksagmnusSCMnan;eRkay EdlGackarBarxnBIemeraKeGds_.
1> salaeron nigkarEkERbGakb,kiriya nig\riyabfrbs;kumar nigyuvvy
salaeronmantYnaTIdsMxan;kgkarEkERbGakb,kiriya karyl;eXIj nig\riyabf
rbs;kumar nigyuvvy. emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_manvtmanenAesIrRKb;RbeTsTaMgGs;.
edaysarEtyuvCnxVHxatcMeNHdwg Btman nigmanTMenarcg;sakl,gGVIEdlfI eTIbeKGacnwg
maneRKaHfak;. kumar nigyuvvyCaRkummnusSEdlgayrgeRKaHBIkarqg CagRkummnusSepSg
eTot. salaeronGacCYyENnaMkumar nigyuvvycMeBaHkarBitmYyenH. GaceRbIR)as;Rkummit
Gb;rMmitenAtamsalaeron edIm,Ipl;karKaMRT nig\riyabfviCmancMeBaHGkpkemeraKeGds_
nigCMgWeGds_ ehIysalaeronGacCakEngpl;karGb;rMGMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_dl;
yuvvypgEdr.
karsikSaenACMuvijBiPBelak)anbgaj[eXIjfa kumar nigyuvvyEdlbnkarsikSaenA
salaeron minsUveXIjmanpkemeraKeGds_ bCMgWeGds_dUckumar nigyuvvyEdle)aHbg;kar
sikSaeLIy1. karsikSaCYybegInlTPaBrkR)ak;cMNUl TMnukcitelIxng nigzanenAkg
sgm EdlktaTaMgenHCYy[kumar nigyuvvymankarRKb;RKgkan;EtRbesIr eTAelICeRmIsEdl
Bak;BnnwgbuKl.
30
2> salaeronGacCamCmNlsRmab;eqIytbeTAnwgshKmn_
salaeronCassrRTgrbs;shKmn_. sisS nigmatabitasisSmanTMnukcitelIsala
eron . salaeronminRtwmEtCaTIkEngmYyEdlpl;karGb;rMenaHeT EtEfmTaMgCakEngEdl)an
begtI nigrwtbngw cMNgmitP aBrvagRKUbeRgon sisS nigmatabitasisS. salaeronkRtv)aneRbI
mKeTsk_
R)as;CamCmNlskmPaBrbs;shKmn_ CaBiess enAtamPUmti cU nigenAtMbn;CnbT. kta

TaMgenH )anpl;[salaeronnUvskanuBl kgkaredIrtYnaTICassrRTgrbs;shKmn_ kgkar
eqIytbeTAnwgkarqgraldalnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ RbsinebIsalaeronmanlTPaB
dwknaMFnFan nigbuKlikEdlTTYl)ankarbNHbNalRKb;RKan;. GaceRbIR)as;salaeronCa
kEngsRmab;[shKmn_CECk BiPakSa nigerobcMeFVsI kmPaBepSgeTot RBmTaMgCYylubbM)at;
karerIseGIgGkpkemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_. salaeronGacCYyXaMemIlplb:HBal; Edl
bNalmkBIkarqgraldal. tYnaTIrbs;salaeronkgkarbgarkarqgemeraKeGds_ Gacman
RbsiTPaBx<s; edaysarsalaeronGacpl;BtmanCaeRcIn EdlGacCYysegaHCIvitkumar nig
yuvvy.
3> salaeronGacCaTIsak;GaRsyrbs;sisSEdlrg\TiBlemeraKeGds_
nigCMgWeGds_
salaeronGacCaTIBnM ak;sRmab;kmu ar nigyuvvyEdlpk emeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ RBm
TaMgyuvvyEdlrg\TiBlBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ edIm,I[BYkeKmanGarmN_nwgn RtLb;
mkrkPaBFmtavij. yuvvyTaMgenaHGacpkemeraKeGds_ bsac;jatirbs;BYkeK)anqg bFak;
xnQWedaysaremeraKeGds_ eTIbeFVI[BYkeKmanGarmN_sKsaj RcbUkRcbl; enAeBlBYkeK
enApH. pymkvij enAsalaeron BYkeK)anCYbCamYymitPki nigRKUbeRgon. briyakas nig
Tmab;enAsalaeron suTE tCaGVEI dlBYkeKGacdwg nigBakrN_Tku Camun EdlGacCYypl[; BYkeK
nUvGarmN_ngw n nigsuxRsYl. b:Eu n edIm,IERbkaysalaeron[eTACaTIBnM ak; Cabzm salaeron
RtUvedaHRsaybBaaerIseGIg EdlCabBaaminKYr[ekItmanenAtamsalaeroneLIy.
buKl ki Gb;rmM antYnaTIds xM an; kg karplk; arKaMRTpv cit dl;kmu arEdlmanpk emeraKeGds_
nigCMgWeGds_ bgayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_. RKUbeRgonCamnusSdMbUg
Edlkt;smal;eXIjfasisSmanbBaapvcit. RKUbeRgon TIRbwkSa nigbuKlikepSgeTot tUvkar
mKeTsk_
31
karbNH bNal edIm,I[manlTPaBplk; arKaMRT nigedaHRsay enAeBldwgfasisSmanbBaapv

cit. ebIniyay[gayyl; KWsalaeronCaEpkmYynbNajCYy[sgmmansuvtiPaB.
4> GVIEdlsalaeronGaceFVI)an
k> RtUvbBalkarGb;rMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_eTAkgkmviFIsikSa
karbBal karGb;rBM kI arbgaremeraKeGds_eTAkg kmvFi sI ki Sa CaviFsI aRsdm anRbsiTP aB
kg karplB; t m andl;ssi SBIvFi kI arBarxn BIemeraKeGds_. karGb;rBM eI meraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_
RtUvCaEpkmYynkarGb;rMsuxPaBTUeTA dUcCa suxPaBbnBUC kareRbIeRKOgejn nigkameraK.
salaeronKYrpl;karGb;rMepatelIbMNinCIvit EdlCaviFIsaRsdmanRbeyaCn_kgkarbgar
emeraKeGds_. elIsBIenHeTot viiFIsaRsk)anpl;[yuvvy nUvbMNincaM)ac;kgkarRbEkknwg
karGUsTajrbs;mitPki manlTPaBeFVIkarseRmccit)anRtwmRtUv BIbBaaCaeRcInTak;Tgnwg
suxPaB nig\riyabf dUcCa kareRbIeRKOgejnCaedIm .
edIm,IseRmc)aneKaledAxagelIenH RKbeRgonRtvEtqgkat;karbNHbNalGMBIrebob
beRgonBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ tamEbbkarGb;rMbMNinCIvitCamunsin ehIycaM)ac;Rtv
erobcMsmareron nigbeRgonEdlCab;Bak;BnnwgshKmn_ nigsmRsbeTAtamvb,Fmrbs;
shKmn_pgEdr.
manmnusSCaeRcInRBYy)armfa karbeRgon BIerOgEdlTak;TgnwgpvePT suxPaBbnBUC
nigkarbgaremeraKeGds_ nwgCMrujyuvvy[man skmPaBpvePT. karsikSarbs;Ggkar
enAkgRbeTscMnYn 113 )anbgaj[dwgfa karRBYy)armenHminEmnCakarBiteLIy. tamBiteTA yuvvyhak;dUcCaBnarkarcUlRbLkkgskmPaBpvePT RbsinebIBYkeKTTYl)an
karGb;rMBIbBaapvePT.
32
mKeTsk_
x> RtUvFanafasisS nigRKUbeRgonEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ nig

CMgWeGds_ enAEtGacbneron nigbeRgonenAsalaeronCaFmta
sisS nigRKUbeRgonEdlpkemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ RtUvRbQmmuxnwgxngEdl
GacnwgeFVI[BYkeKseRmccite)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa bkarbeRgon. bBaaEdlBYkeKtUvRbQm
mandUcCa CMgW karTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHRkumRKYsar nigPaBRkIRk. b:Eu n BYkeKenAEtmansiTTi TYl)an
karGb;rM nigkargareFVIdUcmnusSFmtaEdr.
salaeroncaM)ac;shkarCamYyGgkarRbcaMshKmn_ GgkarminEmnrdaPi)al GaCJaFr
mUldan nigshKmn_ edIm,ICYysisS nigRKUbeRgon[enAbneron nigbeRgondUcFmta. Rkum
mnusSxagelIGacCYyCasmar plk; arKaMRTcits aRssgm bBab;karmak;gay nigkarerIseGIg.
salaeronGacCYyCaBiessdl;sisS nigRKUEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ edIm,I[Gk
TaMgenaHmankarTTYlxusRtUvbEnmenAkgRKYsar manlTPaBTUTat;sgeBlevlaEdl)at;bg;.
viFIenHTamTar[mankalviPaKbeRgon nigeronEdlmanlkNbt;EbntamkaleTs.
K> RtUvCYyGkEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_
mnusSEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ bCMgWeGds_tUvkarkarKaMRTxagfaMsgv nigcitsaRs
sgm. salaeronGacpl;tRmUvkarxagelIenH dl;GkEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ bCMgWeGds_
tamviFImYycMnYn.
kumarEdlpkemeraKeGds_TamTarkarKaMRTCaBiess. RKUbeRgon nigmitPkiGacedIrtYCa
GkplR; bwkSa nigKaMRTsisSEdlmanpk emeraKeGds_. ehtuenH vKbNH bNalBiesssRmab;
RKUbeRgon nigkarbNH bNalmitG b;rmM ti GacCatRmUvkardcaM)ac;. salaeronGacerobcMbegtI
[manRbBnbBanGkCMgWeTArkesvasuxPaBsmRsb ehIyCUndMNwgdl;RKUbeRgonBIvtman
nesvaTaMgenH.
mKeTsk_
3
X> RtUvbnykarmak;gay nigkarerIseGIg

karmak;gayedaysaremeraKeGds_ ekItmaneLIgedaysarptK; nM ti pSarPab;emeraKeGds_
eTAnwg\riyabfEdlxusc,ab; bsgmhamXat; nigkarPyxacqgedayKanehtuplrbs;mnusS
PaKeRcIn.
edaysarsalaeronenACab;CamYykumar nigyuvCnkgdMNak;EdlBYkeKFMlUtlas;
salaeronmankaseRcIn kgkarEktRmUvkaryl;xusBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ CYyCMruj
[mankarKaMRTGkpk emeraKeGds_ nigkat;bny\riyabfGviCm ancMeBaHGkpk emeraKeGds_.
salaeronGacerobcMkarBiPakSaBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ kg cMeNamsisS edaymankarcUl
rYmBIshKmn_. salaeronGacGeBaIjmnusSEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ bGgkar
EdleFVIkarCamYyGkpkemeraKeGds_ nigGkCMgWeGds_ mkeFVITsSnkic nigpas;brbTBiesaF.
skmPaBEbbenHnwgplm; xu mat;Bti R)akdmYyBIkarqgraldal EdlnwgCYylubbM)at;karPyxac
begInkaryl;dwg nigkIGaNitGasUrdl;GkpkemeraKeGds_ nigGkCMgWeGds_.
34
BtmanbEnm kumar nigyuvCnmin)ancUlsalaeron

Rkumyuvvymin)ancUlsalaeronCaRkummnusS gayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_
nigCMgWeGds_. kumar nigyuvvymin)ancUlsalaeronGacmkBImUlehtueRcIn. BYkeK
GacnwgKanR)ak;fQlsalaeron bKanR)ak;;sRmab;meFa)ayeFVIdMeNIr. BYkeK
RbEhlCarvl;eFVkI aredIm,ITnM ku bRmugRkumRKYsar. BYkeKRbEhlCaekgrs;enAtamcieBamI
fl; KanRkumRKYsar. BYkeKGacCakUnrbs;RsIrksuIpvePT bRkummnusSepSgeTotEdl
TTYlrgkarmak;gaykgshKmn_. yuvvymin)ancUlsalaeroneRcInEtmin)anTTYl
cMeNHdwg Btman nigesvacaM)ac; edIm,I[BYkeKGackarBarxnBIemeraKeGds_)an.
mKeTsk_
salaeronGacedIrtYnaTICaGkpl;esvaGb;rMeRkARbBn esvaGb;rMBIkarbgaremeraK
eGds_ nigesvaepSgeTotdl;yuvCnEdlmincUlsalaeron. eKeXIjmanGnuvt
dMeNaHRsayEbbenHenARbeTsf tamrykarbegItRkumdakUhVa nigenARbeTsPUma
tamrykarbegItkmviFI SHAPE.
RkumdakUhaV )anpSarPab;eTAnwgsalaeron Bakham Phittayaknom enAextnKrraCsIma
RbeTsf. bnab;BIvibtiesdkicenAGasIuqaM1997 RkumdakUhVa)ancab;epImpSarPab;
TMnak;TMngrvagyuvCnEdl)ancUlsalaeron nigyuvCnEdlmin)ancUlsalaeron.
edaysarsanPaBesdkicminl yuvCnEdl)ancUlsalaeron Gacnwgmin)ancUlsala
eronvijenAfNamYy. Rkumyuvvy)anqgkat;vKbNHbNal ksagsmtPaBCaeRcIn
dUcCa PaBCaGkdwknaM bMNinCIvit karRsavRCavtamshKmn_edaymankarcUlrYm nig
karsMEdgenAtamshKmn_. enAeBlbBab;vK BYkeKrYmKabegItGgkarRbcaMshKmn_
EdlmaneQaHfa RkumdakUhVa. RkumdakUhVaerobcMskmPaBCaeRcIn Gb;rMBIkarbgar
emeraKeGds_ TaMgenAkgsalaeron TaMgenAeRkAsalaeron dUcCakarCYbRbCMu kare)aHCMrM
karsMEdgtamshKmn_ nigyuTsaRsTUlMTUlayepSgeTot. TMnak;TMnglrvagsala
eron nigshKmn_)anCYy[mankarKaMRTRkumdakUhVa nigkarGb;rMsIBIkarbgaremeraK
kgshKmn_2.
yuvvyCaeRcInenARbeTsPUmae)aHbg;ecalkarsikSaeBlbBab;bzmsikSa edaymin
bneTAGnuviTalyeLIy. karGb;rMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_PaKeRcIn cab;epImenA
Gnu viTaly sRmab;yuvvyEdlmanGayucab;BI15qaMeLIgeTA. ehtuenH yuvvyEdl
e)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa muneBlcUleronGnuviTaly min)anTTYlcMeNHdwg nigbMNin
RKb;RKan;sRmab;karBarxnenaHeT. bnab;BIkarGnuvtedayeCaKCynUvKeRmagfak;Cati
sRmab;sisSbzmsikSaEdlmaneQaHfa {karrs;enAedaysuxPaBlenAsalaeron}
mKeTsk_
35
nigkarGb;rMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ EdlehAkat;fa {SHAPE} begItenA

qaM1998 KeRmagRbhak;RbEhlKaenH RtUv)anerobcMeLIgenAqaM2002 Edlman
lkNCakarGb;rMeRkARbBnsRmab;kumar nigyuvvyEdlmin)ancUlsalaeron. KMnit
pc epmI ksagbMNni CIvti BIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ kameraK nigkareRbIeRKOg
ejnenAtamsalaeron Rtv)anykeTAeRbIR)as;sRmab;yvu vyEdlmin)ancUlsalaeron
pgEdr kgeKalbMNgCYykarBaryuvvyTaMgenaH [eCosputBIemeraKeGsd_ nigpl;
kassikSadl;RkumyuvvyTaMgenaHEfmeTot3.
PaKeRcIn kumar nigyuvvymin)ancUlsalaeronRtUveFVIkaredIm,ICYyTMnukbRmugRkum
RKYsar bCYyeFVIkickarpH bmuxCMnYjrbs;RkumRKYsar. salaeronEdl)ancUlrYmkg
KeRmag SHAPE eRbIR)as;bNajrbs;salaeron edIm,IerobcMevTikaCYbCMKu a dUcCa smaKm
matabitasisS nigRKUbeRgon RbFanshKmn_matabitasisS nigGkdwknaMCMenOsasna
edIm,IekorKrkarKaMRT[yuvvymin)ancUleron cUlrYmenAkgkarGb;rMeRkARbBn. KeRmag
enHk)anCYysRmYlkumar nigyuvvyCaeRcIn[RtLb;cUleronenAsalaeronvij.
BtmanbEnm ]TahrN_fak;CatisIBIkarGnuvtlnkmviFIsalaeron
CakarERbkayeKalneya)ayeTACaskmPaBCak;Esg edIm,IkarGb;rMbgaremeraK
eGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILanRBHraCaNacRkkm<Ca.
1>naykdansuxPaBsikSa
karGb;rMyuvvyBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ sitCacMNucykcitTukdak;rbs;
yuTsasGPivDn_rbs;km<Ca
enAqaM 1998 RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa )anbegItnaykdansuxPaBsikSa edIm,IrYm
36
mKeTsk_
viPaKTankgkareFVI[lkxNsuxPaBsisSenAkm<Cakan;EtlRbesIr. naykdan
suxPaBsikSamanvtman nigskmPaBkg TUTaMg 24ext-Rkug. naykdanenHshkarCa
mYyRksYg mCmNlsuxPaBCatiBak;Bn RBmTaMg)anbegtI PaBCadKUCamYydKUGPivD
sabnGnrCati nigsgmsIuvilpgEdr.
naykdansuxPaBsikSa CasabnkNal CaesnaFikar[RksYg TaMgEpkbeckeTs
TaMgkargarsMrbsMrYlCamYyRKb;dKU edIm,IBRgwgkarGb;rMbgaremeraKeGds_ CMgWeGds_
nigbBaasuxPaBBak;BndTeTotkgvisyGb;rM.
2> KNkmaFikarGnrnaykdanRbyuTnwgCMgWeGds_ ICHA
KNkmaFikarGnrnaykdanRbyuTn gw CMgeW Gds_ Carcnasm<n s rM bsMrlY edIm,IeqyI tb
eTAnwgkarrIkraldalnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ nigkarebCaJ citr bs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn
nigkILakgkarBRgwgkarrYmviPaKTan kgEpnkaryuTsasCatieqIytbemeraKeGds_
nigCMgWeGds_. KNkmaFikarGnrnaykdanenH RtUv)anbegIteLIgenAqaM 1999 dwknaM
edayrdelxaFikarmYyrUb nigmansmaCikmkBInaykdanBak;BnTaMgGs;. ICHA
manEpnkarskmPaBRbcaMqa M RbEhl 2/3landula kg mYyqaM EdlRtUv)anGPivDqg
tamynkarEpnkarkmrYmCamYydKUGPivDn_RsbtamEpnkaryuTsasCati nigEpnkar
yuTsasRbyuTnwgCMgWeGds_rbs;RksYgGb;rMpgEdr.
mKeTsk_
37
karGb;rMGMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
bcb,nenH RbeTsnanakMBugsitkgdMNak;epSgKankarGPivDkmviFIsalaeron.
RbeTsmYycMnYneTIbEtcab;epImbegItkmviFIsikSa nigbNHbNalRKUbeRgon. RbeTsxHeTot
)andMeNIrkareTAmux nig)anseRmcsmiTplCaeRcIn. b:uEn RbeTsTaMgGs;suTEtRtUvEsVgrk
viFIsaRssmRsb edIm,IelIkykRbFanbTresIbrbs;sgm EdlTak;TgeTAnwgbBaapvePT nig
suxPaBpvePT mkniyayenAtamsalaeron. karEsVgrkviFIsaRsenHCabBaaRbQmmYy kg
cMeNambBaaRbQmdlM)akCaeRcInrbs;RksYgGb;rM kgkarGPivDkarGb;rMsIBIkarbgaremeraK
eGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ ehIykCabBaaRbQmmYyrbs;elakRKU GkRKU kg karykkmvFi sI ki SaenaH
eTAGnuvtenAtamfak;eronpgEdr.
40
1> karRbQmmuxnwgkarBitrbs;yuvvy
karBitmYyenAkgCivitEdlekItmanRKb;TIkEng KWyuvvymYycMnYn)anRbLkkgkarrYm
ePT. eTaHbImnusSeBjvy)anyl;RBm bminyl;RBm[BYkeKeFVIEbbenHkeday nigebIeTaHCa
mnusSeBjvy)anRBmanBYkeKBIeRKaHfak; bRBmannwgdak;TNkmkeday kyuvvyTaMgenaHenA
EtrYmePTdEdl. yuvvyTaMgenaHminEmnsuTEtCasisSeronexSay sisSminsab;bgab; bsisS
EdlrMxankareronsURtrbs;sisSdTeTotkgfak;eLIy. sisSEdleronBUEkkGacCaGk
Fab;qgkat;karrYmePTEdr.
yuvvyCavymYyEdlcg;dwg nigcg;eFVIBiesaFedayxng. yuvvyeRcInKitfa BYkeKCa
mnusSGsar CamnusSEdlKanGVIGacykQH)an ehIyKiteTotfa GVIEdlGaRkk;GacekIt
manEtcMeBaHGkdTb:ueNaH. ehtuenH BYkeKEtgRbRBwtGMeBIEdlRbfuynwgeRKaHfak;. GkxH
eRCIserIskarRbRBwtEdlRbfuynwgeRKaHfak;kan;EtxaMgeLIg. minEmnmanEtekgRbusGayu
cab;B1I 6qaeM LIgb:eu NaHeT EdlFab;manbTBiesaFrYmePT ekgRsIxH EdlmanGayutci Cag15qaM
kFab;qgkat;karrYmePTpgEdr1. yuvvyxHeTotFab;manbTBiesaFeRbIfaMejn nigeRKOg
RsvwgEfmeTotpg.
mKeTsk_
elakRKU GkRKU nigmatabita caM)ac;RtUvTTYlsal;karBitTaMgenH RbsinebIelakRKU GkRKU

cg;[mankarpas;brkgCIvitrs;enArbs;sisS ehIyRtUvpl;BtmanRtwmRtUv edIm,ICYy[BYkeK
eFVIkarseRmccit)anRtwmRtUvBITegVIrbs;BYkeK. matabitaxHGacRbqaMgnwgkarbeRgonGMBIkar
bgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_enAtamsalaeron eTaHCaelakRKU GkRKUyl;fa karbeRgonenH
CaKMnitdlmYykeday. matabitaTaMgenaHRtUvkarkarbBaHbBal Bnl; eTIbBYkKat;KaMRTkar
Gb;rMGMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_. eTaHbICay:agNakeday kgbribTCaeRcIn
matabitasisScg;[elakRKU GkRKUbMeBjtYnaTICMnYsBYkKat; kgkarGb;rMkUnGMBIemeraKeGds_
nigCMgeW Gds_ ehIyBYkKat;eRtomxn Canic kg karKaMRTkarGb;rGM BM kI arbgaremeraKeGds_enAtam
salaeron.
2> yuvvyminGackarBarxng)aneT RbsinebIBYkeKmindwgBIrebobkarBar
Cag20qamM kehIy bnab;BeI meraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_)anqgraldalkg tMbn;GasI)u a:sPuI ci
yuvvymYycMnYnmin)andwgBIvtmanemeraKenHenAeLIy. yuvvymYycMnYneTotEbrCaman
karPan;RcLM beCOelIBtmanminBitGMBIemeraKeGds_eTAvij. enARbeTsCaeRcIn yuvnarIman
cMeNHdwgticCagyuvCn GMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_. yuvCn nigyuvnarITaMgenHCaRkumgay
rgeRKaH kMBugRbQmnwgeRKaHfak;nkarqgemeraKeGds_. dUecH edIm,I[yuvvyGacman
lTPaBkarBarxn BIkarqgemeraKeGds_ caM)ac;RtUvmanBtmanBit nigc,as;las;BIemeraKenH.
karGb;rMGMBIpvePTtamrykarGb;rMbMNinCIvit CadMNak;dMbUgkgkarkarBaryuvvyTaMg
enaH. karGb;rMBITMnak;TMngpvePT RtUvrYmbBalkarGb;rMBIkarbgarkarqgemeraKeGds_ suxPaB
bnBUC nigkarlubbM)at;pt;KMniteynDr. yuvvymansiTidwgGMBIbBaaTaMgGs;enH edaysar
bBaaTaMgenHpl;plb:HBal;edaypal;mkelIBYkeK.
yuvvykmansiTidwgfa BYkeKman bKanpkemeraKeGds_pgEdr. BYkeKkRtUvkardwgfa
etIBYkeKGacTTYl)anesvaeFVIEtsQamedaysRKcitEdlmankarRbwkSa nigrkSakarsmat;enA
mKeTsk_
41
TINa nigTIkEngepSgeTotEdlBYkeKGacTTYl)anesvasuxPaBbnBUC nigesvaKaMRTepSg.

yuvvykmansiTiTTYlesvakmyuvvyemRtI dUcCakarBa)al EfTaM nigKaMBar.
3> karGb;rMpvePTmin)anCMruj bbegInskmPaBpvePTenaHeT
matabitaCaeRcIn)ansEmgkarRBYy)armfa karGb;rpM v ePTCamUlehtuCrM ju [mankarekIn
eLIgnUvskmPaBpvePTkgcMeNamyuvvy. karsikSaRsavRCavenATUTaMgBiPBelak)anbgaj
fa bBaaenHCaerOgminBiteT. tamBiteTA karsikSakgRbeTscMnYn 113 enAtamTVIbcMnYn 5
)anbgajfa karbeRgonGMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ nigkarGb;rMpvePT )anCYyraraMgyuvvy
min[qab;RbRBwtskmPaBpvePT nig\riyabfRbfuynwgeRKaHfak;epSgeTot2.
4> karENnaMsRmab;karGb;rMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
karGb;rMRtUvcab;epImeFVI[)anqab;rhs eBalKWmuneBlEdlkumar nigyuvvycab;epIm
manskmPaBpvePT.
- elIkBIktaTaMgGs;EdlGacbNal[yuvvykayCaRkumgayrgeRKaH edaysar
emeraKeGds_dUcCa vismPaBeynDr PaBRkIRk karerIseGIg vb,Fm nigCMenO kareRbIfaMejn
nigkarRbkan;CMhrrbs;RkumCnCatiPaKtic.
- elIkeLIgCeRmIsTaMgGs;EdlGaceRbIsRmab;bgarkarqgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_
dUcCa BnarkarcUlRbLkkgskmPaBpvePT kat;bnycMnYndKUrYmePT eRbIeRsamGnamy
[)anRtwmRtUv nigRKb;eBlEdlmankarrYmePT.
- begItCMnajkgkarbeRgonBIRbFanbTresIbenAkgfak; edIm,IkuM[sisSmankar
xaseGon .
- bNH bNalCMnajnanadl;bKu l ki Gb;rM edIm,I[BYkKat;GacTTYlsal; nigedaHRsay
bBaaresIbrbs;sisSedayminlMeGog.
- eRbIR)as;bNajpSBVpSayBtm aneRkARbBn dUcCa RbBnp SBVpSayBtm an nigbNaj
42
mKeTsk_
shKmn_ edIm,IBRgwgkarpSBVpSaykarGb;rBM kI arbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_tamsalaeron.

- bRBaabkarGb;rBM eI meraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ TaMgkg kmvFi sI ki Sa nigkmvFi sI ki SabEnm
epSgeTot dUcCa kILa nigkare)aHCMrMrbs;salaeron.
- ebIkkas[elakRKU GkRKU nigyuvvycUlrYmskmkgkarerobcMbegIt nigkarGnuvt
kmviFIsikSa.
5> karGb;rMbMNinCIvitedIm,IRbkan;yk\riyabfEdlpl;suxPaBl3
bTBiesaFkgkarbgarkarraldalnemeraKeGds_)anbgajfa cMeNHdwgBIeGds_Ca
karcaM)ac;ehIy b:uEnkminRKb;RKan;edIm,Ikat;bnykarRbRBwtGakb,kiriyaRbfuynwgeRKaHfak;
eLIy. dUecH kareronsURtedayskmRtUvEtman. karGb;rMbMNinCIvit EdlCakarGb;rMmankar
cUlrYm nigmanTMnak;TnM gKaeTAvijeTAmk maneKalbMNgeFV[I yuvvyEkERb bpa s;br \riyabf.
karRsavRCav)anENnaMfa eyIgtUvbRBaabbMNinCIvitcUleTAkgmuxviCasikSaTaMgGs;. karGb;rM
bMNinCivitRtUverobcMeLIg edIm,I[mantulPaBrvag cMeNHdwg \riyabf nigCMnaj.
karGb;rMbMNinCIvitmaneKalbMNg
edaHRsaybBaasm<aFsgm nigcitsaRs EdlCaktaCMruj[yuvvyRbRBwtGakb,kiriya
RbfuynwgeRKaHfak; tamrykarbNHlTPaBrbs;yuvvy kgkarRbqaMgtbtnwgsm<aFsgm
EdlekIteLIgedaysarkarGUsTajBImitPki nigRbBnpSBVpSay.
CMrujlTPaBrbs;yuvvy kgkarRbqaMgtbtnwgsm<aFpvcit Edl)anCMrujBYkeKRbRBwt
Gakb,kiriyaRbfuynwgeRKaHfak;.
BRgwgTMnukcitelIxngenAeBleFVIkarseRmcGMBIGakb,kiriyarbs;nrNamak;.
O
etIkarGb;rMbMNinCIvitmanRbeyaCn_GVIxHcMeBaHRKUbeRgon nigkarGb;rMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_?
CMnajTMnak;TMng Gacbgat;beRgonyuvvy[GacbBaHbBalGkdTeKcecjBIkarrYm
O
mKeTsk_
43
ePT nigKaMRTkarseRmccitrbs;GkTaMgenaH. sRmab;GkEdlminGaceKcecjBIkarrYmePT)an

yuvvyGacmanlTPaBbBaHbBalGkTaMgenaH[rYmePTedaysuvtiPaB dUcCakareRbIeRsam
GnamyenAeBlrYmePT.
CMnajbdiesF nigcrca GacbeRgonyuvvy[ecHbdiesFkarrYmePT bcrca[man
kareRbIeRsamGnamy.
CMnajeFVIkarseRmccit GacbeRgonyuvvy[ecHBicarNafa etIBkY eKKYr bmni KYrbgaj
cMNg;pvePTCamYyGkEdlxnRslaj; ehIyRbsinebIBYkeKseRmcfaKYr etIBYkeKKYrbgaj
enAeBlNa KYrbgajtamrebobNa Gakb,kiriyaEbbNaEdlBYkeKyl;famansuvtiPaB ehIy
RtUvfwgEfgvi)akEdlekItecjBIkarseRmcnImYy.
CMnajKitKUrBicarNa GacbeRgonyuvvy[ecHviPaK vaytmPaBRtwmRtUv vaytm
BtmanBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ tYnaTIeynDr nigkarBnarkMeNIt ehIyRbsinebIBYkeK
mancml; BYkeKGacEsVgrkBtmanEdlGacTukcit)anBIRbFanbTTaMgenH.
O
RbsinebIbBal viFsI aRsbeRgonEbbTMnak;TnM geTAvijeTAmkenHeTAkg briyakasebIkcMh

esaHRtg; nigykcitTukdak; viFIsaRsenHGacCMruj[manfak;eronebIkcMh nigkEngsuvtiPaB
sRmab;BiPakSabBaacRmUgcRmasTaMgLay. CaeKalkarN_ karBiPakSaCacMhkgbriyakas
RbkbedaykarKaMRT KYrcab;epImedIm,IedaHRsaybBaaxaseGon karsat;esm nigkarmak;gay
EdlekIteLIgedaysaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_. karBiPakSaEbbenHkGacCYyedaHRsaybBaa
karminRBmTTYlykkarsIbenas nigkarerIseGIg EdlsuTEtCabBaaraMgsHdl;dMeNIrkarbgar
karqgemeraKeGds_.
viFIsaRsbeRgonEbbTMnak;TMngKaeTAvijeTAmk mandUcCa
karCYysRmbsRmYlRkumBiPakSa
kareFVIbTbgajenAkgfak;eron
mKeTsk_
O
O
O
O
skmPaBCaRkumtUc
karCECkEvkEjk
bTbgaj
karhat;smsMEdgGakb,kiriya bkaredIrtY.
karbeRgonyuvvy[ecHTTYlsal; nigTb;Tl;sm<aFTaMgLayNa EdlnaM[BYkeKcUl

rYmRbRBwtGakb,kiriyaEdlpl;plminlcMeBaHsuxPaB ]> karbgat;BICMnajbdiesFCamYymit
Pki nigCMnajviPaKBtm anEdlTTYl)antamRbBnp SBVpSay CakarsMxan;. CaerOy yuvvyman
karyl;xusBIGakb,kiriyaEdlBYkeKRbRBwt. BYkeKyl;fa Gakb,kiriyaEdlBYkeKRbRBwtKW
CaGakb,kiriyaRtwmRtUv eRBaHfa manmnusSCaeRcIn)anRbRBwtEbbenaH {nrNakeKRbRBwt
Gakb,kiriyaEbbenHEdr}. ehtuenH CakarsMxan;Nas;kgkarpl;BtmanBitR)akd BITegVITaMg
Lay edayminRtUvKitBIcnM nY mnusSEdleFVTI egVeI naHeLIy edIm,Ikat;bnykaryl;eXIjrbs;yvu vy
fa TegVICak;lak;NamYyCaTegVIFmta.
CaeKalkarN_ kmviFIGb;rMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_tamsalaeron KYrEt
bBaltamem:agsikSa[)aneRcIn nig[)aneRcInqaM ehIyRtUvcab;epImmuneBlsisScUlRbLk
kgskmPaBpvePT bskmPaBRbfuynwgeRKaHfak; b\riyabfRbkbedayeRKaHfak;. KYreRbI
R)as;sarsIBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ edIm,IBRgwg nigeFVIbcb,PaBnUvGVIEdl)aneronBImunmk.
kgtYnaTICaGkpl;karGb;rMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ RKUbeRgonGacTTYlGarmN_fa man
karKMramkMEhg nigminsuxRsYl eRBaHCarnaMgvb,FmTak;TgnwgkarrYmePT. karGb;rMBIkarbgar
emeraKeGds_ TamTarbeckeTsbeRgonEbbTMnak;TMngeTAvijeTAmk nigbeckeTsfI. caM)ac;
RtUvpl;karbNHbNal nigkar]btmKaMRTRKUbeRgonCaeTogTat; edIm,I[elakRKU GkRKUecH
viFIbeRgonfI GacCMnHPaBminsuxRsYlenAkgGarmN_ nigbuernicyTaMgLay eFVI[BYkKat;
manTwkcit nigkarKaMRTkan;EtxaMg. karsikSaRsavRCav)anbgajfa RKUbeRgon EdlBIdMbUgman
mKeTsk_
45
karsak;esrI kg karbeRgonBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ eBalKW sak;esrI kg karCMrju [

sisScUlrYmsikSaBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ GacBuHBarykQHbBaaenH)an edaysarEt)an
qgkat;vKbNHbNal.
46
BtmanbEnm ]TahrN_sIBIkarbNHbNalCMnajedIm,IbgaremeraK
eGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
edIm,IbdiesFkarlYgelam[mankarrYmePT elakRKU GkRKU Gaccab;epImedayeFVIkar
ENnaM nigeFVIkarbgajsisS. RKUbeRgonGacBnl;sisSfa enAeBlEdlsgSareKbgM[
BYkeKrYmePT BYkeKGaceqIytbtammeFa)ayepSgdUcCa karRbEkky:agdac;Ghgar
bkarcrcaBIkarrYmePTedayKankarbBal Rbdab;ePT. elakRKU GkRKUGacbgaj bR)ab;
sisSBIBakEdlRtUvniyay bcemIytbEdlsmRsb.
bnab;mk eRbIviFIhat;sMEdg\riyabf eday[sisSeFVIkarCaRkumtUcedIm,IedIrtY. kg
RkumtUcnImYy sisSmak;edIrtYCaGkbgM[mankarrYmePT ehIyRKURtUvBinitemIltam
RkumnImYy BIrebobeqIytbrbs;sisSmak; enAeBltUv)aneKbgM[rYmePT.
bnab;mkeTot eRbIviFIpl;BtmanRtLb; nigviFIBRgwgRkum edayBinit vaytmkar
eqyI rbs;ssi Smak; bBrI nak;kg RkumnImyY edayR)ab;BkY eKnUvcMNcu EdlBYkeKeFV)I anl
nigrebobEdlBYkeKGaceqIytb[kan;EtRbesIrCagenH. ]TahrN_ RbsinebIsisS
mak;min)anniyayRbEkk[)andac;GhgareTenaH elakRKU GkRKU GacR)ab;sisSenaH
BIirebobniyayRbEkk[)andac;Ghgar bR)ab;[sisSeRbIR)as;viFIcrcaepSgeTot.
cugeRkay tUvGnuvt[)aneRcIn. sYrsisSfa etIkareqIytbmYyNaEdlBYkeKKitfa
manRbsiTPaBbMputenAkgsanPaBrs;enACak;Esg. elakRKU GkRKU GacesI[sisS
erIsykviFImYykgcMeNamviFInanaEdleRbIenAeBlBYkeKtUv)anbgM[rYmePT mkGnuvt
enAs)ah_bnab;. elakRKU GkRKU RtUv[sisSraykarN_BIlTpl[sisSdTeTotdwg.
mKeTsk_
BtmanbEnm karGb;rMBIkarbgarmeraKeGds_tamsalaeronenAfak;Cati
RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa nRBHraCaNacRkkm<C a manParkicp l k; arGb;rGM BM eI meraK
eGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ nigRbFanbTTaMgLayBak;BnnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ dUcCa
suxPaBbnBCU smPaBeynDr nigeRKOgejndl;yvu vykm<C aTaMgkg TaMgeRkAsalaeron
nigyuvkMlaMgBlkmrbs;xn dUcmanEcgkgc,ab;sIBIkarbgar nigkarRbyuTTb;sat;kar
rIkraldalemeraKeGds_ nigCMGWeGds_ kgEpnkaryuTsasCatieqIytbemeraKeGds_
CaBhuvisy nigkgkmviFIKaMRTvisyGb;rM.
RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILamanbTBiesaFn_kgkarpl;karGb;rMGMBIemeraKeGds_ nig
CMgWeGds_dl;sisSryeBl 14qaMehIy. BIkmviFIedImEdlepatkarykcitTukdak;elI
karGb;rMmFmsikSa nigkarbRBaabemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_kgkmviFIsikSa kmviFI
emeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ RtUv)anBRgIkbBal kg karGb;rbM zmsikSa ehIykmvFi bI N
M ni
CIvitsMrab;karGb;rMbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ RtUv)anbBalCashkmviFIGb;rMenA
bzmsikSa mFmsikSa nigGb;rMeRkARbBn. edIm,I[karGb;rMbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgW
eGds_kan;EtmanRbsiTP aB RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILak)anbBal karGb;reM meraKeGds_
nigCMgWeGds_eTAkgkmviFIbNHbNalKrusisSenAsalaKruekaslextTaMg 18 enA
mCmNlKruekaslPUmPi aKTaMg 6 nigviTasanCatiGb;r.M RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa
kmankmviFIbNHbNalRKUmFmsikSa bzmsikSa nigRKUGkrkmpgEdr.
edIm,IKaMRTkareqIytbeTAnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa
)anbegtI KNkmaFikarGnrnaykdanRbyuTn gw CMgeW Gds_ ICHA naqaM 1999 edIm,I
GPivD Gnuvt sMrbsMrYl nigtamdankareqIytbeTAnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_rbs;
RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILaenAkMritCati nigkMritmUldan. ICHA shkary:agskm
CamYyGaCJaFrCatiRbyuTnwgCMgWeGds_ NAA RksYgBak;BnCaeRcIn dKUGPivDn_ nig
GgkarminEmnrdaPi)al. ICHA kmanRkumkargarbeckeTsfak;CatisrM ab;karGb;rbM gar
emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_pgEdr.
mKeTsk_
47
karebCJacitCaGnrCatisIBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
1> siTi
karebCJacitCaGnrCati CamUldanRKwHmYykgcMeNammUldanRKwHCaeRcIneTot sIBIsiTi
cMeBaHemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_. karebCJacitCaGnrCati Cakarsnarbs;rdaPi)alcMeBaH
saFarNCn kgkarRbqaMgnwgkarqgraldalnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ edayeRbIviFankar
smRsb esPI aB nigc,as;las;. karebCaJ citC aGnrCati CakarTTYlsal;rbs;rdaPi)al cMeBaH
katBVkickgkaredaHRsaybBaa dUcCakarerIseGIg vismPaBeynDr nigPaBminesIPaBKakg
lTPaBTTYlesvamUldanCaeRcIn. rdaPi)alPaKeRcInenAGasIu nig)a:sIuPic )ancuHhtelxa
elIkicRBmeRBogCaGnrCatisMxan; sIBIbBaaemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.
RbeTsEdl)ancuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBogGnrCati tUvCab;katBVkickgkarrkSa nig
bMeBjkatBVkicEdlmanEcgkgkicRBmeRBog. kicRBmeRBogTaMgenH dUcCaGnusBaasIBIsiTi
mnusSCaedIm )anpl;KNenyPaB[rdaPi)al. tamrykarcuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBog
rdaPi)al)anbgajkarTTYlsal;eKalkarN_nkarcUlrYm nigkarpl;GMNac CaBiess[Rkum
gayTTYlrgeRKaH nigRkumBak;Bn . ehtuenH rdaPi)alRtUvmankatBVkci ebIkkas nigCYyKaMRT
RkumBak;Bn nigRkumGkmansiTTi amTar edIm,IBRgwgsmtPaBBYkeKenARKb;vsi y EdlnwgnaMeTArk
karpl;GMNac[RkumTaMgenaH.
2> esckIRbkasebCJacitsIBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
enAExmifnu a qa2M 001 Rbmuxrd nigGktMNagrdaPi)al )anCYbRbCMKu a kg kicR bCMBu ei ssn
mhasni)atrbs;GgkarshRbCaCati sIBIbBaaemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_. esckIRbkasenH
CakarGHGagdc,as;las;myY nkarebCaJ citk g karRbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ nigCa
karTamTar[
karGb;rMbgarCacMNucsMxan;nkarRbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_
kareKarBsiTGi k pk emeraKeGds_ nigGkCMgeW Gds_ RtUvman]tmPaBkg karRbqaMgnwg
O
50
mKeTsk_
O
O
emeraKeGds_
karpl;GMNacdl;RsICakarcaM)ac;xanmin)an
tRmUvkarCMnyY ]btm CaBiesscMeBaHkumarkMRBaedaysaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_
3> eKaledAGPivDn_shsSvtSr_
RbeTsCasmaCiknGgkarshRbCaCati )anGnumteKaledAGPivDshsSvtSr_ Edl
maneKalbMNgeFVI[sanPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCnTUTaMgBiPBelakkan;EtRbesIreLIg. PaBCa
dKUsklEdlekItecjBIkarebCJacit nigcMNucedAEdlbegIteLIgkgCMnYbRbCMuBiPBelak kg
GMLgTsvtSr_qaM1990 maneKalbMNgeqIytbeTAnwgbBaaRbQmkgkarGPivDsMxan;rbs;
BiPBelak nigkarGMBavnavrbs;sgmsIuvil. eKaledAGPivDshsSvtSr_CMruj[mankarkat;
bnyPaBRkIRk karelIkkm<s;karGb;rMsuxPaBmata smPaBeynDr nigkarRbyuTRbqaMgnwg
mrNPaBkumar CMgWeGds_ nigCMgWepSgeTot.
eKaledAGPivDn_shsSvtSr_)ankMNt;cN
M cu edACaeRcIn Edlkg enaHmancMNcu edAbIEdl
niyayBIkarGb;rMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_. cMNucedATaMgbIenaHman
cMNucedATI2 Fanafa enAqaMsikSa 2015 kumara nigkumarITaMgGs; eTaHenATINakeday nwg
GacTTUlkareronsURteBjkRmitbzmsikSa.
cMNucedATI3 lubbM)at;vismPaBeynDr KitCatYelx enAbzmsikSa nigmFmsikSa[)an
enAqaM 2005 CakarRbesIr nigenARKb;kRmitsikSamineGayhYsqaM 2015.
cMNucedATI6 bBab;karraldalnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.
4> GnusBaasIBIsiTikumar
mhasni)atGgkarshRbCaCati)anGnumtGnusBaasIBIsiTikumar CRCenAqaM1989
edaymanRbeTscMnYn192 )ancuHhtelxaTTYlsal;. GnusBaasIBIsiTikumarCalixitubkrN_
EdlmancgPab;katBVkictampvc,ab; ekItecjBIRkmc,ab; nigRbBNIvb,Fm. eyagtam
mKeTsk_
51
eKhTMBrrbs;Ggkar UNICEF {GnusBaasIBIsiTikumarCakarRBmeRBogCasklkgkarkMNt;

katBVkic nigsg;damYyEdlminGaceFVIkarcrca)an. sg;damUldanenH behAfa siTimnusS
)ankMNt;sTi i nigesrIPaBGb,brma EdlrdaPi)alRtUvEteKarBtam. sgd; amUldanTaMgenHekIt
ecjBIkarTTYlsal;esckIffr nigtmrbs;mnusSCatienARKb;TIkEng edayminRbkan;BUC
sasn_ BNsm,r ePT Pasa sasna TsSn edImkMeNIt RTBsm,ti zan bsmtPaBeLIy.
karEfrkSamin[mankarrMelaPbMBanelIsiTiGkdT CakatBVkicrbs;rdaPi)al nigbuKlmak;.
siTiTaMgenHmanlkNBwgEpkKaeTAvijeTAmk nigminGacEbgEck[dac;ecjBIKa)aneLIy
eBalKW eyIgFanapl;[EtsiTimYycMnYn ehIyminFanapl;[ beFVI[)at;bg;nUvsiTiepSgeTot
)aneLIy.}
GnusBaasIBIsiTikumarFanafa kumarmansiTiTTYl)ankarGb;rMsuxPaB Btman nigral;
skmPaBepSgrbs;kumar eTaHbIkarFanaTaMgenH CakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;sabnsuxumalPaB
rd bkCn tulakar GaCJaFrrd)al Gkc,ab;keday kGtRbeyaCn_epSgrbs;kumarKYrRtUv)an
BicarNaCabzmEdr. kicxitxMRbwgERbgkarBarkumar nigyuvvyBIkarqgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgW
eGds_ CaEpkmYynkarGb;rM nigsuxPaB RBmTaMgCaGtRbeyaCn_RbesIrbMputsRmab;kumar.
KMnitpcepImCasklsIBIkarGb;rMbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ (EDUCAIDS)
EDUCAIDS CaKMnicpcepImrYmKamYyrvagGgkar UNESCO nigGgkar UNAIDS eday
manGgkar UNESCO CaTIPak;garnaMmux. EDUCAIDS CaPak;garrbs;GgkarshRbCaCati
TTYlbnk Gb;rBM eI meraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ EdlmanTIPa k;gareRkamcMNHu cMnnY 10. eKalbMNg
rbs; EDUCAIDS KWCYy rdaPi)al nigsabnBak;BnsMxan;epSgeTot kgkardak;bBalKanUv
kareqIytb Edlman lkNTUlMTUlay eTAkgkarGb;rMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.
EDUCAIDS pl;kareqIytbcMeBaHkarGb;rMbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ Edlman
lkNsamBa nigsg;da b:uEnGacmannyxusKaBIvb,FmmYyeTAvb,FmmYy nigBIsgm
52
mKeTsk_
mYyeTAsgmmYy. eKalbMNgnKMnitpcepImenHman
begnI karyl;dgw nigkarebCaJ cite lIbBaaemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ kg cMeNamGkdwk
naMc,ab; nigGkbegIteKalneya)ayEdlman\TiBleTAelIkarGb;rM.
KaMRTrdaPi)al nigGkBak;BnsMxan; enAeBlEdlGkTaMgenaHerobcMkareqIytbTUlM
TUlay tamryvisyGb;rM edIm,IRbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ nigsRmalplb:HBal;
EdlbNalmkBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_elIvisyGb;rM.
CYyerobcMeKalneya)ay nigkmviFITUlMTUlay EdlGacCYykat;bnyPaBgayrg
eRKaH nigeRKaHfak; edayrYmbBalsmasPaBnkareqIytbEdlmanRbsiTPaB dUcCa kmviFI
sikSa kmviFIbNHbNalRKUbeRgon kmviFIsuxPaBenAtamsalaeron eKalneya)aykEng
eFVIkar nigkmviFIpl;GaharenAtamsalaeron.
pl;karGb;rMeRkARbBndl;yuvvyeRkAsalaeron kumarkMRBa nigRkummnusSEdlgay
rgeRKaHepSgeTot.
begtI smarsRmab;kareFVEI pnkar karRKb;RKg nigkartamdanenAfak;Cati. eKaledA
cugeRkayrbs; EDUCAIDS KWRbyuTRbqaMgnwgkarqgraldalemeraKeGds_enAfak;Cati.
O
karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Ka (EFA) KMnitpcepImrbs;Ggkar UNESCO

dUcEdl)anBNnakgEpkmun karGb;rMCYykarBarmnusSBIkarqgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgW
eGds_. enAqaM1990 KNRbtiPUrbs;RbeTscMnYn155 nigGktMNagmkBIGgkarcMnYn150
)anRBmeRBogKa enAkgsnisITBiPBelaksIBIkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kafa nwgeFVI[karGb;rM
kRmitbzmmanlkNCaskl nigkat;bnyGnkrPaB[eRcInmundMNac;TsvtSr_enH.
Ggkar UNESCO RtUv)aneRCIstaMgCaTIPak;garnaMmuxkgkicxitxMRbwgERbgenH.
ebskkmrbs;Ggkar UNESCO KW CMrujkarGb;rM[kayeTACasiTimUldan edIm,IEklMG
KuNPaBGb;rM nigCMruj[mankarBiesaF cRbDit nigBiPakSaBIeKalneya)ay. kgnam
mKeTsk_
53
CaPak;garnaMmuxnkar Gb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Ka Ggkar UNESCO )ansRmbsRmYl ekorKr

dak;bBalKa nigeFVI[cuHsRmugrvag kicxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;rdaPi)al TIPak;garGPivDn_ sgm
sIuvil nigGgkarminEmnrdaPi)al.
edIm,IseRmc)ankarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Ka Ggkar UNESCO )anbegItRkumsMxan;BIr
]tmRkumRbwkSa nigRkumkargarTTYlbnkkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Ka. ]tmRkumRbwkSa;CYbRbCMu
Caerogral;qaMkgeKalbMNgBRgwgkarebCJacitEpkneya)ay nigekorKrFnFannana. Rkum
kargarenHmansmaCikmkBIRksYgGb;rMcMnYn 30 nigGktMNagmkBITIPak;garGPivDn_ nig
sgmsIuvil. RkumkargarTTYlbnkkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Ka mantYnaTIpl;CMnYybeckeTs
kar]btm nigkarpas;brBtmanrvagdKU nigGkBak;Bn.
Ggkar UNESCO )anRBagEpnkarskmPaBskl edIm,IkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Ka
nig)ane)aHBum<r)aykarN_tamdansklRbcaMqaMsIBIkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Ka. esckIRBag
EpnkarskmPaB )anRBagtYnaTI nigyuTs aRssRmab;dKU nigGkBak;Bn . r)aykarN_tamdan
enH)anvas;EvgkarrIkceRmInrbs;RbeTsnImyY kg karseRmc)aneKaledAGb;rsM Rmab;TaMgGs;Ka
enAkRmitbzmsikSa GkrkmmnusSeBjvy nigsmPaBeynDr.
54
RkbxNskmPaBRkugdaka
RkbxNskmPaBenHRtUv)anGnumtTTYlsal;edayRbeTscMnYn164 enAevTikaGb;rM
BiPBelak Edl)anerobcMeLIgenATIRkugdaka RbeTseseNhal; (Senegal) kgqaM2000.
RkbxNskmPaBenH)ankt;smal;fa emeraKeGds_ nigCMgweGds_ Ca]bsKraraMgkarseRmc
karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Ka. maRta64nRkbxNskmPaBenH )anTTUc[mankareFVIskmPaB
enAkgEpkmYynvisyGb;rM
sabn nigrcnasm<n G b;rM KYrEtbegtI briyakasRbkbedaysuvtiP aB nigkarKaMRTsRmab;
kumar nigyuvvyEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ nigekItCMgWeGds_ ehIyRtUvBRgwgkickarBarBYkeK
mKeTsk_
[rYcputBIkarrMelaPbMBanpvePT nigkarCiHCan;RKb;Ebby:ag. kumar nigmnusSeBjvyEdl

TTYlrgplb:HBal;edayemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ CaBiesskumarkMRBaedaysarCMgWeGds_
KYrEtGacTTYl)ankarGb;reM RkARbBn EdlGacbt;EbntamsanPaBCak;Esg. kmvFi sI ki SabMNni
CIvitKYrEtmanRKb;TidPaBTaMgGs;nkarKaMBar nigbgarmeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_. matabita
sisS nigshKmn_KYrEtTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIkmviFIEdlBak;BnnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgW
eGds_. RKUbeRgonRtUUvEtTTYl)ankarbNHbNalCamun nigkarbNHbNalbMb:nBIviFIsaRs
pl;karGb;rMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_. cMeBaHRKUbeRgonEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaykar
qgraldalCaskl kKYrEtTTYl)ankar]btmKaMRTenARKb;kRmitsikSaTaMgGs;.
BtmanbEnm karebCJacitfak;CatisIBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
nigkarGb;rM
karebCJacitrbs;RbeTskm<Ca sIBIemeraKeGds_ TUlMTUlay nigc,as;las;
c,ab;sBI kI arbgar nigkarRbyuTT b;sa t;karrIkraldalemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_rbs;
RbeTskm<Ca
maRta 3
1- erobcM[mankarbRBaabbBal cMeNHdwgsBI eI meraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ enAkg sala
eron. karGb;rMenHRtUvbBalkarbeRgonBImUlehtu rebobnkarcMlg karbgar nig
plvi)aknemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ RBmTaMgkameraKdTeTot CaBiess epatelI
bMNinCIvitRsbnwgsIlFmsgm tamrUbPaBkarbRBaabbBalkgkmviFIsikSa tamRKb;
RKwHsansikSa PUmisikSa rYmTaMgkarGb;rMeRkARbBn.
2- erobcMski a sala nigkarbNH bNal bgat;beRgonsBI kI arbgar nigkarRbyuTT b;sa t;
karrIkraldalemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_dl;RKUbeRgon nigGkbgat;beRgonepSgeTot
EdlRtUv)ancat;taMg[eTAbeRgonbn.
mKeTsk_
5
3- erobcM[mankarpl;eyabl; BIsMNak;shKmn_ smaKm GgkarnanakgkarGb;rM

sIBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.
EpnkaryuTsasCatieqIytbemeraKeGds_CaBhuvisy 2006 - 2010
National Strategic Plan for Comprehensive and Multisectoral Response to HIV
and AIDS 2006-2010)
EpnkarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Ka
eKaledA 3 elIkkMBs;suxPaB kat;bnyGRtasab;rbs;kumar nigemeraKeGds_
nigCMgWeGds_.
TisedA 3 kat;bnykarrIkraldalnCMgWeGds_enARtwmqaM 2015
- GaMgDIkaTr 4 GRtarIkraldalnemeraKeGds_kgcMeNammnusSeBjvyEdl
manGayu 15-49 qaM dl;kMritEdlGacTTYlsal;)anenAqaM 2015
kMNt;TisedAbrimaN.
eKalneya)aysuxPaBsikSa
eKalneya)ayTI 2
1- bBalral;xwmsarGb;rMsuxPaBeTAkgkmviFIsikSaRKb;kMrit TaMgkarGb;rMkg
nigeRkARbBn edaymanlkNTn;Pn; eTAtamrcnasm<nmUldan PUmisas RbCasas
nigvb,FmpgEdr BiessKWRtUvbRBaabeTAkgesovePAsikSaRKb; kMritnUvsarsuxPaB
Gnamy suxPaBpvePT suxPaBbnBUC karbgareRKaHfak; c,ab;cracr nigCMgWepSg
BiesskarbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.
7- elIkkMBs;siTi nigCMruj [sisSanusisS nisSit KrusisS KrunisSit TTYlyk\riyabf
RbkbedaysuvtPi aB tamrykarpl; kas[BYkeKsal;xn g ecHRKb;RKgxn ecHGb;rM
mitPkitamry {kmviFImitGb;rMmit} Biess hamXat;karerIseGIgGkpkemeraKeGds_
O
56
mKeTsk_
GkCMgWeGds_ nigGkrgeRKaHedaysarCMgWeGds_ enARKb;RKwHsansikSasaFarN nig

kCn nigkEngeFVIkar.
kmviFIKaMRTvisyGb;rM 2006-2010
karcUleron KuNPaB nigRbsiTPaBGb;rM
- BRgwg nigBRgIkkmviFIsalakumaremRtIedayEklMGkarRKb;RKgsalaeron fak;Gb;rM
bBalKa fak;Gb;rMBiess fak;KYb fak;BIrPasa kMENlMGkmviFIsikSa nigsg;dasikSa
Gb,brma bNaly nigkmviFIbMNinCIvitenAtammUldan dUcCa karRbyuTRbqaMgnwg
emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ nigbBaaepSgeTotEdlb:HBal;dl;suxPaB.
- pl;bMNin CIvitmitGb;rMmiteRkamkmviFIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_rbs;RksYgGb;rM
yuvCn nigkILa edayshkarCamYyGgkarminEmnrdaPi)alBak;Bn.
- KaMRTkarGnuvtbMNinCIvit eKalneya)aysIBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ suxPaB
bnBUC nigkmviFInanatamrykarpl;esovePAsikSa sIBIbMNinCIvit FnFan nigkar
bNalRKUbMNinCIvit.
eKalneya)ay sIBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_enAkEngeFVIkar 2008 RksYgGb;rM
yuvCn nigkILa.
mKeTsk_
57
sI nigkumarI
1> RsI nigkumarIkan;EteRcInkMBugqgemeraKeGds_ nigmanCMgWeGds_

emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ kMBugERbRbYlKYr[kt;sMKal;. karERbRbYlmuxmat;fIenHKW
RskI an;EteRcIn)anqgemeraKenH. GMLg TsvtSr_qa 1M 980 CaryeBlEdlmankarqgraldal
dMbUgnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ ehIyGkEdlmanpkemeraKPaKeRcInCaburs. b:uEnbcb,n
krNIEbbenHElgmaneTotehIy. enATUTaMgBiPBelak manburscMnYn18/7lannak; RsI nig
kumarIcMnYn17lannak;kMBugpkemeraKeGds_ nigmanCMgWeGds_1.
enAtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic burs nigkumaracMnYn 5/2lannak; RsI nigkumarIcMnYn2lannak;kMBug
manpk emeraKeGds_ b:Eu nKmatenHkan;EttUceTA edaysarEtcMnnY RsEI dl)anqgemeraKeGds_
kan;EtekIneLIg2.
2> ehtuGVIRsI nigkumarIgayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_?
RsI nigkumarI gayrgeRKaHedaysarCMgWeGds_ nigemeraKeGds_Cagburs edaysarkta
CaeRcIn. ktaTaMgenaHman ktaCIvsaRs sgm vb,Fm nigesdkic.
k> ktaCIvsas
EpkelIktaCIvsaRs karsikSaRsavRCav)anbgajfa RsI nigkumarI gayqgemeraKeGds_
nigeraKdTeTotCagburs nigkumara kgeBlrYmePTCamYydKUEdlmanpkemeraKTaMgenH.
kumarIkan;EtgayTTYlrgeRKaHeTAeTot edaysarRbdab;bnBCU rbs;BkY eKenAminTan;rkI lUtlas;
niggaydac;rEhkkg eBlrYmePT3. eRkABIktaCIvsaRs ktaepSgeTotdUcCaktasgm vb,Fm
nigesdkic manbuBVehturYmKamYyEdlsuTEtCaktaeFVI[RsI nigkumarIgayTTYlrgeRKaH.
60
x> ktasgm
vismPaBeynDr CabsKl;nbBaa
eynDr minEmnsMedAEteTAelIePT RsI bRbus rbs;mnusSenaHeT. eynDrCapt;KMnit
mYyEdlkMNt;PaBCaburs bRsIkgsgmmYy dUcCakarkMNt;tYnaTI karTTYlxusRtUv smtPaB
mKeTsk_
sI nigkumarI
nigTegVIrbs;burs bRsI.
Ggkar UNESCO )ankMNt;fa vismPaBeynDrekItmanenAeBlEdlRsI bkumarI nig
burs bkumara KanPaBesIKakgkarTTYl)ansiTimnusSeBjelj KankarcUlrYmkgkar
GPivDesdkic sgm vb,Fm nigneya)ay nigTTYlGtRbeyaCn_BIkarGPivDTaMgenH4.
TMnak;TMngrvagburs nigRsIminmansmPaBeLIy edaysarEtsgmPaKeRcIn[tmbru s
x<s;CagRsI ehIybursEtgEtmantYnaTIx<s;CagRsI. vismPaBeynDr)anbegItbBaaCaeRcIn
EdleFVI[RsI nigkumarIgayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_.
K> ktavb,Fm
kgVHkarGb;rM CaerOy kg sgm kumarImyY cMnnY mankastictYckg karTTYlkarGb;r.M
RKYsarmYycMnYnmin)anemIleXIjPaBcaM)ac; kgkarbBankUnRsIeTAsalaeroneT eRBaHkumarImin
RtUv)ancat;TukfaCaGkrkcMNUl edIm,Ipt;pg;RKYsar nigkminRtUv)anRkumRKYsar[tm. GRta
qgemeraKeGds_rbs;kmu arIEdlmin)anTTYlkarGb;rM mancMnnY eRcInCagGRtakumarIEdl)anTTYl
karGb;rM5. dUecH kgVHkarGb;rM)aneFVI[RsI nigkumarIgayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_.
PaBlMeGognbBaapv ePT kg sgmPaKeRcIn bursRtUv)anelIkTwkcit bRtUv)anKitfa
nwgmandKUrYmePTeRcIn cMENkyuvnarIvijRtUvEtecosvagdac;xatkarrYmePT nigRtUvesaHRtg;.
cMeNHdwgTak;TgnwgbBaapvePTrbs;yuvnarImanPaBminc,as;las;. mUlehtuenH)aneFVI[kar
BayamEsVgrkBtman nigesvakmcaM)ac; edIm,IkarBarxnBIkarqgemeraKeGds_ karqgkam
eraK nigkarmanpeBaHrbs;yuvnarI kayCaTegVImYyEdlyuvnarIminKYrRbRBwt. yuvnarIGac
RbQmmuxnwgRKaHfak; RbsinebIKat;enAEtcg;eFVI. ehtuenH PaBlMeGogBIbBaapvePT)aneFVI[
RsI nigkumarIgayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_.
GMeBIhgi SaelIRsI karGegtrbs;GgkarsuxPaBBiPBelak)an[dwgfa GMeBIhgi SaelIRsI
nigkumarI Cavibtsi xu PaBrbs;sklelak. GMeBIhgi SaEbbenHekItmanenARKb;sgm nigRKb;kEng
mKeTsk_
61
sI nigkumarI
dUcCa enAtampH tamTIsaFarN nigkEngeFVIkarCaedIm. enAsalaeron sisSRsIGacTTYlrg

GMeBIhigSaedaysarsisSRbus bedaysarRKURbuskman. tamBiteTA salaeronKYrEtCakEng
EdlKanGMeBIhigSaelIRsI nigkumarI ehIysalaeronkRtUvedIrtYnaTIRbqaMgnwgGMeBIhigSaenHEdr.
CaerOy GMeBIhgi Sa nigkarKMramkMEhgeRbIhgi SaelIRsI CabuBeV htunkarqgemeraKeGds_
edaysarEtGMeBIhigSaTaMgenHeFVI[RsI nigkumarIBi)akkgkareKcputBIkarrYmePT besIdKUman
PaBesaHRtg; beRbIeRsamGnamy. enAeBlEdlRsI nigkumarIGacRKb;RKgsankarN_)an BYkeK
GacnwgeKcputBIkarqgemeraKeGds_.
GMeBIhgi SakGacekIteLIg)anEdrcMeBaHRsI nigkumarI enAeBlnagniyayR)ab;dKUrmY ePTfa
nagmanpk emeraKeGds_. karPyxaccMeBaHGMeBIhgi Sa )anraraMgRsI nigkumarIkg karEsVgrkesva
karBar EfTaM Ba)al nig]btmpgEdr. GMeBIhigSa nigkarKMramkMEhgeRbIhigSa eFVI[RsI nig
kumarIkan;EtgayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.
RsIgayrgkarmak;gayedaysaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_Cagburs
karmak;gay nigkarerIseGIgCalTplGaRkk;bMputbgeLIgedayemeraKeGds_ nigCMgW
eGds_. RsI nigkumarIgayTTYlrgbBaaTaMgenHCagburs edaysarPaBlMeGogbBaapvePT.
RbsinebIbru sqgemeraKeGds_ mnusSmaniyayfa edaysarEtbursenaHleI lI bsN
M agminl.
RbsinebIRsI bkumarIqgvij mnusSmanwgniyayfa RsIenaHCamnusSelaPkam bCaRsIminl.
kgVHkarGb;rM nigkarbgaremeraKeGds_
Pst agCaeRcIn)anqH bBaagM [eXIjfa kumarIEdl)anTTYlkarGb;rM mancMnnY ticNas;Edl
qgemeraKeGds_. RbsinebIkumarIeron)anrhUtdl;kRmitmFmsikSa kasEdlBYkeKqg
emeraKeGds_ mancMnnY tictYcCagkumarIEdlmin)ancUlsalaeron. karTTYl)ankarGb;rCM aerog
ral;qa M eFV[I yuvnarIkan;EtmancMeNHdwg nigmanPaBkraCeRcIn kg karseRmccit dRtwmRtUvGMBI
CIvti pv ePTrbs;BkY eK. cMeNHdwg nigkarGb;rkM an;EtTUlTM lU ay GacnaMeTArkkas TTYl)anR)ak;
62
mKeTsk_
sI nigkumarI
cMNlU eRcIn EdlGacCYyRsI nigkumarI[eKcputBIGnak;nPaBRkIRk emeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_.

Ggkar UNESCO eCOCak;fa karGb;rbM garemeraKeGds_ GacCYysisSanussi S[TTYl)an
cMeNHdwg CMnaj nigGakb,kiriyalcaM)ac; edIm,I[BYkeKrs;enAedaymansuxPaBl Rbkan;
\riyabfEdlpl;suxPaBl nigkat;bnyPaBgayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_.
X> ktaesdkic
kg sgmPaKeRcIn RsI nigkumarIrs;enABwgEpkelIsa nPaBesdkci rbs;bru s. enHminEmn
edaysarRsIKansmtPaBdUcbursenaHeT. RKYsarCaeRcInmanemRKYsarCaRsIEdlrwgmaM nig
kraC. RsIRtUvBwgEpkelIburs edaysarEtRsIRtUv)anbdiesFkareRbIR)as; nigRKb;RKgFn
Fan KansiTei FVkI arseRmccits Rmab;xn g nigsRmab;RkumRKYsar. CYnkal RsRI tUv)anbdiesF
siTiRbkbkargar bTTYl)anR)ak;kRmTabCagburscMeBaHkargardUcKa. enARbeTsmYycMnYn
RbsinebIbI bdKUCaburssab;)at;bg;CIvit RsICaPriyaKansiTiRsbc,ab; edIm,ITTYldIFI bmrtk
eLIy edaysarEtBYkeKCaRsI nigkumarI. bBaaTaMgenHehIyEdlBnl;mUlehtunaM[GRtaPaB
RkIRkrbs;RsI nigkumarImankRmitx<s;.
RsI bkumarI EdlmanesdkicBwgEpkelIbursCabI bdKUrYmePTCaburs manGMNactictYc
kgkarlYgelambI[manPaBesaHRtg; eFVIEtsQamrkemeraKeGds_ nigeRbIeRsamGnamy
edaysarEtBYknagPyxacbeI )aHbg;ecal. PaBRkIRk btRmUvkarxagesdkci Gacbg[M RsI nig
kumarImYycMnYneFVIkarbeRmIpvePT lk;xnedIm,IR)ak; mbGahar btRmUvkarmUldanepSgeTot
sRmab;xn g bRKYsar. dUecH RsI nigkumarIRkIRkkan;EtgayTTYlrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_
nigCMgWeGds_.
3> skmPaBedIm,IelIkkMBs;sI nigkumarI
elIkkm<s; nigkarBarsiTiRsI nigkumarI.
tsUmtiedIm,I[mansmPaBeynDr.
O
O
mKeTsk_
63
sI nigkumarI
O
O
RbqaMgdac;xatnUvGMeBIhigSaRKb;Ebby:agRbqaMgnwgRsI nigkumarI.
FanafaRsI nigkumarITTYl)ancMeNHdwg smar nigesvabgaremeraKeGds_ nigsuxPaB
bnBUC EdleFVI[RsI nigkumarIseRmccit)anRtwmRtUv BIbBaasuxPaBbnBUC nig
suxPaBpvePT.
FanafaRsI nigkumarImanlTPaBTTYl)ankmviFIEfTaM Ba)alemeraKeGds_ nigCMgW
eGds_ nigCMnYy]btmepSgeTotdUcburs nigkumaraEdr.
minRtUvbgkarmak;gayRsI nigkumarIEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ pyeTA
vij RtUvCYy]btmGkTaMgenaH.
KaMRTkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Ka.
4> skmPaBEdlsalaeron nigelakRKU GkRKUGaceFVI)an

]btmKaMRTelakRKU GkRKU kgkarerobcMsmarbeRgon nigeron nigbNHbNal
BYkKat; edIm,I[karbeRgonBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_enAsalaeron)anTTYleCaKCy.
begItbriyakaseronsURtRbkbedaysuvtiPaB nigkarKaMRTsRmab;sisSanusisS
BiesssisSRsI tamrykarRbqaMgdac;xatRKb;TRmg;nkarebotebonpvePT nig
GMeBIhigSaRKb;Ebby:ag. tUvGnuvttamkarENnaM[)anc,as;las; edIm,IedaHRsay
bBaaenHenAeBlmankarecaTRbkan;.
eFVIGVIRKb;y:ag edayrYmTaMglubbM)at;karsikSabg;f edIm,I[sisSRsIGacbn
karsikSa.
eFVI[mankarcUlrYmBImatabitasisS nigshKmn_ edIm,I[BYkeKyl;dwg nigKaMRT
karGb;rMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_.
pl;karGb;rMbMNinCIvit eRBaHkarGb;rMEbbenH)anCYyCMruj[mankarcUlrYmBI
sisSanusisSTaMgGs;kgsalaeron.
O
64
mKeTsk_
sI nigkumarI
O
Fanafa elakRKU GkRKUTaMgGs;minmanpt;KMniteynDr nigRtUvCMruj[manPaBCaGk

dwknaM nigkar[tmxngkgcMeNamRsI CMrujsmPaBeynDrenAkgsalaeronRKb;
eBlevla.
RtUvbRBaabBtm anBIbBaasuxPaBpv ePT suxPaBbnBCU nigkarGb;rBM kI arbgaremeraK
eGds_ nigCMgWeGds_[smRsbtamvyrbs;sisS.
Tak;TgCamYyesvaxageRkA CaBiessesvapl;RbwkSa nigesvasuxPaBbnBUC.
BtmanbEnm eynDrtamtYelx
karBinti nigvaytmkarsikSaTaMg 113krNIenAkg TVbI cMnnY 5)anbgajfa karGb;rM
GMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_enAsalaeron manRbsiTPaBkgkarkat;bnykarqab;
RbLkkgskmPaBpvePT nigGakb,kiriyaRbfuynwgeRKaHfak;epSgeTot3.
enATUTaMgBiPBelak kumarcMnnY 115lannak; min)ancUleronenAkRmitbzmsikSaeLIy
EdlPaKeRcInCakumarI6.
karGegtenAkgRbeTscMnYn 11 )anbgajfa RsIEdl)anTTYlkarGb;rMxH )aneRbI
eRsamGnamyenAeBlrYmePT R)aMdgeRcInCagRsIEdlmin)anTTYlkarGb;rMesaH7.
karsikSamYyenARbeTscMnYn 8 enAGnutMbn;GaRBicsahara: )anbgajfa 87 nRsI
Edl)anTTYlkarGb;rMcab;BI8qaMeLIgeTA minFab;)anqgkat;karrYmePTenAmunGayu
18qaM eFobnwgRsIEdlmin)anTTYlkarGb;rM8.
enAGasIuGaeKy_ manyuvnarIRtwm13b:ueNaH EdlmanlTPaByl;dwgBIviFIBIry:ag
kgkarbgaremeraKeGds_ nigkarPan;RcLMbIy:ag9GMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.
enARbeTsevotNam nigkm<Ca yuvvycMnYn 30 manCMenOfa emeraKeGds_Gacqg
edaysarGBtehtuFmCati. RsICit 35eToteCOfa mnusSEdlemIleTAman
suxPaBl minGacmanpkemeraKeGds_eLIy10.
mKeTsk_
65
sI nigkumarI
BtmanbEnm PaBgayrgeRKaH
Ggkar UNAIDS )ankMNt;niymnynBak {PaBgayrgeRKaH} fa CaPaBgay
qgemeraKeGds_ edaysarEtktabriyakasxageRkAmYycMnYn EdlhYsBIkarRKb;RKg
rbs;mnusSmak; bRkummnusSkgsgm. RsI nigkumarIEdlmkBIshKmn_RkIRk CaRkum
mnusSEdlmanPaBgayrgeRKaHbMputedaysaremeraKeGds_ EdlbBaaenHekIteLIg
edaysarEtmanvismPaBnTMnak;TMngeynDr11.
BtmanbEnm Tinnyfak;Cati sIBIRsI nigemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
karRsavRCavmYyrbs;RksYgkick arnarI {Cambodia Gender Assessment 2008} bgaj
fa smamaRtskI g cMenamRbCaCnpk emeraKeGds_ekInBI 30 enAqaM 1997 eTA 52
naqaM 2006. minEtb:unenaH sIEdlmanTMnak;TMngpvePT ehIyqgemeraKeGds_BIdKU
rYmePTkekIncMnnY Edr. karqgemeraKeGds_naeBlbcb ,nKW karqgBIbeI TARbBn 42
nigkarqgBIBukmayeTAkUn 35 TMBr 3.
karsikSarbs;Ggkar USAID/Policy Project naqaM 2006 )anrkeXIjfa mankareRbI
eRKgejnkMritx<s; TaMgRbePTcak; TaMgRbePTmincak; enAkgcMeNamsIrksuIpvePT
TaMgedaypal; TaMgedayRbeyal kdUcCakareRbIeRKgejnedayGtifiCnrbs;BYkeK
TaMgKUsgSar TaMgGtifCi nmgmal. mKe Tsk_ RbBnp SBVpSaysBI eI meraKeGds_ nigCMgW
eGds_ e)aHBum<elIkTIIBIrExkum qaM 2008 TMBr 97.
karsikSarbs;GgkaresvasuxPaBRbCaCnGnrCati PSI (Population Services
international) naqa2
M 006 )anrkeXIjfa kg cMeNamsrI ksIpu v ePTedayRbeyal 83
Fab;)aneRbIeRKgejnxusc,ab; ehIy 7Fab;)ancak;faMejn. TMBr 98
O
mKeTsk_
sI nigkumarI
karsikSarbs;mCmNlCatiRbyuTCMgWeGds_ esIEs,k nigkameraK (NCHADS)

eQaH Behavioral Sentinel Surveillance 2007 (BSS 2007) bgajeGayeXIjfa man
karGnuvtkarrYmePTKansuvtiPaB nigtMrUvkarBtman nigesvaBak;BnnwgEpnkarRKYsar
nigsuxPaBbnBCU rbs;srI ksIpu v ePTedaypal; nigedayRbeyal 18 - 24 rYmePT
CamYysgSaredaymineRbIeRsamGnamy kg ryeBlbIExcugeRkay ehIy 17 - 26
Fab;)anrMlUtkUn kgryeBl 12ExcugeRkay.
TaMgGs;enHCaGakb,kiriyaRbfuyy:agxaMgkanwgeRKaHfak;nkarqgemeraKeGds_
nigCMgWeGds_.
O
mKeTsk_
67
sI
burs
bursrYmePTCamYyburs
BtmanenHbgajPaBgayrgeRKaHrbs;bursrYmePTCamYyburs. PaBgayrgeRKaH
rbs;bursrYmePTCamYyburs minRtUv)anelIkykmkbeRgnkgkmviFIGb;rMTak;TgnwgemeraK
eGds_eT. kmviFIGb;rMGMBIeGds_eRcInepatEtelIPaBgayrgeRKaHrbs;GkEdlrYmePTCamYy
dKUePTpyKab:ueNaH. edaysarsgmTTYlsal;karRsLaj;mnusSePTpyKa bBaarYmePT
CamYyePTdUcKa caM)ac;RtUvykcitTukdak;edaHRsay edaybBalbBaaenHkgkarGb;rMpgEdr.
1> bursrYmePTCamYyburs nigCamYysI
1
MSM mannyfa bursrYmePTCamYyburs . kgbribTnkarCECkGMBIemeraKeGds_ nig
CMgeW Gds_ eyIgmineRbIBakfa {mnusSRsLaj;mnusSePTdUcKa} b {RbusexyI } enaHeT eRBaHfa
bursEdlrYmePTCamYyburskGacrYmePTCamYyRsIEdr. bursTaMgenaHpal;kminKitfa xneKCa
{mnusSRsLaj;mnusSePTdUcKa} b {RbusexIy} Edr. bursrYmePTCamYyburs CaBaksmal;
\riyabfmYyRbePT.
bursEdlrYmePTCamYybursCaeRcIncat;TukxngfaCa {RbusexIy} b {mnusSRsLaj;
mnusSePTdUcKa} ehIyrIkrayCamYyeQaHenHxagM Nas;. enARbeTsxH clnaTamTarsiTri bs;
RbusexIy)ancab;keRmIkeLIg ehIykarerIseGIgmnusSeRBaHEtrebobrYmePTCaTegVIxusqg.
RsIrYmePTCamYyRsI WSW2 kmaneRcInEdr. RsITaMgenaHehAxngfaCa {exIy} b
{RsIexIy}. edaysarmUlehtuCIvsaRs RsIRbePTenHGacrgeRKaHedaykarqgemeraKeGds_
nigCMgWeGds_ ticCagbursrYmePTCamYyburs.
70
2> RKUbeRgoncaM)ac;RtUvdwg RtUvesIPaB nigRtUvBBaak;sartI

PaBepSgKansm<nPaBpvePTCaEpkmYynFmCatirbs;mnusS ehIycMnucresIbekIt
manenARKb;RbeTs nigRKb;vb,Fm ebIeTaHCamnusSTTYlyk bmni TTYlykkarBitenHkeday3.
CaTUeTA yuvvydwgGMBIkarrYmePT nigrebobrYmePTenAeBlBYkeKenACasisS. kardwg
bBaaenHGackayCaeBlevladrMePIbmYy ehIykCaeBlEdlyuvvycg;eFVIkarBiesaFedayxn
mKeTsk_
bursrYmePTCamYyburs
gpgEdr. b:uEn kardwgbBaaenHkGacCaeBlevlamYy EdlyuvvymankarRcbUkRcbl;kgcit

eBareBjedaysMNYr cml; ehIyKanGarmN_suvtiPaBkgxn BiessRbsinebIrebobrYmePT
rbs;BYkeKmindUcmnusSPaKeRcIn.
elakRKU GkRKU caM)ac;RtUvEtdwg nigqab;TTYldwgnUvsm<nPaBpvePTEdlmanlkN
epSgKaTaMgenH. sisSmYycMnYnGacCaRkummnusS MSM ehIyRbEhlCaeTIbEtnwgdwgkarBit
enH. enAeBlbeRgonGMBbI Baapv ePT nigTMnak;TnM grvagmnusS nigmnusS suxPaBbnBCU emeraK
eGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ caM)ac;RtUvbBalBtmanGMBIbursrYmePTCamYyburs edIm,I[sisSkarBar
xnBIkarqgemeraKeGds_.
bursrYmePTCamYyburs mansiTidUcKanwgmnusSdTEdrkgkarTTYlcMeNHdwg nigsmar
caM)ac;sRmab;karBarxn. smaCik MSM CakUnRbusrbs;RKYsarmYy cMENksmaCik WSW
kCakUnRsIrbs;RKYsarmYyEdr. kdUcCayuvvyepSgeTotEdr RkummnusS MSM b WSW man
siTibNHbNalskanuBlPaBrbs;BYkeK[Gs;lTPaB edIm,IkayCasmaCikcUlrYmcMENk
ksagsgm.
3> minKYreFVI[RkumbursrYmePTCamYybursTTYlkarmak;gayeT
bursrYmePTCamYybursEtgTTYlkarmak;gay nigkarerIseGIg ehIymUlehtuKW edaysar
mnusSyl;eXIjfa rebobrYmePTrbs;GkTaMgenaHminRbRktI. b:uEnkarBitminEmndUecHeT. kar
sikSaCaeRcIn)anbgajfa bursrYmePTCamYybursmanenARKb;RbeTs nigRKb;sgm4 KanRbeTs
NamYyEdlKanRkum MSM enaHeLIy. bursrYmePTCamYybursminsUvelcmuxelcmat;enAtam
RbeTsmYycMnYn edaysarEtkarmak;gay nigkarerIseGIgb:ueNaH. tamBiteTA Rkum MSM Bit
CamanvtmankgRbeTsTaMgenaH.
bursRbEhl4enAtamRbeTsCaeRcInbgajfa BYkeKCamnusSrYmePTCamYyburs5.
CamFm burscMnnY 12-15 enAtamRbeTsPaKeRcInbgajfa enAkg CIvti BYkeKFab;
mKeTsk_
71
bursrYmePTCamYyburs
rYmePTCamYyburs6.
bursmYycMnnY Biessburssti kg vysikSa nwgBayamdkBiesaFBIkarrYmePTCamYydKU
burs enAeBlEdlBYkeKdwgBIrebobrYmePTrbs;xng. minEmnRKb;bursTaMgGs;enaHehAxn
gfa {RbusexyI } b {mnusSRsLaj;ePTdUcKa} enaHeLIy ehIykmni EmnbnRbRBwtG akb,kiryi a
rYmePTEbbenaHrhUtEdr.
4> sanPaBqgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_cMeNambursrYmePTCamYyburs
sanPaBemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_kgcMeNambursrYmePTCamYyburs kMBugsitkg
PaBRbkasGasn. GRtankarqgemeraKeGds_RtUv)anvas;EvgenAkEngmYycMnnY kg shKmn_
manbursrYmePTCamYyburs ehIy)anrkeXIjfa mankMrti x<s.; karsikSaGMBRI kumbursrYmePTCa
mYybursmYyY cMnnY enATIRkug)agkk naeBlfI enH)anbgajfa manmnusS 28pk emeraKeGds_.
enAqaM 2000 enATIRkugPeM Bj RbeTskm<C a karGegtmYy)anbgajfa manmnusS 15)anqg
emeraKeGds_. karsikSaenAqaM2003 )anbgajfa manmnusS 18/8)anqgemeraKeGds_
enATIRkugbumb RbeTs\Na7.
5> ehtuGVIbursrYmePTCamYybursgayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_?
bursrYmePTCamYybursgayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_ edaysarktavb,Fm nig
ktaCIvsaRs. rdaPi)alnRbeTsCaeRcIn min)andak;bBalbBaabursrYmePTCamYyburskg
kmvFi bI garemeraKeGds_eLIy. dUecHehIy bursrYmePTCamYybursmin)anTTYlBtm an besva
caM)ac;RtUvdwg edIm,IkarkarBarxnenaHeT.
RbsinebIeyIgmin)anKitKUr nigBiPakSaGMBIbBaabursrYmePTCamYyburseT enaHCIvit
rbs;BYkeKnwgmaneRKaHfak;.
karmak;gay nigkarerIseGIgkGacraraMgbursrYmePTCamYyburs kgkarEsVgrkBtman
edayxngpal;Edr. manbursCaeRcInminhanlatRtdagBIrebobrYmePTrbs;xneT edaysar
72
mKeTsk_
bursrYmePTCamYyburs
EtkarPyxacmankarmak;gay nigkarerIseGIg. dUecH karmak;gay nigkarerIseGIgkGacraraMg

bursTaMgenaH BIkarEsVgrk nigTTYl)anesvasuxPaBpvePTEdr.
ktaCIvsaRskGaceFVI[bursrYmePTCamYyburs gayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_pg
Edr BiessbursrYmePTCamYyburstamrnKUT. rnKUTminplitCatirMGilsRmab;sRmYlkarrYm
ePTeT dUecH karrYmePTtamrnKUTGaceFVI[mankardac;rlat;ticenAtamsrsQam. kar
dac;rlat;enHeFVI[emeraKeGds_GacqgcUl)anedaypal;eTAkgQam RbsinebIdKUmak;man
pkemeraKeGds_ bmin)aneRbIeRsamGnamy. karrYmePTtamrnKUT minfarvagburs nigburs
bburs nigRsIeT CaTegVImYyEdlRbfuynwgeRKaHfak;x<s;. karrYmePTrvagRsI nigRsI eRcInEtmin
mankarrYmePTtamrnKTU eT ehtuenHeTIbeFV[I GRtagayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_ rbs;Rkum
RsIrYmePTCamYyRsImankRmitTab.
bursEtgmankarrYmePTCaFmta bEbkCagRs.I kg sanPaBmYyEdlburskMBgu rYmePT
CamYyburs karrYmePTenHGacmanskmPaBFmta. b:uEn cMeBaHdKUEdlxVHcMeNHdwgGMBIkar
rYmePTRbkbedaysuvtiP aB karrYmePTrbs;BkY eKGacnwgkayCakaslsRmab;karcmgemeraK
eGds_eTAvij.
6> ehtuGVIsgmKitfaerOgenHsMxan;?
dUc)anCRmabCUnBIxagedImrYcmkehIyfa bursCaeRcInEdlrYmePTCamYyburskGacrYm
ePTCamYyRsIpgEdr. bursrYmePTCamYybursmYycMnYn)anerobkar mYycMnYneTotmansgSar
nigmYycMnYnepSgeTotCasisSsala. dKURsIrbs;bursTaMgenaH GacnwgmindwgBYkeKCaRkum
bursrYmePTCamYyburs (MSM) eT.
RbsinebIbursmak;rYmePTCamYydKUbursEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ bursmak;enaHGac
nwgqgemeraKenH. RbsinebIbursmak;enHrYmePT edaymin)aneRbIeRsamGnamyCamYymitRsI
RsICasgSarenaHGacnwgqgemeraKeGds_. RbsinebIRsImak;enaHmanpeBaH kUnEdlekItmkk
mKeTsk_
73
bursrYmePTCamYyburs
GacqgemeraKeGds_enHEdr. RbsinebIRsmI a k;enHrYmePT edaymin)aneRbIeRsamGnamyCamYy

bursepSgeTot bursenaHkGacqgemeraKeGds_pgEdr. TaMgenHCameFa)aymYycMnYnEdl
emeraKeGds_qgraldal ehIyeRcInEtekIteLIgCaerOy.
CaTUeTA mnusS)andwgBIrebobrYmePTrbs;xntaMgBIBYkeKenAvyekg nigenAeBlEdlBYk
eKmanbTBiesaFrYmePTelIkTImYy.
ekgRbusEdlrYmePTCamYyRbus KWdUcCaekgTUeTAEdr. BYkeKmanskanuBlPaBnwgkay
eTACasmaCikmantm nigGaccUlrYmcMENkkgkarksagsgm. ekgRbusrYmePTCamYyRbus
KYrTTYl)ankarkarBar nigkarGb;rMdUcekgFmtaEdr. Rkum MSM GacCaTahan GkviTasaRs
kILakr Gkneya)ay b:lU sI evCbNti nigGkRbkbviCa CIvdTeTot. sgmminKYre)aHbg;ecal
karrYmcMENkksagsgmrbs;Rkum MSM edaysarEtkarerIseGIg bkarmineGIeBIenaHeLIy.
7> skmPaBEdlRtUveFVI
bBaabursrYmePTCamYyburs RtUvEtdak;bBalkgkmviFIGb;rMbgaremeraKeGds_
kmviFIBa)al kmviFIEfTaMCMgWeGds_ nigkmviFI]btmKaMRT.
RbBnEfTaMsuxPaBminRtUvmankarerIseGIgeLIy RtUvbgPaBgayRsYlsRmab;Rkum
bursrYmePTCamYyburs.
Rkum bGgkarEdlGacpl;BtmanGMBIemeraKeGds_ nigesvaEfTaMsuxPaBdl;Rkum
bursrYmePTCamYyburs RtUvEtTTYl)ankarGnuBaat[eFVIkaredayKankarrMxanBI
RkumGkGnuvtc,ab;.
pSBVpSay nigpl;eRsamGnamy nigTwkrMGil.
yuTnakarpSBVpSayesvasaFarN KYrEtbegInkaryl;dwg nigkarTTYlsal;burs
rYmePTCamYyburs nigkat;bnykarmak;gay nigkarerIseGIg.
bursrYmePTCamYyburs RtUvTTYl)ansiTiRsbc,ab; nigkarkarBardUcmnusSdT
kgsgm.
O
O
O
74
mKeTsk_
bursrYmePTCamYyburs
8> skmPaBEdlsalaeron nigRKUbeRgonGaceFVI)an

beRgonBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ karGb;rMsuxPaBpvePT nigsuxPaBbnBUC.
bBalRbFanbTBIbursrYmePTCamYyburseTAkgemeron nigkarBiPakSa.
TTYlykkarBitEdlfa manbursrYmePTCamYyburskgcMeNamsisS.
RbqaMgnwgkarerIseGIg CMruj[mankarGnueRKaH nigkarTTYlsal; rk[eXIjBtman
minBit nigbM)at;ecalBtmanTaMgenH.
eRbIR)as;viFIsaRsbMNinCIvit.
begIt[manTMnak;TMngrvagsalaeronCamYyesvaxageRkA nigGgkarEdlmanpl;
esvayuvvyemRtI sRmab;RkumbursrYmePTCamYyburs besva nigGgkarEdleFVIkar
EtCamYyRkum MSM.
Gnuvt nigBRgwgeKalneya)ayEdlRbqaMgdac;xatnwgkareRbIGMeBIhigSa cMeBaHburs
rYmePTCamYyburs.
O
O
O
O
O
O
mKeTsk_
75
bursrYmePTCamYyburs
BtmanbEnm BtmanminBitGMBIbursrYmePTCamYyburs
PaKeRcInnbursrYmePTCamYyburs manlkNdUcmnusSRsI dUecHehIygay
RsYlsmal;faBYkeKCanrNaNas;.
MSM mYycMnYnmancritdUcmnusSRsI b:uEn MSM mYycMnYneTotCamnusSRbusBit
R)akd. tamBiteTA MSM xHmansac;dMuFM. cMeBaH MSM EdlmancritdUcmnusSRsI
kmin)aneTAbrePTeTACamnusSRsIpgEdr BYkeKmincg;kayCamnusSRsIeT.
CaTUeTA bursrYmePTCamYybursCaCageFVIsk; Gkcm:Ud bGkbeRmIkarkgviCaCIv

dTeTot EdlTak;TgnwgkarcRbDit bCakargarrbs;mnusSRsI.
tamBit kmanGkxHmineFVIkargarTaMgGs;enaHEdr. GkxHCaeCIgkRbdal;BiPBelak
xHeTotCakILakrl,I ehIykmanGkxHeTotCaTahan tYnaTICa]tmesnIy_ bU:lIs
evCbNit nigsaRsacareTotpg.
RKb;bursrYmePTCamYybursmanpkemeraKeGds_ nigekItCMgWeGds_.
eTaHbIGRtankarqgemeraKeGds_mankRmitx<s; kgcMeNambursrYmePTCamYyburs
kGkTaMgenaHPaKeRcInminmanpkemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_enaHeT.
karrYmePTrvagburs nigburs mansuvtiPaBCagkarrYmePTrvagburs nigRsI.

PaKeRcInnkarrYmePTrvagbursnigburs Bak;BnnwgkarrYmePTtamrnKUT. rnKUTmin
plitCatirMGilsRmab;sRmYldl;karrYmePTeT dUecH karrYmePTtamrnKUTGaceFVI[
mankardac;rlat; EdleFV[I emeraKeGds_GacqgcUl)anedaypal;kg srsQam Rbsin
ebIdKUNamak;manpkemeraKeGds_. karrYmePTtamrnKUTedaymineRbIeRsamGnamy
CakarrYmePTEdleRKaHfak;CageK.
76
mKeTsk_
bursrYmePTCamYyburs
GtifiCnPaKeRcInrbs;bursrksIupvePTCaCnbreTs.
enARKb;RbeTsTaMgGs; GtifiCnPaKeRcInrbs;bursrksIupvePTCaRbCaCnkgRsuk.
CnelaPkam nigCncUlcitrYmPTCamYykumar PaKeRcInCabursrYmePTCamYyburs.

kareBalxagelIminBiteLIy eRBaHfa r)aykarN_rbs;b:UlIs)anbgajfa CnelaP
kam nigCncUlcitr mY ePTCamYykumar PaKeRcInCamnusSRsLaj;mnusSePTpy Ka ehIy
CnrgeRKaHPaKeRcInCaRsI.
CMgWeGds_ CaCMgWrbs;mnusSexIy.
mnusSRKb;rUbGacqgemeraKeGds_ nigekItCMgWeGds_. KannrNamak;manRbBnPaB
suaRM bqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_enHeT ehIyemeraKenHkmni cmgEtkg mnusSmYyRkumeLIy.
BtmanbEnm mnusSbrePT
mnusSbrePTCamnusSEdleCOfa BYkeKekItmkmanragkayxusBIePTrbs;BYkeK.
GkxHBayamrs;enACamYyRkummnusSEdlmanePTpy nwgxn nigGaceFVkI arvHkat;Rbdab;
ePT edIm,IkayCasmaCikeBjeljrbs;RkumTaMgenaH.
mnusSbrePTEtgTTYlrgkarerIseGIgxaMgCagbursrYmePTCamYyburs. ekgEdl
)anvHkat;brePT ekgEdleTIbEtdwgBIGtsBaaNpvePTrbs;xn GacTTYlrgkarQW
cab; edaysarEtPaBRcbUkRcbl; karmak;gay nigkarerIseGIg.
mnusSbrePTmYycMnYn)ankayCaGkrksIupvePT edaysarEtGkTaMgenaHRtUv)an
sgmbdiesF. karEdltUvsgmbdiesF kGacbNal[manplb:HBal;EpkcitsaRs
pgEdr. edaysarcg;)ankarTTYlsal; nigkRI slaj;gb;gl; mnusSbr ePTmYycMnnY )an
mKeTsk_
7
bursrYmePTCamYyburs
BayambMeBjcitdKU nigGkeRbIR)as;esvapvePT bminRBmR)ab;dKUrYmePTBIkar

Bit ehIyminRBmrYmePTRbkbedaysuvtiPaBeLIy. ktaenHehIyEdleFVI[GkTaMg
enaHsitkgPaBeRKaHfak;x<s;nkarqgemeraKeGds_.
mnusSbrePTkdUcCabursrYmePTCamYybursEdr manenARKb;sgmTaMgGs;. GkTaMg
enaHRtUvkarkarTTYlsal; karykcitTukdak; nigkarKaMRTBIsMNak;mnusSkgsgm.
kmviFIGb;rMGMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ kKYrKitKUrdl;RkummnusSbrePTpgEdr.
BtmanbEnm Tinnyfak;CatisIBIbursrYmePTCamYyburs7
MSM manenARKb;sgm nigvb,Fm minEmnmanEtenAkm<C
aenaHeT. BYkeKecjmk
BIRKb;RsTab;vN Gkman GkRk GkmankarGb;rMx<s; Gkmankargarfak;x<s;. KanTMrg;
EbbbTEpksgmcMeBaHGtsBaaNn MSM NamYyenaHeT. karmak;gay karerIseGIg
nigkarminTTYlsal;faxngCa MSM eFVIeGaymankarlM)akkgkarRbmaNfa etIman
MSM cMnYnb:unan ehIykeFVIeGayBYkeKkayCaRkummYyEdlmankarlM)akkgkarTTYl
ksarGb;rM nigkarKaMRTpgEdr.
qaM 2000 karGegtmYyeFVIeLIgedayGgkarsuxPaBRKYsarGnrCati (FHI) enA
raCFanIPMeBj EdlmanGkcUlrYmcMnYn 206nak; 26/5RtUv)aneFVIEtseXIj
mankameraKy:agticbMputmYy rYmTaMgemeraKeGds_pgEdr eTaHbICa 86n
Rbussat nig 74nRsIRss;niyayfa BYkeKdwgBIrebobecosvagkMueGayqg
kameraK ehIy 97niyayfa kareRbIeRsamGnamyCaviFIEdlmanRbsiTPaB
bMput. GkcUlrYmTaMgGs;niyayfa BYkeK)andwgfaemeraKeGds_CaGVI ehIyCaTUeTA
BYkeKdwgtamkarpSBVpSayBtman. 77)anemIlkmviFI bkarpSBVpSayBIemeraK
eGds_ nigCMgWeGds_tamTUrTsSn_.
78
mKeTsk_
bursrYmePTCamYyburs
qaM 2001 mCmNlCatiRbyuTCMgWeGds_ esIEs,k nigkameraK (NCHADS)

)anrkeXIjfa MSM cUlciteRbIsfburaNedIm,IBa)alkameraKrbs;BYkeK.
RbkarenHRbEhlecosputBIkarxaseGon bkarmak;gay. cMENkbursrYmePTpy Ka
BYkeKcUlcitT ji faM eRbIR)as;edayxn g beTArkGkRbkbviCa CIveBT. nina karenH
bgeGaymaneRKaHfak; eRBaHkameraKlM)akeFVIeraKvinicyNas; ehIyCajwkjab;
GacFUres,IyeTAvijGs;ryeBlCaeRcInqaM ] CMgWsVay muneBllab;eLIgvij
eRkamrUbPaBCaTMrg;Fn;FrCagmun. karGegtrbs;Ggkar (FHI) rkeXIjfa 5/5n
GkcUlrYmeFVIEtsQammanekItCMgWsVayRbemH.
qaM 2003 karGegtrbs;Ggkar KHANA eQaH Out of the Shadows )anrkeXIj
fa Cajwkjab; MSM emIleXIjxngCaRkumepSg dac;edayELkBIsgmTaMgmUl
RBmTaMgrkeXIjpgEdrfa minTan;)antMrg;Tsi edAyuTn akarpSBVpSayCak;lak; eTArk
MSM RKb;RKan;enAeLIy. b:Eu n edaysarkaryl;xs
u GMBrI ebobqgraldalnemeraK
kareRbIeRsamGnamy nigTwkrMGilminRbRktI bNalmkBIktamYycMnYnenARbeTs
km<Ca nigkarmancMeNHdwgminesIKaBIkarGnuvtkarkarBar bBaakan;EtGaRkk; eRBaH
karGnuvtminRsbKanwgcMeNHdwgenaHeT ehIy 40nmuxsBaakgkarGegtrbs;
Ggkar KHANA enAEteCOCak;fa buKlmak;EdlemIleTAeXIjfamansuxPaBl min
GacmanemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_eT eTaHbICMenOEbbenHminEmnCakarBitkeday.
qaM 2005 karGegttamRkumeKaledA Sentinel Survellance Survey nkameraK
)anrkeXIjfa GRtaeRbv:aLg;emeraKeGds_kg cMeNambursRsLaj;bru sman 8/7
kgTIRkugPMeBj 0/8 kgTIRkug)at;dMbg TIRkugFMlMdab;TIBIrrbs;RbeTs nigTIRkug
esomrab CatMbn;eTscrN_dsMxan;. r)aykarN_)anbgajfa GRtaeRbv:aLg;n
mKeTsk_
79
bursrYmePTCamYyburs
80
emeraKeGds_mankMritx<s;bMputkgcMeNamRkumePTTIbI mnusSbrePT Transgender

population nigbursRsLaj;bru s EdlmanGayucab;BI 25qaeM LIgeTA. r)aykarN_
k)anbBaak;Edrfa 9/7nbursRsLaj;bursenATIRkugPMeBj 7/5 enA)at;dMbg
nigesomrabkMBgu rs;enACamYynwgkameraK. CagenHeTot 45nbursRsLaj;bru s
enAPMeBj nig 84enAextnana rYmePTtamrnKUT edayminmankarkarBareLIy.
fTI 12 Ex mIna qaM 2008 kgkasdak;eGayeRbIR)as;CapvkarnUvRkbxN
kargaryuTsas nigEpnkarRbtibtiGMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ nigkameraK
sMrab;bursRsLaj;bursenAkm<Ca elak David Lowe TIRbwkSaGnrCatirbs;GaCJaFr
CatiRbyuTnwgCMgWeGds__ )anniyayfa enARbeTskm<CamanbursRsLaj;burs
RbmaN 4PaKry bk 140 000nak;kgcMeNamburseBjvy.
mKeTsk_
Gkcak;faMejn
gayRsYlnwgTak;Tajyuvvy[eRbIeRKOgejnNas;. kareRbIeRKOgejn BiesseRKOg

ejnRbePTfaMcak; GacnwgbegInGRtaqgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_. karGb;rMGMBIfaMejn
nigsarFatuejnepSgeTot CaFatupSMdsMxan;mYykgkmviFIGb;rMsRmab;yuvvy.
1> GRtaqgemeraKeGds_kMBugekIneLIgkgcMeNamGkcak;faMejn (IDU)
Bakfa IDU CaBaksresrkat;mkBIBakfa Injecting Drugs Users Gkcak;fa eM jn.
RkummnusSRbePTenH)aneRbIml bsrW aMgu edIm,Icak;bBal faeM jn dUcCa ehr:GU nuI mrhVnI kUkaGInu
emtMehVtamIn >>> . kgcMeNamRkummnusSEdlgayrgeRKaHedayemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
TaMgGs; Rkum IDU CaRkummnusSEdlmanGRtaqgx<s;CageK1.
Rkum IDU CaRkumcm,gEdlbg[mankarraldalemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_enAtMbn;GasIu
nig)a:sIuPic2. enARbeTsCaeRcInenAtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic emeraKeGds_qgkgcMeNamRkum IDU
nigRkumGkrksIupvePT munnwgqgraldalkgcMeNamRkummnusSTUeTA.
RkumcmgemeraKeGds_ IDU Etgcab;epImBIRkumGkeRbIfaMejnEdlCayuvCnekg nig
manskmPaBpv ePT3. yuvCnmYycMnnY )ancab;epmI eRbIfa eM jnenAeBlkMBgu sikSa. yuvvymk
BIRKb;RsTab;vNmanTMenarcg;sakl,gGVIEdlfI nigmanlkNRbfuynwgeRKaHfak;. RKU
beRgonRbEhlCamin)andwgeTfa sisSmYycMnnY )ancab;epmI sakl,geRbIfa eM jnrYceTAehIy.
2> ehtuGVI)anCaRkum IDU gayqgemeraKeGds_?
karcak;faMejnCaskmPaBRbfuynwgeRKaHfak;mYy CaBiessenAeBleRbIR)as;]bkrN_
sRmab;cak;rYmKa. enAeBleRbIml bsWruaMg edIm,Icak;bBalfaMejneTAkgsrsQam Gacnwg
man QammYycMnYnenAsl;Tukkgml bsWruaMgenaH. RbsinebIQamenaHmanpkemeraK dUcCa
emeraKeGds_pg ml bsWruaMgenaHnwgkayCa]bkrN_KansuvtiPaB.
RbsinebIml bsWruaMgEdlKansuvtiPaBenaHtUv)anbuKlmak;eTotykeTAeRbI QamEdl
manpkemeraKnwgtUvcak;bBaleTAkgxnbuKlmak;enaH. viFIdmanRbsiTPaBkgkarcmg
82
mKeTsk_
Gkcak;faMejn
emeraKeGds_ KWkarcak;bBalemeraKeGds_edaypal;eTAkgsrsQamrbs;mnusS dUcCa

kareRbIsmarTmHEs,k bsWrauMgKansuvtiPaBrYmKaCaedIm. kareRbIml bsWruaMgEdlKan
suvtPi aB CaskmPaBRbfuynwgkarqgemeraKeGds_CagkarrYmePTEdlmin)ankarBareTAeTot.
3> GkeRbIfaMejnTaMgGs;gayqgemeraKeGds_
RKb;RbePTfaMejnminfaCaRbePTfaMcak; bminEmnfaMcak;kI suTEtGaceFVI[mnusSgay
qgemeraKeGds_. eRkayeBleRbIfaMejn mnusSeFVIkarseRmccit beFVIskmPaBRbfuynwg
eRKaHfak; xusEbkBIeBlEdlBYkeKminTan;eRbIeRKOgejn. ]TahrN_ BYkeKGacnwgminTam
Tar[mankareRbIeRsamGnamykgeBlrYmePTCaedIm. edayehtuenHehIy sarFatuRsvwg
sura ktUv)ancat;TukfaCaRbePTeRKOgejnpgEdr.
4> RkumGkcak;faMejnrs;enAkgcMeNameyIgTaMgGs;Ka
GkeRbIeRKOgejnminEmnrs;enAdac;EtgeT. enAdMNak;dbM gU nkarqgraldal emeraK
eGds_)ancmgCacm,gkgRkumGkeRbIeRKOgejn nigRkummnusSepSgeTotEdlgayqg
emeraKeGds_. Rkum IDU manRbBn manbI mankUn mansgSar bmanTMnak;TMngpvePTmgmal
CamYydKUEdlminEmnCaGkeRbIeRKOgejn. kgeBlmanTMnak;TMngpvePT Rkum IDU Gac
nwgcmgemeraKeGds_eTAGkdT ehIyGacnwgcmgBIBukmayeTAkUnpgEdr.
mankaryl;xsu fa Gkcak;eRKOgejnminsUvmancMNg; blTPaB pv ePT ehtuenHehIy
Rkum IDU minsUvmanskmPaBpvePTeT. b:uEn karsikSaenAtMbn;GasIu nig)a:sIuPic)anbgajfa
Rkum IDU manskmPaBpvePTxaMgCagRkummnusSepSgeTot3 ehIyskmPaBpvePTPaKeRcIn
CaskmPaBTak;TgnwgGaCIvkmpv ePT EdlGacCakarrksupI v ePT bCakareRbIR)as;esvapv ePT.
5> GkrksIupvePT nigkareRbIeRKOgejn karrYmbBalKadeRKaHfak;bMput
ebIeTaHCaGkrksIupvePTPaKeRcInminEmnCaRkum IDU keday mnusSPaKeRcInenAkg
mKeTsk_
83
Gkcak;faMejn
cMeNamRkum IDU CaGkrksIupvePT bCaGkeRbIR)as;esvapvePT4. edaysarGkrksIupvePT

mandKUrYmePTeRcInCagmnusSFmta karrYmbBalskmPaBeRbIeRKOgejn nigkarrksIupvePT
CaskmPaBEdlRbfuynwgeRKaHfak;x<s;bMput. Gkcak;faMejnEdlrksIupvePT Gacnwgman
eRKaHfak;rhUtdl;sab;.
GRtaRsIrksIupvePTmancMnYneRcInCagRkumRsI IDU. b:uEn RkumRsI IDU EdlrksIupvePT
kmanGRtax<s;xaMgNas;Edr. Rkumburs IDU EdlrYmePTCamYyburs kRtv)anrkeXIjfa
mankarrksIupvePTpgEdr.
Rkum IDU kCaRkumeRbIR)as;esvapvePTpgEdr. karGegtenAtMbn;GasIu nig)a:sIuPic)an
bgajfa enAtamRbeTsmYycMnnY karrYmePTPaKeRcInRbRBwte TAedayKankarkarBareLIy5 Edl
CakarebIkkas[emeraKeGds_qg raldal. kareRbIeRsamGnamyrwtEtkRmeTA eTotenAeBl
EdlRkum IDU rYmePTCamYydKUminEmnCaGkrksIupvePT.
84
6> tUvBa)al minRtUvBinyeLIy

mnusSCaeRcInkgsgmyl;fa kareRbI bkarejneRKOgejnCabBaakarGnuvtc,ab;.
cMENkGkepSgeTotyl;fa CabBaasuxPaBEdlGacnwgBa)al)an.
edaysarEtkaryl;eXIjfa kareRbIeRKOgejnCabBaakarGnuvtc,ab; CalTpl Gk
eRbIeRKOgejnCaeRcIntUv)ancab;xnbBaneTABnnaKar. karGnuvtEbbenHeFVI[karraldal
nemeraKeGds_kan;EtFn;Fr.
kg GMLg eBlEvgmYy emeraKeGds_qg raldaly:agqab;rhsenAtamkEngXMXu aMg dUcCa
BnnaKar mnIrXMuXaMg mnIrEkERb salaGbr;rMEkERb nigpHGb;rMEkERbCaedIm. mnusSPaK
eRcInEdlRtUvXMuxnenAkEngTaMgenH nwgRtvedaHElg[manesrIPaBenAfNamYy. Rbsin
ebIBYkeK)anqgemeraKeGds_enAGMLgeBlXMuxn BYkeKGacnwgcmgemeraKeGds_eTA[GkdT
enAeBlBYkeK)anRtLb;eTAshKmn_vji . ehtuenH karbgarkarqgraldalnemeraKeGds_enA
mKeTsk_
Gkcak;faMejn
tammnIrXMuXaMgnwgCYykarBarRbCaBlrdCaTUeTA.
enAtamBnnaKar bkEngXMuxnepSgeTot karrYmePTrvagburs nigbursEtgekItmaneLIg
ehIyeRcInEtmin)ankarBarRtwmRtUveLIy. karrYmePTedayeRbIhigSa nigeRbIkmaMg)aykeRcIn
ekItmanpgEdr. elIsBIenHeTot ebIeTaHCac,ab;hamXat;keday kGkCab;XMuenAEt
manlTPaBrk)aneRKOgejn nigsmarsRmab;cak;faMejnenAtamBnnaKardEdl. smar
sRmab;cak;fa eM jnBi)aknwgykcUleTAkg mnrI XMXu aMgNas; ehtuenH ml nigsWraMgu EtgtUv)an
eRbIrmY Ka EdlCaFmta smarTaMgenaHEtgmanpk emeraKeGds_ nigemeraKepSgeTot. ktaTaMg
enH)anERbkayBnnaKarCakEngcmgemeraKeGds_.
edIm,IsuxPaBrbs;saFarNCn nigbBab;karqgraldalnemeraKeGds_ GkeRbIeRKOg
ejnKYrEtTTYl)ankarBa)al minEmnkarBinyeLIy.
7> karGb;rM nigkareRbIeRKOgejn
edayehtufa RkumcmgemeraKeGds_ IDU manRbPBmkBIRkumGkcak;eRKOgejnEdl
manvyekg salaeronCakEngdsxM an;EdlRtUvelIkbBaaenH. salaeronGaceqyI tb nwgcml;
rbs;sisS nigCYyBYkeKedIm,ITTYl)ankarKaMRT nigesvacaM)ac;kgkarRbQmnwgbBaaeRKOg
ejn. karRsavRCav)an[dwgfa salaeronEdlmanbriyakassuvtiPaB nigmankarKaMRT )an
CYybegInkarkarBar nigkat;bnybBaabNalmkBIkarvivtnkareRbIeRKOnejn. karGb;rMCYy
GkeRbIeRKOgejn[qab;RtLb;mkrksPaBedImvij.
KNRKb;RKg RKUbeRgon nigbuKl ki salaeron GacmantYnaTIsxM an;kg kareFVGI nraKmn_elI
sisSenAdMNak;dbM gU edIm,IbgarkM[u mankarcab;epmI bekIneLIgnUvbBaabNalmkBIkareRbIeRKOg
ejn nigeRKaHfak;nemeraKeGds_. RKUbeRgonRtUvkarkarbNHbNal edIm,IGacbMeBjtYnaTI
enH)an.
kareCosvagkareRbIeRKOgejn CaviFlI b pM tu kg karbgarkarqgraldalnemeraKeGds_.
mKeTsk_
85
Gkcak;faMejn
ehtuenHehIy KYrEtCMrujkareCosvagkareRbIeRKOgejn[)anxaMgkatamEdl GaceFVIeTA)an.

b:uEn karCMruj[mankareCosvag nigkardak;BinykareRbIeRKOgejnminGacedaHRsaybBaa
nkarcak;eRKOgejn)anTaMgGs;eLIy.
yuvvyRtvkarBtm anBit nigc,as;las;GBM fI a eM jn eRKaHfak;eRKOgejnRbePTfacM ak; nig
eRKOgejnRbePTepSgeTot eRKaHfak;nkarrYmePTedayKankarkarBar nigBtm anBitR)akdBI
viFbI PM y minEmnplp; lrhUtenaHeT. viFbI PM y cMeBaHkareRbIeRKOgejn emIleTAhak;dcU
CaviFITak;TajmYysRmab;RbqaMgnwgmnusSeBjvy. karGb;rMlnwgCYyENnaMmnusSenAeBleFVI
karseRmccit.
kmvFi GI b;rBM eI RKOgejn sikSaBIsm<aFmitP k i karejn vi)akelIsxu PaB nigsgm bNal
mkBIkareRbIeRKOgejn bBaapvc,ab; esva nigTIPak;gareRkAEdlGacCYyenARKb;sanPaB.
xNEdlsm<aFBImitPkiGacnaMeTArkkareRbIeRKOgejn eKGaceRbIbNajmitPki edIm,I
pl;CMnYy nigBtmaneTAGkeRbIeRKOgejn bpl;dMNwgdl;RKUbeRgonBIGkgayTTYlrgeRKaH
bkMBugrgeRKaH.
GkeRbIeRKOgejnkRtUvkarkarGb;rEM dr. BYkeKmansiTdi gw GMBrI ebobkarBarxn g rebob
karBardKUrYmePT nigrebobkarBarkUnenAkgpBIemeraKeGds_.
8> GVIEdlcaM)ac;RtUvEteFVI
Ba)aledayeRbIfaM dUcCaBa)aledayeRbIfaMCMnYsfaMejn. mnusSEdleRbIeRKOg
ejnCaRbcaM )aneFVI[pvkay nigsartIrbs;eKminGacpac;xnecjBIeRKOgejn. enH
CabBaaevCsaRs GacedaHRsayedaykarBa)alEbbevCsaRs nigkarpl;RbwkSa.
pl;esvamUldanpl;BtmanBIkarkat;bnyhaniPy karGb;rMGMBIemeraKeGds_
nigCMgWeGds_ dl;Gkcak;eRKOgejn nigbBanBYkeK[eTArkesvaepSgeTot.
O
86
mKeTsk_
Gkcak;faMejn
begItlTPaBTTYl)anml nigsWruaMgmansuvtiPaB smarsmab;emeraK nigeRsam

Gnamy.
pl;esvaRbwkSa nigeFVIEtsQamrkemeraKeGds_edaysRKcit nigrkSakarsmat;.
pl;esvaBa)alkameraKdl;RkumGkcak;eRKOgejn.
pl;esvaBa)aldl;GkEdlRtvkar edayeRbIfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_.
eFVIGnraKmn_cMeBaHRkumgayrgeRKaHbMputdUcCa Rkumyuvvy RkumGkCab;XMuXaMg nig
RkumGkrksIupvePTEdlcak;eRKOgejn.
O
O
O
O
O
9> GVIEdlsalaeron nigRKUbeRgonGaceFVI)an

pl;karGb;rMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_.
pl;kmviFIGb;rMGMBIeRKOgejnepatelIbMNinCIvit.
elIkbBaaeRKOgejn nigpl;BtmanBit nigc,as;las;.
pl;esvaRbwkSacMeBaHsisS.
pSarPab;salaeronCamYyesvaKaMRTenAxageRkA.
begItPak;garmitGb;rMmit edIm,Ipl;Btman nigCMnYydl;GkgayTTYlrgeRKaHfak;
nigGkEdlkMBugeRbIeRKOgejn.
begIteKalneya)ay nignItiviFI sRmab;RbQmCamYysisSEdlBak;BnnwgbBaa
eRKOgejn nigbBaaRbhak;RbEhl.
bNHbNalRKUbeRgonBIrebobRbQm enAeBlmanbBaaeRbIeRKOgejnkgcMeNam
sisS nigbBaaRbhak;RbEhl.
RbsinebIGac GeBaIjmatabitasisS nigshKmn_ [mkcUlrYmedaHRsaybBaa.
O
O
O
O
O
O
mKeTsk_
87
Gkcak;faMejn
BtmanbEnm tYelxxHBIRkumGkcak;faMejn (IDU)

enARbeTsm:aeLsIu 55PaKrynGkEdlqgemeraKeGds_enAcenaHBIqaM1998 dl;
2001 CaGksitkgcMeNamRkumGkcak;faMejn.
kgqaM2003 enATIRkug QIN (Chennai) RbeTs\Na 64PaKrynRkumGkcak;faM
ejn)anqgemeraKeGds_.
kgqaM 2001 enATIRkughUCImij RbeTsevotNam GkrksIupvePTEdlcak;faMejn
cMnYnCagBak;kNal)anqgemeraKeGds_.
enAextsIuQYn RbeTscin GkrksIupvePTenAtamTIsaFarNcMnYn5PaKry)ancak;
faMejn ehIykRmnwgeRbIeRsamGnamyCamYyGkeRbIR)as;esvapvePTNas;.
enAextkalIEmntan; RbeTs\NensIu buKliksuxaPi)al)anRbmaNfa kgcMeNam
mnusS 3000nak;EdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ man 2300nak; CamnusSsitenAkgRkum
Gkcak;faMejn.
enATIRkugsUra)aya RbeTs\NensIu Rkumburs IDU EdlCaGkeRbIR)as;esvapvePT
RbmaN 70 min)aneRbIeRsamGnamyRKb;eBlevlaEdlmankarrYmePTenaHeT.
karRsavRCavkg tMbn;)anrkeXIjfa GRtakarraldalnemeraKeGds_kg cMeNamGk
cak;faMejnnwgekIneLIgBI 2-3 eTA 60 beRcInCagkgryeBl 12Ex.
mKeTsk_
Gkcak;faMejn
BtmanbEnm Tinnyfak;CatinkareRbIeRKOgejn8
r)aykarN_fImYyrbs;GaCJaFrCatiRbyuTRbqaMgeRKOgejnkgqaM 2007 bBaak; fa
karRbmaNEdlmanRsab;GMBIGkeRbIeRKOgejnxusc,ab;manRbEhlBI 6000 eTA
40 000nak; ehIykgcMeNamenH 600 eTA 10 000nak; CaGkeRbIeRKOgejnRbePT
cak; PaKeRcInRtUveKsnidanfa CaGkeRbIsarCatiehr:UGIun.
Kankar):an;sa nCapv karGMBGI Rtapk emeraKeGds_kg cMeNamGkeRbIeRKOgejnenaH
eT b:uEnkarGegtxattUc nigkarGegttamdanCaeTogTat;bgajfa GRtapkemeraK
eGds_sitenAcenaHBI 14 eTA 31 kgcMeNamGkeRbIeRKOgejnRbePTcak; nig BI 3
eTA 18 kgcMeNamGkeRbIeRKOgejnRbePTmincak;1. mankar bgajpgEdrBIkar
pas;brkarcMlg edaysarGkeRbIeRKOgejnRbePTmincak;)anbreTAeRbIeRKOgejn
RbePTcak;vij tYelxBIGgkarminEmnrdaPi)alkgRsuk {mitsMLaj;} )anbgajfa
kg RkumRbCaCngayrgeRKaHmYycMnnY kareRbIeRKOgejn RbePTcak;)anekIneLIgy:agxagM
BI 0/6kgcMeNamGkeRbIeRKOgejnTaMgGs;enAqaM 2000 eTA 10 enAqaM 2004.
enHqH bBaagM eGayeXIjkarekIneLIgy:agqab;rhsnvtman nigkareRbIfa eM jn RbePT
GMehVtamInEdlmantMlefak nigeRKOgejn CaBiessehr:GU nuI enAkm<C akg kMLg b:nu a n
qaMcugeRkayenH. eTaHbICaeK)ankt;RtaBIGRtaeRbIeRKOgejnRbePTcak;kgkMritx<s;
enAraCFanIPMeBjkeday kGaCJaFrCatiRbyuTnwgeRKOgejn kariyalyGgkar
shRbCaCatisMrab;RtYtBiniteRKOgejn nig]Rkidkm (UNODC) nigGgkarminEmn
rdaPi)alkgRsukEfgkarN_fa kareRbIeRKOgejnxusc,ab;rYmTaMgRbePTcak;pg ekIt
manenAtambNaextdTeTotpgEdr.
enAqaM 2005 eday)ankarKaMRTBIGgkarsuxPaBBiPBelak mCmNlRtYtBinit
CMgWqg shrdGaemrik UNODC GaCJaFrCatiRbyuTnwgeRKOgejn nigGgkar CadKU
mKeTsk_
89
Gkcak;faMejn
90
mYycMnYneTotenaH kmviFI RARE1 )aneFVIkarRsavRCavBIkareRbIeRKOgejn nigEbbbT

nkarRbQmmuxnwgkarqgemeraKeGds_tampvePT kgcMeNamGkeRbIeRKOgejn
RbePTcak; nigmincak; enABIrkEngkg RBHraCaNacRkkm<C a. Gkcak;eRKOgejnTaMgGs;
EdleK)aneFVGI egtenATIRkugPeM Bj)anraykarN_fa BYkeKeRbIR)as;ml sWrau gM eLIgvij.
karGegtk)anrkeXIjpgEdrfa TaMgGkcak;eRKOgejn nigmincak; mandKUrYmePT
eRcIn ehIyGnuvtkarrYmePTedayKansuvtiPaB 40 )anraykarN_BIkareRbIeRsam
GnamymineTotTat; bmineRbI. CagenHeTot Gkcak;eRKOgejn)anraykarN_BIkar
lk;Qam edIm,I)anluypt;pg;kareRbIeRKOgejnrbs;BYkeK. karGnuvtkarcak;bBal
edayKansuvtiPaB kRtUv)anrkeXIj nigkt;RtaedayRkumcuHmUldanpgEdr rYmTaMgkar
cak;bBal :st : ]TahrN_ eRbIQamedIm,IrMlayCatiehr:UGIunenAkgsWruaMg bnab;mkEck
rMElkQam enHykeTAeRbIkgcMeNamGkcak;eRKOgejneRcInnak;.
karsikSamYyenAqaM 2006 rbs;TIPak;garshrdGaemricedIm,IkarGPivDGnrCati
USAID/Policy Project elIsIrksIupvePT kgRbeTskm<Ca)anrkeXIjfa mankareRbI
eRKOgejnkMritx<s;TaMgRbePTcak; TaMgRbePTmin cak;kgcMeNamsIrksIupvePT TaMg
edaypal; nigedayRbeyal kdUcCa kareRbIeRKOgejnedayGtifiCnrbs;BYkeK TaMg
dKUeTogTat; nigmgmal. karsikSamYyeTotrbs; PSI (Population Services International) )anrkeXIjfa kg
cMeNamsrI ksIpu v ePTedayRbeyal 83 Fab;)ansakl,g
eRbIeRKOgejnxusc,ab; ehIy 7Fab;)ancak; eRKOgejn.
enAqaM 2007 edayeRbIviFIsasEdlmansuBlPaB mCmNlCatiRbyuTnwgCMgW
eGds_ esIEs,k nigkameraK )aneFVIkarRbmaNcMnYnGkeRbIeRKOgejn TaMgRbePTcak;
nigRbePTmincak; nigkarRbmaNGRtapk emeraKeGds_kg cMeNamRkumgayrgeRKaHTaMg
mKeTsk_
Gkcak;faMejn
enHenAtMbn;eRCIserIsmYycMnYn. eK)anRbmaNfa PaKeRcInnGkejnfaMenAkm<Ca

CaGkCk;sarCatiemtMehVtamIn. b:uEnkareRbIsarCatiehr:UGIun kkMBugekIneLIgEdr Ca
PstagKW r)aykarN_cugeRkayrbs;kmviFImlsWruaMgCati)anbgajfa 26nGkcUl
rYm)an raykarN_fa ehr:GU nuI CasarCaticgu eRkayEdlBYkeK)aneRbI. PaKeRcInnGkeRbI
sarCati ehr:UGIun KWeFVIeLIgtamrykarcak;. sarCatidTeTot EdleKeRbICajwkjab;
mandUcCa eRKOgejnhWt BiesskgcMeNammnusSvyekgeRKOgejn Benzodiazepines nig Cannalbis.
mKeTsk_
91
kumarkMRBa nigkumargayrgeRKaH
1> kumarkMRBaedaysarCMgWeGds_kMBugekIneLIg
enAtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic kumar 500/000nak; )ankayCakumarkMRBaedaysarCMgWeGds_1.
RbsinebIRbeTsTaMgGs;enAtMbn;GasI)u a:sPuI ci minBRgwgRbsiTP aBnkmvFi GI b;rbM garemeraKeGds_
nigCMgW eGds_eT kg ryeBl10qaxM agmux cMnnY kumarkMRBaGacnwgekIneRcInCagenHbIdg2. eyag
tamGnusBaasIBIsiTikumar kumarCamnusSEdlmanGayueRkam18qaM. kumarEdlkMRBaedaysar
CMgWeGds_ CakumarEdlmanBuk bmay bGkTaMgBIrsab;edaysarCMgWeGds_.
kg cMeNammnusSmanpk emeraKeGds_ 8lannak;kg tMbn;GasI)u a:sPuI ci man 500>000nak;
Cakumar3. cMnnY enHnwgbnekIneLIg RbsinebIrdaPi)alminEkERbkmvFi GI b;rbM garemeraKeGds_eT.
kmvFi eI nHkRtUverobcMCaBiesssRmab;kmu arpgEdr. kumarRtUvkarviFkI arBar Ba)al EfTaM
nig]btmxusBImnusSeBjvy. b:uEn RKb;kmviFIbgarTaMgGs;eRcInEtmin)anKitKUrdl;kumareT
CaehtueFVI[GgkaryUnIeshVelIkeLIgfa {kumarCaRkummnusSEdlRtUveKbMePcecal enAeBl
sikSaBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_}4.
eTaHbIkmu arKanpk emeraKeGds_ ehIyBukmayBYkeKmanCIvti rs;enAkeday kBkY eKenA
EtTTYlkarb:HBal;Edr RbsinebIBuk may smaCikRKYsar bGaNaBa)almanpkemeraK
eGds_. elIsBIenH kumarTaMgenHkGacTTYlkarb:HBal;pgEdr RbsinebIGkCitxag bmitPki
manpk emeraKeGds_. plb:HBal;Epkcits aRs sgm \riyabf nigesdkci r bs;kmu arEdlrs;enA
kgsanPaBxagelI GacmanTMhMFMeFg nigmanlkNFn;Fr.
94
2> bBaaEdlelakRKU GkRKU nigsalaeronRtUvEtdwg

elakRKU GkRKUcaM)ac;RtUvdwgGMBIplb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_cMeBaHkumar.
elakRKU GkRKUGacedIrtYnaTIdsMxan; nigmantmkgkarTTYlsal;esckIRtUvkarrbs;kumarrg
plb:HBal;edaysaremeraKeGds_ EdlekItmankgRkumRKYsar pl;kar]btm nigeyaKyl;
kumarTaMgenaH. RKUbeRgonkGacCYy[kumareKcputBIPaBgayrgeRKaHBIkarqgemeraKeGds_
naeBlGnaKtpgEdr.
mKeTsk_
k> kumarmYycMnYngayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_

kumarEdlrs;enAkgsanPaBlM)ak nigkumarEdlRbkan;Gakb,kiriyaRbfuynwgeRKaHfak;
gayrgeRKaHedaykarqgemeraKeGds_Nas;. kumarEdlrs;enACamYyBukmay bgbn bGaNa
Ba)alEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ GackayCamnusSGs;sgwm manbBaapvcitedaysarEtBYk
eKmanbnkEfTaMjatisnanEdlmanCMgW bedaysarEtkarmak;gay nigerIseGIgBIshKmn_.
kumarEdlrs;kgsanPaBrMelaPbMBan kgayTTYlrgeRKaHfak;pgEdr. kumarTaMgenaH
GacTTYlrgkarqgemeraKeGds_tamkarrMelaPpv ePT. kumartamcieBamI pv kan;Etgay TTYlrg
eRKaHfak;eTot edaysarkumarTaMgenaHmin)ancUlsalaeron gayTTYlrgkarrMelaPbMBan nig
CaTUeTA xVHkarENnaMBImnusSeBjvy bGaNaBa)al.
kumarEdlrs;kgsanPaBxagelI EtgTTYlrgkarQWcab;pvcit EdlGaceFVI[BYkeK
eRbIfaMejn nigeRKOgRsvwg edIm,IbMePckarQWcab;TaMgLay. edaysarPaBxVHkarBicarNa
kumarTaMgenHkan;EtgayrgeRKaHedaykarcab;rMelaP bcUlrYmeFVIskmPaBpvePT EdlKan
suvtiPaB EdlGacbNal[BYkeKqgemeraKeGds_)an.
yuvvyRbEhl 10 RbRBwtedaypal;nUvGakb,kiriyaRbfuynwgeRKaHfak; dUcCacak;
eRKOgejn beRmIpvePT brYmePTCamYybursedaymin)aneRbIeRsamGnamy5. GkRsavRCav
mYYycMnYneCOCak;fa viFIEdlmanRbsiTPaBbMputkgkarTb;sat;karqgraldalnemeraKeGds_
kgcMeNamkumar KWRtUvEckrMElkFnFanmYycMnYnBIvisynana edIm,ICYykumarTaMgGs;enaH.
PaBRkIRkkGacbg[manPaBgayrgeRKaHpgEdr. edaysartRmUvkarfvikaRTRTg;RKYsar
nigKanlTPaBRKb;RKan;kgkarcMNaysMrab;karsikSa kumarCaeRcInmin)anTTYlkarGb;rM.
karsikSaCaeRcIn)anbgajfa kumarEdl)anTTYlkarGb;rM qgemeraKeGds_tci CagkumarEdlmin
)anTTYlkarGb;rM6.
mKeTsk_
95
kumarBikar kumarCnCatiPaKtic nigkumarKansBaatikg ayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_

nigCMgeW Gds_pgEdr edaysarkumarTaMgenaHmankastictYckg kareTAsalaeron Kan)anTTYl
karGb;rM nigkareRbIR)as;RbBnKaMBarsuxPaB.
x> karqgemeraKeGds_BIBukmayeTAkUn
kumarmYycMnnY )anqgemeraKeGds_ nigekItCMgeW Gds_rcY eTAehIy edaysar)anqgBIBuk
may taMgBIenAkgp btamkare)AedaHmayEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_. eyIgehAkarqgrebob
enHfa CakarqgBIBukmayeTAkUn edaysarBuk)ancmgemeraKeGds_eTAmay. dUecH kumar
qgemeraKeGds_ enHedaysarEtskmPaBrbs;Bukmay.
96
K> plb:HBal;elIkarGPivDrbs;kumar
kumarEdlTTYlrgkarQWcab;edaysarkar)at;bg;Bukmay bedaykarrMelaPbMBan Gac
nwgmanbBaapvcit Pyxackar)at;bg; bkarEdlRtUveKe)aHbg;ecaleTot bmankMhwgeday
sarPaBGyutiFmEdlekItmancMeBaHxn. GarmN_TaMgenHGacnaMeTArkTegVIGskm Rbfuynwg
eRKaHfak;. karlM)akenAkgfak;eron PaBeka GMeBIhigSa CakarbgajGarmN_xVHPaBkk;ekA
Edlkumar)anCYbRbTHnaeBlkngmk. vyCMTg;CavyeRKaHfak;bMput kar)at;bg;karENnaM
rbs;Bukmay nigPaBGs;sgwm GacCMruj[yuvvyRbRBwtTegVIminl bMpajxng dUcCa
kareRbIeRKOgejn bkarrYmePTEdlKansuvtiPaB.
kar)at;bg;CnM yY sMxan;EdlBukmaypl[; )aneFV[I kumarkan;EtgayrgeRKaH ehIykgVH
CIvCatienAdMNak;lUtlas;dMbUgrbs;kumar GacbNal[kumarminGaclUtlas;Epkragkay nig
bBaa)anleLIy.
kumarCakUnc,gkgRKYsarRtUvTTYlbnkciBawmBuk bmayEdlmanCMgW bbntUc. eday
sarkarcMNayeBlevlaeRcIn edIm,IeFVIkarciBawmxng nigRkumRKYsar kumarminGacmaneBl
evlaRKb;RKan;kgkareronsURtenAsalaeLIy. lTplnkarsikSaminl karmkeronmineTog
mKeTsk_
Tat; nigkMeNInGRtankare)aHbg;karsikSa CasBaankarxVHxatFn;FrEdlkumarkMRBa nigkumar

gayrgeRKaHEtgEtCYbRbTH.
X> karmak;gay nigkarerIseGIg
edaysarEtBtmanminBit bkarPan;RcLMGMBIbBaaemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ kumarGac
TTYlrgkarbeNjecj karbdiesF nigkarbMEbkecj enAeBlEdlkumarRtUvkarkarEfTaM nigkar
KaMRT. mnusSTUeTA CaBiessmitPkirbs;kumareCOfa BYkeKGacnwgqgemeraKeGds_BIkumarTaMg
enH. GkxHeToteCOfa kumar nigBukmayrbs;kumarqgemeraKedaysarEtBYkeKCamnusS
GaRkk;.
elakRKU GkRKU nigsalaeron mantYnaTIsxM an;Nas;kg karkat;bnykarmak;gay nigkar
erIseGIgkumarkMRBa nigkumargayrgeRKaH. elakRKU GkRKU nigsalaeronman\TiBlelIEpk
sartI Gakb,kiryi a nigTegVrI bs;kmu arEdlsti eRkamkarEfrkSarbs;xn . elIsBIenHeTot elakRKU
GkRKUCaKMrdU l nigCasmaCikEdlshKmn_eKarB dUecH Gacman\TBi lelIEpksartI Gakb,kiryi a
nigTegVIrbs;matabitasisS nigmnusSepSgeTotpgEdr.
KannrNamak;GacbM)at;karmak;gay nigkarerIseGIgEtg)aneT. bM)at;karmak;gay
nigkarerIseGIg)an luHNaEtmankarcUlrYmcMENkBIsalaeron RKUbeRgon matabitasisS Gkdwk
naMEpksasna BaNiCkr nigGkdwknaMshKmn_. edaysarsalaeronCakEngEdlshKmn_
[tm salaeronGackayCakEngCYbRbCMuKasRmab;eFVIkarxitxMRbwgERbgTaMgGs;Ka.
3> skmPaBEdlrdaPi)alGaceFVI)an
ERbkayKeRmagsakl,g[eTACakmviFIfak;Cati Edlpl;karbgar karBa)al kar
EfrkSa nigkarKaMRTTUlMTUlaycMeBaHemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWweGds_.
cuHhtelxaTTYlsal; nigbMeBjkatBVkicEdlmanEcgkgkicRBmeRBogGnrCati
TaMgLayEdlkarBarkumar nigCYykumarpkemeraKeGds_ dUcCaGnusBaasIBIsiTikumar.
O
mKeTsk_
97
pl;karBa)aledayfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_ \tKitfdl;kumarEdlmanpkemeraK
eGds_.
Gnumtc,ab;RbqaMgnwgkarerIseGIgGkpkemeraKeGds_ nigGkCMgWeGds_.
begItyuTnakaresvasaFarN edIm,IbegInkaryl;dwg nigRbqaMgkarmak;gay nig
karerIseGIg.
erobcMbegtI kmvFi bI garemeraKeGds_ Ba)alCMgeW Gds_ EfTaM nigKaMBarsRmab;kmu ar.
ebIk[mankarcUlrYmBIkumarkgkarerobcM nigGnuvtkmviFITaMgenH.
pl;karEfTaMEdlerobcMsRmab;kumarEdlpkemeraKeGds_ nigekItCMgWeGds_.
elIkkm<s;karXaMemIl nigkarRbmUlTinnyGMBIkumar nigemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
edIm,I[karerobcMkmviFI nigkareFVIGnraKmn_sRmab;RkumeKaledAnImYykan;Etman
RbsiTPaB.
EklMGmNlKaMBarkumarkMRBaedaykarTTYlsal;fa mNlTaMgenaHCaCeRmIs
cugeRkaysRmab;kumarkMRBa.
pl;mUlniFibEnmdl;shKmn_KaMBarkumarkMRBa.
]btmKaMRTkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Ka bM)at;ecalRBmTaMgcat;TukCakarxusc,ab;nUv
karsikSaedaybg;f
pl;mUlniFiKaMRTmNlKaMBarkumar enAeBlkumarmin)ancUlsalaeron.
4> skmPaBEdlshKmn_GaceFVI)an
]btmKaMRTkarGb;rMGMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_kgsalaeron nigkgshKmn_.
begInmUlniFi edIm,I[kumarEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ kumarEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;
nigkumarEdlgayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_ GacbnkarsikSaenAsalaeron.
pl;karKaMBar kar]btmKaMRT nigkarpt;pg;dl;RkumRKYsarkumarkMRBaedaysarCMgW
eGds_ eRBaHkumarTaMgenaHcg;rs;enAkgshKmn_rbs;xnEdr.
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
98
mKeTsk_
shkarCamYysalaeron GkdwknaMCMenOsasna nigGgkarsasnanana edIm,IbegIn

karyl;dwg nigkat;bnykarmak;gay nigkarerIseGIg.
erobcMkarRbCMu[)aneRcIn edIm,IBiPakSabBaaepSgEdlekItman.
GeBaIjRkumGkmanpkemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_[CYbCamYysmaCikshKmn_
edIm,IBiPakSabBaaEdlekItman.
erobcMbegItbNajRkumXaMemIlkumar edIm,Itamdan Tak;TgCamYykumar nigRkum
RKYsarkumargayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ edayPaBRkIRk kar
rMelaPbMBan bkarRbRBwtGakb,kiriyaEdlRbfuynwgeRKaHfak;.
pl;esvaKaMBarenAeBlkumarmin)ancUlsalaeron.
O
O
O
5> skmPaBEdlRkumRKYsarGaceFVI)an
TTYlEfrkSakumarkMRBaedaysarCMgWeGds_ [rs;enACajatisnanrbs;xn eRBaH
kumarkcg;rs;enACamYyRkumRKYsarEdr.
sikSaBtmanBitGMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ RBmTaMgbgat;beRgonkUn[dwgBI
BtmanTaMgenH.
TUnankUnkMu[erIseGIg emIlgaykumar bRKYsarEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ bEdl
TTYlplb:HBal;edaysarCMgWeGds_ bGkEdlgayTTYlrgeRKaHfak;edaysaremeraK
eGds_.
]btmKaMRTkarGb;rMGMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_enAsalaeron.
eFVIy:agNa[kUn)ancUleronenAsalaeron.
begItTMnak;TMngCamYysalaeron elakRKU GkRKU nigGkdwknaMCMenOsasna edIm,I
BRgwgsuvtiPaBshKmn_sRmab;kumar.
EsVgrkesvapl;RbwkSa nigesvaxageRkA RbsinebIcaM)ac;.
O
O
O
O
mKeTsk_
9
6> skmPaBEdlsabnsasnaGaceFVI)an
minRtUvcat;TukkumarkMRBaedaysaremeraKeGds_xusBIkumarkMRBaedaybuBVehtuepSg.
TTYlEfTaMkumarEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ bekItCMgWeGds_ nigkumarEdlTTYlrgpl
b:HBal;edaysaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_. TegVIEbbenHCakarpl;KMrUdl nigrwgmaMsRmab;
shKmn_ kdUcCaCYykat;bnykarPyxacpgEdr.
eRbIR)as;\TiBlnkarTUnan nigsIlFm edIm,ICECkBiPakSaGMBIbBaaemeraKeGds_ nigCMgW
eGds_ nigRbkasdl;smaCikshKmn_ minRtUverIseGIg nigemIlgaykumarTaMgenaH.
eRbIR)as;mUlniFisabnrbs;elakGk edIm,I]btmKaMRTkarGb;rMkumarEdlmanpkemeraK
eGds_ kumarEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysaremeraKeGds_ nigkumarEdlgayrgeRKaHedaysar
7> skmPaBEdlsalaeron nigelakRKU GkRKUGaceFVI)an
lubbM)at;karbg;fski Sa EdlCYy[kumarkMRBa nigkumargayrgeRKaHGaceronbn)an.
eRbIR)as;mUlniFiEdlsalaeronGacrk)an edIm,I]btmkumarRkIRk kumarkMRBa nig
kumargayrgeRKaH [manlTPaBbnkarsikSadUcCa CYy]btmGahar esovePA nig
smarsikSaepSgeTot.
BiPakSaedaycMhGMBIkarmak;gay nigkarerIseGIgCamYyGkpkemeraKeGds_ nigGk
CMgWeGds_ edIm,I[kumarepSgeTot)anyl;bBaaTaMgenH.
RbqaMgdac;xatcMeBaHkarbg[mankarmak;gay nigkarerIseGIgenAsalaeron.
bgat;beRgontamEbbbMNinCIvit edIm,I[kumaryl;c,as;GMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgW
eGds_ [kumarecHkarBarxnBIkarqgemeraKenH nigecHeFVIkarseRmccit)anRtwmRtUv.
begItTMnak;TMngrvagsalaeron nigesvaxageRkA edIm,Ipl;esvabgar Ba)al EfTaM
nig]btmKaMRTkumarEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ kumarTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarCMgW
eGds_ nigkumarEdlgayrgeRKaHedaysarCMgWenH.
O
O
O
O
10
mKeTsk_
begItTMnak;TMngrvagsalaeron nigkmviFIkat;bnyPaBRkIRk nigesvaepSgeTot

edIm,I[kumarRkIRkGacbnkarsikSaenAsalaeron eRBaHfa PaBRkIRkGaceFVI[kumarkan;
EtgayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.
GeBaIjRkumGkmanpkemeraKeGds_ nigGkCMgWeGds_mkCYbCECkCamYykumar edIm,I
bM)at;PaBPyxacrbs;kumar.
EsVgrkkarKaMRTkicxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;salaeron nigelakRKU GkRKU BIsMNak;mata
bitasisS nigsmaCikshKmn_.
bNHbNalelakRKU GkRKU edIm,I[BYkKat;dwgGMBIrebobedaHRsayCamYYykumarEdl
manbBaapvcit bbBaaepSgeTot EdlbgeLIgedaysaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
nigplb:HBal;nemeraK nigCMgWenHeTAelIRkumRKYsarrbs;kumar.
GkRbwkSaRbcaMsalaeron caM)ac;RtUvTTYlkarbNH bNal edIm,IedaHRsaybBaaenH.
erobcMbegItRkummitGb;rMmit edIm,ICYyedaHRsaybBaarbs;kumarEdlTTYlrgpl
b:HBal;edaysaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ kumarEdlgayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraK
eGds_ nigkumarEdlRbRBwtiGakb,kiriyaRbfuynwgeRKaHfak;.
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
BtmanbEnm cMnYnkumarkMRBa nigkumargayrgeRKaH

enAtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic mankumarkMRBaedaysarCMgWeGds_ RbEhl500>000nak;.
enAtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic mankumarpkemeraKeGds_ RbEhl500>000nak;
enAtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic enAqaM2005 kumarCag11>000nak; )anqgemeraKeGds_.
enAtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic mankumarRbEhl8500nak; RtUvkarCabnan;nUvkarBa)al
edayeRbIfaMBnarCIvit.
karBa)alemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_sRmab;kumarGacCYybegInGRtars;ranrbs;
GkCMgWeGds_BI 50 dl;95.
mKeTsk_
10
karpSarPab;salaeron CamYyesvaBak;BnnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
karGb;rMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ RtUvpSarPab;CamYykarpl;esvaBak;BnnwgemeraKeGds_
sRmab;yuvvy. salaeronGacedIrtYnaTICaGkpl;Btman BIsarsMxan;nesvaTaMgenH nigBITI
kEngEdlGaceRbIR)as;esvaTaMgenaH)an. ehtuenH salaeronGacRtUv)aneRbIR)as; sRmab;begnI
tRmUvkareRbIR)as;esva nigkardwgBIvtmannesvaTaMgenH.
1> sarsMxan;nPaBCadKU
salaeronedIrtYnaTIy:agsMxan; kgkareqIytbnwgkarraldalnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgW
eGds_ b:uEnsalaeronminGaceFVIGVI)anRKb;y:agenaHeT. PaBCadKUrvagsalaeron nigesvaxag
eRkA mansarsMxan;xaMgNas;sRmab;yuvvy edIm,I[BYkeKTTYl)ankarEfrkSa nigkarKaMBar
lbMput.
enAtamshKmn_PaKeRcIn manesvasuxPaB suxumalPaB nigesvaepSgeTotCaeRcIn
EdlGacpl;Btman nigsmarkgkarbgar Ba)al EfrkSa nigKaMRTRbCaBlrdkgkarRbyuT
RbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_. esvamYycMnYntUv)anpl;edayTIPak;garrbs;rdaPi)al
cMENkesvamYycMnYneTotRtUv)anpl;edayGgkarsgmsIuvil. yuvvyPaKeRcInmin)andwgBI
vtmanesvaTaMgenHeLIy bkmankarPyxackgkareRbIR)as;esvaTaMgenH.
CakarcaM)ac;Nas; EdlsalaeronRtUvmanTMnak;TMngy:agCitsiTCamYyTIPak;gar nig
GgkarTaMgenaH kgkaryl;dwgBIesvanana edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_sMrab;yuvvy Biess [BYkeKecH
eRbIR)as;esvakmTaMgenaHsmRsbtamCIvitRbcaMf.
104
2> esvaRtUvEtmanlkNCaesvaRslaj;yuvvy
esvaTaMgGs;KYrEtCaesvaRslaj;yuvvy besvayuvvyemRtI. Gkpl;esvayl;c,as;BI
bBaacits aRs nigbBaasgmrbs;yvu vy nigmanCMnajBitR)akdcMeBaHesvaEdlRtUvpl; eBalKW
Gkpl;esva ecHeKarBesckIRtUvkarrbs;yuvvy CaBiess tRmUvkarnkarrkSakarsmat;
nigecHTMnak;TMngCamYyyuvvy edayminvaytmyuvvy. RbsinebIesvaKanlkNCaesva
mKeTsk_
yuvvyemRtIeT salaeronGacpl;Gnusasn_CasaFarNcMeBaHGkpl;esva [ERbkayesva

rbs;BYkeKeTACaesvayuvvyemRtI. esvanwgminCamanRbeyaCn_b:unaneT RbsinebIyuvvymin
)andwgBIvtmannesvaTaMgenaH bmanPaBPyxackgkareRbIR)as;esvaTaMgenaH.
3> RbePTesvaBak;BnnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
esvapl;RbwkSa nigeFVIEtsQamrkemeraKeGds_edaysRKcit nigrkSakarsmat;
VCCT karRbyuTRbqaMgnwgkarqgraldalnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_nwgminseRmc
eCaKCyeLIy RbsinebIRbCaBlrdmindwgfa etIBYkKat;man bKanpkemeraKeGds_. GkEdl
kMBugpkemeraKeGds_ ehIyRtUvkarkarBa)al nwgminGacTTYl)ankarBa)aleT RbsinebI
min)andwgfaxnmanpkemeraKeGds_eTenaH. RbsinebIGkTaMgenaHmindwgfaxnmanpkemeraK
eGds_ BYkKat;GacnwgcmgeTA[GkdT. esva VCCT mansarsMxan;xaMgNas;kgkarbMeBj
tRmUvkarrbs;Blrdma k; nigsRmab;RbyuTR bqaMgnwgkarqgraldal. CaTUeTA GksgSyfaxn
manpk emeraKeGds_ KYrrg;caMryeBl3ExeRkayeBlsgSyfa)anqgemeraKeGds_ muneBleTA
eFVIEtsQamrkemeraKeGds_. eRkayeBl3Ex kareFVIEtsRKb;rebobsRmab;rkemeraKeGds_
KYrEtGackMNt;vtmannemeraKeGds_)an.
BakKnwHsRmab;esvaenHman {RBmeRBog} {smat;} nig {RbwkSa}. edaysarbBaakar
mak;gay nigkarerIseGIg Gkple; svaeFVEI tsQamrkemeraKeGds_ mankatBVkci T ku kas[Gk
eRbIR)as;esvapl;karRBmeRBogCamun nigrkSakarsmat;. RbsinebIGkeRbIR)as;esvaKanCMenO
fa lTplnkareFVIEtsnwgRtUvrkSakarsmat;eT GkTaMgenaHnwgminmkeRbIR)as;esvaeFVIEts
eLIy. RbsinebIlTplnkareFVIEtsmintUv)anrkSakarsmat;eT GkEdlmanlTplviCman
GacnwgRtUvRKYsar nigmitP k ei )aHbg;ecal )at;bg;kargar TTYlrgkarmak;gay nigkarerIseGIg.
esvaRbwkSamuneBl nigeRkayeBleFVEI ts kCakarcaM)ac;pgEdr. RbsinebInrNamak;)an
dwgfaxnmanpkemeraKeGds_ BYkeKGacRbQmmuxnwgbBaacitsaRsFn;Fr. GkxHGacnwgeFVI
mKeTsk_
105
106
[xn gmanrbYs bGacnwgsmab;xn . ehtuenH karrYmbBal esvaeFVEI tsQamrkemeraKeGds_

nigesvaRbwkSa EdlmanTIRbwkSamanKuNFm mansarsMxan;xaMgNas;. Gkpl;RbwkSaGacnwg
CYyGkpkemeraKeGds_ [EsVgyl;sanPaB niglkxNBitR)akd viCmanrbs;BYkeK nig
ENnaMBIrebobRbesIrbMput kgkarRbQmmuxCamYysanPaBTaMgenaH. Gkpl;RbwkSakGacCYy
bBanGkpkemeraKeGds_ eTArkesvabEnmEdlcaM)ac; dUcCakEngsRmab;TTYlkarBa)alCa
edIm. BitCamansarsMxan;pgEdr EdlGkmanlTplEtsQamGviCmanTTYl)anesva
RbwkSa. mnusSCaeRcInEdlmanlTplEtsQamGviCman Gacnwgsb,ayrIkray manGarmN_
FUres,IyRCul ehIyminxVl;nwgkareRbIR)as;esvaRbwkSaeLIy. b:uEn BYkeKRbEhlCa)aneFVI
skmPaB bcUlRbLkkgsanPaBEdl eFVI[BYkeKmankarPyxacqgemeraKeGds_ ehIyk
seRmccitmkeFVIEts. esvaRbwkSaGacCYyR)ab;karBitGMBIhaniPyEdlBYkeK)anRbQm nig
ENnaMBvI Fi hI aniPy TaMgenaH. RbsinebIBkY eKmineRbIR)as;esvaRbwkSaeT minyUrminqab; BYkeKnwg
RtLb;mkeFVIEtsmgeTot edaysarEtkarPyxacfa BYkeKGacnwgqgemeraKeGds_.
manrebobeFVEI tsCaeRcInEdlGackMNt;fa mnusSmak;manpk bmni manpk emeraKeGds_.
rebobnImyY suTE tRtUvkarykKMrQ
U ameTABinti TaMgGs;. rebobEdlpll; TplCak;lak;Cag
eKbMputmaneQaHfa Western Blot Test (Ets Western Blot).
RbsinebImnusSmak;TTYl)anlTplEtsviCman BYkeKKYrEteFVIEtsrkemeraKeGds_Ca
elIkTIBIr edayeRbIR)as;rebobeFVIEtsEdlpl;lTplCak;lak;CageKbMput dUcCa rebob
Western Blot Test CaedIm eRBaHfa manrebobeFVEI tsmYycMnn
Y tUc)anpll; TplminRtwmRtUv. tUv
bNH bNalGkpll; TplEtsQam [R)ab;Gk rkeXIjmanpk emeraKeGds_enAeBleFVEI ts
elIkTI1fa enAmankaseFVIEtsbBaak;mgeTot. Bakfa {lTplviCman} minKYreRbIeLIy
elIkElgEtEtsbBaak;bgajlTpldUcEtselIkTI1.
KYrpl;lTplnkareFVIEts [buKlEdlmkeFVIEtsedaypal; nigmanlkNkCn
minRtUvpl;lTplEtsCaRkumeLIy. karpl;lTplCaRkum minGacrkSakarsmat;CUnGkmk
eFVIEts)aneLIy.
mKeTsk_
k> esvaKaMRTcitsaRssgm nigRbwkSa sisSmanpkemeraKeGds_ nigsisS

EdlmansmaCikRKYsarpk bFak;xnQWedaysaremeraKeGds_ kMBugRtUvkaresvaRbwkSaEdl
manlkNTUlTM lU ayCagesvaEdlsalaeronGacplC; nU )an. RKUbeRgon nigsalaeroncaM)ac;
tUvdwgBIkEngEdlsisSGaceTAeRbIR)as;esvaEdlmanlkNEbbenaH)an.
x> esvasuxPaBbnBUC KInikCaeRcInpl;esvasuxPaBbnBUC. KInikTaMgenHGac
CakEngdlsRmab;yuvvyTTYl)anesvaBnarkMeNIt CaBiess eRsamGnamy BtmansIBI
emeraKeGds_ nigkameraKepSgeTot RBmTaMgrebobbgarCMgWTaMgGs;enH. GgkarminEmn
rdaPi)almYycMnYn EdleFVIkarBak;BnnwgkarbgaremeraKeGds_ nigbBaaBak;BnepSgeTot k)an
cUlrYmEckcayeRsamGnamypgEdr. TaMgburs TaMgRsI RtUv)anTTYlsVaKmn_enAKInikbeRmI
esvasuxPaBbnBUC ehIyKYrRtUv)anelIkTwkcit[cUlrYmeRbIR)as; edIm,ITTYl)anGtRbeyaCn_
BIesvaenH minfaedIm,Ixn g bedIm,IdKUrbs;xn eLIy. b:Eu n mnusSCaeRcInenAEtmankarsak;esrI
citkgkarGeBaIjeTAKInikbeRmIesvasuxPaBbnBUC. ehtuenH salaeron nigRKUbeRgontUvdwg
fa etIGgkarminEmnrdaPi)alNaxHkMBugRbtibtikgtMbn;rbs;xn ehIyEdlmanEckcay
eRsamGnamy.
K> KInikkameraK STI KnI ki RbePTenHGacple; svaeFVEI tsQamrkemeraKCaeRcIn
EdlqgtamkarrYmePT. karsikSaRsavRCav)anbgajfa RbsinebImnusSmak;mankameraK
mnusSmak;enaHnwgkan;EtgayqgemeraKeGds_. kareFVIEts niglTplKYrEtrkSakarsmat;.
KInikbeRmIesvasuxPaBbnBUCCaeRcIn kmanpl;esvaeFVIEtsQamrkkameraKpgEdr.
X> esvaBa)aledayeRbIfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGs_ GkpkemeraKeGds_Edl
manlTPaBTTYl)ankarBa)aledayeRbIfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_ behAkat;fa ART
Gacrs;enA)aneRcInqa.M faRM bqaMgemeraKeGds_CafaEM dlBnWtkarbnBCU rbs;emeraK kat;bny
cMnYnemeraK cMnYnemeraKEdlmanenAkgragkayrbs;mnusS nigCYsCulRbBnFatusuaM.
mKeTsk_
107
edIm,ITTYl)anRbsiTPaB GkpkemeraKeGds_tUvTTYlTanfaMCaeRcInmuxrYmKaCaerogral;f
Gs;mYyCivit. RbsinebIGkpkemeraKeGds_TTYl)ankarBa)al edayeRbIfaMRbqaMgemeraK
eGds_kan;Etqab; enaHkarBa)alkan;EtmanRbsiTPaBx<s;. enHCamUlehtumYyeTotEdl
bBaak;fa CakarsMxan;Nas;EdlRtUvdwgfa xnman bKanpkemeraKeGds_. GkpkemeraK
eGds_EdlTTYl)anesvaBa)aledayeRbIfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_ ART rgkarvayRbharBI
CMgWkasniymticCag ehIyGacrs;enA)andUcmnusSFmta.
b:uEnesva ART manbBaamYycMnYn. bBaacm,gbMputenaHKWtm nigPaBEdlGacrk)an.
faMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_mantmx<s; ehIyenAtamtMbn;CaeRcIn CaBiesstMbn;minsUvmankar
GPivD btMbn;RkIRk GkpkemeraKeGds_minGacrkfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_)aneLIy. mnusS
CaeRcIn)anTamTar[mankarbBaHtmfaM nigbegIncMnYnfaMenAelITIpSar. m:ageTot edaysar
faMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_enAmanlkNfIenAeLIy KannrNaGacbBaak;[)anc,as;eLIyfa
etIfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_Gacpl;RbsiTPaB)anryeBlb:unan ehIyenAeBlNaEdlragkay
GkCMgWcab;epImsuaMnwgfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_. bBaacugeRkayKW bBaaTTYlTanRtwmRtUv
eTogTat; nigCab;lab;CaRbcaM eRBaHfa GkCMgRW tUvTTYlTanfaRM bqaMgemeraKeGds_Caerogral;f
ebImindUecHeT faRbqaMgemeraKeGds_nwgminmanRbsiTPaBeLIy.
108
g>kmviFIkat;bnyeRKaHfak; nigkmviFIBa)alGkeRbIeRKOgejn Rbsin

ebIsisSkMBugeRbIeRKOgejn RKUbeRgoncaM)ac;RtUvdwgfa etImankmviFIBa)alGkeRbIeRKOg
ejnEbbNaxHenAkgtMbn;? RbsinebIsisSeRbIeRKOgejnRbePTfaMcak; RKUbeRgonKYrEtdwg
fa etIkmvFi kI at;bny eRKaHfak;manGnuvtenAkEngNaxH ? kmvFi kI at;bnyeRKaHfak; KWkarEck
cayml nigsWruaMg EdlmansuvtiPaB RBmTaMgsmarepSgeTotEdlCYyGkcak;eRKOgejn
karBarxnBIemeraKeGds_.
mKeTsk_
c>esvasRmab;RkummnusSgayrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_ Rkumyuvvy
mYycMnYn dUcCa RkumyuvnarI RkumCnCatiPaKtic RkumGkcak;eRKOgejn RkumbursrYmePTCamYy
burs RkumGkrksIupvePT bRkummnusSEdlpas;brlMenACaRbcaM CaRkumEdlgayrgeRKaH
edaysarCMgWeGds_CaTIbMput. RbsinebImankmviFI besvaBiesssRmab;RkumnImYyxagelI
salaeronRtUvTak;TgCamYykmviFI besvaenaH edIm,I[yuvvymanlTPaBeRbIR)as;esvaRsb
tamvb,Fm nigtRmUvkar.
4> GVIEdlsalaeron nigRKUbeRgonGaceFVI)an
nayksala nigRKUbeRgonGacpSarPab;salaeronCamYyesvaBak;BnepSg edaykar
dwgfa manesvaGVIxHenAtMbn;rbs;xnsRmab;yuvy ehIypSarPab;yuvvyCamYynwgesvaTaMg
enaH dUcCa
ENnaM[RKUbeRgonepSgeToteFVIskmPaBdUcKaenH.
GeBajI Gkple; sva[mkerobrab;R)ab;matabitasisS RKUbeRgon nigsisS BIesvaEdl
BYkeKpl;CUn nigGtRbeyaCn_Edl)anmkBIkareRbIR)as;esvaTaMgenaH.
cuHBiFIsar nigGnusSrNeyaKyl; kgkarbBalGkCMgWCamYynwgesvaBak;Bn
TaMgLay.
elIkTwkcitsisS[eRbIR)as;esvaTaMgenaH RbsinebIman nigbM)at;kareGonxas nig
karmak;gaysisS EdlGacnwgekItmanedaysarEtkareRbIR)as;esvaTaMgenH.
O
O
mKeTsk_
109
BtmanbEnm karpl;esvaemeraKeGds_fak;Cati
sabncMNuHKNrdmnI
GaCJaFrCatiRbyuTnwgCMgWeGds_ (NAA) sabnkMBUlbegIteLIgkgqaM 1999
edIm,Idkw naM nigGnuvtkargarbgar nigkarRbyuTT b;sa t;karrIkraldalemeraKeGds_ nigCMgW
eGds_enAkgRBHraCaNacRkkm<Ca.
naykrdmnRI tUv)anEtgtaMgCaRbFanrbs;GaCJaFrCatiRbyuTn gw CMgeW Gds_.; kg krNI
EdlnaykrdmnIminGacbMeBjmuxnaTIenHedaypal;)an naykrdmnIGaccat;taMg
smaCikraCrdaPi)almak;CMnYs.
10
sabncMNuHRksYgsuxaPi)al
- mCmNlCatiRbyuTnwgCMgWeGds_ esIEs,k nigkameraK (NCHADS)
EpkmYynkarelIkkMBs;kmviFICatiRbyuTRbqaMgnwgCMgWeGds_ Edlcab;epImkalBIqaM
1993. begtI eLIgenAqaM 1998 mCmNlCatiRbyuTn gw CMgeW Gds_ esIEs,k nigkam
eraK (NCHADS) TTYlxusRtUvRsavRCavRkummnusSeKaledA nigGnuvtkmviFICaeRcIn
edIm,ICYyGkrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.
KNkmaFikarRkmsIlFm GnumtkarBinitQamCalkNGnamik edIm,IrkemeraK
eGds_sMrab;karRsavRCav nigGegt.
- mCmNlCatipl;Qam (NBTC) mantYnaTICrM ju [mankarbricaKQameday
sRKcit BIRbCaCnEdlRbQmeRKaHfak;tictYcnwgkarqgemeraKeGds_ RBmTaMg
BinitQamrkemeraKeGds_ nigpl;RbwkSamun nigeRkaybricaKQampgEdr.
- mCmNlCatikMcat;eraKrebg nighg;sin (CENAT) eFVIkargarCamYy
mCmNlCatiRbyuTn gw CMgeW Gds_ esIEs,k nigkameraK edIm,IbegtI yuTs asedaHRsay
mKeTsk_
bBaaeraKrebg. mCmNlBinitQamrkeraKrebgenAeBlresol sMrab;GkEdlkMBug

RbQmeRKaHfak;nwgkarqgemeraKeGds_ RBmTaMgpl;esvakmbBanmnusSeTATTYlkar
BinitQam nigkarRbwkSaeyabl;edaysRKcitpgEdr.
- viTasanCatisuxPaBsaFarN (NIPH) eFVIkargarRsavRCav nigbNHbNal. viTasanmanmnIrBiesaFn_CatimYy.
- mCmNlCatiKaMBarmatanigTark (NMCHC) TTYlxusRtUvRsavRCav erobcM
eKalneya)ay eKalkarN_ENnaM nigbNH bNalsMrab;Tb;sa t;karcMlgemeraKeGds_
BImayeTAkUn. mCmNlmanebIkmnIreBTbeRgonEpksmB manCaGaT karBinit
QamrkemeraKeGds_ karBa)aledayeRbIfaM Nevirapine nigkarRbwkSaeyabl;GMBI
karciBawmTark.
RksYgFmkar nigsasna cUlrYmskmPaBEfTaM nigbgarkarqgemeraKeGds_
nigCMgWeGds_ edaymankarKaMRTBIGgkaryUnIeshV Ggkar Policy Project nigRBHsg.
RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa KaMRTkarbegIteKalneya)ay sIBIemeraKeGds_
nigCMgWGds_ nigkarGb;rMyuvCn TaMgkg TaMgeRkAsalaeron. eRkamEpnkar ryeBl
5qaM 2008 - 2012 skmPaBTak;TgnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ RtUv)anBRgwg
enAfak;ext nigRsuk. RksYg)aneFVkI arGegtBI\riyabfRbkbedayeRKaHfak;rbs;yvu vy
enAqaM 2003-2004 edaymankar]btmBIGgkaryUnIeshV nigyUeNs nigGnuvt
kmviFIeRkamkar]btmrbs;naykdanGPivDGnrCatincRkPBGg;eKs (DFID) eday
epatsMxan;elI\riyabf nigtMlrbs;sisSnisSit.
RksYgmhap naykdansuxPaBnRksYgmhapmanEpnkarEfTaM nigbgarsMrab;
b:lU sI nigGkEdlpk bGk rgeRKaHedayemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_. yuTs asrmY man
karbBalkmviFIGb;rMGMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_eTAkgkarbNHbNal.
mKeTsk_
1
RksYgyutiFm begtI c,ab; nigneya)ay edIm,Ikat;bnykarraldalnemeraKeGds_

nigCMgWeGds_ edayFanakareKarBsiTiGkEdlpk nigGkrgeRKaHedayemeraKeGds_.
RksYgkarBarCati GnuvtkmviFIGb;rMeyaFaenAextcMnYn 21 ehIymanEpn
karyuTsasryeBlR)aMqaM sMrab;edaHRsaybBaaemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.
RksYgEpnkar eFVkI arCamYyRksYg nigTIPa k;gardTeTot elIvsi y esdkci s gm dUcCa
eKaledAGPivDshsvtSr_ EdlmaneKaledACak;lak; edIm,Ikat;bnykarqgemeraK
eGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ nigbegInkarBa)aledayeRbIfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_.
RksYgGPivDn_CnbT naykdankargarsuxPaBCnbT shkarCamYyshKmn_
mUldan edIm,IRbyuTR bqaMgnwgkarraldalnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ RsbtamEpnkar
yuTsasCati 2006-2010.
RksYgsgmkic GtItyuTC n nigyuvnIts
i m,Ta bNH bNalmnfI a k;Cati ext
Rsuk nigGb;rkM mkrcMNakRsukeTAeFVkI arRbeTseRkA kmkrenAtameragcRkenACMvu ji TIRkug
PMeBj CYykumargayrgeRKaH nigsIemm:ay Edlb:HBal;edayemeraKeGds_ nigCMgW
eGds_.
RksYgkick arnarI skmPaBkargarRbyuTR bqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_epatelIkarsMerc[
)annUveKalbMNgdUcCa bgarkarcMlgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_eTAsI nigekgRsI
kat;bnyplb:HBal;rbs;emeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_eTAelIsI nigekgRsI nigFana[sI
nigekgRsIEdlmanemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_TTYl)ankarEfTaM.
12
mKeTsk_
bBaIksarbEnm
UNAIDS Fast facts about AIDS
http://www.unaids.org/en/MediaCentre/References/default.asp
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR WORLD HEALTH: What We Can Do: Basic Facts about
HIV and AIDS
http://www.thebody.com/aawh/force99/basicfacts.html
Canadian Strategy on HIV and AIDS: Basic facts about AIDS
http://www.health.gov.ab.ca/public/dis_aid52.pdf
amFAR The Foundation for AIDS Research: Facts for Life
http://www.amfar.org/binary-data/AMFAR_PUBLICATION/download_file/3.pdf
sanPaBemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ kgtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic

UNAIDS Report on the global AIDS epidemic
http://www.unaids.org/en/HIV_data/2006GlobalReport/default.asp
Mapping the AIDS Pandemic: AIDS in Asia Face the Facts
www.mapnetwork.org/docs/MAP_AIDSinAsia2004.pdf
World Health Organization: HIV and AIDS in Asia and the Pacific Region 2003
www.wpro.who.int/publications/pub_9290611642.htm
plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_elIRKYsar shKmn_ nigsalaeron

HelpAge International: Community support for older people affected by HIV and AIDS in
Thailand
www.helpage.org/Worldwide/AsiaPacific/Keyprojects/SupportforolderpeopleaffectedbyHIVAI
DS
UN Population Fund: Community Operated Youth Centres in Myanmar; A case study outlining how community centres for reproductive health and HIV prevention were started in a low
resource setting where leaders were resistant to the idea
http://www.unfpa.org.np/yfs/docs/lessonlearned_myanmar.pdf
United Nations Development Program: The Impact of HIV and AIDS on Children, Families
and Communities
14
http://www.undp.org/hiv/publications/issues/english/issue30e.html
mKeTsk_
bBaIksarbEnm
tYnaTIrbs;salaeronkgkarRbyuTRbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
Family Health International: HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care in Resource-Constrained Settings: A Handbook for the Design and Management of Programs. (Click on Chapter 7 for
Youth and Schools)
http://www.fhi.org/en/HIVAIDS/pub/guide/HIVAIDSPreventionCare.htm
UNESCO FRESH (Focusing Resources on Effective School Health) Click on the link for
HIV and AIDS and a library of articles on how to implement HIV and AIDS education and interventions in school settings
www.unesco.org/education/fresh
International HIV/AIDS Alliance: Strengthening the Role of Schools
http://www.aidsalliance.org/sw3570.asp
UNESCO HIV and AIDS in Asia: Human Rights and the Education Sector
http://www2.unescobkk.org/elib/publications/HIV_AIDS_EDU2/HIV_AIDS_EDU2.pdf
UNESCO - The Untapped Potential of School Directors to Strengthen School-based Responses to HIV and AIDS
http://www2.unescobkk.org/elib/publications/HIV_AIDS_EDU3/HIV_AIDS_EDU3.pdf
UNESCO - The Impact of HIV and AIDS on Children and Young People: Reviewing Research
Conducted and Distilling Implications for the Education Sector in Asia http://www2.unescobkk.org/elib/publications/073/Impact_of_HIV.pdf
Building Your HIV-AIDS and Sexual Education Program
HIV-AIDS Course, Chapter 9 - Building Your HIV-AIDS and Sexual...
http://cnx.org/content/m13335/latest/
Education and HIV and AIDS: Sourcebook on HIV Prevention Programs
www.schoolsandhealth.org/Sourcebook/sourcebook-complete.pdf
UNESCO EDUCAIDS Initiative
www.educaids.org
UNESCO: Good Policy and Practice in HIV & AIDS and Education: Booklet 1 Overview
www.unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001461/146121e.pdf
UNESCO: Good Policy and Practice in HIV & AIDS and Education: Booklet 2 HIV & AIDS
and Safe, Secure and Supportive Learning Environments
www.unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001461/146122E.pdf
UNESCO: Good Policy and Practice in HIV & AIDS and Education: Booklet 3 HIV & AIDS
and Educator Development, Conduct and Support
www.unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001463/146308e.pdf
mKeTsk_
15
bBaIksarbEnm
UNESCO - HIV/AIDS and Education: A Toolkit for Ministries of Education

http://www2.unescobkk.org/elib/publications/aids_toolkits/index.htm
UNAIDS Inter-Agency Task Team on Education Quality Education and HIV and AIDS.
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001461/146115e.pdf
karebCJacitCaGnrCati
ASEANs Efforts in Combating HIV and AIDS
www.aseansec.org/zip/ASEAN_combat_aids.pdf
Millennium Development Goals
www.undp.org
UNAIDS Progress Report on the Declaration of Commitment on HIV and AIDS
http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2006/20060324_SGReport_GA_A60737_en.pdf
Education for All Initiative - UNESCO
http://www.unesco.org/education/efa/
Convention on the Rights of the Child
http://www.hrweb.org/legal/child.html
The International Bill of Human Rights
http://www.ohchr.org/english/about/publications/docs/fs2.htm
eynDr
Women, Gender and HIV and AIDS in East and Southeast Asia
www.unifem-eseasia.org/resources/others/genaids/genaid2a.htm
International Community of Women Living with HIV and AIDS: Positive Womens Survival Kit
www.icw.org/files/Survival%20Kit.pdf
World Health Organization: Gender and HIV and AIDS
http://www.who.int/gender/hiv_aids/en/
bursrYmePTCamYyburs
Mapping the AIDS Pandemic: Male-Male Sex and HIV and AIDS in Asia
www.mapnetwork.org/docs/MAP_&M%20Book_04July05_en.pdf
16
Family Health International

http://www.fhi.org/en/HIVAIDS/pub/fact/intervenmsm.htm
mKeTsk_
bBaIksarbEnm
HIV Prevention and Young Men who have Sex with Men
http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/iag/ymsm.htm
UNAIDS Policy Brief on MSM
http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-pub07/jc1269-policybrief-msm_en.pdf?preview=true
East-West Centre: The HIV and AIDS epidemic in Thailand: Addressing the impact on children
http://www2.eastwestcenter.org/pop/misc/p&p-35.pdf
AsiaAfrica: Article on Thai young people living with HIV and stigma
http://www.aidsasiafrica.net/features/thailand7.html
UNICEF United for Children, United Against AIDS
http://www.unicef.org/uniteforchildren/index.html
http://www.fhi.org/en/HIVAIDS/pub/fact/carorphans.htm
Gkcak;faMejn
Mapping the AIDS Pandemic: Drug Injection and HIV and AIDS in Asia
http://www.mapnetwork.org/docs/
Keeping in Touch the Kit: Working with Alcohol and Other Drug Use. A Resource for Primary and Secondary Schools from the Australian Government.
http://www.dest.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/A1C906F9-1894-46C0-A7413D7A0741F9C8/12473/KeepingInTouch_TheKit.pdf
http://www.fhi.org/en/HIVAIDS/pub/fact/reducingidus.htm
mKeTsk_
17
Btman nigtYelxsMxan;
EpkenHnwgbgajCUnelakGkGMBIBtman nigtYelxsegbnkarqgraldalemeraK
eGds_enAkgBiPBelak nigkgtMbn;. tYelxPaKeRcIndkRsg;ecjBIr)aykarN_sIBIkarqgral
dalemeraKeGds_ Casklrbs; UNAIDS Edle)aHBum<pSayBiessenAxYbelIkTI10 kgqaM
2006. sUmkt;smal;fa tYelxTaMgenHCacMnYn):an;sanb:ueNaH.
enATUTaMgBiPBelak
GkCMgWeGds_RbEhl 6 000nak; )ansab;kg1f.
mnusSRbEhl 7 000nak; )anqgemeraKeGds_kg1f.
enAqa2M 007 manmnusS33/2lannak; kMBgu manpk emeraKeGds_ nigekItCMgeW Gds_.
enAqaM 2007 manmnusS2/5lannak; )anqgemeraKeGds_.
bcb,n kumar GayuBI0-14qaMCag 2/5lannak; kMBugmanpkemeraKeGds_ nig
ekItCMgWeGds_.
enAqaM 2007 kuumar 420 000nak; )anqgemeraKeGds_fI.
enAqaM 2007 mankumar 330 000nak; )ansab;.
kumar GayuBI0-17qaMcMnYn 15/2lannak; )an)at;bg;may bBukmayedaysar
CMgWeGds_.
kgcMeNamGkqgemeraKeGds_fIenH manCagBak;kNalCaRsI.
kumarGayueRkam 15qaM mancMnYndl;eTA1PaK6ncMnYnGksab;edaysarCMgWeGds_
enATUTaMgBiPBelak.
enAmunqaM 2020 karxatbg;xagesdkicmanRbEhlCag 20nplitplkgRsuk
srub enAkgbNaRbeTsEdl)anqgemeraKeGds_eRcInbMput.
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
120
mKeTsk_
Btman nigtYelxsMxan;
enAtMbn;GasIu nig):asIuPic
cMnYnGksab;edaysarCMgWeGds_ manesIrEt1>650nak;kg1f.
cMnYnGkEdlqgemeraKeGds_ manesIrEt2/550nak;kg1f.
enAtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic manRbCaCn60nRbCaCnBiPBelak b:uEnkgenaHman
RbCaCn20 RtUv)an)a:n;sanfaqgCMgWeGds_.
enAdMNac;qaM2005 manGkpkemeraKeGds_ nigekItCMgWeGds_cMnYn8/3lannak;.
enAqaM2005 kumar nigmnusSeBjvyCag930>000nak; )anqgemeraKeGds_.
kumar GayuB0I -14qaM cMnnY 179>000nak; manpk emeraKeGds_ nigekItCMgeW Gds_.
enAqaM2005 manmnusSesIrEt600>000nak; )ansab;edaysarCMgWeGds_.
tamtYelxrbs; UNICEF1 kumar450>000nak; kayCakumarkMRBaedaysarCMgW
eGds_ ehIyy:agehacNas;kmankumarCaeRcIneTot EdlkMBugrs;enACamYyBuk
bmay EdlmanCMgWeGds_.
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
karBakrN_karqgemeraKeGds_fIenAGasIuxagt,g nigGasIuGaeKy_
tamkarBakrN_rbs;elakbNit Swarup Sarkar n UNAIDS2 enAmunqaM2010 Rbsin
ebIkmvFi bI garemeraKeGds_mni RtUv)anbegtI eLIgeT enaHnwgmanmnusSqgemeraKeGds_ cMnnY 10
lannak;.
mKeTsk_
121
sTanuRkm
kg bribTsikSaBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ GkGanGacnwgCYbBak nigBaksresrkat;

mYycMnYndUcxageRkam. sTanuRkmenHminmanRKb;BakTaMgGs;eT mannyfa manBak nig
Baksresrkat;myY cMnnY EdlGkGanminGacrk)ankg sTanuRkmenHeT. Bak nigniymnyPaK
eRcInkgbBaIenHRtUv)andkRsg;ecjBIksarENnaMrbs;GgkaryUeNs sIBIkareRbIR)as;Pasa
sRmab;ksarEdlTak;TgnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_1.
Advocacy kartsUmti karBayameFVIskmPaB edIm,IkarBarkarb:HBal;edaypal;elICIvit
RbCaBlrd. skmPaBTaMgenaHmandUcCa kartsUmtikgeKalneya)aysaFarN nig
karseRmccit sIBIkarEbgEckFnFankgRbBn nigsabnneya)ay esdkic nigsgm.
Affected by HIV and AIDS TTYlrg\TB
i lBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ emeraK eGds_
nigCMgWeGds_manplb:HBal;elImitPki bRkumRKYsarrbs;GkpkemeraKeGds_. mitPki bRkum
RKYsarGkpkemeraKeGds_ bekItCMgWeGds_ kGacRtUvRbQmmuxnwgplb:HBal;GviCmanmYy
cMnYn dUcCakarmak;gay nigkarerIseGIg dUcGkCMgWeGds_pgEdr enAeBleRbIR)as;esvasgm .
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) : RbCMueraKsBaaEdlekIteRkayBIRbBn
PaBsaMurbs;mnusS cuHexSay : AIDS CabNMlkxN beraKsBaa EdlekIteLIgenAeBlEdl
emeraKeGds_eFVI[RbBnPaBsuaMrbs;mnusScuHexSay. GkEdlqgemeraKeGds_manGg;TIkr
RbqaMgCamYyemeraKeGds_ b:uEnRbEhlCaminTan;manecjeraKsBaaCMgWeGds_enAeLIyeT.
Antibodies Gg;TIkr sarFatuRbUetGIunEdlragkaypliteLIgedIm,IRbqaMgsrIrag nigCati
BulxageRkA behAfa Gg;TIEsn. Gg;TIkrenHmanenAkgQammnusS. CaTUeTA Gg;TIkr
GackMcat;Gg;TIEsnecjBIragkay)any:agmanRbsiTPaB. b:uEn enAeBlemeraKeGds_)an
eRCotcUlkg ragkay Gg;TkI rminGackMcat;Gg;TEI sn)aneToteLIy. Gg;TkI rRKan;EtGacR)ab;[
ragkaydwgfamanvtmanGg;TEI snenAkg Qam. enAeBlGg;TkI rrkeXIjmanvtmanGg;TEI sn
ehIy Gg;TIkrnwgeFVI[elcecjsBaaNfa ragkay)anqgemeraKeGds_.
ART (Antiretroviral Therapy) karBa)aledayeRbIfa MRbqaMgemeraKeGds_ karBa)al
124
mKeTsk_
sTanuRkm
edaykareRbIfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_ edIm,IbBab;karkekItnemeraKeGds_ nigkat;bnyeraK

sBaa. edIm,I[karBa)aledayeRbIfa RM bqaMgemeraKeGds_manRbsiTP aB TamTar[mankareRbI
faMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_bI bbYnmuxkgeBlEtmYy behAm:ageTotfa karBa)aledayeRbIfaM
RbqaMgemeraKeGds_kRmitx<s; Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy).
ARV (Antiretroviral drugs or medicines) faMBnarCIvit faMeRbIedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkarqg
emeraK dUcCa emeraKeGds_CaedIm. faMTaMgenHkat;bnykarraldalnemeraK EdlGacCYy
EfrkSasuxPaBrbs;GkCMgW. b:uEnfaMRbqaMgemeraKeGds_minGackmat;emeraKeGds_TaMgRsug
)aneLIy KWRKan;EtGacCYybBab;skmPaB bkarbnBUCrbs;emeraKEtb:ueNaH.
Bacteria )ak;etrI mIRkubEdlmanekasikaEtmYyKt; ehIyeFVIkarbnBUCedaykarbMEbkxn.
mIRkubCamUlehtuEdlbg[ekItCMgWmYycMnYnFM. emeraKGacrs;enA)anedayBwgelIekasikaNa
EdlvaqgcUl cMENk)ak;etrIGacrs;enA)anedaykraC.
Bisexual ]PetaePT mnusSEdlmansm<n
P aBpv ePTCamYymnusSRbuspg nigCamYymnusS
RsIpg.
CBO (Community Based Organization) : GgkarshKmn_
Cell ekasika RKb;srIragmanCIvitTaMgGs; suTEtkekIteLIgedayekasikamYYy beRcIn dUcCa
BBYksrIrag EdlbMEbkxnedayxngCaedIm.
Child kumar mnusSTaMgLayEdlmanGayueRkam18qaM eyagtamGnusBaa sB
I sI Ti ki mu ar.
Clinical Trial karsikSaeRbobeFob karsakl,gfaMmYyRbePT EdlBayameFVIkarEklMG
karBa)alnaeBlbcb,n bBayamEsVgrkviFIsaRsBa)aleraKfI. sftUv)aneRbI
sakl,gelIxnmnusSeRkamkartamdany:aght;ct;.
Concentrated epidemic karqgraldalRbmUlpM karqgraldal EdlekItmanelImnusS
ticCag 1 nRbCaCnTUeTA b:uEnmanmnusScMnYn5nRkummnusSNamYy)anqg emeraK.
mKeTsk_
125
sTanuRkm
eRsamGnamy eRsamBak;elIRbdab;ePTrbs;burs bsI. eRsamGnamyburs

plitBICr b polyurethane eRbIR)as;edIm,IkarBarkarmanpeBaH nigkarqgemeraKeGds_ nigkam
eraKepSgeTot. eRsamGnamyRskI G acrk)anpgEdr. eRsamGnamyRsI CaRbePTfg; plitBI
polyurethane Edldak;cUlTAkgRbdab;ePTRsI edaydak;cugkgrlugcUleTAkg ehIyrkSa
cugkgmageTot[enAmYykEngmuneBlrYmePT. eRsamGnamyRsIGackarBarkarmanpeBaH
nigkarqgkameraKepSg. eRsamGnamyRsIminBwgEpkelIkareLIgrwgnRbdab;ePTrbs;burs
dUceRsamGnamyburseLIy.
Diagnosis eraKvinicy kareFVIkarbBaak;BIvtman bsanPaBnCMgW.
Discrimination karerIseGIg CaBakc,ab;EdleRbIsMedAeTAelIsanPaBmYyEdlmnusS
mak; bRkummnusSBMumansiTi bBMuTTYl)ansmPaBdUcmnusSdT eRBaHBYkeKxusBImnusSdT.
Empowerment karpl;siTi nigGMNac karBayameFVI[RkumeKaledAmanlTPaBRKb;
RKgkarrs;enARbcaMfrbs;BYkKat;. BakenHEtgEtRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CamYyRkummnusStUctac
dUcCa RkumRsI RkumGkmansm<n P aBpv ePTCamYyGkmanePTdUcKa bRkumGkrksIpu v ePT.l.
Epidemic CMgWratt,at karrIkraldaly:agqab;rhsnCMgWkgcMeNamRkumRbCasaRs
Edlrs;enAtMbn;mYy ]TahrN_mUldaneyaFa bGgPaBRbhak;RbEhlKaenH bGkEdl
manGayu bePT dUcKa ]TahrN_ Rkumekg bRseI nAtMbn;myY . CMgqW g raldalGacraldalBI
mnusSmak;eTAmnusSmak;eTot bBIRbPBminsatdUcCaTwk bmbGaharCaedIm.
Epidemiology karsikSaBICMgWratt,at EpkmYynevCsaRsEdlsikSaBIkarpHeLIgnCMgW
karrIkraldal nigkarRKb;RKgkarqgraldalenAkgtMbn;mYy.
Gay and lesbian RbusexIy nigRsIexIy RkummnusSEdlmansm<nPaBpvePTCamYyGk
manePTdUcKa.
Generalized epidemic CMgWratt,atCaTUeTA : karqgraldalmYyCakarqgraldalCaTUeTA
RbsinebI manmnusSeRcInCag1ncMnYnmnusSsrub)anqgCMgW.
Condom
126
mKeTsk_
sTanuRkm
mnusSRsLaj;mnusSePTpyKa mnusSEdlmansm<n P aBpv ePTCamYynwg

dKUmanePTpyKa.
High risk behaviour skmPaBRbfuynwgeRKaHfak; BakeRbIedIm,IBNnaskmPaB
TaMgLayNaEdlbegInPaBeRKaHfak;nkarqg bcmgemeraKeGds_ ]TahrN_ karrYmePT
tamTVarmas bkarrYmePTtamrnKUT edaymineRbIeRsamGnamy bkkareRbIml bsWraMugrYmKa.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) emeraKEdleFVI[RbBnPaBsuaMrbs;mnusS
cuHexSay CaemeraKEdlbNal[mnusSmanCMgWeGds_.
Homosexual mnusSRsLaj;mnusSePTdUcKa mnusSEdlmansm<n
P aBpv ePTCamYydKU
EdlmanePTdUcKa.
Immune system RbBnPaBsuaM RbBnkarBarragkayRbqaMgnwgkarqgemeraKepSg.
Incubation period ryeBlCMgWsMgM ryeBlcenaHrvagkarqgemeraKeGds_ nigkarvay
RbharedayemeraKeGds_ ekItCMgWeGds_.
IDU (Injecting Drug User) : Gkcak;faMeBaJn.
Lifeskills bMNinCIvit sMedAdl;RkumCMnajcitsaRssgm nigCMnajTMnak;TMngEdlGac
CYymnusS[eFVIkarseRmccit)anRtwmRtUv GaceFVIkarR)aRsyTak;TgRbkbedayRbsiTPaB nig
GacGPivDCMnajRKb;RKgxngEdlCYy[BYkeKmansuxPaBl nigmanCIvitRss;bMRBg.
Maternal antibodies Gg;TIkrTTYl)anBImay Gg;TIkrEdlTarkTTYl)anBImaytaMgBI
enAkgp. edaysarEtGg;TIkrTTYl)anBImayRbqaMgemeraKeGds_ bneFVIclnaenAkgQam
rbs;TarkrhUtdl;TarkGayu 15eTA18Ex dUecHBi)akkg karkMNt;faTarkmanqgemeraK bGt;.
Microorganism GtisuxumR)aN Pavrs;TaMgLayNaEdlGacemIleXIj luHRtaEteRbI
mIRkUTsSn_. Pavrs;TaMgenHmandUcCa bzmstV mIRkub BBYkpSit nigemeraK .l.
MSM (Men who have sex with Men) : bursrYmePTCamYyburs.
Monogamy kBnPaB PaBmanTMnak;TMngpvePTCamYydKUEtmak;.
Heterosexual
mKeTsk_
127
sTanuRkm
CMgWkasniym CMgWbgeLIgedaysrIragmYycMnYn EdlCaFmta

minbg[ekItmanCMgWeLIy RbsinebIRbBnPaBsuaMrbs;mnusSmin)anrgkarxUcxat. CMgWkas
niymmYycMnYnEdleRcInEtmanvtmanenAeBlmnusSmak;manCMgWeGds_ mandUcCa PCP
(pneumocystic carinii pneumonia) oesophageal candidiasis nig toxoplasmosis.
Orphans ekgkMRBa kumarEdlBukmaysab;ecalGs;. kgkarsikSaBIemeraKeGds_
CaTUeTA kumarkMRBaCakumarEdlmanGayueRkam15qaM ehIymanBuk bmay)ansab;edaysar
CMgWeGds_.
Pandemic b:gdWmI karqgraldalnCMgWenATUTaMgRbeTs TVIb bBiPBelakTaMgmUl.
Pathogen Pak;garcmgCMgW Pak;garcmgCMgW dUcCa emeraK b)ak;etrICaedIm.
Peer education mitGb;rMmit viFIeron nigbeRgonEdlGacbegIt BRgwg nigpl;GMNac
dl;yuvvyCMnan;eRkay[edIrtYnaTIskmkgkarCH\TiBlelIeKalneya)ay nigkmviFInana.
Plasma )asa sarFaturavkgQam.
PLHIV (People Living with HIV) : GkpkemeraKeGds_.
PTCT (Parent to Child Transmission) : karcmgemeraK eGds_BIBukmayeTAkUn.
PPTCT (Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission) : karbgarkarcmgemeraKeGds_ BIBuk
mayeTAkUn.
Prevalence rate GRtaeRbv:aLg; rgVas;smamaRtncMnYnmnusSEdlqgemeraKkg
ryeBlNamYy. sUmkMumankarPan;RcLMrvagBakeRbv:aLg; nigGwnsIudin {Incident}.
GwnsIudin {Incident} sMedAEtelIcMnYnkrNIqgfIb:ueNaH cMENkeRbv:aLg; KitTaMgkrNIqgfI
TaMgkrNIqgcas;.
Rape rMelaP karrYmePTedayKankaryl;RsbBIdKU.
Safer sex karrYmePTedaysuvtiPaB skmPaBrYmePTEdlmincmgemeraKeGds_.
karrYmePTedaysuvtiPaBFanafa kgeBlrYmePT Qam Twkkam TwkrMGil nigQamrdUvrbs;dKU
Opportunistic infection
128
mKeTsk_
sTanuRkm
magminGacqgcUlQam bPasEdlmanCatirMGil dUcCa eyanI rneyanI cugeBaHevonFM mat;

bRcmuH rbs;dKUmageToteLIy edayeRbIeRsamGnamysRmab;RsI bsRmab;burs.
Serological Testing kareFVIEtsEbbesr:UmsaRs kareFVIEtssarFatuesr:UmenAkgQam
rkemeraKeGds_.
Seronegative esr:UmGviCman lTplemeraKeGds_GviCman Edl)anmkBIkareFVIEts
Ebbesr:UmsaRs.
Seropositive esr:UmviCman lTplemeraKeGds_viCman Edl)anmkBIkareFVIEtsEbb
esr:UmsaRs.
Sexual assault karebotebonpvePT kareRbIkayvikarNamYyrbs;PaKIma g EdlmanbMNg
bMBanpvePTPaKImageTot. karebotebonpvePT CaFmtaeRcInsMedAdl;karrMelaPpvePT
EtkarebotebonpvePTmanlkNTUlMTUlayCagkarrMelaPpvePT ehIycMNucCak;lak;
BitR)akdrbs;va GacERbRbYleTAtamkar[niymnyEbbsgm neya)ay bc,ab;.
Sex worker GkrksIupvePT GkrksIupvePT CaGkEdlrYmePTCamYyGkdTedIm,Ibr
ykR)ak;cMeNj brbs;GVImYyEdlBYkeKcg;)an edIm,IykmkciBawmxng bGkdT.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) kameraK CMgWEdlqgtamkarrYmePT
]TahrN_emeraKeGds_.
Stigma karmak;gay karerIseGIgmnusSedaysarGkTaMgenaHxusEbkBIeK.
Symptom eraKsBaa sBaaNnkarpas;brkgxnmnusSbBaak;BIkarekItCMgW.
Vaccine faMbgar sarFatumanpkGg;TIEsnexSay sab; bsMeyaKecjBIsrIrag Edlqg
emeraK ehIyRtUv)aneTAeRbIedIm,IplitPaBsuaMskmRbqaMgnwgemeraKenaH.
VCCT (Voluntary Confidential Counselling and Testing) : esvaeFVIEtsQamedayman
karpl;RbwkSa nigrkSakarsmat;.
mKeTsk_
129
sTanuRkm
cMnYnemeraKkgQam brimaNemeraKEdlmankgQam. cMnYnemeraK

eGds_RtUv)anrkeXIjedaykareFVIEtsdmanRbsiTPaBm:ag b:uEnkareFVIEtsenHminTan;man
enARKb;kEngenAelIBiPBelakenAeLIyeT.
Virus vIrus Pak;garcmgeraK Edlbg[Pavrs;TaMgGs;ekItmanCMgWeRcInRbePT. BBYkvIrus
manrUbragtUc EdlxusBIBBYk)ak;etrI ehIyGacrs;ranmanCIvit)ankgekasikars; nigrIkFMFat;
kgekasikaenaH.
Vulnerable Child kumargayrgeRKaH kumarsitkgsanPaBeRKaHfak;nkarqgemeraK
eGds_ edaysarBukmay bgbn bGkEfTaMkumarTaMgenaHCaGkEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_.
kumarTaMgenaHGacmaneRKaHfak;edaycUlrYmBak;BneRbIfaMejn brYmePT. kumarTaMgenaHGac
nwgmaneRKaHfak;pgEdr RbsinebIBYkeKKanGkEfTaM ]TahrN_ ekgtamcieBaImpv.
WSW (Women who have Sex with Women) :: RsIrYmePTCamYyRsI.
Young People yuvvy RkummnusSEdlmanGayucab;BI15dl;24qaM CakarkMNt;
edayTIPak;garGgkarshRbCaCati.
130
Viral Load
mKeTsk_
kMNt;smal;
RBwtibRt1 BtmanmUldanGMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
1. Report on the global AIDS epidemic, A UNAIDS 10th anniversary special edition. 2006.
2. HIV and AIDS Country Representatives Training Seminar, UNICEF, Vientiane, Laos
November 2005.
3. HIV and AIDS Country Representatives Training Seminar, UNICEF, Vientiane, Laos
November 2005.
RBwtibRt2 emeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ enAtMbn;GasIu)a:sIuPic
1. Report on the global AIDS epidemic, A UNAIDS 10th anniversary special edition. 2006.
2. UNICEF Report on the East Asia and Pacific Regional Consultation on Children and HIV
and AIDS, Hanoi, Viet Nam 22-24 March 2006.
3. Report on the global AIDS epidemic. A UNAIDS 10th anniversary special edition. 2006.
5. Time magazine, Asian edition, Oct. 16, 2000
6. AIDS epidemic update, December 2005 UNAIDS.
10. AIDS epidemic update, December 2005 UNAIDS; Report on the global AIDS epidemic.
A UNAIDS 10th anniversary special edition year 2006; Background Paper, UNICEF
Report on the East Asia and Pacific Regional Consultation on Children and HIV and
AIDS, Hanoi, Viet Nam 22-24 March 2006.
RBwtibRt3 plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_elIRKYsar shKmn_ nigsalaeron
1. UNAIDS
2. UNICEF, Scaling Up The Response for Children East Asia and Pacific Regional
Consultation on Children and HIV and AIDS, Background Paper. 2006.
3. www.aidsmap.com. Cambodia section.
RBwtibRt4 tYnaTIrbs;salaeronkgkarRbyuTRbqaMgnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
1. UNAIDS. The Global Coalition on Women and AIDS. Educate Girls Fight AIDS 2005.
> kicsmas_enATIRkug)agkk qa2M 006 CamYyelak Greg Carl GtItbuKl ki Gb;rM EAPRO rbs;
UNICEF TTYlbnkkarGb;rMCMnaj.
3. kics
mas_enATIRkug)agkk qa2M 006CamYyelak Greg Carl EdlCaGtItbuKl ki Gb;rM EAPRO
rbs; UNICEF TTYlbnkkarGb;rMCMnaj.
2
mKeTsk_
13
kMNt;smal;
RBwtibRt5 karGb;rMGMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_
1. Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective. By: Wellings, Kaye; Collumbien,

Martine; Slaymaker, Emma; Singh, Susheela; Hodges, Zoe; Patel, Dhaval; Bajos, Nathalie.
Lancet, 11/11/2006, Vol. 368 Issue 9548, p1706-1728.
2. Educate Girls Fight AIDS, The Global Coalition on Women and AIDS, UNAIDS. 2005.
3.
EpkenH RtUv)anEklm nigdkRsg;ecjBI UNICEF EAPRO Senior Staff Training on HIV and
AIDS, 18-20 Oct 05, Vientiane, Lao PDR : The Role of Life Skills Education by Kenneth
Griffin, Associate Professor, Division of Prevention and Health Behaviour, Department of
Public Health, Weill Medical College, Cornell University
RBwtibRt7 RsI nigkumarI
1. UNAIDS/UNFPA/UNIFEM. Women and HIV/AIDS: Confronting the Crisis. A joint

Report by UNAIDS/UNFPA/UNIFEM. 2004.
3. Dr. Carol Jenkins, UNICEF HIV and AIDS Officers and Child Protection Officers
Training, 22-26 May 2006, Manila, Philippines.
4. UNESCO. Gender in Education Network in Asia (GENIA) A Toolkit for Promoting
Gender Equality in Education, UNESCO, 2006.
11. UNAIDS Interagency Task Team on Gender and HIV and AIDS, 2005.
134
RBwtibRt8 bursrYmePTCamYyburs MSM

1. Bakfa {bursrYmePTCamYyburs} CaBakEdl UNESCO eRbIR)as;. TIPak;garrbs;
GgkarshRbCaCatidTeTot keRbIBakenHpgEdr. tamkareRbIxagelI BakenHkGac
sMedAelIekgRbus EdlcUlrYm\riyabfEbbenHedaysarEtekgmYYycMnYn cab;epImrYmePTenA
munGayu18qa.M cMeBaHBakfa {RsrI mY ePTCamYyRs}I eRbIseM dAeTAelIekgRsI edaysarEtekg
RsImYycMnYnmanbTBiesaFrYmePTenAmunGayu18qaM.
mKeTsk_
kMNt;smal;
2. UNICEF EAPRO HIV/AIDS Officers and Child Protection Officers Training, Manila, May
2006. Presentation by Dr. Carol Jenkins.
6. Monitoring the AIDS Pandemic. Male-Male Sex and HI/AIDS in Asia. 2005.
7. NAA: August 2007 Cambodia country profile on AIDS 2006-07 ;
NAA: October 2007 A situation and response analysis of HIV and AIDS in
Cambodia 2007 update;
NCHADS : NCHADS Quarterly report September 2007
RBwtibRt9 Gkcak;faMejn
1. UNICEF. Scaling Up The Response for Children East Asia and Pacific Regional
Consultation on Children and HIV and AIDS, 22-24 Mar 06, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
6. Educate Girls Fight AIDS, The Global Coalition on Women and AIDS, UNAIDS, 2005.
8. NAA: August 2007 Cambodia country profile on AIDS 2006-07 ;
NAA: October 2007 A situation and response analysis of HIV and AIDS in
Cambodia 2007 update;
NCHADS : NCHADS Quarterly report September 2007
RBwtibRt10 kumarkMRBa nigkumargayrgeRKaH
1. Mapping the AIDS Pandemic. Drug Injection and HIV/AIDS in Asia.2005

3. UNODC. Evidence for action on HIV and AIDS and injecting drug use. Policy Brief:
Antiretroviral Therapy and Injecting Drug Users. 2005.
mKeTsk_
135
kMNt;smal;
RBwtibRt13 Btman nigtYelxsMxan;
and AIDS, Hanoi, Viet Nam 22-24 March 2006. Presentation of Dr. Swarup Sarkar,
UNAIDS.
RBwtibRt14 sTanuRkm
136
1. UNESCO Guidelines on Language and Content in HIV and AIDS Related Materials.
http:// unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001447/144725e.pdf
2. www.wikipedia.org
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HIV Prevention Information Kit For School Teacher - KH

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KH/EDU/2008/PI/15

Phnom Penh, August 2008

HIV Preventive Education

RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa

esckIENnaMrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa

eCOCak;fa esovePAmKeTsk_enHBitCamansarRbeyaCn_sRmab;GkGan CaBiess

karGb;rMrbs;elakRKU GkRKU BIkarbgar karbeRgonGMBICMnajkarBar nigGakb,kiriya manPaB

plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_cMeBaHkumar kMBugEtrIkFMeLIg xNEdlBuk

RKUbeRgon caM)ac;RtUvdwgBtmanmUldanBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ eRBaHfa Btman

eGds_. b:uEn KannrNamak;Gacdwgc,as;fa etIkarbegItfaMcak;bgarRtUvcMNayeBlb:unan b

kgQam. edaysaremeraKeGds_vivtyWt GkpkemeraKGacmansuxPaBlFmta ehIyenHCa

ePTtamrnKTU minfarvagbursnigburs brvagbursnigRseI T suTE tCakarRbRBwtR bfuynwgeRKaHfak;

3> viFIbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_

viFITaMgbIenH tUv)anehAfa { viFI ABC} A=Abstain/ tmkarrYmePT B=Be faithful/

kareRbIR)as;ml bsWruaMgEdlmin)anrMgab;emeraK caM)ac;RtUvecosvagkareRbIR)as;ml

karqgBIBukmayeTAkUn karqgBImayeTAkUn GackarBar)anedaykareRbIfaM edIm,IbBab;

BtmanbEnm BtmanminBitGMBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_

eCosvagplb:HBal;elI esdkic-sgm EdlbNalmkBIemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_.

karKaMBarxagM CagtMbn;epSgeTot edIm,IFanafa GkEdlqgemeraKeGds_ nigGkTTYlrg\TBi lBI

7> karbBab;karqgraldalnemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_

BtmanbEnm visyGb;rM nigkareqIytbnwgemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_

BtmanbEnm tYelxxHn HIV nig AIDSenAtMbn;GasIu nig)a:sIuPic

plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_elIRKYsar shKmn_ nigsalaeron

karGb;rbM garemeraKeGds_RtUvkMNt;faCaGaTiPaBcm,gsRmab;kareqyI tbeTAnwgemeraK

plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_elIRKYsar shKmn_ nigsalaeron

plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_elIRKYsar shKmn_ nigsalaeron

shKmn_eRbIFnFanEdlman edIm,Ipl;karKaMBar nigkar]btmdl;GkCMgWeGds_ nigGkEdl

plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_elIRKYsar shKmn_ nigsalaeron

Ba)aleTenaH emeraKeGds_raldalkgxnkumarqab;rhsCagmnusSeBjvy2. eRkABIkar

plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_elIRKYsar shKmn_ nigsalaeron

CMgWeGds_. karb:unb:gbeNjGkEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarCMgWenH [cakecjBIPUmi

plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_elIRKYsar shKmn_ nigsalaeron

plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_elIRKYsar shKmn_ nigsalaeron

matabitasisS bbKu l ki beRmIkarenAsalaeron GacnwgminGnuBaat[kumarmanpk emeraK

plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_elIRKYsar shKmn_ nigsalaeron

plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_elIRKYsar shKmn_ nigsalaeron

Btm anbEnm plb:HBal;nemeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_enARbeTskm<Ca

R)as;CamCmNlskmPaBrbs;shKmn_ CaBiess enAtamPUmti cU nigenAtMbn;CnbT. kta

karbNH bNal edIm,I[manlTPaBplk; arKaMRT nigedaHRsay enAeBldwgfasisSmanbBaapv

x> RtUvFanafasisS nigRKUbeRgonEdlmanpkemeraKeGds_ nig

X> RtUvbnykarmak;gay nigkarerIseGIg

BtmanbEnm kumar nigyuvCnmin)ancUlsalaeron

nigkarGb;rMBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgWeGds_ EdlehAkat;fa {SHAPE} begItenA

elakRKU GkRKU nigmatabita caM)ac;RtUvTTYlsal;karBitTaMgenH RbsinebIelakRKU GkRKU

TINa nigTIkEngepSgeTotEdlBYkeKGacTTYl)anesvasuxPaBbnBUC nigesvaKaMRTepSg.

shKmn_ edIm,IBRgwgkarpSBVpSaykarGb;rBM kI arbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_tamsalaeron.

ePT nigKaMRTkarseRmccitrbs;GkTaMgenaH. sRmab;GkEdlminGaceKcecjBIkarrYmePT)an

RbsinebIbBal viFsI aRsbeRgonEbbTMnak;TnM geTAvijeTAmkenHeTAkg briyakasebIkcMh

karbeRgonyuvvy[ecHTTYlsal; nigTb;Tl;sm<aFTaMgLayNa EdlnaM[BYkeKcUl

karsak;esrI kg karbeRgonBIkarbgaremeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_ eBalKW sak;esrI kg karCMrju [

eKhTMBrrbs;Ggkar UNICEF {GnusBaasIBIsiTikumarCakarRBmeRBogCasklkgkarkMNt;

karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Ka (EFA) KMnitpcepImrbs;Ggkar UNESCO

CaPak;garnaMmuxnkar Gb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Ka Ggkar UNESCO )ansRmbsRmYl ekorKr

[rYcputBIkarrMelaPbMBanpvePT nigkarCiHCan;RKb;Ebby:ag. kumar nigmnusSeBjvyEdl

3- erobcM[mankarpl;eyabl; BIsMNak;shKmn_ smaKm GgkarnanakgkarGb;rM

and AIDS 2006-2010)

GkCMgWeGds_ nigGkrgeRKaHedaysarCMgWeGds_ enARKb;RKwHsansikSasaFarN nig

1> RsI nigkumarIkan;EteRcInkMBugqgemeraKeGds_ nigmanCMgWeGds_

dUcCa enAtampH tamTIsaFarN nigkEngeFVIkarCaedIm. enAsalaeron sisSRsIGacTTYlrg

cMNlU eRcIn EdlGacCYyRsI nigkumarI[eKcputBIGnak;nPaBRkIRk emeraKeGds_ nigCMgeW Gds_.

4> skmPaBEdlsalaeron nigelakRKU GkRKUGaceFVI)an

Fanafa elakRKU GkRKUTaMgGs;minmanpt;KMniteynDr nigRtUvCMruj[manPaBCaGk

karsikSarbs;mCmNlCatiRbyuTCMgWeGds_ esIEs,k nigkameraK (NCHADS)