81

'' ''
,

,
call '', tough '' ,

, America '',
'', ''?

economic ( ), eden
( ), eternal ( )

. '', '' ''

. '' ''

A- '' ''
, ''
proper noun ,

arctic (), Armenia (), Africa

()

..

A- '' ,

antarctica (), and (), advertisement (), again (), anti-,

antibiotic (-, ), manicure
(), pant ()

'' ''
,
,
hot (/ ), got (/ ),
not (/ )

a '' e ''

manicure/pedicure
/ , /;
America ,

o '',

bottom (), cot (), dog (), mop (), blog

(), moderator ()

''
E- '', '' , , ,
, ,
,
,

et cetera ( ), endoscopy (), au, aw '',

'',
elle (), pedicure (), pedal ()

82
Austria (), audio (), autumn (),
haul (), raw (), straw (), crawl ()
au/aw o ,
, ''

() au '' ''
/ autumn- //

a '/'
'' () ,
false (), ball (), hall (), tall (), talk (),
chalk ()
-aught/-ought ''
, ''
,
nought (), bought (), fought (), caught ()

,

orient (), totem (), modest (/
), polar (), poker (), torrent
(/)
, /-

,

,

. '' ''
ai a
(consonent)e

,

('')
facebook train


'' ''
. , , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
. , , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
?
, '' ''-
-
' - , '

' - , ' ,

..
o '' ,
avocado (), macho (), hello (/
), ghetto (), Toronto ()
o o ''

oa '',
oat (), coat (), boat (), goal (), shoal
(), road ()

mail, facebook, gate, take, fake, lake, late, hate,

bail, nail, rape, mate, made, maid....
'' '',
'' '' ''
, , , , , '
'' '' -
, , /
,

' - , '
' - ,
'
. '', '' ''
.. /
... yo (
, yo (/), yoyo (),

83
'/' ,
beufort (/), beumont (/)

yol (), yok (), your ()

..

,
you (), youth (), young ()

... u '' ''/'' ,

uniform (/), universe (/

), utopia (), utencil () (u
- ''
)

... -eo- '' (),

leo (=+), neon (), cleopetra ()

... -ure '-',

pure ( =+/+), cure

(/), sur e (/), e ndu r e
(/), p r o c e d u r e
(/
/ / )
,
'' , ''
-
, - , ,

-ture '/' '-'
,
future (), capture (), rupture ()
-nture '- (+) ' '-
(+)' ,
venture (), adventure (), debenture ()

... -u(consonant)e
'--',
mute (=++), cute (), tune (),
amuse (), tribune (), institute
(), vestibule ()
'' ,
june (), prune ()
... -ew '-',

few (=+), dew (), chew ()

, -rew
'' ,
screw (=+), brew (), grew ()
... -eu- '/' ,
beuro (=++), beurocracy (),
deuce (), rheumatic ()/), leucotomy (/), leutenant (
(),
)

.. /()
... -io- '',
viola (=++), iodine (), biodata (), biology ()
'' ,
Christian Dior ( =++), Celin
Dion ( ), mediocre ()
... -ion ''
'' (+) ,
ion (=++), lion (), zionism
()
-tion/-sion '/'

... -yo- '',

myopia (=++), cryosphere

(/)

,

,

(transliteration)