HC PHN O V TCH PHN

CHNG I. O
$1. I S.

- I S

1. i s
a) nh ngha 1. Cho tp hp X . Mt h N cc tp con ca X c gi l mt i s cc tp
con ca X, nu N tho mn ba iu kin sau:
(i) X
N;
(ii) A
N
CXA = X \ A
N;

(iii) A1, A2, ... , An

k =1

Ak

N.

b) Cc tnh cht
Cho N l i s cc tp con ca tp hp X. Khi N c cc tnh cht sau y:
1. N ;

N
3. A, B N A \ B N.
n

2. A1, A2, ... , An

k=
1

Ak

N;

Chng minh.
1. c suy t (i), (ii)
2. c suy t (ii), (iii) v cng thc de Morgan:

k =1

k =1

C ( Ak ) = CA k

3. c suy t (ii), tnh cht 2 va chng minh v cng thc

A\B=A
CXB

Nhn xt i s cc tp con ca tp hp X c tnh cht

" khp kn" i vi cc php ton : hp hu hn, giao hu hn, hiu cc tp hp v ly phn b
( ngha l : khi ta thc hin cc php ton ny trn cc phn t ca N th kt qu s l cc phn t
ca N).
c) Cc v d
1. Cho
. t N = , X , A, C X A .
Khi N l mt i s cc tp con ca X.

A X

2. Cho X = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }, A = { 1, 3, 5, 7 }, B = { 2, 4, 6 },
C = { 1, 2, 4, 7 }, D = { 3, 5, 6 }.
t N = { , X, A, B, C, D }. Hy kim tra xem N c l mt i s cc tp con ca X?
3. Cho N l mt h khng rng cc tp con ca tp hp X tho mn iu kin :
Nu A, B
N th X \ A
N v A
B
N.
Chng minh rng N l mt i s cc tp con ca X.

2.

- i s

a) nh ngha 2. Cho tp hp X . Mt h M cc tp con ca X c gi l mt

cc tp con ca X, nu M tho mn ba iu kin sau:
(i) X
M ;
(ii) A
M
CXA = X \ A
M ;

(iii) A1, A2, ... , An , ...

k =1

Ak

M .

- i s

b) Cc tnh cht
Cho M l mt

- i s cc tp con ca tp hp X. Khi M c cc tnh cht sau y:

1. M l mt i s cc tp con ca X;
2. M ;

M
A \ B M ;

3. A1, A2, ... , An

4. A, B

5. A1, A2, ... , An , ...

Chng minh.

k=
1

Ak

k=
1

M ;

Ak

M .

- Tnh cht 1 c suy t (i), (ii) v (iii) khi t

An+1 = An+2 = ... = .
- Tnh cht 2, 3, 4 c suy t tnh cht 1 va chng minh.
- Tnh cht 5 c suy t (ii), (iii) v cng thc de Morgan:

C ( Ak ) =
k =1

k =1

CA k

Nhn xt
- i s cc tp con ca tp hp X c tnh cht " khp kn" i vi cc php ton :
hp m c, giao m c ca cc tp hp, hiu hai tp hp v ly phn b ( ngha l : khi ta
thc hin cc php ton ny trn cc phn t ca M th kt qu s l cc phn t ca M ).
c) Cc v d
1. Cho tp hp
hp X.

X . H tt c cc tp con ca tp hp X l mt

- i s cc tp con ca tp

2. Cho M l mt h khng rng cc tp con ca tp hp X tho mn hai iu kin :

a) A
M
X\A
M;

b) A , A , ... , A , ... M A
M .
Chng minh rng M l mt - i s cc tp con ca X.
3. Cho M l mt - i s cc tp con ca tp hp X v Z M.
t M l h tt c cc tp hp thuc M v cha trong Z.
Chng minh M l mt - i s cc tp con ca tp hp Z.
1

k=
1

$2. O
1. Tp hp s thc khng m m rng

) .
Cho tp hp s thc khng m [0, +
Ta b sung cho tp hp ny mt phn t l +
, tp hp mi thu c l
gi y l tp s thc khng m m rng vi cc quy c v php ton nh sau.

vi mi a [0,+) ;
+];
) = (+ ) + a = + vi mi a (0[0,+,
];
) = (+ ) . a = + vi mi a
)
=
(+
)
.
0
=
0

a<+
a + (+
a . (+
0 . (+

Lu . ng thc a + c = b + c ko theo a = b khi v ch khi

c + .

[0,+]. Ta

2. Cc khi nim

Cho M l mt
- i s cc tp con ca tp hp X.
[0,+].
Xt nh x
: M

nh ngha 1.
c gi l nh x cng tnh hu hn, nu c mt h hu hn cc tp hp i
mt ri nhau
A1, A2, ... , An
M th
n
n

( Ak ) =
k =1

nh ngha 2.
c gi l nh x
ri nhau
A1, A2, ... , An , ...
M th

nh ngha 3.

( Ak )

k =1

- cng tnh nu c mt h m c cc tp hp i mt
+

k =1

k =1

( Ak ) =

( Ak )

c gi l mt o trn M, nu hai iu kin sau c tho mn:

(i) () = 0;
(ii) l - cng tnh.

nh ngha 4. Cp (X, M), trong M l

- i s cc tp con ca tp hp X, c gi l
khng gian o c. Mi tp hp A
M c gi l mt tp o c.

nh ngha 5. B ba (X, M,
), trong M l
- i s cc tp con ca tp hp X,
l
mt o trn M, c gi l khng gian o. Nu A
M th s
(A) c gi l o ca
tp hp A.

nh ngha 6. o
c gi l o hu hn nu
(X) < +
.
o
c gi l o
- hu hn, nu

M v (X ) < +
Nhn xt. o hu hn th - hu hn.

X=

k =1

Xk ,

Xk

vi mi k.

3. Cc v d

a) Cho M l mt
- i s cc tp con ca tp hp X.
[0,+] xc nh bi
Xt nh x
: M
(A) = 0 vi mi A
Khi
l mt o hu hn.
b) Cho M l mt
- i s cc tp con ca tp hp X.
[0,+] xc nh bi
Xt nh x
: M
() = 0 ,
(A) = +
vi mi A
M v A .
Khi
l mt o khng
- hu hn.
c) Cho M l mt
- i s cc tp con ca tp hp X v x0
X.
[0,+] xc nh bi :
Xt nh x
: M
- Nu A
M v x0
A th
(A) = 1 ;
- Nu A
M v x0
A th
(A) = 0 .
Chng minh rng
l mt o hu hn.

M.

Nhn xt. C nhiu cch xy dng o trn cng mt

- i s cc tp con ca tp hp X, ng
vi mi o s c mt khng gian o tng ng vi cc tnh cht khc nhau.
4. Cc tnh cht ca o
Cho (X, M,

) l mt khng gian o. Khi ta c cc tnh cht sau y.

1.
l cng tnh hu hn.
2. Nu A, B
M v A
B th
(A)
Ngoi ra, nu
(A) < +
th
(B \ A) =
(B) - (A).
3. Nu A1, A2, ... , An , ...
M th
+

(B) .

( Ak )
k =1

( Ak )

k =1

4. Nu A, B
M ,A
B v
(B) = 0 th
(A) = 0.
5. Nu A, B
M v
(B) = 0 th
(A
B) =
(A \ B) =
(A).
6. Hp ca mt h hu hn cc tp hp c o khng l tp hp c o khng:

(A

) = 0,

k = 1, 2, ... , n ( k=1 Ak ) = 0
n

7. Hp ca mt h m c cc tp hp c o khng l tp hp c o khng:

(A

) = 0,

8. Nu

Ak ) = 0
k = 1, 2, ... ( k
=1
+

l o

i) X =

Yk ,

trong cc tp hp Yk i mt ri nhau,

Ak ,

trong cc tp hp Ak i mt ri nhau,

M v (Y ) < + vi mi k;
k =1

Yk

ii) A =

M v (A ) < + vi mi A M v mi k.
k =1

Ak

9. Nu { An } , n
... , th

An

N, l dy n iu tng cc tp hp o c, ngha l A A
1

10. Nu { An } , n
... , th

A
n

- hu hn th

( An ) =

(A )

lim
n
n +
n =1
N, l dy n iu gim cc tp hp o c, ngha l A1

...

A
2

...

( An ) = lim ( An )
n =1

n+

4. o

M, B

rng tp con ca mt tp o c cha chc l tp hp o c, ngha l nu A

A th c th B
M.

nh ngha 6.
o c.

o c gi l o nu mi tp con ca tp c o khng u l tp

Nhn xt. Nu
di y.

l o khng th ta c th thc trin

thnh mt o nh nh l

nh l. Gi s (X, M,
) l mt khng gian o.
Gi M' l h tt c cc tp hp A c dng
A=B
C
(1)
trong B
M, C
D, D
M,
(D) = 0.
Vi mi tp hp A c dng (1), t
' l nh x
sao cho
'(A) =
(B)
(2)
Khi :
i) (X, M',
') l mt khng gian o;
ii)
' l o .