Lich Su Khan Hoang Mien Nam

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam
Sn Nam
Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 1/1
Nhn xt tng qut
ng bng sng Cu Long, Mnam v Irraouaddi l ba trung tm sn xut la go, c d xut cng, quan trng nht trn th gii. Vit Nam, Xim, Min in gm a s dn sng bng ngh nng. Ba quc gia ny lin ranh, nm trong khu vc gi ma vi nhng nt ln ging nhau : Lnh th pht trin ln hi t Bc xung Nam. Bit lm rung cy ng su, nh m sn lng t mc cao so vi rung ta t kh. Mc sng thp km. Nam tin khng phi l mnh lc huyn b ca ring dn tc Vit Nam. Nhng dn tc chu nh hng n vn t c k thut cy su cuc bm khng km nc ta. Vic tn th rn thn v rng cu ma, vi mn gii tr nh th diu, trai gi i p nhau no phi ch xy ra Vit Nam. Dn Vit gp dn Min vn c nn vn ha c knh kh cao. Vo th k 13, ngi Min tm ra ging la v dn thy nhp in thch ng gip h thu hoch 3 hoc 4 v trong mt nm. Cuc Nam tin ca ngi Xim, ngi Min in gp hon cnh kh tt v a l, hai con sng Mnam v Irraouaddi thun li cho vic thng thng, trong khi Hng H v sng Cu Long c nhiu thc . T h lu sng Hng, dn Vit len li theo my cnh ng nh b dc theo b bin ng nhiu ging t ln hi n h lu sng ng Nai, sng Cu Long. Tuy l t chn trn t Cao Min nhng i th ng n ca ngi Vit i khn hoang li l ngi Xim ang nui tham vng h vng Vn Tng, Cao Min v M Lai. Xim quc lc by gi ang thi hng thnh, vi tng gii, qun s c kinh nghim v chin u ng b v ng thy. Ngi Vit gi c th ch ng trong hon cnh gay go. Khi t chn ng bng sng Cu Long, nc Vit b chia ct t sng Gianh, cng trnh khn t v gi t lc u ch do mt s dn t Qung Bnh tr vo gnh vc. By gi, u th ca ngi Vit khong l k thut canh tc cao, nhng l u th v t chc chnh tr v qun s. B my hnh chnh kh hon ho gip cha Nguyn theo di c tnh hnh nhng a phng xa xi, qun i c th tp trung kh nhanh khi cn thit. n v x hi nh nht l thn p kh nng t tr, cc t chc n in c th t qun tr v kinh t v an ninh. Qun i Xim hng mnh, nhng i xa th mt hiu nng. Nc Cao Min by gi qu suy nhc, vua cha km nng lc ch bit cu vin vi ngoi bang, dn chng th ly tn : ngi Xim thng la bt tng lot dn Cao Min em v x h lm nng n phc dch. Vua cha Vit Nam thc y vic khn hoang v nhng l do sau y : M rng a bn thng tr, t rng, dn giu th kinh c bo v chu o hn. Thu in v thu inh gia tng nhanh chng. Nn i km c gim thiu, ni ny tht ma, ni kia b li, t c nguy c ni lon. Dn s gia tng, thm lnh trng, thm dn xu. B inh v b in tiu biu c th cho nhn lc, ti lc. Vi binh s gi gn b ci v trn p ni lon, vi tin bc v nhn cng lm xu, vua cha tha h phung ph, sng xa hoa, xy p cung in lng tm, u i ngi trong ging h, mua chuc quan li, ngi v c n nh, chng cc m mu ly khai a phng.
V pha dn chng, khn hoang l vic tch cc, khng phi l hng th, th ng, ch thi vn. * Phi c yu t thin nhin tng i thun li, t qu thp th la d b ngp, qu cao th gp nn thiu nc. T ni c tr n tha rung, ng i phi gn khi ph th gi lui ti, la em v nh khng mt nhiu cng lao v ph tn chuyn ch. * nc ngt ung, nu cm v cho tru b ung. * Gia nh vn ling, la go n trong khi ch la chn. Li cn qun o, tu b nh ca, thuc ung, tru cau, la go nui heo g, ghe xung, nng c. Thm vo , cn yu t x hi v lm rung i hi s hp qun cn thit : Sc mt ngi, mt gia nh ch c gii hn. Mt khonh rung gia t b t hoang th hoa mu s b chim chut t cc vng ln cn tp trung li ph nt. Nm by gia nh gp sc canh tc lin ranh nhau th s tn tht v chim chut c gim thiu. Ma cy tuy l co gin, x xch mi ngy nhng nm trong thi gian quy nh. Cy qu sm, thiu nc, cy qu tr, cy la mc khng kp nc ma. Mi ngi ch c th cy chng 4 mu ty trong mt ma m thi, n b lo cy ni ny th n ng lo dn t ni kia. Dn t cy qu sm, c mc tr li, tr hon th nc trong rung ln cao, khng dn t c. La chn m gt tr chng nm by ngy l h hao. Pht c, cy la, gt la i hi s tp trung nhn cng, mn hoc i cng, theo lch trnh khng c b tr. Phi nh ngi ln cn hoc a phng khc n. Ngay trong mt khonh t nh, mt t cha bng phng, ni cao ni thp, vic p b, tt nc vn l cng trnh ca nhiu ngi. Vng nh c khn hoang cn lin lc vi vng ph cn d dng gii quyt vn nhn cng. Trong mt p, nh ny khng c qu xa nh kia. Gn thn p, phi c ni bn tp ha, c ngi cho vay, ngi tiu th la. Vic sanh , ci hi, may chay i hi cc phng tin ti thiu. Nh ca, tnh mng ngi dn phi c bo v, chng trm cp, lon lc. Li cn nhu cu hc vn, nhu cu v tm linh vi nh, cha, miu, ht xng. n v ti thiu v x hi vn l mt lng. Khn hoang i hi nhiu yu t cn bn. Khn hoang ng bng sng Cu Long l cuc vn ng ln, ton din v chnh tr, qun s, kinh t, vn ha. Vua cha quy nh chnh sch in a, thu kha, qun dch v thng pht. Ty nhu cu m c khi qun s, lu dn v t nhn phi ng n, lp p, cy cy ni mt an ninh. t km mu m, kh canh tc nhng chnh quyn li cng bch n nh c. C nhng giai on, nhng khu vc m chnh ph kim sot cht ch vic khn hoang, nhng cng c lc ngi dn c d di. Nhiu vng t tuy ngi Cao Min cha chnh thc nhng cho ta nhng dn ta n khn hoang, hoc ngc li, nhng t lu nhng vn cn hoang ph. Cuc vn ng phi hp qun s, chnh tr v k thut ny c th chia ra tng thi k : 1) T cc cha Nguyn n nhng nm cui i Gia Long : Khai khn vng t ph sa tt, t ging ven sng, t c lao theo nhu cu pht trin x ng Trong, phc quc v cng c quc gia. Cn li cc vng nc ngp su vo ma ma, t qu phn, rng Sc. Vng ngi Min tp trung, trn nguyn tc th nguyn vn (Rch Gi, Sc Trng, Tr Vinh, Chu c). Thnh lp cc trn Bin Ha, Gia nh, nh Tng v Vnh Thanh. 2) T cui i Gia Long ti cui i Minh Mng : Khai khn pha hu ngn Hu Giang, ni qua vng i ni Tht Sn, v nhu cu xc nh bin gii Vit Min.
Khai khn vng i ni, vng t thp, canh tc nhng lm t nh m cao ro, gia vng nc ngp lt. Thnh lp tnh An Giang, tch ra t trn Vnh Thanh. 3) T i Thiu Tr ti i T c : Khai khn nhng im chin lc, nhm phng ni lon pha Hu Giang, chnh sch n in c thc y mnh. Thc dn Php n, nhm mc ch bc lt nhn cng r tin, v xut cng ti nguyn, thc hin c vi vic ng k : 1) Cho o kinh chuyn ch la go, gip giao thng vn ti c d dng, ng thi rt bt nc vo ma lt t Hu Giang ra Vnh Xim La. Vng t phn, tm gi l ph sa mi, khng cn b nc ngp qu cao. Vic chuyn ch sn phm v Si Gn t tn km hn trc. Thnh lp cc tnh mi : Rch Gi, Cn Th, Sc Trng, Bc Liu, vng ny tr thnh ni d la go, nh dn t m mc sn xut cao. Khai khn rng trm v ng c. 2) Thc y vic lm rung s, nh chn cc ging la thch hp hn, gip vng t thp Long Xuyn, Chu c v ng Thp Mi canh tc c. Cn li l vng rng Sc Cn Gi, rng c C Mau, vng than bn U Minh, vng t qu nhiu phn chung quanh H Tin v ng Thp Mi. 3) Lp n in cao su min ng.
1.1) Nhu cu pht trin x ng trong, phc quc v cng c quc gia
Nhng hnh ng quyt nh T lu, cc cha Nguyn bit v vng t ng Nai v Cu Long, nhng c hi cha thun li y mnh cuc pht trin v pha Nam. Nm 1623, mt phi b ca cha Nguyn n Oudong yu cu c lp c s Prei Nokor (vng Si Gn) thu thu hng ha. Nm 1658, khi cn bn rn giao tranh vi cha Trnh phng Bc, cha Hin cho quan Khm mng n Trn Bin dinh (Ph Yn) em 2000 qun n Mi Xui (M Xoi) nh ph, bt vua Nc ng Chn gii v Qung Bnh. Khi y Mi Xui (vng B Ra ngy nay) v ng Nai, c lu dn ca nc ta n sng chung ln vi ngi Cao Min khai khn rung t. Ngi Cao Min khm phc oai c ca triu nh em nhng ht c t y ri i lnh ch khc, khng dm tranh tr chuyn g. Nm 1672, tnh hnh v cng thun li cho Hin Vng, ngi thng cha Trnh, ly sng Gianh lm ranh gii. Nm 1764, Cao Min c lon, thm l do qun cha Nguyn can thip, ln ny ph lun c cc n binh Cao Min Si Gn, G Bch v Nam Vang sau khi thng M Xoi. By nm sau, 1679, Trn Thng Ti v Dng Ngn ch em binh bin v gia quyn hn 3000 ngi v chin thun hn nm chc chic n gn kinh . Hin Vng cho php bn di thn nh Minh vo Nam. Chi tit ng ch l on chin thuyn ny c a vo Nam c ngi hng dn. y l cuc hng dn thn tnh, chng t thi cha Nguyn bn v khung cnh ng bng sng ng Nai v Cu Long c nghin cu kh tng tn. Cha Nguyn v ngi hng dn nh gi ng mc gi tr chin lc ca vng M Tho v vng Bin Ha ni bn di thn nh Minh c php n nh c s nh gi y mi n sau ny vn cn l ng. Min Nam vn cn hai ni quan trng khc pha Ty v Ty Nam. Nm 1699, Nguyn Hu Cnh em binh ln tn Nam Vang can thip v qun s. Chuyn v vo khong thng t nm canh thn (1700), ng cho qun s theo dng Tin Giang, tr ng ti Ci Sao (vng ch Th ca Long Xuyn) Ba qun b pht bnh dch v ng cng b nhim bnh. Thi gian tr qun y l hn na thng, binh ko i hai ngy sau l ng mt. ng c cng dp yn Cao Min ri khai thc t ny. Ai trc tip khai thc ? Chc chn l s binh s b bnh, hoc mt s tnh nguyn li vng Ci Sao m khai thc trc khi t ai ny c vua Cao Min nhng cho. By gi nhm ny sng cheo leo bn kia sng Tin. h c gi l dn Hai Huyn, trc thuc ph Gia nh t xa. Nm 1705, Nguyn Cu Vn tha lnh hnh qun ln Cao Min nh qun Xim, khi tr v li cho tr qun Vng G (nay l Tn An) lp n in, lm th xng cho qun dn, p n v o kinh cho rch Vng G v rch M Tho n thng vi nhau, ni lin sng Vm C Ty qua Tin Giang. V pha Vnh Xim La, khong nm 1680, Mc Cu lp p ri rc t Vng Thm, Trng K, Cn Vt, Rch Gi, C Mau. H Tin tr thnh thng cng quan trng, thn p nh c nm st m bin, thun tin cho ghe thuyn ti lui, hoc t cao theo Giang thnh, sng Ci Ln, sng Gnh Ho, ng c canh tc. Trn Thng Ti (ng Nai), Dng Ngn ch (M Tho), Nguyn Hu Cnh (Tin Giang), Nguyn Cu Vn (Vm C), Mc Cu (H Tin) v qun dn i nhng bc tin phong trong thi gian ngn. Nhm di thn nh Minh v dn Vit tht s lm rung v nh c ni t l. Bao nhiu kh khn dn dp xy ti : cuc tranh chp v qun s vi ngi Cao Min, ngi Xim. Mi n 134 nm sau (1834), vng t m ng Nguyn Hu Cnh
khai sng cn gp chinh chin vi qun Xim, mc du cuc Nam tin hon tt vo nm 1759. Li cn vic tranh chp dng dai vi anh em Ty Sn, khin vic khn hoang b nh tr hoc h hi. Cha Nguyn nm nguyn tc cn bn l pht trin cc n v hnh chnh lin ranh nhau. Thot tin dinh Trn Bin ng vng Ph Yn. Nm 1698, chng c Nguyn Hu Cnh t ra Gia nh ph gm c : X ng Nai lm huyn Phc Long, dng dinh Trn Bin. X Si Gn lm huyn Tn Bnh, dng dinh Phin Trn; Ri ln hi, vng Long H ni vo t Gia nh, vng M Tho ni vo Gia nh, vng An Giang ni vo Long H (Vnh Long). Lc H Tin qu suy sp, nm 1805 (i Gia Long) dinh Vnh Trn (Vnh Long) cai qun t hu ngn Tin Giang n Rch Gi, C Mau, tc Vnh Xim la ri nm 1810 tr li cho trn H Tin nh c. T ngn xa, dn Vit hc c kinh nghim v nh c : min rng ni bao gi cng bt li, t t tht, nhiu si , nht l bnh rt rng (sn lam chng kh) nguy hi c th gy nn dit chng. Nh ca nn ct ni ng bng, nhng t phi cao ro, gn sng rch cng tt, trnh ni nc ng ao t. Sng su nc chy l cuc t l tng v phong thy (ti li di do) nhng trong thc t l nga c bnh rt, giao thng thun li, c nc lm rung, c nc ung, nu l ni nc mn gn bin th trn ging cao vn o ging c. Nm 1698, khi Nguyn Hu Cnh t hai huyn u tin, tnh hnh khn hoang c m t nh sau : t ai m rng 1000 dm, dn s c hn 40000 h, chiu m lu dn t B Chnh chu tr v Nam n khp ni, mi ngi phn chim rung t, chun nh thu inh in v lp h tch inh in. T con chu ngi Tu ni Trn Bin th lp thnh x Thanh H, ni Phin Trn th lp thnh x Minh Hng, ri ghp vo s h tch. Nhm di thn nh Minh n c lao Ph v vng M Tho gm 3000 ngi khi tin khi. Hai mi nm sau, con ci ca h ln ln. Mt s ngi Trung Hoa khc ln hi n lm n bun bn, ri nh c lun. Ta thy cn li trn ba chc ngn gia nh Vit Nam gm c : Nhng ngi lp nghip t trc M Xoi (B Ra). Nhng ngi t B Chnh (Qung Bnh) tr vo n lp nghip. S ngi ny sng ri rc t B Ra n c lao Ph (Bin Ha), vng Si Gn, M Tho. a danh Trn Bin bao gm mt vng rng ri t ranh Bnh Thun n tn Nh B. Phin Trn bao gm Tn Bnh n pha Cn Giuc, Cn c, Tn An. Ph Gia nh thu y n n tn vng Ci B (t ngn Tin Giang) sau ny l chu nh Vin. y l nhng lu dn. Nhng nn ch s ngi c vt lc t min Trung n. Khng vn ling th khng lm rung c, ngi c cht t vn nu chu mang vo t mi s d tr thnh in ch, ph ho. L s thng t nhng ni quan trng, dn ng, kinh t di do, thun li cho vic thng mi v l v tr c gi tr chin lc qun s. lu vc sng ng Nai v Cu Long, dn ta thit lp c : Vng c lao Ph : nng ct ca Bin Ha y l v tr xng danh i a u (Trn Bin) vi ng b ng thy ni lin v min Trung, ng b ln Cao Min v ng thy n xung Si Gn. Nhm dn Trung Hoa theo chn Trn Thng Ti gy c s ln c lao Ph, chn v tr thun li, st m sng. Nm nm sau khi nh c, cha Quan dng ln. Trn Thng Ti chiu np c ngi bun nc Tu, xy dng ng ph, lu qu i tng rc r trn b sng, lin lc nm dm v phn hoch ra ba nhai l, nhai ln gia ph
lt trng, nhai ngang lt ong, nhai nh lt xanh, ng rng, bng phng, ngi bun t tp ng c, tu bin, ghe sng n u chen ln nhau, cn nhng nh bun to y th nhiu hn ht, lp thnh mt i hi. i Ph by gi l nht thng cng min Nam, phn thnh nh l do sau y : Vic thng mi t chc kho lo, Trn Thng Xuyn chiu tp ngi bun nc Tu n kin thit, y l bn thng bun chuyn nghip, c vn to v giu kinh nghim, n sau ch khng phi l ngi i theo Trn Thng Xuyn trong t tin phong (s ngi i u gm a s l qun s, tc l nng dn ngho, khng vn). Sng su c ch thun li cho tu bin u (y l vc su gn n th ng Nguyn Hu Cnh). Vic tn tr v phn phi hng ha c iu hnh hp l. Nh lu, ph x bn cc nhai l lt l kho hng v cng l ni ngh gii tr ca ch tu v thy th. Tu chy bum gp gi thun th mi n hoc i c. Xa nay thuyn bun n h neo xong l ln b thu ph , ri n nh ch mua hng, li y k khai nhng hng ha trong thuyn v khun ct ln, thng lng gi c, ch mua hng nh gi mua bao tt c hng ha tt xu khng b st li th g. n ngy trng bum tr v gi l hi ng, ch thuyn c yu cu mua gip vt g th ngi ch bun y cng chiu y c n mua dm ch n trc k giao hn, hai bn ch khch chiu tnh ha n thanh ton ri cng nhau n ca vui chi, c nc ngt tm ra sch s li khng lo s trng h n lng vn thuyn, khi v li ch y th hng khc rt l thun li. Cha thy ti liu c th v cc sn phm mua bn lc y, nhng ta on l thng gia Hu kiu nm c quyn v xut nhp cng t khi bt u khn hoang, ngoi nhng sn phm t ng Nai nh go, c kh, cn mt s sn phm t Cao Min em xung : cc loi tho dc, ng voi. Sn phm nhp cng gm t la, vi b, dc phm cho n nhng xa x phm. Ngi Tu thch dng bn Tu : gch ngi, xy ct cha, nhang n, giy tin vng bc. H ci v Vit Nam, by ra nhng thi n xi, phung ph vo dp Tt. Nhng a im nh c lc ban u l vng B Ra, ng Mn, Long Khnh, Tn Uyn, nhng cnh ng hai bn b sng ng Nai gn c lao Ph. t Trn Bin lc by gi n n Th c, Ging ng T, vng Th Thim, Nh B; pha Ty th n qua vng Th Du Mt, Li Thiu. Vng Bn Ngh Si Gn : nng ct ca Gia nh y l vng t ging sng Si Gn, rch Th Ngh ln Hc Mn, G Vp; vng Ch Ln ngy nay n xung Bnh in, Bnh Chnh; G en, ni lin n Cn c, Cn Giuc, nhng ging thun li lm rung v lm ry. Nu vng c lao Ph c u th l c nc ngt quanh nm, th vng Si Gn li b nh hng nc mn t bin trn vo, ging cao ro, o ging c th gp mch nc ngt, phn cn li l t qu thp. Vng Si Gn l Prei Nokor (cha Cy Mai c gi l Vat Prei Nokor) nm trn ging, pha Ch Ln ngy nay. Nm 1739, n Dinh ng thn Tn M, c ti liu ghi l Tn Thun, phi chng v qun s mun gn b sng ln (gn Nh B) d di chuyn v kim sot an ninh ? Thot tin t c lao Ph n Bn Ngh Si Gn ch dng ng thy, ch Nh B thnh hnh, ng dng vo nhu cu nh mt ch ni gia ng ba. Hanh Thng x (G Vp) tr thnh n v hnh chnh t nm 1698, Ph Th nm 1747, Tn Sn Nht nm 1749. Ngay t nm 1698, ngi Hoa kiu lp x Minh Hng vng Si Gn, ni y h cng nm vic thng mi. Nm 1770, s chp chuyn ng Tng n nh cp ti ch Tn King (Tn Cnh), nm 1774 cha Gic Lm dng ln, trn g t cao ro (do ngi Minh Hng l L Thy Long quyn tin), cha Kim Chng lp nm 1775. Ph Lm, vng Bnh in l t ging. Nhng ni thun tin cho vic canh tc phi k l vng Cn Giuc,
Cn c. Go Cn c nc ng Nai ni danh l ngon v trong mt. Vng ven bin Nam k (tr ra rng Sc Cn Gi v rng c mi C Mau) cn nhiu t rt tt. Bn kia Cn c l G Cng vi nhiu ging v t ph sa b Ca i, Ba Lai (tr thnh va la quan trng i Gia Long). t tt li ven bin, lu dn c th i ghe bu t min Trung vo vm m lp nghip, ngoi hu li rung nng cn hu li c tm. nh li ngoi bin vn l s trng ca dn Vit. Lm rung nhng ni xa l s th d trn thu, tha h chn la t tt. Nh ng bin, vic lin lc v qu x min Trung c thun li. Trn Bin v Phin Trn khi mi khn hoang tuy t khng tt bng pha Cu Long nhng vn l ph nhiu so vi vng Bnh Thun. V gn l s, gn thng cng nn la go bn c gi. V mt an ninh v xa sng Tin sng Hu nn khi s nn chinh chin khi cha Nguyn v Xim La gy hn. Vng Ba Ging : nng ct ca nh Tng Sng Cu Long khc hn sng ng Nai v sng Vm C. Hng nm, Cu Long c ni nc lt trn b. t ging ven b sng, t c lao Cu Long khc hn my g gn ng Nai. Vng Cu Long t thp, o xung vi lp xung l gp nc, vic trng cy n tri li d dng, khi ti. Mc nc ging, hay gnh nc t m rch ln nh, ln ry li t tn cng. B Cu Long thng c bi bn, bi p nhanh chng, t c lao lan ra trong vi nm l thy cuc bin du. Vic vn ti, giao thng dng ghe xung thay v dng xe b hoc i b, khing gnh. K thut cy ba cng l ngy thng cy hi phi thay i cho thch ng vi hon cnh mi. Dng Ngn ch em binh lnh ghe thuyn chy vo ca Soi Rp v i Tiu hi khu ri ln n tr x M Tho. y l cuc nh c c sp t, x sai Vn Trinh v tng thn li Vn Chiu a d vn sang Cao Min bo Thu Vng chia t cho bn Dng Ngn ch . Thng 5, Vn Trinh dn c binh bin Long Mn v a ghe thuyn n ng dinh tri a phng M Tho ri dng nh ca, t tp ngi Kinh, ngi Thng (ngi Min) kt thnh chm xm, sau ny mi lp dinh trn, u l ty thi di i, hoc hng Nam, hoc hng Bc, hoc em ti, hoc rt lui cng chng ngoi a cuc y. Trn 1000 binh s ca Dng Ngn ch lm n ti u ? H khng ri khi a cuc tt chn la lc ban u nh ti liu trn cho bit. Chng ta c th xc nhn l ging Cai Yn n n vng Ba Ging, khi u l Tn Hip (nay cn gi l ging Trn nh) n Thuc Nhiu, Cai Ly, gia Tin giang v ng Thp Mi. Lc mi khn hoang, hai l s chnh l Bin Ha v Phin An gn nhau pha ng Nai. Cc quan th mun cho dn chng phn tn ra chim c t pha Ty Nam nn t quy ch rng ri, khng cu thc. V nguyn tc, ngi khn hoang Vng G (Tn An, sng Vm C) hoc M Tho, u l dn ca hai huyn Phc Long v Tn Bnh. khi chuyn ch ng xa khi ng thu bng la v bng tin mt, h c th np ti cc kho thu a phng, va thun li cho dn, cho cc quan cng khi lo s nn tht thu. Mt s ngi lm ngh rng, ngh bin hng quy ch ring khi lp thn p, ch cn i ngi thay mt ng ra chu trch nhim kt hp thnh trang tri, man, thuc, nu. H sng nh c hoc lu ng, vi ngi cai tri hoc ngi b trng, ngi u nu cm u. Chn kho thu thu (cu kh trng) dnh cho cc tri, cc nu, mang tn sau y (t ra t nm 1741) : Quy An Quy Ha Cnh Dng Thin M
Gian Tho Hong Lp Tam Lch B Canh Tn Thnh Ba kho Tn Thnh, Cnh Dng, Thin M, lm ch cho dinh Trn Bin trng thu t thu np ti v Kinh, u pha bc Hu giang tc l sng Ct, pha ng c lao Ph. Kho Tam Lch (Tam Lch) vng M Tho (theo cha Jean de Jsus th Tam Lch l ni m qun ng Sn khi s xng danh tnh), ta hiu l vng Ba Ging. Kho B Canh vng Cao Lnh ngy nay. Kho Gian Tho cch pha nam thnh Gia nh 4 dm ri, sau sa li gi l kho Bn Trn. Kho Hong Lp huyn Phc Long (Bin Ha). Phi chng kho ny dng thu sp ong v lm sn do th rng pha bin gii Vit Min ng gp ? Kho Quy An v Quy Ha u ? C nn suy lun l vng An Ha ca i ngy nay, ly hai ting sau cht nhp li ? Nguyn Khoa Thuyn ghi rng Quy An c hn 100 thn, tn Quy An c nhc ti theo th t sau Tam Lch v Tn Bnh. B Canh c Nguyn Khoa Thuyn ghi li nh l mt tri, cng vi hai tri khc l Ba Lai v Rch Kin. Trn bn , ta thy c n 4 kho tp trung c lao Ph v Bn Ngh thun ng ch chuyn v kinh Hu v cc tnh min Trung khi cha Nguyn cn nm ch quyn. My kho kia Ba Ging (Tam Lch), Cao Lnh (B Canh), Qui An c l gn mt vm sng nhnh ca Cu Long, hoc Ba Lai, hoc ca i. i vua Hin Tn (16911725), lp ph tr pha bc ch. Nm 1772 lp Trng n o, nm 1779, ly phn t nm gia trn Bin, Phin trn v Long H t lm Trng n dinh c Lu th, K lc v Cai b coi vic qun s, hnh chnh, thu v v bi b cc kho trn. Trng n dinh ng ging Cai Yn (ging ny bt u t vng Khnh Hu thuc Tn An ngy nay), ri li i tn l Trn nh, ng Tn Hip. Hai ting nh Tng ch xut hin t nm Gia Long th 7 (1808). Vng Long H : nng ct ca Vnh Long, An Giang Kim sot sng Tin, sng Hu l vn m cc cha Nguyn quan tm nht, v mt qun s v v canh tc. Mun dng binh ln Cao min, phi cho chin thuyn i ngc dng Tin giang n Ba Nam ri Nam Vang. Tin giang l sng nhiu nhnh, gn vm bin mi nhnh kh rng vi b t ph sa cao ro, thun li trng u, trng khoai, c bit l trng du nui tm, trng cau, trng tru, trng da, cc loi cy n tri. t cn li l rung tt. y l cuc t l tng sng su nc chy. Thot tin, hai ting Long H pht xut t t ngn Tin giang. Nm 1732 cha Nguyn sai quan khn sy Gia nh chia phn t ca Gia nh (sau ny l ca nh Tng) lp chu nh Vin, dng dinh Long H ti Ci B, gi l Ci B dinh. Nm 1756 v 1757, cuc Nam tin hon tt v mt chnh tr. Trc mt dinh Ci B vm rch Ci B ph nhiu, bn cnh rch Ci Thia nhiu ph sa l nhng c lao ln gia cc sng Ba Lai, Hm Lung v C Chin, cha k n my c lao tuy nh nhng quan trng gia Tin giang. Bn kia Tin giang l ni tp trung nhiu sc Min, vng Tr Vinh. C th l trc khi sp nhp vo lnh th Vit Nam, lu dn n lm n ri rc nhng cuc khn hoang c xc tin quy m hn t khi tr thnh lnh th Vit Nam, danh chnh ngn thun. Hai a danh c lao Bo, c lao Minh xut hin sau ny, xng danh l tri chu ca Cu Long.
Pha c lao Bo c tm ging, pha c lao Minh c 11 ging. c im ca nhng ging ny l chu nh hng nc ln nc rng do thy triu, nhng khng bao gi b ngp vo ma lt ca sng Cu Long. Nguyn C Trinh v Trng Phc Du xin di dinh Long H t Ci B qua t Tm Bo, tc l vng ch Vnh Long ngy nay, ng thi t nhng n Ty Ninh, Hng Ng, c lao Ging, Sa c, Chu c. Dinh Long H kim sot Tin giang v hai bn b Hu giang. ng thi dinh ny cng bao trm lun vng bin Vnh Xim La vi Long Xuyn o (C Mau), Kin Giang o (Rch Gi). Ring v vng Ba Thc (Sc Trng) ni ngi Min sng qu tp trung th vic cai tr vn thuc v h. Dng ca cha Nguyn l dng ni ny khng ch Cao Min. Sng Cu Long l bin gii Vit Nam min ba bin gii. Nm 1779, cha Nguyn duyt xem bn , nng vng M Tho lm dinh (Tng n dinh) ng thi cng th by mt chuyn phiu lu : di dinh Long H n c lao Hong Trn, gia Hu giang. ng thi c ngi bn rng a th Hu giang rng ln, rng ni m mt, vng Ba Thc, Cn Th, Tr Vinh c nhiu sc ca Cao Min m cch xa dinh Long H, nn t mt ai trn khng ch, m dn n khai khn rung t. Dinh Long H di n Hong Trn nm trc l nm sau (1780) li lui v ch c (tc l vng ch Vnh Long), i tn l Vnh Trn dinh. Kinh nghim cho thy rng con ng t Hu giang ln Cao Min qu xa, khng thun bng ng Tin giang, pha Vnh Long. C lao Hong Trn Hu giang c khai thc sm, cn mang tn l c lao Tn Dinh, gi li hnh nh ca dinh Long H ngy trc. Gia Tin giang v Hu giang, c sn nhiu sng rch ln nh lin lc nhau li cn nhiu ging t tt, quanh nm nc ngt, ma nc lt khng ngp (vng Sa c). Nhng c lao trn sng Tin, sng Hu u ng gi, nhiu c lao va rng va di, t bin chung quanh c lao rt mu m, nng xut cao : c lao Dung, c lao Tru, c lao Di, c lao Ging, c lao My, cn Bnh Thy, c lao Nng G. So vi sng Vng G (Vm C Ty) lun c sng ng Nai th Tin giang v Hu giang t tt hn, kh hu kh lnh. Dn c cn tha tht, i hi nhiu t lu dn n khai thc. Duy c iu bt li l xa Gia nh, ngi Min sng tp trung ti nhiu vng ln rng c th khuy ri an ninh ; vng Tht Sn cha thm him c, li cn cnh ng bt ngt (Rch Gi, Cn Th) nm gia hu ngn Hu giang v vnh Xim la. Nc Xim ang hi hng sc, c th t nhp min bin gii mt bin gii cha r rt, kh nh c v nc ngp qu su, khng thch hp vi li cy cy ng thi (ng Chu c, Lng Linh, Thp Mi). Nhng chuyn i v tu quc v phc quc ca vua Gia Long c thc hin d dng l nh ngi am hiu a th ca vng t rng y hn qun Ty Sn. No l sng Mn Tht ni ngang Ba K ti vng Tr n, ni nhiu ngi Min sng tp trung. No vng Nc Xoy tn thi d dng, li cn vng Cn Th vi rch Cn Th n thng qua sng Ci B ri sng Ci Ln vi vng U Minh. Sng Gnh Ho, sng ng c tn mi C Mau. Thi thnh tr ca h Mc qu ph du v khng dn v khng qun kim sot mt vng Hu giang qu rng m trn danh ngha th h Mc c cha Nguyn giao cho cai qun. S kt thnh qu : Thng cng Si Gn thnh hnh v pht trin Ngi Hoa kiu nm ni v ngoi thng ngay t bui u, h li c th lc qun s. c lao Ph, Trn Thng Ti sng thun ha vi cha Nguyn, nm 1700, ng cng qun s ty tng tham gia trn nh quyt nh, chin thng ti Nam Vang. Con Trn Thng Ti l Trn i nh ci con gi Mc Cu, tc l em gi ca Mc Thin T (v Mc Cu l ngi
Vit Nam, qu ng Mn, thuc Bin Ha), v sau Trn i nh v b hiu lm nn bun ti, cht trong ngc. Dng Ngn ch cht v ph tng l Hong Tn lm phn, Hong Tn li b qun s Vit Nam trng tr. H Mc H Tin c cha Nguyn cho hng quy ch t tr. Dng h ny trung thnh vi cha Nguyn nhng li b Xim Vng l Phi Nh Tn quy ri (ng vua Xim ny gc ngi Triu Chu). Mt vin tng Triu Chu tn l Trn Lin em binh qua t ph H Tin, quyt sanh t vi Mc Thin T. Hai tn cp Triu Chu khc l Hoc Nhin v Trn Thi cng gy kh nhiu rc ri cho h Mc H Tin. C ngi cho rng ngi Trung Hoa hi ngoi thng t tn, m p gic m lm b ch mt ci. Nu c tht vy, th nhng gic m y khng bao gi thc hin c t ng Nai, t ra l v mt chnh tr v qun s. Ch mt ln hi nm 1747 khi c thng gia ngi Phc Kin l L Vn Quang n c ng ti c lao Ph, nhn thy vic phng b l l nn cu kt vi hn 300 b ng, xng l i vng. Cuc khi lon b dp tt, L Vn Quang v ng bn b p gii v Phc Kin (by gi, ta ngi rc ri v ngoi giao vi nh Thanh). Nm 1772, cha Nguyn suy yu, Trng Phc Loan lng quyn nhng qun s ng Trong vn cn mnh, 10000 qun dinh Bnh Khng, Bnh Thun cng 300 chin thuyn hp vi qun dinh Long H ko ln Cao Min nh thng mt trn ln cu vn tnh th nguy ngp H Tin, cu Mc Thin T khi qun Xim chim c thnh ny ; Tnh th ng Trong tr nn bi t khi anh em Ty Sn khi ngha. Thng hai nm 1776, Nguyn L lo vo t Gia nh. Thng nm nm y, Nguyn L rt lui sau khi cp ly la kho, ch hn 200 thuyn chy v Quy Nhn. Con s ny gip chng ta thy phn no thnh qu ca vic khn hoang ng Nai v Cu Long. Mt vin cai b ph Gia nh l Hin c hu Nguyn Khoa Thuyn bo co li nhng con s c th v lc lng qun s v tnh hnh chnh tr, kinh t. Sau y l vi chi tit v x ng Nai : Huyn Phc Long (vng Trn Bin) c hn 200 thn, dn s 8000 ngi, l thu rung hn 2000 hc. Cc thuc Cnh Dng, Thin M, Hong Lp c phng 40 thn nu, dn s 1000 ngi phi np thu. Thuc Tt gm phng 30 nu, dn s c 500. Huyn Tn Bnh c hn 350 thn, s dn hn 15000 dinh, thu rung hn 3000 hc. Quy An c hn 100 thn, s dn 3000 inh, rung hn 5000 tha. Tam Lch c hn 100 thn, s dn 4000 inh, rung hn 5000 tha. Cc tri B Canh, Ba Lai, Rch Kin, c 100 thn, dn 4000 inh, rung hn 4000 tha. Chu nh Vin c li 350 thn, dn 7000 inh, rung 7000 tha. Nhn con s trn, ta thy Cu Kh (cn gi 9 trng bit np), dnh cho vng t xa Trn Bin v Phin Trn (sau ny l Trn nh, tr thnh M Tho), gm cc thuc : Cnh Dng, Thin M, Hong Lp, Tt (ng thu v Phc Long). Tam Lch, Quy An, B Canh, Ba Lai, Rch Kin (ng thu v huyn Tn Bnh, vng Si Gn). Ti liu ca Nguyn Khoa Thuyn cng nu r qun s, cc ni tr qun ca cha Nguyn. Nhiu th ng t Tin giang v Hu giang gn vm rch m ta tin rng vng ph cn c thn xm kh sung tc : vm ng Chng, Tn Chu, ch Th, Sa c, Vng Lim, Lng Th, Lp V, Tr n, Cn Chung (Cn Chong nay l Tiu Cn), c lao Tn Dinh, Bc Trng (thuc Tr Vinh).
Thnh tch ny kh ln lao : nhng vng t ph sa ven sng rch, nhng c lao thun li cho vic canh tc c truyn (rung cy, mi nm mt ma gt) u c ngi ch n, khng b st. ng bng Cu Long hn ng bng ng Nai r rt v mt canh tc, sn xut la go, vi nhiu trin vng ti sng hn. Trc 1776, thng cng ln nht ca min Nam l c lao Ph. Nm 1776 v 1777 qun Ty Sn trn vo Gia nh, nh c lao Ph chim d ly phng c, gch , ti vt ch v Quy Nhn. Nng Ni i Ph tc l thng cng c lao Ph suy sp lun, thng gia Hoa kiu bn ko nhau xung vng Ch Ln ngy nay lp ch Si Gn, st vi ch Tn King thnh hnh t trc 1770. Thng cng Si Gn (nn hiu l Ch Ln ngy nay) thnh hnh v pht trin nhanh t nm 1778. T khi Ty Sn ni ln, quan qun hi c trn Phin An, thuyn bun cng di u sng Tn Bnh (sng Si Gn). Nhng 4 nm sau, nm 1782, Nguyn Nhc ti 18 thn Vn Tru, b phc kch thua thm bi, h gi Ngn ca Ty Sn t trn. Nhc nhn ra bn phc kch l o binh Ha Ngha gm nhiu ngi Tu theo gip Nguyn nh. Nhc bn gin ly, phm ngi Tu khng k mi c u git c hn 10000 ngi. T Bn Ngh n sng Si Gn, t thi qung b xung sng lm nc khng chy c na. Cch 2, 3 thng ngi ta khng dm n c tm di sng. Cn nh s, la, ch, thuc, hng, giy, nht thit cc Tu m nh ai dng cng u em qung xung sng, chng ai dm ly. Qua nm sau, th tr xu mt cn gi bn ln n 8 quan, 1 cy kim bn 1 quan tin, cn cc loi vt khc cng u cao gi, nhn dn cc k kh s. Ngoi vic tr th ring ngi Tu, Nguyn Nhc cn c dng tm tiu dit u no kinh t ca min Nam, ni cha Nguyn nm c nhn tm t lu. Sut thi gian tu quc v phc quc, Si Gn c xem l kinh ca Nguyn nh (17791801). Si Gn c u th l gn vng M Tho v Long H. Vic chuyn ch la go v sn phm t Tin giang tuy kh khn nhng lc by gi kinh rch vn tng i thun li cho loi ghe c sc trng ti nh. Nhn trn bn , ta thy sng rch chng cht ; vo ma ma nc sng trn y, nhng ma nng th nhiu khc khng lu thng c, hoc lu thng kh khn phi sang qua ghe nh, ko bng sc ngi hoc sc tru, sng rch li quanh co, khng nhn cng vt. Cng trnh o kinh khi u vi sng kin ca Nguyn Cu Vn c gng ni lin sng V G (Vm C Ty) qua sng M Tho tc l Vm C Ty qua Tin giang, sau li o su thm. Tuy nhin, v c gip nc khin ph sa hai u dn vo nn b cn, thuyn to phi ch khi nc ln mi qua li c. c tm ng thng thng t M Tho qua Vng G. Vng G thng qua Vm C ng n Bn Lc, theo ng nc n Ba Cm ri theo sng Bnh in n Ch Ln. Nm 1772, Nguyn Cu m (con ca Nguyn Cu Vn) o kinh Rut Nga, ni lin Rch Ct n kinh L Gm m trc kia ghe thuyn khng qua li c, ch c mt ng nc ng mng tru. Pha G Cng, Cn Giuc cng c ng thy ln Rch Ct. Pha Hu giang, khi tranh chp bng qun s vi Ty Sn, Nguyn nh vn tn thi theo ng sng t Si Gn Gia nh n tn Sa c, Cn Th, C Mau, Rch Gi. Di n Si Gn th th thc phn phi v tch tr hng ha khng c thun li nh lc c lao Ph : Khi thuyn cp bn, khng c ch ln bao tr nn phi gnh n cc ch bn l linh tinh, kp khi mun mua th ha em v, th i tm ng hi ty rt nhc sc. Li c bn th cn gi dng lm ngi giu c ni di, mua xong ri tm ni trn trnh, nu mt s vn mt t th cn gng chu m v, thng hoc mt vn qu nhiu th phi cm ghe ly tin n ma ng truy tm bn y, lm cho k vin thng ngy cng cc kh.
T oan xy ra v a bn hot ng ca Si Gn rng hn c lao Ph, nhng ch l lc giao thi. V sau, cng chnh thng gia Hu kiu ng ra t chc h thng mua bn hon ho hn. vm Hu giang, t lu ngi Min sng tp trung ti vng Ba Thc (Sc Trng) trn t ging cao ro, lm rung kho lo, go ni ting l ngon. Thay v ch ln Si Gn, thng gia a phng ng ra chu mi vi cc ghe bun t nc ngoi n. Mt thng cng thnh hnh t xa, phng on l vng Bi Xu (M Xuyn ngy nay) ni sng Ba Xuyn n thng ra Hu giang. Theo nht k ca c o Levavasseur vo nm 1768, th thng cng ny mang tn l Bassac thnh lp m sng, ni t thp vi nh lp l. y dng tin quan (quan 600 ng ca Vit Nam) ; mt ng bc Con tr gi 5 quan tc l 3000 ng. Ch bn go, nhiu loi tri cy, rau, g vt, heo. Phi ch nc ln ghe thuyn mi vo c. Thuyn ch ton l Trung Hoa, dn ch a s l ngi Trung Hoa, quan cai tr l ngi Cao Min. Thuyn bun u ca ngi Trung Hoa, u san st t 100 n 150 chic mua go v mua ng. Khng hiu h em ti y bn nhng mn g. Nn nhc n thng cng H Tin m cc thng gia ngoi quc thng cp ti, c phn thnh mt thi nh xut cng sn phm ca Cao Min phn ln, khi Mc Cu v Mc Thin T cn hng thi. Vic tng ng vin nm 1789 Cuc tranh chp bng v lc gia Ty Sn v Nguyn nh lm nguy hi cho nng nghip. Ni chung th qun Ty Sn khng thu phc c nhn tm, tr mt trng hp l cuc chin thng qun Xim rch Gm, Xoi Ht vo nm 1874. Qun Xim do hai tng Chiu Tng v Chiu Sng vi lc lng hng hu ko n nhng Trnh Hoi c, ngi vit s thin v r rt v phe Nguyn nh cng th nhn : Binh Tim n u u cp bc kh b hn ch nn vua (Nguyn nh) ly lm lo. vy m binh Tim li kiu hnh, lng dn bt phc. trn Vnh Thanh, trong lc Ty Sn vo chim c th dn chng u chn ct ca ci khng dm phi by ra, cho nn bn cng o khng cp ly c vt g. Ch ph ln M Tho, nh ngi ct chm, nh cao cha rng, ghe thuyn cc ng sng bin n u ng c lm mt i hi rt phn hoa huyn no. T khi Ty Sn chim c, i lm chin trng, t ph gn ht, t nm 1788 tr li y, ngi ta ln tr v, tuy ni tr mt nhng i vi lc xa cha c phn na. Chnh sch ca Ty Sn min Nam l ph cn c a, chn cc ng thy t Si Gn, Cn Gi n vng vm sng Cu Long, chn cc v tr chin lc ni Tin giang qua Hu giang, Hu giang n vnh Xim La, t vng Long Xuyn (C Mau) ra Ph Quc, qua Xim. Thy qun ca Ty Sn n tr hoc tun tiu ti lui vng Bng Cung, Ba Thc, Ph Quc, vm sng Mn Tht, Tr n, Sa c, sng Ba Lai. Khi chim ng, chnh sch kinh t v vic t chc hnh chnh thay i nh th no ? Nguyn Hu chu trch nhim t Hu ra Bc phn. Nguyn L, ph m Trng Vn a, lu th Ha t Gia nh khong biu dng c ti nng g l ngoi nhng hng ng qun s. Qun Ty Sn b c lp t Gia nh v nhng l do sau y : Dn khn hoang mang n cc cha Nguyn, h c kh gi hn lc min Trung, t tt cn nhiu, cha cn mt chnh sch in a mi, hoc mt s thay tro i cha. Qun Ty Sn khng thu phc c ngi Hu kiu (t ch c lao Ph, t ch Si Gn, Ch Ln, ph ch M Tho), l hu thun kinh t cho Nguyn nh. Ngi Cao Min Tr n, ngi B (Ch Chu giang) u c cm tnh v tch cc ng h Nguyn nh, nh ng li chnh tr mm do. Lc by gi qun Ty Sn nng lo nhng vn Bc h (cu thn nh L) v cn lo i ph vi qun nh Thanh. Qun Ty Sn nh gi qu thp sc chu ng ca Nguyn nh, nht l chuyn Nguyn nh cu
vin vi nc Php. Php quc lc by gi ang nui nhiu tham vng, vic t chc qun i ca Php t k thut cao, vi hi qun mnh v v kh tt. Hnh ng ca B a Lc tuy phiu lu nhng gy nhiu hu qu trm trng. Thng 9 nm 1788, chin thuyn v s quan Php n trong khi Nguyn Hu lo ng ph vi Tn S Ngh Thng Long. Thng 8 nm 1788, Nguyn nh thu phc thnh Gia nh. Ti Gia nh nm y lp ra kho Bn Trn lm kho chung cho c bn trn Phin An, Bin Ha, Vnh Thanh v nh Tng thu tr thu kha, chi cp bng hng. Thng su nm 1789, Nguyn nh a ra chnh sch r rt, ly vic tng gia sn xut lm trng, t ra cc in ton gm 12 ngi (trong c Trnh Hoi c, L Quang nh, Ng Tng Chu, Hong Minh Khnh) i khp bn dinh Phin Trn, Trn Bin, Trn Vnh, Trn nh c xut dn chm lm vic rung. Ai khng lm rung phi i lnh. Ai lm rung t tt c 100 thng la, hoc lm rung t xu c 70 thng la tr ln th c tng thng, nu l ph binh (binh lnh phc v ti cc cng s) c min mt nm khi lm vic quan (lm xu). Nhng ngi dn lu (khng v s b) c th lm rung di quyn chm sc ca cc quan in ton, xem nh l lnh, nu thiu vn th c vay trc, sau s tr. Vo thng 10 nm 1890, ngi t thm s n in nhm khuyn khch qun s ti ng tch cc cy cy, by lu v chin tranh nhiu vng t phi b hoang. Binh s thuc dinh Trung qun v qun cc v thuyn n khn rung ti Tho Mc Cu (sng Vm C) gi l tri n in, nh nc cp ngu canh in kh v la ging, u, bp ging, h ct hi xong ri em np vo kho, chnh c Nguyn Bnh coi vic y. Cc quan a phng phi lp i n in, mi nm mt ngi trong n in np 6 hc la, ai m c 10 ngi tr ln cho lm qun tri, tr tn trong s lng (khi i lnh). V mt qun s, ngi sai la qun chin tm, tc l qun tinh nhu, ht lng nh gic, tp luyn k cng c cp lng v tin rt hu. tch tr thm la go phng khi hnh qun ti chim cc thnh min Trung, ngi t ra la th tc, th np, tc l th thu ph thu (ngoi thu in). Nm 1792, mi ngi np thu th tc t 1 n 5 phng. Nm 1799, vng Bnh nh, Ph Yn mi mu rung np 17 thng go. Nm 1800 Gia nh, mi ngi np 2 phng, ngi gi tn tt np phn na. Rung mt mu np mt phng go; mt phng go by gi tr gi 7 tin 30 ng. Nhng nm dng binh, s thu v s th tc ph thu vn khng chi tiu, nh nc thu trc thu nm ti. V thu rung, mi nm nh vua thu hai k. Nh nc gi c quyn mua nhng ha hng lin h ti nhu cu qun s nh km, st, ng, dim, lu hong. Nm 1791, t thm l v vic khn hoang : sau khi khn, 3 nm mi thu thu, ai mun khn th np n trong thi hn ngn l 20 ngy, qu thi gian y, t hoang s giao cho qun s cy cy, dn khng c ginh na. La go t Gia nh tch cc gp phn vo vic phn cng ca Nguyn nh. nm 1795 v 1796, ch tin go Gia nh ra tr ti thnh Din Khnh. Nm 1799 lc ngi ra Quy Nhn, qun lnh li ch thm qun lng, chng h thiu thn. Nm 1802, s chp l Gia nh i lm, ngi sai quan trn pht go kho cho dn mn, cng ra lnh gim thu rung cho tnh Gia nh. Phi chng v la go dng vo vic qun qu nhiu ? Thng 2/1790, Nguyn nh cho xy thnh Si Gn, theo hnh bt qui (cn c tn l Quy Thnh) kiu thnh Vauban ca Php (do Olivier de Puymanel v kiu v coi xy ct). y l Gia nh kinh, Nguyn nh xem nh kinh ca mnh, vi thi t tin. T thnh ny c p quan l ln Bin Ha, v quan l xung Trn nh (M Tho) n Cai Ly, ng rng 6 tm, hai bn ng c trng cy m u v cy mt l th cy th nghi. Nguyn nh t tin l phi. By gi la go Gia nh c nhiu, qun s ang tha thng, mt s s quan Php li trc tip gip . Ngi ra lnh tn cng Quy Nhn ln th
nht (1790). Nguyn Hu bng h, li c cuc tn cng ln th hai, ln th ba ri nm 1801, n Hu. V sau, nm 1814, vua Gia Long cn nhc nh : Gia nh l ni trung hng, ngy xa ch c mt m t v mt ton qun m khi phc t c. Nn ni thm rng l m t tuy din tch nh hp nhng tt, gm t ging v t c lao ca ng Nai v Cu Long, v ton qun khng qu ng o nhng gm ton nhng nng phu chu cc khn hoang, n khi i lnh cm gm ri m cn phi cy cy, phi ng thu. l hnh nh ca V Tnh vi 10000 qun va la G Cng xin theo chn ngi. Nguyn nh vnh vin ri t ng Nai v Hu , nhng t ng Nai, Gia nh vn cn gi vai tr c : vai tr va la, vai tr tin n ca nc Vit. Vua Cao Min v vua Xim cng thm thung vng t ph nhiu ny. Nhng nm thi bnh i Gia Long Gia Long xng Hong Hu, vng Gia nh dt nn binh ao trong khong thi gian ngn, nhng l kh di so vi thi cha Nguyn v cc tro vua k tip. T Bnh Thun tr vo, v mt hnh chnh t ra Gia nh thnh vi quan Tng trn cm u, nm kh nhiu quyn hn, lnh coi cc vic binh dn, xu thu v hnh pht ca nm trn : Phin An, Bin Ha, nh Tng, Vnh Thanh v H Tin. Li coi lun trn Bnh Thun v mt qun s. Dn s ln hi ng c, cc tng trc kia a s u thng lm huyn, huyn thng lm ph. Vic phn thnh ca thng cng Si Gn v l s ca cc trn c ghi kh y qua Gia nh thnh Thng ch do Trnh Hoi c, ngi ng thi bin son. ng giao thng vn ti nm u th vn l ng thy. Du khch Hoa K l John White nm 1819 c n Si Gn, ghi li trong quyn s tay nh sau : Thnh ly Si Gn xy bng ong, k bn mt c thy tri, gn l xm nh ca dn c gm nhng lu lp xp, thp hp. Xm bun bn v hng ng. Khi c Gia Long dp yn gic Ty Sn th dn chng t v thnh rt ng. H sa sang nh ca li mi, mt phn ln cc gia nh ny dn v hng Ty ca thnh ly nh vua. ... Thi bui y, dc theo hai bn b sng v b kinh rch c vi ch c cn hay xy gch k cng, chy ni di non ngn thc ty. V cng l, c ng lt nguyn ming ln d coi, nhng phn nhiu vn quanh co un khc v khng c sn sc tu b nn khng c sch. V nhn s th thnh Si Gn phng li : 180 000 dn bn th 10 000 ngi Trung quc. Nm 1822 li c mt th y s qu danh l ng Finlayson thp tng phi on Crawfurd cng c n ving Si Gn. Finlayson vit : Si Gn gm hai thnh ph, mi ci u rng ln bng kinh nc Xim La, y l : Si Gn. Pingeh. Nn hiu Pingeh l Bn Ngh (Si Gn ngy nay), cn Si Gn l Ch Ln ngy nay. Mc sn xut la go lc by gi gia tng nh th no ? Chng ta khng c con s c th. Ch bit l nm 1804, vua Gia Long sai cc quan a phng tr la thu vo kho cho nhiu. Kho n in ca Gia nh thnh dng nm 1805 gm hai dy kho ngi, mi dy gm su gian, tr s la n in lm s lu tr, cn d th tr theo kho cc trn. Nm 1804, nc L Tng (Phi Lut Tn) i, xin ong go Gia nh, vua cho ong 500000 cn go, nm 1817 vng Long H, Sa c sc bn cho Cao Min, nhn nn i n 10000 hc la. Nm 1816, c lnh cm thuyn bun khng c ch la go ra nc
ngoi. ng thy cng c tu chnh li, nhm chuyn ch la go t sng Cu Long ln Si Gn : nm 1819, sa li cho rng v cho su con kinh ni lin t Vng G (Tn An) n rch M Tho m Nguyn Cu Vn cho o t nm 1705, dng non 10000 dn phu trong trn nh Tng. o xong, vua t tn l Bo nh H. Cng nm 1819, sai Hunh Cng L c xut dn phu o con kinh ni lin t cu B Thung (Th Thng) n kinh Rut Nga (kinh Rut Nga o t nm 1772), vua t tn l An Thng H va rng, va su, hai bn b t trng, a sn phm t Tin giang ln Si Gn dng sng su rng, ghe thuyn u di 10 dm, theo hai con nc ln, nc rng, thuyn b qua li cho chng ca ht, ngy m tp np, lm ch hi lu thng khp ng, tht l tin li. Hng binh c bi cho v cy rung (1810). Lc chin tranh, nhiu cng ho li dng thi c, chim t ca dn nn vua nh l qun cp cng in cng th (1804), v cng in cng th khng c bn v bt c l do g. Ai lm rung n lu, khng khai bo ng thu th c th mt t, t giao cho ngi t gic. Vn cho vay c t ra, trn nguyn tc mt vn mt li (tc bt qu bn), ngi cho vay tri php v con n lng gt u c ti. T nm 1806, khi mt ma v thin tai, hn hn, lt li th c l l ch rung phi khai bo trc khi gt c min thu. Khai bo gian hoc quan li m giu khng chu khai bo th ti ng nhau. Khi thu thu c ngi ng tin cy ngi coi, phng nn ngi coi kho lm kh dn, ch la xu tt, ong t ong nhiu n hi l. Trnh Hoi c ghi chp rng ngi a phng t dng nhng a danh v hnh chnh. H dng tn ca nhng l s hoc ch nhm hp ng ln, hoc ch a u m gi i khi, tng qut. Trong dn gian gi trn Bin Ha l ng Nai B Ra, trn Phin An l Bn Ngh Si Gn, trn nh Tng l Vnh G M Tho, trn Vnh Thanh l Long H Sa c, trn H Tin l C Mau Rch Gi. Trong mt trn ti sao ch chn la hai v tr, v ti sao la v tr ny m khng la v tr khc ? Dn gian ni thnh thi quen t c l do ring. Theo chng ti ngh l h mun xc nhn ni lm n sung tc, lm n c ngha l mua bn, cy cy. Si Gn l thnh ph ca ngi Trung Hoa dng ln lc ban u, nng v bn s, trong khi thnh ph Bn Ngh do ngi Vit xy dng v sau, nng v bn l v l khu hnh chnh. Vng G tc l ch Tn An ngy nay, tuy khng c ch ln nhng ng ch nh khn hoang lu i, t kh tt. Sa c nm trong trn Vnh Thanh, l ni sung tc dn c tr mt, sng nh hu li rung tt v vn cy n tri. Trn H Tin, vi l s ni danh l p nhng ngho, khng th sn xut la go, c mm, ch c vng chung quanh ch C Mau v ch Rch Gi l d nh li v lm rung d trng ma, tu bum Hi Nam ra vo ch c kh, go. Gia nh thnh Thng ch (trong mc Cng Vc Ch) nu r danh sch cc huyn, tng, thn ton ci Gia nh thnh hi i Gia Long. Vng no tp trung nhiu lng x trn din tch nh th nht nh l t tt, khn hoang c kt qu. Vng no c qu t lng x trn din tch qu rng th t xu. Nguyn tc lp lng x l c ngi, tc l dn b. Dn b phi nhiu n mc no (thng l 10 ngi) mi lp c mt lng. Mc Cng Vc Ch gip ta thy hnh nh kh r rt v tnh hnh khn hoang lc by gi. Mt th d c th l vng Kin Ha ngy nay (tc l khi qut vng c lao Bo v c lao Minh ca Bn Tre thi Php thuc) tuy din tch nh nhng l mt huyn, ly tn l huyn Tn An vi hai tng Tn Minh 72 thn v An Bo 63 thn. Ring tng Ha Bnh (vng G Cng, Ch Go v An Ha) c n 86 thn, khng km vng ng dn Si Gn, Ch Ln.
Trong khi y, mt huyn vng kh khn hoang vi din tch to rng ch c 37 thn : huyn Vnh nh, bao gm pha hu ngn Hu giang, t bin gii Chu c n vm Ba Thc bin Nam Hi v cha phn ra thnh tng nh mit trn; Mt ni khc, t phn v nc mn l mi C Mau (nay l An Xuyn v mt phn ca Bc Liu) ch c 40 x thn. Vng Rch Gi (Kin Giang ngy nay, tr H Tin) gm mt huyn vi 2 tng, tng th nht l Kin nh c 7 thn, tng th nh l Thanh Giang c 4 thn. Trong s ny li c nhng nu, nhng thuc, tc l x thn cha thnh hnh y . ng rung Si Gn gm dn s ng c, la bn cao gi, hoa mu ph d khai thc: Hc Mn, B im, G Vp, hoc pha Ph Lm, Bnh Tin, Bnh Ty, Bnh ng. Nhng con s trn ch ghi nhng thn x do ngi Vit Nam thnh lp. Pha Hu giang, rung nng cha n i t oi, dn s khng qu tha tht, ch v phn Cng Vc Ch khng ghi li nhn s, din tch cc sc Cao Min, tp trung vng Tr Vinh, Rch Gi, Bc Liu, Cn Th, Sc Trng. Ring v vng gn ch H Tin ghi 6 ph, s ca ngi Tu, 26 sc Cao Min v 19 x thn Vit Nam (trong s ny c 12 thn o Ph Quc). Huyn Kin Ha t rung ph nhiu, mnh mng bt ngt. Nhiu ngi lo vic canh nng lm gc, trong nh c cha va la go y dy. Mc Phong Tc Ch ca Trnh Hoi c ca ngi trng hp huyn Kin Ha (trn nh Tng). nh Tng lc by gi kh rng ri, huyn Kin Ha ni trn bao gm trn vng G Cng, vng Ch Go, lun c vng t gia sng Ba Lai v Ca i (tc l An Ha ngy nay). Vng G Cng ni danh t tt, go ngon. t b Ca Tiu v Ca i l ph sa cao ro. Ni ring v tng trn, nh Tng (vi G Cng lm nng ct) l va la quan trng nht ca x Gia nh. V t rung, ni c ni i v c ng bng nh min Trung, theo l t lu, c phn chia ra sn in v tho in. Sn in c nng xut km, tho in nng xut cao, v vy m trong vic quy nh thu in, lun lun tho in chu thu cao hn. vng ng bng Cu Long, tin vic thu kha, ni no t mi trng khn th khai l sn in (mc du khng c ni) chu thu nh, vi nm sau khi t thnh thc (tr thnh t thuc) th nng ln lm tho in. Rung ng bng ng Nai v Cu Long chia ra hai loi, ng v mt k thut cy ba m xt (s phn bit ny qua thi Php thuc vn cn) : t cy t pht Rung t cy thng l tng i cao, ch ma mi cy, thng l khai thc lu nm, nu khng cy th mt t qu cn ci thiu cht mu m, cy trn t ln. Vng Phin An, Bin Ha gm loi rung cy. Rung t pht l t thp, cn mi, t khai thc, mt t cn nhiu c v phn, nu cy th t phn pha di li tri ln lm h la (Trnh Hoi c ghi l trch in ch loi t pht ny). Mun lm rung t pht, khi sa ma, nc ln c ba tc ty th pht c (Trnh Hoi c dng ch trm pht, nhng khng ni r l pht bng th dng c g). Theo kin chng ti, nng dn thi y dng cy phng m ngi Min dng t trc. Phng ging nh cy m tu, cn phng un li theo gc thc th, li phng di c by, tm tc ty. Ngi pht c ng nghing mnh m chm, dng cy c no gt c qua mt bn ri chm tip. Pht c xong xui, dng cy ba co th to m dn cho t trng tri, sau l cy vi cy nc (t khng cy nu dng tay m cy th khng ti no khot l nht cy m c). Rung t pht (trch in) Vnh Thanh mt hc ging thu c 300 hc, trong khi rung cy Phin An, Bin Ha mt hc la ging ch em li 100 hc.
Ging la s (ln cao theo nc lt) tuyt nhin khng thy nhc ti. Lc by gi, vic mua bn, lin lc vi Cao Min cng kh thng xuyn. La s c nhiu Cao Min, ti sao ta khng cho du nhp gii quyt vic trng ta phn t rng mnh mng pha ng Thp Mi v pha Chu c ? Theo thin chng ti, by gi t ging b sng cn nhiu, cha cn khai thc qu xa tn vng Chu c v ng Thp. V li, la s khng ngon cm, bn thp gi trn th trng. Trong Gia nh thnh Thng Ch, khng li l no cp n li canh tc mt nm hai ma rung (khi ngi Php chim nc ta hi cui th k 19, Nam k vn cha lm mt nm hai ma). Rung hai ma i hi t cao ro, c th p b m gi nc hot tt nc vo rung cn. p b v tt nc i hi nhn cng, cc tha rung phi lin lc, gn nhau. Ngi nng phu lc by gi v t cn tt v rng nn cha ngh n cch khai thc thm canh y. Lc rnh ri, h trng u, bp khao d sinh li v t tn cng hn. Don Un tng l th n st tnh Vnh Long vo nm 1833 (sau lm n Tng c An H) ghi li vi chi tit v cch lm rung : Vic trng la th c pht rp lau sy, ba c hai ba ln ri cy, khng ph sc nhiu. Nh cy ri th khng cn trng nom ti, cng khi phi lo nc hn. Vo nhng thng 7, 8, 9 lc tc cy cy, n nhng thng 11, thng chp mi ln lt gt hi, ri gom nhm li ngay ngoi rung, ti ra ging li thng 2, thng 3 mi cho tru p ly la ht. C nhn ni : Xun canh, h vn, thu thu, ng tng xt ra khng th hon ton ng vi mi vng, hoc th ngi khng iu hp, th tc th theo thi quen m lm, hoc gi kh hu c sm c ti khc nhau, ring ti cng cha thu t c vy. Cng nh ni v hoa qu, ti nhiu tnh da u i khi chn vo ma h, m Nam K li chn vo ng xun. Ti Bc k, sen n ma h, m Kinh k (Hu) li tr bng vo gia thi gian giao ma ng xun, cn Nam k th bn ma sen u c hoa c. V phong tc min Nam lc by gi, Trnh Hoi c ghi li kh nhiu chi tit, xin lc k vi on, chng t vic khn hoang em li mc sng sung tc : Gia nh, c khch n nh u tin gia ch dng tru cau, sau dng tip cm bnh, tip i trng hu, khng k ngi thn s, quen l, tng tch u, t u thu np khon i, cho nn ngi i chi khng cn em tin go theo, m li c nhiu ngi lu xu, trn thu i n x ny n np, bi v c ch dung dng vy. t Gia nh nhiu sng, kinh, c lao, bi ct nn trong 10 ngi c 9 ngi bit ngh bi li, cho thuyn, li a n mm, ngy n ba ba cm m t khi n cho. Li c thi a ct, bng cch thch nhau n hoc ung tht nhiu. Don Un chp : Cng c k ngho phi i n xin, nhng mi thng h ch i xin mt ln cng sng ri. H thng tu nhau ni nh miu, mi ngi u c mng mn ring. Trm cp cng t xy ra, tru th c chung nht ngoi ng. H rt thch ca ht, khng ngy no l khng c ma ht. Ngi Tu cn khai thc rung mui vng bin Sc Trng (Ba Thc). Bin Ha ni danh vi ngh trng ma, lm ng. Rng Ty Ninh sn xut nhiu g tt, c bit l du ri trt ghe, lm uc.
1.2) Nhu cu xc nh vng bin gii Vit Min
i Gia Long, vn bin gii Gia nh thnh c tm n nh. Cc hi o quan trng u c ngi Vit n khai thc. Ti o Cn Ln la, bp, khoai, u tuy khng dng nhng dn o kt on lm binh s, gm 3 i, khai thc hi sn, trng cau. Gic cp M Lai ch n khuy ri tm thi. o Ph Quc pha vnh Xim La c b tr phng th cn thn, dn Ph Quc tng ht lng ng h lc Gia Long tu quc, gm 12 thn x v thuc. Hn Sn Ri c dn, lp thnh mt thn. Ring v H Tin th khng cn quan trng, t khi b gic Xim t ph nm 1771. Hu du ca h Mc tuy c Gia Long chiu c nhng thiu ti kinh bang t th, v li, trng tm vic thng mi nghing hn v pha Si Gn, Nng ; vic mua bn vi Cao Min th c Sa c, Ci B. Vua Gia Long cho cc tu bun v ghe bun ht H Tin c min thu (1810), ng thi di chuyn mt s quan li, vin chc bn trn min trn n tng cng cho trn H Tin, gia tng binh s lo vic tun phng gic bin. Nm sau (1811) vua cho Trng Phc Gio v Bi c Mn n H Tin tu chnh thnh ph, chiu d lu dn : ngi Trung Hoa, ngi Cao Min, ngiCh (gi l ch Chu Giang), u c dnh khu vc c tr ring, kh phn minh. Tuy nhin, thng cng H Tin khng sao hng thnh c nh trc. Vua Gia Long t quan bo h Cao Min, nhng nh ni, i th ca dn Vit Nam vn l vua Xim vi chnh sch hung hng ang tm cch m rng bin gii. T nm 1795, Xim chim c lun vng Battambang v Siemrap ca Cao Min. Nm 1814, ln lun vng Mlouprey v Stungtreng thuc t ngn sng Cu Long, thc su gia lnh th Lo v Min. Vua Xim cn c tham vng Nam tin xung bn o M Lai. V mt ni an, t lc tu quc, Gia Long nm c tnh th i vi cc vng tp trung sc Min. Nm 1780, ngi Min Tr Vinh lm lon, nhng tng Thanh Nhn dp c vi chin thut kh tinh vi. Nm 1757, nh lnh t Min l Nguyn Vn Tn theo cha Nguyn nn vng Tr n sng yn lnh, chng c mm mng phn lon. Ngi Min tr thnh dn binh gi an ninh, ng n ti a phng, h hng ch t tr kh rng ri, nh m nhng ch g hoang t trng c khai khn thnh rung vn trng ta. Vua Gia Long cng ra lnh cho qun v dn trong t Gia nh tr li nhng phn rung t chim ca ngi Cao Min v khng tn thnh vic dng ngi Min lm y t (1816). Vic bo v bin gii Vit Min a th Chu c, H Tin khng km Bc thnh. Vua Gia Long quan nim r rt nh th. Bc thnh ngn nga nn xm lng ca Trung Hoa; H Tin, Chu c ngn nga gic Xim v gic Cao Min. Gia ta v Cao Min, bin gii c phn gip vo trn Phin An v ng Thp Mi, nhng con ng chin lc by lu vn l sng Cu Long, c th l Tin giang, ni i phng c th t Nam Vang xung nhanh chng ri thc vo nh Tng. V pha vnh Xim La, cn Rch Gi, H Tin st m bin. n ly H Tin v Chu c c t lu, k c n Tn Chu, n Sa c. Ln ranh bin gii gia ta v Cao Min khi Cao Min dng t Tm Phong Long l vng ngi Min gi l Mat Chruk (tc l m ca con heo, ta m li l Ngc Lut, Mt Lut), i khi ly sng Chu c lm ranh gii. n Chu c pha ty sng Chu c, th s ph Mt Lut Cao Min b pha ng sng Chu c, y l a u quan i trn Vnh Thanh v nc Cao Min. Vua Gia Long t tn vng Chu c l Chu c Tn
Cng, t chc Qun o. T n Chu c n vnh Xim La, ng ranh gii qu m h : Vm sng Chu c (ngc v pha bc) tip n vng Tht Sn v rch Giang Thnh. Nm th 14 (1815), Gia Long ra lnh cho trn th Vnh Thanh l Lu Phc Tng em dn binh trong trn ht 3000 ngi xy n, chung quanh c ho thng vi sng ci, xy vo thng chp. Ngi gii thch vi vua Cao Min rng p n Chu c l gi yn trn H Tin, lm ni tip ng cho thnh Nam Vang. Ngi mun ni n vic qun Xim s can thip vo Cao Min. Ngi ra lnh xy n cho nhanh ko bn rn n vic cy cy ca m ngi i lm xu. n Chu c va xy xong, vua Gia Long xem a , nu kin : X ny nu m ng thy thng vi H Tin thi nng thng u li c, ngy sau dn cng ng, t m cng rng, s thnh mt trn to. Nhng Nguyn Vn Nhn tu can nn ngi b kin y. Tuy nhin ch l b tm thi. Ngi mun lp mt trn mi, tch ra khi trn Vnh Thanh qu di (trn Vnh Thanh n t bin gii Cao Min n bin Nam Hi). Ngi mun cho lu dn quy t m t. Mt ngi Tu lm quan cho ta bn Cao Min tn l Dip Hi c gi v, by lu Dip Hi c ting l mn cn x vic g dn cng bng lng. Dip Hi c c lm Ci ph Chu c, khin chiu tp ngi ta, ngi Th v ngi Tu vo cho ng, h c bit ngh trng cy, nui sc vt, bun bn hay lm ngh gm, cho ty ngh nghip lm n, ngi no thiu vn th nh nc cho vay. Li truyn d quan Tng trn Gia nh rng : dn mi ph tp, nn dy lm cc vic li ch khin dn c an c lc nghip, ch cc vic thnh ri s tu ln. Vua Gia Long hiu r tnh hnh vng bin gii Chu c ; x ny c i ni, chn nui sc vt d dng ; t xa, ngi Min gii v ngh lm gm, nn th ci tin li. Rt tit l t vng Tht Sn qu xu, ch c th lm ni, c rn, gch ngi, ch khng lm t chn c. Vic quy dn lp p lc by gi cng kh v dn Vit tha tht ; pha nam, gn Cn Th v gn Vnh Long cn nhiu t tt cha khn ht, i lm n tn bin gii Chu c l chuyn phiu lu. Ngi Tu, ngi Cao Min vi ngh lm gm, ngh chn nui, trng cy c nhc ti l phi. Trc khi mun khi ng sinh hot kinh t cho vng Chu c, ngi ra lnh cho Nguyn Vn Thoi (Thoi Ngc Hu) o con kinh sau ny gi l Thoi H (gi nm na l kinh Ni Sp) trong nm 1817, vo thng 11, dng 1500 dn xu gm ngi Vit v ngi Cao Min, o hn mt thng mi xong. y l con ng m trc kia dn gian thng i, nhng cht hp, nay o ni rng thm. Thoi H c sn khc u v on cht, ch vt li phn gi ni lin t Hu giang qua Rch Gi bn b vnh Xim La (ngn ca Rch Gi l rch Sc Sung, a danh Min, s ghi l Khe Song). Mc ch trc tin ca vic o kinh vn l qun s. Ngi ngh : ch y gn Chn Lp, a th rm rp lm, ng thy i qua Kin Giang th lm bn v c. Ngi ra lnh cm dn khng c cht cy trn ni Sp, ni con kinh ny i ngang qua, chc v mun gi phong thy. Nhng vic o kinh ni lin Chu c qua H Tin bin gii vn l mi bn tm ca ngi. Kinh Thoi H o xong pha Nam cng nh con kinh Vnh T sp o pha Bc vn nhm mc ch a thy qun ca ta t Hu giang ra vnh Xim La tht nhanh, gi Kin Giang v ch H Tin, nga qun Xim em binh n thnh lnh. Khi v v v ng vin dn trong trn Vnh Thanh, ngi ni thng l cng trnh o sng y (ni Chu c qua H Tin) rt kh. Vic nh nc v cch phng gi b ci quan h rt ln. Bn ngi tuy l kh nhc mt ln m ch li cho mun i v sau, phi bo nhau bit, ch nn s nhc. Trc khi o kinh, ngi cng trn an s gi ca Cao Min. Kinh Vnh T o nm nm mi xong, ngng ri li tip tc. C on d o v nhm ni t rung, snh ly (khc kinh ny qua vng Bn i), nhng c khc t cng, c , st chn ni. Ma nng phi ngng li v thiu nc ung cho dn phu. Vua Minh Mng
tip tc cng trnh do Gia Long xng. L Vn Duyt huy ng n 55000 dn cng, gm ngi Vit Vnh Thanh, nh Tng v ngi Min n Uy Vin (Tr n do Nguyn Vn Tn cm u). Mi n nay, dn gian cn nhc li nhng kh khn khi o con kinh ny, lp th cht v bnh, lp th trn v dc ng b su n tht. Ni n kinh Vnh T, vua Minh Mng khng che giu mc ch qun s : c Hong kho Th t Cao hong ta (Gia Long) mu su, ngh xa, ch vic ngoi bin.... Vic y (vic o kinh) khng li g cho Chn Lp. Nhng thnh qu u tin Nn nh trn Vnh Thanh i Gia Long v u Minh Mng bao gm cc tnh thi Php thuc : Bn Tre, Tr Vinh, Vnh Long, Sa c, Sc Trng, Long Xuyn, Chu c, Cn Th. Ni chung th pha Nam c dn c, t khng b nh hng ngp lt hng nm ca sng Cu Long v Hu Giang, pha Bc th qu tha tht, tr vng Sa c, Tn Chu. Vng ngy nay thuc Cn Th (Phong Dinh), Long Xuyn, Chu c cha c ngi Vit n nh c nhiu. Ti Cn Th, Mn, Tht Nt t kh cao v tt, dn ta n lp thn xm, nhng ngi Min cn chen chc gn y. Hu ngn Hu giang, pha bin gii hu nh khng ngi , tr my c lao trn sng. y l vng b ngp lt qu su, cy la khng c, ai sing nng th ch c th chn vi ging t nh, vi g ven sng hay gia ng m lm rung kiu mc lm tc l theo hnh thc da beo, nhng li lm n ny qu phiu lu, khi nc sng ln qu mc bnh thng l b lt, hoc ma mng b chim chut cn hi, u hm sm mai. Kinh Vnh T o cha xon gl Thoi Ngc Hu cho php dn lp lng vi quy ch rng ri, t c lao Nng G n Bnh Thin theo sng Hu, v dc theo b kinh Vnh T, t Chu c n Tht Sn. Ngi khn t c dng n, Thoi Ngc Hu lc by gi c trn quyn bin gii (vi chc v Khm sai thng ch, n th Chu c n, lnh bo h Cao Min quc n, kim qun H Tin trn bin v), ph vo n ri ng n son Bo h Cao Min quc chi dng l xong. T n c ng du ny c gi tr nh t bng khon. Dc theo kinh Vnh T, nhiu ngi th lm rung trn phn t pha Nam, b kinh p cao, d ct nh. Kinh rt bt nc, li thun li giao thng. Mt s lu dn n my vng t cao chn i, chn ni pha Tht Sn m canh tc. Ri rc trn b kinh, qun s xy nhiu n bo nh, gi an ninh, li cn ng l p t b kinh chy vng quanh, lin lc nhau (gi l xa l). tin vic di chuyn v khi ma lt nc rung rt nhanh, ngi khn hoang lc by gi ngh ra sng kin o nhiu con kinh ngn (gi l ca g) ra kinh Vnh T, bn phn t mi khn thm rung hoc ch la t rung v nh d dng hn. Lnh ca triu nh cm ngt khng c khn vo phn t hin c ngi Cao Min lm ch. Ni Sam, gn Chu c ni lin vo ch vi con l p t. Lng Vnh T thnh lp (gi l Vnh T Sn thn, lng ni Vnh T tc l ni Sam). Thot Ngc Hu t ra xng ng, lm ng li d m vua Minh Mng a ra vo nm th hai (1821) Chu c l mt vng xung yu, nh ngi phi kho lo trong mi trng hp, trn an ph d nhn dn a phng. Trc ht phi chiu m dn bun, xy dng xm lng, lm cho inh s h khu ngy cng tng, rung t ngy cng c khai khn thm. Thoi Ngc Hu mt nm 1829, thng ch Nguyn Vn Tuyn thay th, ri nm 1832 ngi lnh bo h Chn Lp, gi n Chu c l Ng B Nhn. Tnh n nm Minh Mng th 19 (1838), dc theo kinh Vnh T qua pha Tht Sn, cc thn sau y thnh hnh, ln hi dn chng xin khn thm t, a s l vu u th, tc l t lm ry :
Vnh T Sn thn (t Chu c vo) Nhn Ha thn An Qu thn Thn Nhn thn (gia An Qu v Vnh Bo) Vnh Bo thn (gia Thn Nhn v Long Thnh) Long Thnh thn (gia Vnh Bo v Vnh Ngun) Ton Thnh thn (gia Nhn Ha v An Thnh) Vnh Gia thn (gia Vnh in v Vnh Thng) Vnh Lc thn (gip vi An Nng)... T bin Nam Hi tr ln Chu c, tc l hu ngn sng Hu giang c vi khu vc ng k khng chu nh hng nc lt. Vng Ba Thc, Sc Trng c ngi Min khai khn t lu ri. Pha Sc Trng t i Gia Long thy ghi lng Tn An (rch Cn Th), lng Thi An ( Mn), lng Thi Thun, Tn Thun ng (vng Tht Nt), lng Bnh c rch Long Xuyn, lng Bnh Lm Nng G. Lng ny cch lng kia hng chc cy s, nm trn cc vng t g, t ging. Cc thn xm ny u bm st vo b Hu giang. C lao ngoi b sng ci th ph nhiu hn : ven c lao l t cao ro, thch hp trng khoai, trng u. Nhn cc bn km theo n xin khn t i Minh Mng vng ny, ta thy a s ng bo khn theo li mc lm, ngn, ngay ng ba rch. ng c nht l vng Nng G, Chc C ao, t khn lin ranh nhau. Tip gip vo phn t lm rung lm ry l t lm ( vng m sng l rng tre, thanh trc lm). V l b sng ci nn chim c bay ti lui, p xung bi sng, tre chu c ngp lt hng nm m khng cht. Ta c th on rng mc nc ng rung vng Cn Th, Tht Nt, Mn hi i Minh Mng tng i cao hn by gi. Vo ma lt (by gi cha c nhiu kinh o nc ra vnh Xim La nh sau khi ngi Php n). Rch Cn Th ni danh l ph nhiu, t tt, khng b ngp. Vng Ci Rng tr thnh lng vo i Minh Mng ri pht trin thm. Nm Minh Mng th 15 (1834), lng Thng Thnh ca Ci Rng tng thm dn c, tch ra mt lng mi ly tn l Trng Thnh. Rch B t c dn khn hoang ch . Rch Ci Cn c lng t i Gia Long (lng Ph M), y th m nm Minh Mng th 19 (1838) cn n nm khonh rng rm hoang vu. Lng Bnh M cng thnh lp t i Minh Mng, n ti rch Ci Du. Vng Tht Nt, i Gia Long ch c lng Thi Thun, qua Minh Mng thm cc lng Tn Thun ng, Vnh Trinh. Nhng lng va k trn tr thnh phn t ca cc tng mi lp : Chu Ph, nh Thnh, nh Phc, thuc huyn Ty Xuyn (c ngha l b pha Ty ca Hu Giang). T Cn Th tr xung thuc v huyn Vnh nh vi cc tng nh Thi, nh An, nh Khnh. Pha Sa c, vng Ci Tu Thng, Ci Tu H, Nha Mn v nhng c lao trn Tin giang ng c dn c t i Gia Long. i Minh Mng cn lu li vi vn kin xc nhn vic xc tin khn hoang huyn Vnh An, vi nhiu n xin khn t : Nm Minh Mng th 12, khn thm cc thn Tn Dng, Tn ng, Tn Ph ng, Ph M, Tn Ha, Tn Qu, Tn Thun. Nm Minh Mng th 19 v 20, khn thm cc tng An Thi, An Thnh, An M, An Trng, nhng vng Nha Mn, c lao Tng Sn, rch Ci Vn c ch nht. T i Minh Mng v sau, phn t ph nhiu, nhiu hu li ca An giang vn l pha Tin giang vi Sa c v cc vng ph cn. Vic lp lng S phn chia in a Vua Minh Mng c bit khuyn khch vic lp p vng Chu c. Nm 1830, thnh thn trn Gia nh tu : Ht Chu c l vng bin cng mi m, rung t cha c
khai khn ht, xin trin hon vic thu thu. Vua phn : l vng bin gii quan trng ca quc gia, trm mun v nhn dn m gn gi cho nn phi c bit ch ti vic cai tr. chnh l k hoch bin phng. Cn vn thu kha inh in, u phi l vic cn tnh ton trc. Ri ngi cho min thu ba nm. Ba nm sau, thnh thn Gia nh tu xin thu thu. Ngi ra lnh : Nhng xm lng tn lp c min thu thm ba nm na. Ring thu thn, thu in th c hon thm mt nm na. Mt ti liu khc cho bit thm con s : n Chu c mi lp c 41 x, thn, phng; dn inh ch mi c hn 800 ngi. Nhng nm sau (1831), Tng trn Gia nh thnh li tu vi li l bi quan : n Chu c x dn mi thit lp, a th rung t kh khai khn. Vua cho b H bit : n y l ni a u quan yu, ta tng xung ch chiu tp dn bun bn, cho vay tin go lp p khn in, quy qun sinh sng. l nim quan trng ca ta trong vic cng c vng ngoi bin cng. Nht s vic khai khn cn kh khn nn c trin hn nhiu ln. Nm ngoi y, quan trn thnh c li xin, ln th hai trm khoan min cho ba nm tin dung (tin xu) cng dch v, v phn bo phi dng nhiu phng php chiu d thu np, cho ng ng ngy cng m mang, sinh sng di do, hn mt nm nay m vn cha thy thi th pht trin iu g, lin vi cho l v tnh trng kh khn. phi chng l li lm vic tc trch cho xong chuyn ? Nay truyn ch cho thnh thn (quan trn Gia nh) phi nghim sc cc cng chc ca n phi tt tm thi th, hu lm cho t rng ng dn, hn ng ba nm phi c h s v triu nh khen thng, khng th cho l ti tnh hnh kh khn mi c. Vua quan tm n vn bin gii Chu c, v tin on nhng rc ri sp xy ra gia Vit Nam v Xim La, khng ring mt trn Cao Min m cn c mt trn Lo. Ngi mun quy dn gn nh v iu kin, min thu hai t. Hai nm sau, cui nm 1833, qun Xim trn qua. Lng p vng kinh Vnh T v Tht Sn lc by gi thnh lp vi quy ch d di, nh trng hp lng Ph Cng, tch ra t lng An Nng. Nm Minh Mng th 12 (1831), vo thng 3, Trng Vn Ngha ng n, xin khn vng t hoang t ni Chn Tm Lon ti ni Tr Bc, by lu thuc lng An Nng. Lc u, Trng Vn Ngha v ng bn 11 ngi n khai ph, sau chiu m thm c 4 ngi na, c nn tng lp lng mi ly tn l Ph Cng. C bn xin n nm th 17 (1836) s ng thu, khi m c thm dn v lp h. n c ph hi cho Tuy Bin ph tra khm v chun cho vo thng 11, nm Minh Mng th 15 (1834). Qua vn kin trn, ta thy vic cu xt ko di t 1831, khi Trng Vn Ngha khn t, xin s lp b v ng thu; quan a phng thu n, ch n ba nm sau mi chnh thc chp nhn. Trong thi gian ch i, bn ngi khn hoang tha h lm n, khi ng thu, khi khai bo g c. Lng Trng Thnh tch ra t lng Thng Thnh, rch Ci Rng (Cn Th) lp vo nm Minh Mng th 15 (1834) do hai ngi ng n. Lng tn lp ny gm 8 ngi dn c tn trong b lng Thng Thnh, 8 ngi dn lu v mt nin lo 67 tui. H chu ng thu 5 khonh t, hng sn in (thu nh). y l vng c an ninh, t tng i tt, cch xa Chu c hng trm cy s ngn, nn khng thy ghi nhng iu khon d di dnh cho vng bin gii. S thng nhc ti vic cho php t nhn i khn hoang. Chng ti gp ti liu v mt h th sn, tp trung th sn th rng, gi l Thuc Tnh Bit Np Lp H c hng quy ch ca mt lng, nhng khng c t ai. Cm u l H trng tn Nguyn Vn Lut, ngi kinh Vnh T, 55 tui. H trng phi chu trch nhim v thu v cho 7 ngi do ng ta bo lnh, thu ng bng ng voi, 150 mi nm. Gia nhp h th sn, c mt ngi qu Ci Thia (nh Tng), 1 ngi vng Ch Go (nh Tng), c bit l 1
ngi qu Vnh T can ti ng la n cp, ang b pht vng (lu y) ln Trn Ty (Cao Min) lm n in binh. V s phn chia t sai, c bit l vng Tht Nt, nhiu in ch khn t rng ti 26, 28 hoc 60 mu, trong khi tnh trung bnh mi phn t ca dn khn hoang l 2 hoc 3 mu. t tt m sng Ci hoc c lao, vic phn khonh nh b hn, trung bnh t 1 n 2 mu. Mi n nm Minh Mng th 19 (1839) tnh An Giang vn cn c triu nh nng so vi cc tnh khc. Tnh thn dng b s, ghi r s dn inh, v dn inh c phn tng, nn xin tng thm ngch lnh gin. Vua xung d rng : Ht y lu nay mong c du dt dy d, h khu mi nm mt tng, nay li nhn c thi bnh nn cng vi dn ngh ngi, khin cho cng lo vic cy cy, o ging m an nghip, dn chng ngy cng thm ng o, thnh vng, h tt phi xin thm ngch lnh gin lm chi. vua mun ni ti vic xm lng ca Xim m vng Chu c hng chu hu qu nng n nht, trong thi gian va qua... Vi vn ni an : Lon L Vn Khi. Cc vng ngi Min ng o Thng 7 nm 1832, T qun L Vn Duyt, Tng trn Gia nh thnh mt. V c th hn lu i vi T qun, vua Minh Mng tha c hi ny a ton v binh Minh Ngha v Qung Ngi. Sau khi chn ct T qun xong, vua Minh Mng cn ra lnh a c An Thun v Kinh. Thng 10 nm y, Gia nh thnh khng cn l n v quan trng na. Vua bi b ch Tng trn, tt c i l tnh, trc thuc vo triu nh Hu. Thng 11 nm y, vua cho nguyn Tng c tnh Sn Ty l L i Cng lm Tng c An H kim lnh n Bo h Chn Lp. Vic thuyn chuyn mt vin chc t Sn Ty vo Nam khng l iu l nu ta bit r chnh sch ca vua Minh Mng l trit h uy th v nhn tm m T qun L Vn Duyt gy c kinh Vnh T do ngi c xut o ra trong hon cnh kh khn. Tnh An Giang chnh thc thnh hnh vi hai ph Tuy Bin v Tn Thnh, nm 1835 ly thm t Ba Thc lp thnh ph Ba Xuyn. An Giang chim trn min hu ngn ca Hu giang, pha Bc th gm lun vng Vnh an (Sa c) ct ra khi trn Vnh Thanh lc trc. L Vn Khi ni lon, thnh cng nhanh chng trong t u, chim ln hi 6 tnh, nhng gi khng c lu. Dn chng tuy mn mt cng c T qun L Vn Duyt, nhng c nhn L Vn Khi khng uy tn. Hn na ngy qua thng li, dn chng thy L Vn Khi khng tin vo dn trong nc, li cn trc tip hoc gin tip lm vic cng rn cn g nh. L Vn Khi c cht t tinh thn tin b, chng li ch tp quyn h khc ca vua Minh Mng ? Mt ti liu cho bit l khi c hi v rung nng v tnh hnh an ninh ti cc tnh, tnh thn Vnh Long tu rng : Trc y bn gic (L Vn Khi) chim c tnh thnh, cc thn p u b chng t ph ri chng cn chiu theo nc nh dn, em tin trong kho ra tn cp n hn mt ngn quan, nay dn tnh nguyn y s em np li. Vua ra lnh min cho. Vic ly tin trong kho chia u cho dn, lc ang xy ra, chc l c dn hoan nghinh. V dn em np li cho quan khi bn phn lon b dp, cha chc v tnh nguyn, v s ng hn. Lon L Vn Khi ch l mt trong nhng mi lo s ca vua Minh Mng, v lc by gi Bc k lon lc ni ln vi cng ng k, l do chnh l nn i km, l quan li tham nhng. Nhng cuc khi lon L Vn Khi to c hi cho qun Xim nh ta trong c mt trn Lo, ring mt trn An Giang l quan trng hn c. T lu, vua cha nh Nguyn lo lng v cc vng ngi Min nh c tp trung, nhiu nht l a phn trn Vnh Thanh ngy xa :
Vng Tr n c yn n nh c Nguyn Vn Tn (mt ngi Min hu cng, trong thi gian phc quc, c mang h Vit Nam) nm c nhn tm. Nguyn Vn Tn cht, con l Nguyn Vn V c trng dng v c ra tn Hu bi kin vua. Vng Lc Ha (Cu K, Tiu Cn). Nm 1835 t ra x thn, ty theo sc ln nh, quan n tn ni khm xt, nh r thu kha. Vng Ba Thc (Sc Trng, K Sch). Vua Gia Long khi cn t Gia nh th cho ngi Min a phng lp n in mi nm np la su thu. Nm 1792, Nc n Xim v, vua em t y cho li ; nm 1835, cc quan li ngi Min a phng yu cu ta gip , vua Minh Mng cho ngi Min hng ch t tr rng ri vi quan ph coi vic ni an, mi n khi ngi Php nh nc ta, quan ph vn l ngi Min. Vng Mn (pha bc Cn Th) l ni ngi Min tp trung ng k. V sau, h phn tn, rt v pha hu bi, xa b Hu giang (i Nam Nht thng ch ghi l th huyn Mn). Vng ch H Tin, rch Gianh Thnh, vng Tht Sn l nhng trung tm gn bin gii, ni m vn an ninh khng c ton ho, mc du triu nh ch t i Gia Long, H Tin t nhiu phn, qu xu, tr vi lm nh sn i m ngi Trung Hoa n lm ry, ngi Vit n nh c ven bin. V tr ch H Tin tuy tt v phong thy, trn l thuyt, nhng qun Xim nh chim chp nhong. Ngi Min Tht Sn v H Tin thng lin lc vi h, h c hi n l ni lon, vo cui i Minh Mng. Nm 1835, theo lnh nh vua, tun ph Trn Chn lp n in ni Dng (ch gi l Chu Nham) st bin gii, binh s va cy rung, va luyn tp. Chnh sch ca vua Minh Mng i vi ngi Min (lun c ngi Lo, ngi Mng...) l nht th ng nhn (xem tt c cng l ngi), nghe qua th nh l dn ch, nhng thc cht l mun bt buc cc sc dn phi theo lun l, theo cch t chc thn xm, cng t ca Vit Nam v Tu, li buc ly h (nh h Sn, Thch, Kim, Kin...) Bin c qun s An Giang v Cao Min Thng 6, L Vn Khi ni lon th thng 11 qun Xim em binh nh nc ta (1833), b ngoi nh cu L Vn Khi nhng bn trong l qun Xim chn la ng thi c th li. Qun s ta lc by gi b tiu hao v b cm chn kh nhiu, mt s vo trong thnh Phin An theo L Vn Khi, mt s th bao quanh ch c hi ti chim. Trong t tn cng u tin, qun Xim lm ch tnh th, tng Xim ch huy cuc hnh qun cp tc ny l tay c ti, tn l Phi Nh Cht Tri (s gia Ty phng gi l tng Bodin, Phi Nh ch l chc tc). Thng 11 nm 1833, H Tin mt, thng 12 thnh Nam Vang ri n n Chu c cng mt theo. Nhng vua Minh Mng bnh tnh i ph, b tr cn thn v gi b mt. Qun Xim tha thng, t Ba Nam cho chin thuyn xung theo Tin giang. y l con ng chin lc v cng quan trng, nu c tin thm th n Sa c, rch Gm, nh Tng, thc vo trung tm min Nam, ni nh ca ng c, nhiu ti nguyn. Qun ta lin phn cng. Ti Tin giang, ni Vm Thun (s ghi l Thun Cng, Thun Phim ca ca Vm Nao pha Tin giang) ta chin thng. Gic phi dng li ri tm rt lui v Ba Nam vi dng nh theo ng b n Ty Ninh, nhng mt trn ny khng m ra c. Vi mi ngy sau, qua thng ging nm 1834, thy qun Xim li theo ng c, n vng m chng thu hm n quyt chim yt hu Tin giang, n Vm Thun khng thy g xy ra, chng th tin thm n rch C H (vng ch Th). Khi y, gic nhn lc nc xung, theo b sng phng ha t b, ngn tr thy qun ta ri chng li sn ti nh, Qun v Phm Hu Tm c binh nh t gi Dn n gi T, qun gic cht nhiu,
thy chng nhau, gic lin lui. y l trn nh ko di t ba bn gi khuya n chn mi gi tra, gic cht nhiu, thy chng ln nhau. Trn ny khin ta nh ti trn rch Gm di M Tho vo nm 1784 Nguyn Hu thng qun Xim. T Vm Thun n ch Th thuc huyn ng Xuyn, tnh An Giang, bao nhiu tn ph din ra. Nhng qun ta li tha thng thu phc n Chu c, thu phc thnh H Tin ri chim thnh Nam Vang t tay qun Xim. Gic Xim ng thi cng nh ta theo mt Qung Tr v Ngh An trn t Lo, nhng b chn li. Ta rt theo n vng Bin H (Tonl Sap) tn cn c a ca qun Xim. Cng nm 1834 ny, vo thng t, Trng Minh Ging (by gi l Tng c An Giang, H Tin) t Nam Vang tr v ra lnh tu b n Chu c, ri ngh n vic di tnh l H Tin qua pha Giang Thnh (xa b bin, d phng th hn). Va lc y, li hay tin qun Xim cng do Phi Nh Cht Tri cm u ang ko qua Cao Min vi lc lng l 5000 qun. Qun ta n ni trn p, ng n ti Vng X Nng (Kompong Chnang). Nm th 16 (1835), vua Minh Mng cho i n An Man Nam Vang lm thnh Trn Ty, nh ch cai tr, ng u l mt v tng qun, hai v tham tng, quan lnh binh, quan n in. Vic ny ch gy thm mt nhc cho qun dn ta. T nm trc, nc Chn Lp b i km n i c ngi phi n cc th tm cm nn phi xut ra t cc kho hai tnh nh Tng v Vnh Long ch ln Cao Min mt vn vung go pht chn cho dn khi xiu tn. Chnh sch n in c ban hnh Trn Ty, ngi i n in gm t phm ca Nam k lc tnh. Ai trn v th b tp n gt gao. Theo li Trng Minh Ging nm 1839 th Trn Ty, dn tu ca Vit chiu tp thnh lp c 25 x thn, vi 470 dn binh, 340 mu iu, theo quy ch th ba nm sau mi ng thu. Trn Ty, ngi Tu c ng kh ng, s ngi c sn nghip l 220, xin thnh lp 5 bang. Nm 1837, Trng Minh Ging m rng thm nh hng, ln st vng m ngi Xim chim ng Bin H. Bin H (Tonl Sap) c gi l H Hi (v hnh dng c eo ging nh ci bu ng ru). y l khu vc nhiu hu li. Trng Minh Ging xin lp ba ph Hi ng, Hi Ty v Sn nh pha ng, pha ty Bin H v ni u Khu (dy Cardamomes), ng thi lp n in, tp lnh, tr lng, cho ngi Vit v ngi Min n khn hoang, tm cch dy ting Vit, dy ch cho ngi a phng vic cai tr c d dng. Mt ngn ngi Xim trn khi vng qun Xim kim sot theo ta nm 1837 ; nm 1839 dn Min vng Battambang do Xim kim sot cng trn v, to thm nhiu gnh nng cho quan qun n bo h, nh cp pht go mun cho h. Nhng mt s ngi Min thch np sng lu ng. Vua Minh Mng bt buc h phi c gia c d lp s b. Lnh Min th chia nhau cy rung, phn na ti ng, phn na v qu, mi nm ch tp trung y vo thng mi, ma nng. La go sn xut Cao Min lc by gi khng cung cp cho vic binh, vua Minh Mng hiu th cho dn su tnh Nam k : Ai np la xay go lm qun nhu ln thnh Trn Ty th c thng phm hm, min thu thn, min i lnh v lm xu, ai cp 2500 hc la th c thng chnh cu phm. Cui i Minh Mng (1840) xy ra cuc tranh ti gia Phi Nh Cht Tri v Trng Minh Ging. Nu t lu Trng Minh Ging thng th phen ny ln hi lm vo th yu. Nhn tm Cao Min lc by gi rt bt li, lon lc ni ln i ph khng kp, phn ln do cc quan ca ta cai tr khng cng bnh li thm tham nhng. Vic ng qun Cao Min c th tm tng kt nh sau : V chnh sch, vua cha phong kin Vit Nam cng nh Xim l c lun lun m mang b ci. t Cao Min l ni tranh chp. nh qua Cao Min, a cc quan cai tr l
phiu lu, nhng th hi nu khng lm vic y cho Xim chim ng Cao Min st Chu c, H Tin, st Ty Ninh, liu lnh th ta c c yn n, vn ton ? y l cuc tn cng phng ng. V qun s, khi no qun Xim tin vo lnh th ca ta th h thua. H nm vng ng thy chin lc t Nam Vang n Tn Chu l ta thng. C im quan trng nht l Ba Nam (Ba Cu Nam) trn sng Tin giang. Ngc li, khi no qun ta phiu lu n vng Bin H, st cn c ca qun Xim La l ta b kh khn, nu khng ni l thua. Nguyn Cng Tr tng dp gic Nng Vn Vn Bc k dng s v so snh : So vi s th ng gic Nng Vn Vn thi vic dp yn gic Th (Cao Min) ny hi kh m chm... Nay, gic Th dy khp ni, trong ch hoang mng, trng bn mt u l tre gai rm rp, nc su bn ly, khng phi nh cy ln, ni cao c th n ph tm ng i bng c... Hung chi ng em lng t Trn Ty (Nam Vang) n ch qun th, mt ln i tm ngy ng m ch n mt thng... Chng ti trm ngh trc phi nh c gic Xim ri sau gic Th mi dp yn c. Tnh hnh nm 1840 tht bi t. Cng theo li tu trn ca Nguyn Cng Tr, thi by gi t An Giang n Trn Ty, t An Giang n H Tin, qun gic ng n c. V chnh tr, c s k th r rt, nhng nng nht l v l do vn ha. Ngi Cao Min chu nh hng vn ha n vi nhng tp tc a phng, thch sng ry y mai . V cn tn tch mu h, vic ci g ca ngi Min hi kh hiu, khng ging ngi Vit theo ph h, v vy b hiu l lon lun. Cch mc, cch n (n bc, mc s rong) ca ngi Min khng hp vi cm quan ca nho s Vit, cng l tc l ha thiu. Ngay n o Pht, ngi Min theo hnh thc Tiu Tha, ngha l khc vi cch tng nim, cch n ung ca cha theo i Tha. V quyn hn ca giai cp tng l Cao Min cng kh rng. Quan li Cao Min, di thi h ca vua Minh Mng phi mc o, i mo nh quan li Vit Nam. T vic tuyn chn quan li, cch thu thu, ni chung cng vic hnh chnh Cao Min ngy xa rt khc vi Vit Nam. Don Un vit trong Trn Ty K Lc: H cng cha bit o dng nc, ta ch cn mong sau ny ngy cng cng c m rng thm chnh th duy tn dn, chc s khng cn phc lu nh trc na vy. Trong khi y, gii bnh dn Vit Nam v ngi Min sng chung ng nhau d dng. Lc canh tc, bt c, ch bin thc n, ta cng bt chc vi k thut ca ngi Min; vic ngi Vit ci v Min khng phi l khng c. Lp a b nm Minh Mng th 17 (1836) y l ln u tin m t Gia nh lp a b vi quy m ln, lu li bng chng c th. Mi thn v bn cc s t, loi t, din tch, ranh gii bn pha, ghi tn ch in. Lnh vua ban ra vo thng 2, phi on ny do Trng ng Qu cm u, vi Nguyn Kim Bng, c hai u sung chc Kinh lc i s (nhng Nguyn Kim Bng mang bnh, Trn ty i tng l Trng Minh Ging thay th). Trng ng Qu l Binh b Thng th, Nguyn Kim Bng l Li b Thng th. Hai v Ph s l Tn Tht Bch v Nguyn Khc Tr. Thng 7 nm y, phi on tr v, cng tc hon thnh. Vua ban thng v xung d cho ni cc : Trng ng Qu l ngi cng bng v t nn vic lm n ch thnh tu, ng nh mnh lnh ca trm, tuy khng th snh vi vic i dp bin cng, m rng b ci c phn minh, so vi vic m t ai cho rng bin gii c khc g ? S chp tip : Sau 6 tnh Nam k khng phi tng thu rung m tin ti vn bi thu. Thu in th Nam k c nh li, sau khi c in. Kt qu l tng thu cho cng qu, nhng ngi khn t chu thit thi nhiu l khng c gi rung t n lu nh trc.
Nm 1836 ri 1839, vua Minh Mng quy nh v th l thng pht dnh cho cc vin chc a phng, t khn thm th thng, b hoang th pht. Hu qu i ti u ? Vic c in c l lm cho dn khn hoang mt ho hng phn no, v thu v. Nm 1837, lin sau khi c in v ban hnh l khen thng, theo bo co ca cc tnh H Tin, Vnh Long, nh Tng th con s khn thm khng c bao nhiu, ring tnh Bin Ha li cng thy vng v. n nh Gia nh An Giang ti nay vn cn cha tu bo... Lm vic khng ng n nh vy thit nn tr ti xng ng... Hy dn Tng c, Tun ph, B chnh, n st my ni y nhc nh cc ph huyn s ti hy ht lng khuyn khch, lm cho nng dn vui v quay v vic nng, em nhng rung t hoang ph trong ht m khai khn cho ht.
1.3) Nhu cu chnh n v ni tr : Nhng n in chin lc Hu giang
Vua Minh Mng mt, li gnh nng pha bin gii Vit Min. Lon lc pht khi ngay t khi cuc chinh pht ca tng Trng Minh Ging ang din ra ti pha Bin H, tuy rng v hnh thc l dp xong nhng mm mng cn . Ngi Min c ng trn lnh th Vit Nam dng nh sn sng hng ng, chng i quan li a phng khi Cao Min phong tro ln cao. Qun Xim li kho phao tin tuyn truyn. Ngi Cao Min lc by gi Nam k li bc dc vi chnh sch nht th ng nhn ca vua Minh Mng, bt buc h phi ly tn, ly h nh ngi Vit ng ha. Li cn ch trng ci cch t chc nng thn c truyn ca sc Min khin h mt quyn t tr. Vng bin gii H Tin, An Giang bt u xo trn khi vo nm 1838, tn Gi lm chc An ph cho ta cu kt vi ngi Xim. Nm sau, vin qun c ngi Min An Giang l Hn Bin cng ng bn lm phn ri b i, mt s ng lnh Min cng chy theo chng nh ri mt s quay tr li. Vua truyn lnh tha ti nhng ngi bit hi ci. Nm 1840, tnh hnh thm bi t : ngi Min Tnh Bin (An Giang) ni lon khin quan tri ph b trn, lon qun ko v pha bin gii H Tin nh n Chu Nham ( Dng), quan binh nhiu k b hi. Thng 10 nm y, gic t Tht Sn gm hn 2000 ngi ko qua tn Kin Giang, ph ch Rch Gi, p n hai bn b rch ny; vng X Tn (Tri Tn) cng b khuy ng. Nm Thiu Tr nguyn nin, tt c cc vng ngi Min sng ng c u ni lon, quan qun v cng vt v. Ba khu vc quan trng nht l : Vng Tr vinh (nay l Vnh Bnh) bao gm cc khu vc rng ln t Tin giang qua Hu giang (Tr Vinh, Cu K, Tiu Cn, Cu Chong), s gi l vng Lc Ha. Cuc khi lon dai dng v c quy m ko di t thng 3 n thng 10 nm 1841, ngi cm u l Lm Sm (cn c Lm Sum, ngi a phng gi l X Na Xom hoc X Xom, tc l vin tng tn Xom). Th on xch ng l dng ba ngi, do cc tn thy ba a ra ri loan tin tht thit : Ai khng theo chng s b Tri Pht hi, ai theo th c cu thot, v kh l ao mc, ch gc, phng ko c thng (tr thnh cy m tu). Thot tin lon qun chim Tr Vinh (n Nguyt Lng ca ta). Gic li li cun c my sc Min rch Cn Chong (nay l Tiu Cn) xung n Bc Trang ra n m sng Hu giang, vng Tr iu. C lc gic thng th, chim gi mt vng di hn 30 cy s, gm ton sc Min. Trn gay go nht xy ra vng Tr T (nay gi l Hiu T), b chnh Trn Tuynv tri huyn Hunh Hu Quang u t trn. S lon qun ln n by tm ngn, ngoi Lm Sum cn tn tng Cng (chc l cai tng tn Cng) v mt tn t xng l ph m i. Tham d cuc to thanh vng Lc Ha, gm c tng c Bi Cng Huyn, tham tnh thnh Trn Ty l Nguyn Tn Lm v Nguyn Cng Tr cng rt v nc tip tay, ngoi ra cn c tng Nguyn Tri Phng. Nguyn Tri Phng di binh tin nh, tuy ph tan c lun, nhng ch ny tan r th ch kia quy t, c nh pha ng, gi pha ty, khng th no dit ht c. Khi Trng Minh Ging rt lui v An Giang, ta c thm 3000 qun s n tip ng mt trn Lc Ha. Trong m lon qun u th, c c ngi Vit v ngi Tu. Phi chng l nhng ngi Vit trc kia theo L Vn Khi, nay trn lnh ? Vng Sc Trng, trung tm cuc khi lon l Ba Xuyn, Tr Tm, t thng ba cng nm tn su. Thot tin gic b phn tn ri tp trung ti Sc m ng n m chng c. Thng 11, qun ca Nguyn Tn Lm v Nguyn Tri Phng nh hai mt gip li. Gic tan, vua Thiu Tr cho Nguyn Tn Lm li Ba Xuyn dp m tn qun v lp an ninh. Theo truyn thuyt, lnh t lon qun y l Xa Ne Tia.
Vng Tht Sn, Vnh T. Nu Tr Vinh v Sc Trng ni lin nhau (bn ny v bn kia sng Hu Giang), dn ng, kinh t ph nhiu, ngi Min sng tp trung th vng Tht Sn li l ni m ngi Min d tn thi v khuy ng, vi hng chc ngn i ln nh, nhiu thung lng, dn c thun nht li st bin gii Cao Min. Nm nguyn nin, gic t tp ti Lt t, qun ta dp tan ri nh lun ti Cn S. Pha Tnh Bin cng c lon vi ngn tn, nhng dp c. Nguyn Tri Phng n ni Tng nh lon qun. hai huyn H Dng v H m, tnh hnh khuy ng. H Dng gm vng ni Cm, ni Tng; H m gm cc lng dc theo bin gii bn kinh Vnh T. S d lon qun dm kiu ngo v bn kia bin gii, Phi Nh Cht Tri em qun Xim n dng n ly b sng Vnh T ri qua li gy s vi nhng n bo ca qun ta. Quan binh bn chia ng i tiu tr, git v lm b thng rt ng, chim ly c by n, hai bn b sng Vnh T mt lot c dp yn. Bn gic trong cc n ni Cm, ni Tng nghe tin bn chy trn. Qun Xim gp s tht bi tan r y mun tng thm binh v chin thuyn tr li mt ln na gip dn Min gy s, va lc y nc h c vic nn ngng. Nhng tnh hnh Cao Min, Tht Sn v kinh Vnh T ch l tm thi lng ng. Nm sau, cuc xm lng i quy m li din ra. Nu ln trc chin s xy ra ti Tin giang, t Vm Thun n Ch Th th ln ny mt trn chnh li din ra vng Tht Sn v kinh Vnh T. Ngn chn gic Xim nm 1842 Trong khi ni lon xy ra Lc Ha (Tr Vinh) th tnh hnh trn Cao Min rt ti t, vua Thiu Tr ng vi cc i thn l nn rt qun v An Giang, tht kho v lng l. Voi em v khng tin th lm tht cho qun s n, nhng ngi Vit trc kia gm a s l t phm ln Cao Min lm n th la ch m cho li. Thng 9 nm 1841, qun s ta rt v An Giang. Khi v n ni, tng Trng Minh Ging mt v bnh, nhng l do chnh l v bun gin triu nh. Qun Xim khng b l c hi, m ngay cuc xm lng vo lnh th Vit Nam. Ln ny s b tr ca Xim kh chu o, chin thut thay i hn. Li cn mt yu t ng ch : yu t chnh tr. l nhng ngi Vit a s l t phm b y lm n in. Khi mi ln ngi, vua Thiu Tr ngh ti s phn ca h. Nhng trong x Trn Ty, gic Th cha yn m nhng tn t phm khi trc can n pht qun hin ng sai phi , phi i khi yn gic ri s ngh. By gi Nam Vang c ngi con trai t xng l con ca hong t Cnh, ly hiu l Hong Tn (c ngha l chu ni vua Gia Long) ang t tp mt s ng gm Xim, Lo, Hn (Vit Nam), Th, nhng a trn ti cng theo nhiu lm. Phi chng trong s t nhn b pht qun ln Cao Min, i Minh Mng, gm nhiu ngi can ti dnh lu xa gn ti cuc khi lon ca L Vn Khi, Si Gn v cc tnh ? a k t xng l Hong Tn v nc ch l mt trong nhng l do ca qun Xim; hnh ng chnh tr ny khng gy c xc ng tm l ng k. D sao i na, ta cng thy Phi Nh Cht Tri l k tinh t v a mu. Thng ging nm 1842, chin thuyn Xim n vng o Ph Quc, tn cng d xt. Nguyn Cng Tr, ngi tng dp gic Tu vnh H Long th tr ti, nhng b sng gi ngn tr. Bn Hong Tn a 5000 ngi n Sch S, thnh phn ton ngi Xim v Lo (ngi Xim c thi bt dn vng b chim lm n l, lm lnh). Sch S l v tr quan trng gia Tin giang v Hu giang. Tng Nguyn Tri Phng nhn nh rng Tin giang l con sng quan trng n thng gia trung tm An Giang, Vnh Long v nh Tng, xin em binh thuyn b tr sn. Vic xy ra nhm lc vua Thiu Tr ang ra H Ni nhn l th phong ca s Tu.
Thng 2 qun Xim li tng cng hi qun, n gn Cn Vt (Qung Bin, Kampot), ta b tr gia ti ca H Tin (Kim D). Ri binh thuyn ca Xim ko ti Bch M (Kp) ng o hn vi nh chim L Kh (Rch Vc, pha nam H Tin, b bin) v chim T Mn (ca ng H, bn cnh ni T Chu) bao vy H Tin. Xim ko my vn binh trn vng kinh Vnh T, ta chng khng kp. Cnh qun chnh ca Xim nh t b bin vnh Xim La qua theo ng H Tin, ch khng t Nam Vang m thc xung theo sng Tin giang nh my ln trc. Trc nguy c y, vua Thiu Tr cho qun lc t Hu ko vo tng cng, cng vi lnh th t Qung Nam, Qung Ngi. t tn cng u tin ca qun Xim b chn li, khp cc mt trn Vnh T, Tin giang v Hu giang. Nhng qun Xim cha rt lui, cho cng c thnh ly, chim trn vng ni C T (T Sn, thuc dy Tht Sn). Thng nm nm y, ta ko vo chim li khu C T m qun Xim va xy dng trn lnh th ca ta. y l ni ngi Min sng tp trung t lu i. Binh ta gm nm o, mi o 1000 qun, em sng ln t ti Tri Tn (X Tn) m bn ph ly gic. Nguyn Tri Phng em i binh n ni C T, gic tan, mt s ng ra u th gm ngi Tu v ngi Min c n s ngn. Vua Thiu Tr sai Nguyn Cng Tr iu ng vic lp p, khuyn khch khn rung. Nhng ta tin rng vic lm ny khng i ti u c, t chn ni t lu c ngi Min canh tc, ha chng cc quan ca ta ch lo chnh n an ninh trong cc sc Min. Ri ta ko qun ln pha Nam Vang, truy n. Thng 7 nm 1845, gic Min li n b kinh Vnh T ti lng Vnh in, ph ri Trng Ly (Trng Ly l bc trng thnh m ta dng ln, trng tre gai, xa xa c n nh dc theo kinh Vnh T, khi Php n cn di tch ny). Nhng gic b nh lui. Nm 1845, ta thng vi trn ng k. n lt Nguyn Tri Phng v Don Un thi ti vi Phi Nh Cht Tri. Ta tin n Vng Long (Kompong Lung). Cao Min nhn nhn s bo h song phng ca Xim v Vit Nam. Thnh lp cc n in chin lc Hu qu nhng nm lon lc vng An Giang, Tr Vinh, Ba Xuyn, H Tin nh th no ? Chc l trm trng lm. H lon lc l t nh cp ca, b s mt mt, quan li tham nhng, cng ho th mc tha h hng hip dn. nhng vng ngi Min sng tp trung, vic bnh nh ch c ngha l gn gi c an ninh. Mm mng bt mn vn cn. Vua Thiu Tr mt nm 1847, ngi gnh tt c nhng hu qu ca vua Minh Mng li. Tnh th khng suy sp l nh tng ti, giu kinh nghim chin trng v qun s ht lng. Don Un dng cha Ty An ni Sam nm 1847 l vic c nhiu ngha i vi nhn tm thi by gi v nht l i vi c nhn mt nho s hng hi nhng thm mt. Cng tc khn hoang ngng tr, nu khng ni l b v phn no Hu giang. nm Thiu Tr th ba (1843), o thm con kinh ni lin Tin giang (t Tn Chu) n th Chu Giang pha Hu giang. Kinh ny ngn nhm mc ch qun s chin thuyn i nhanh t Tn Chu n vnh Xim La khi hu s, qua kinh Vnh T. Dn phu t hai tnh Vnh Long v An Giang tp trung li. t u o d dang ri ngng, s dch li coi vic o kinh bc hip khin dn phu bt mn, trn n rt nhiu. Sau ma gt, dn phu li c huy ng ln th nh. Mt ti liu ca ph Hong o tnh Vnh Long (Bn Tre, c lao Bo) cho bit dn phu ph ny i o kinh Vnh An gm 8 i, mi i 50 ngi, c vin ph tng hoc l dch coi sc. Mi i mang theo 10 cy cuc, 10 cy mai, phng, ru, cy m u, gu nc, ging, gnh, ky, mi th 30 ci, li cn dy tre di hn 1 trng. Vin chc tnh ti a im o kinh t trc ct tri cho dn phu . C 15 ngy thay i mt ln cho dn ngh ngi. Kinh o xong vo thng 4 nm 1844, t tn l Long An H.
Ni lon va dp xong, tng c An H l Nguyn Tri Phng v Tun ph An Giang l Don Un iu trn ba bic (1844) : Xin lng bt cc iu l thanh tra. Xin tc tr ngch h trong b s dn. Xin tha cc hng thu thiu lu nay. My iu trn chng t dn An Giang, c bit l vng kinh Vnh T xiu tn qu nhiu, lm ngi n ni khc lm n, k li bm t th nh chu trc tip nh hng chin tranh. Cc s n in Bin Ha, nh Tng c kh quan hn, giao li cho dn a phng cy m np thu lm rung cng (tr thnh cng in cho dn mn), lnh khai thc n in th trit v tnh, lo vic khc. Ty Ninh, gip bin gii Min, cng xc tin lp n in t nm 1843. Vua T c ln ngi, gnh bao nhiu hu qu. Trng Quc Dng dng s tu : Ti lc trong dn, soi vi nm trc mi phn km n nm su m cc quan a phng thng hay trau di ting tt, hi s dn th tu rng tng, hi ma mng thi tu rng c, ch mun cho mnh c ting khen. Vua T c rn cc quan dng tm lm nng nh, bt lnh i thu, lo hi l quan trn, gp tin k di. i Minh Mng, Thiu Tr xy ra ni lon ri. Vua T c c phng nhng kh cu vn, nht l i vi min Bc v min Trung ni i km thng xy ra. Li cn nn ngoi xm ca thc dn Php m ngi khng tin on ni mc trm trng. Thng ging nm 1850, cho Nguyn Tri Phng l Thng th b Cng lm Kinh lc i s Nam k. Nguyn Tri Phng gi chc v ny n cui nm 1858 ri tr v Kinh, lo i ph vi thc dn Php. Nguyn Tri Phng am hiu tnh hnh cc tnh Tin giang, Hu giang, lun c Cao Min t hi Thiu Tr. ng t chn n nhng ni ho lnh v nguy him nht nh Tht Sn, Vnh T, Tr Vinh, Ba Xuyn. Tm li, nhng vng m ngi Min sng tp trung. Nm 1853, vua T c cho php lp n in, lp p x Nam k theo li tu ca nh thn. Ti sao c vic lp n in ny ? T trc c chnh sch n in ri. Nhng ln ny a ra cp bch nhm i ph kp thi vi tnh hnh iu tn vng bin gii v Hu giang. Nguyn Tri Phng ni thng mc ch : t Nam k lin vi gic Min, dn xiu tn nhiu. Nay mn iu chiu m d dn v c vic khai khn nui dn n, tht l mt cch quan yu gi gic v yn dn . Lp n in v lp p l hnh thc t chc nhm phc v chin lc ln : gi gic v yn dn. Ni dung tm tt nh sau : Thnh phn : dn khp Lc tnh Nam k cng cc tnh t Bnh Thun tr ra pha Bc, theo nguyn tc tnh nguyn. a im thnh lp : hai tnh An Giang v H Tin cn d th cho qua vng kinh Vnh T, Tnh Bin, hoc Ba Xuyn. Hnh thc t chc : c hai hnh thc, lp n in v lp p. M dn lp n in Dn sng tp trung lm lnh n in, y l hnh thc bn qun s. Ai m c 50 ngi th t chc thnh mt i, ngi m c lm sut i. V sau, khi cy cy c kt qu, i ny ci ra thnh mt p, vin sut i mc nhin tr thnh p trng, theo quy ch dn s. Ai m c 500 ngi thi t chc thnh mt c (gm 10 i), ngi m c b nhim lm chnh i th sai ph qun c, khi t tr nn thnh thuc, c ny tr thnh mt tng, ngi ng m tr thnh cai tng, theo quy ch dn s.
M dn lp p Dn trong p sng theo quy ch dn s, khng b cu thc nhiu. Con s ti thiu lp mt p l 10 ngi, s y mi c chn t m khai khn, lp b. Nn hiu y l 10 ngi dn cam kt chu thu, ln hi p ny quy t thm mt s lu dn, bn ny khng cn v b, c sng theo quy ch dn lu. Khi rung t thnh thuc, dn ng hn th nng ln thnh mt lng. Ngi Tu cng c th u m, lp p. C l khen thng nhng ngi m dn lp p : c 30 ngi th tha xu thu trn i, 50 ngi thi thng chnh cu phm, 100 ngi thi thng chnh bt phm. Nn nh l mun m dn th phi c vn ln nui dn, cho vay lm ma trong my nm u (vay tin v vay la n). Cc ng b h, tc l ch n (ng thi cng l n nhn) khi cht th tr thnh tin hin, th trong nh lng. y l ni dung li tu c bit ca Nguyn Tri Phng : Ngi Cao Min cc sc thuc Ba Xuyn v Tnh Bin mi quy t v theo ta (sau cc bin lon i Thiu Tr) ng l th phi em phn tn khp ni, nhng ta li cho h tr v qu qun, nu tip tc sng nh th h s c c hi lm lon nh trc. Bi vy dn khp Nam k lc tnh nu mun ng m qua Tnh Bin, Ba Xuyn lp p th c cho, nhng h phi sng trong cc tng thnh lp ri (nhng nay th xiu tn, dn khng cn s). T phm Lc tnh, ai m c mt i hoc mt thn (50 ngi) thi cho lng chng n bo kit, s tha ti ri a n vng kinh Vnh T (thuc tnh An Giang) hoc vng rch Giang Thnh (tnh H Tin) cy rung, ty theo cng vic kt qu ti u, hnh kim ra sao s liu nh m gii quyt. Qua li tu ca Nguyn Tri Phng, ta thy c dng cho t phm oi cng chuc ti v vng Vnh T v Giang Thnh l ni kh khai khn, li st bin gii, nguy him hn cc vng khc. Nm sau, 1854, sng kin ca Nguyn Tri Phng gp nhiu s khen ch ca cc quan, thu tai vua. Nguyn Tri Phng tu v vic ch li ca chnh sch ni trn v nhn nhn rng : Ti xt vic n in vn li nc li dn m khng li cho Tng, L. Vy nn Tng, L t iu phnh dn, nhng ngi ni bt tin chng qua b chng phnh m thi. Tng, L tc l cai tng v l trng, h chng i v chnh sch ny khin cho dn trong lng trong tng c th qua vng t khc m lm n. Lng tng ca h tr nn tha tht, thiu ngi ng thu v lm xu. Hoc nhng phn t hoang trong lng trong tng s b ct ra tr thnh mt lng, mt p khc, a bn hot ng v s dn m h cai tr by lu nay b thu hp li. Nhn dp y Nguyn Tri Phng bo co kt qu u tin sau mt nm : lp c 21 c n in v phng chng 100 lng. ng thi Nguyn Tri Phng cng xin khen thng nhng a phng m vic khn hoang thu kt qu tt. Mt trm lng (p) ni trn quy t 10500 ngi. Nm 1866, nha Dinh in x An Giang, H Tin v vng c nhiu ngi Min Vnh Long (Lc Ha). ng thi vi cc tnh ni trn, nhng tnh cn li Nam k cng t chc n in khn hoang; ng ch nht l n in Gia Thun, huyn Tn Ha (G Cng) thuc tnh Gia nh do Trng nh cm u. Lc lng bn qun s ca n in tr gip c lc cho qun s triu nh khi gi thnh Ch Ha v cn tham gia cc cuc khi ngha v sau.
Nhng chi tit c th Lp n in l chnh sch tt, tuy nhin ngi dn chu kh nhiu hy sinh, cc nhc? H b cng bch, nh trng hp m dn ngho lng Tn Nin Ty (nay thuc G Cng). H l dn lu, hng chc lng tng kh h qua Gia thun gia nhp n in. Nhng vi ngy sau, h b trn, qua c ng ti lng King Phc. cho dn s trong n in khi b hao ht, vin i ca n in Gia Thun l Bi Vn Cm bo co ln, v quan huyn cho php vin i ny truy n bn dn va trn, gm 5 ngi. Du sao i na, lm dn lu trong mt lng c np sinh hot thun thc vn khe thn hn l b bt i ni khc lm n in. Trng hp ni trn xy ra vo nm T c th 11 (1858). Ngi dn c phn ng v khi bn rn cy cy th lm sao h c th din tp v qun s nh quan trn mong mun ? V li cy cy t hoang i hi nhiu cng phu hn vng t thnh thuc, tn cng nhiu nhng hu li khng thu c bao nhiu, trong nhng nm u tin. V nhu cu gn gi bin gii, tng c An H (An Giang, H Tin) l Cao Hu Dc a nhiu k hoch thc p dn, n i cc quan Ni cc phi can thip. Nm T c th 7 (1854), mt nm sau khi ban hnh quy ch n in, Trng ng Qu, Trng Vn Uyn v V c Nhu bi yt vua, nhc li vic lm v nhng yu sch ca Cao Hu Dc, ri i n mt kt lun m nh vua ng : Phi m ngi v tp luyn ln ln th vic lm mi c kt qu. C ch ba nm ri hy hay. Nh vua hiu rng cc quan a phng thu r hon cnh v c xin nhiu vic vn n in. Tm li, phi cho dn sng d dng, gp cng t t. Khng cn con s qu ng. Cao Hu Dc xin vic ch qun phc (dn n in khi thao din c sc phc ring) v vic thao din thng xuyn. Hai vic y khng cn kp lm. Nn lm s sch ghi s lu dn, dn lu, t t gom thnh i khai khn cho hp vi hon cnh. Sau 3 nm chun b th hai iu trn (sc phc v thao din) mi lm c. Cng nm 1854, ta c mt ti liu v vic lp n in. y l mt i (50 ngi dn lu) xin khn 2 khonh t tng cng l 200 mu ca lng Thng Thnh (nay l Ci Rng, Cn Th). i trng Nguyn Vn Tn ng n, c thn trng, hng thn v dch mc k tn. Thn trng lng gip ranh (lng Nh Lng) k vo xc nhn vn ranh gii, vin cai tng cng k vo. n ny c quan Tng c An H ph. n in ni trn thu ht dn ca lng Thng Thnh v ct t lng ny bt ra n 200 mu. Ta hiu ti sao vic lp n in thng b cc lng c t tt chng i, nu l ct t xu ni nc mn ng chua th chng ai tranh cn lm chi. Nm T c th 9 (1856), c mt ti liu theo cc p trng ca 9 p (Thanh Thin, An M, Ph Hu, Vnh Lc, Ph Thnh, M Thnh, Vnh Thi, Ph M, Ph Khai) hp cng i trng v bn ng b h cng i tu khm in a o c ri khai vo s b. Chng hiu ngy nay cc p ni trn nm trong a phng no, nhng ta thy s phi hp gia p trng (i n in) v vai tr cc ng b h gip vn. Chng ti th xc nhn v tr ca vi n in thnh lp di thi T c. Vic lm ny kh khn v mt s n in ln hi tr thnh lng x, mt s khc v sau b thc dn Php gii tn. Vng Tn Chu cn ti liu lin quan n ng i Chn Ti Vnh n, theo vo nhng nm 1853 v 1856, ng c vin ch huy bo Tn Chu cho lm p trng, ri tc c c p trng. Nm 1860, ng c cp cho mt vi bng cp s i m lnh thn Ph Lm. ng i Chn Ti sau thng chc hip qun, trong i binh Giang Ngha. Dc theo kinh Vnh T, nhng lng mc thnh lp t i Minh Mng v Thiu Tr t tiu iu, lc qun Xim trn ti v chim n Chu c. Trung tm quy t lu dn c ni nhiu nht trong vng ny i T c l Tnh Bin v b kinh Vnh T. Nhng y, nh Nguyn Tri Phng quy nh h phi sng trong cc tng thnh lp ri tc l
b sung vo cc lng c, c ranh gii, c b inh, b in t i Minh Mng trnh vic ln vo rung t ngi Min. Ring v cc i do t phm lp ra, a v Giang Thnh hoc Vnh T th khng thy du vt c th, ngy nay tm li cng qu kh khn v ngi a phng nu l con chu ca t phm th cng che giu, hoc khng bit r vic ny (v chnh ng cha ca h cng che giu lai lch, v th din i vi cc lng khc). Tu s on Minh Huyn, sau ny l Gio ch ca Pht gio Bu Sn K Hng n vng Tnh Bin, ti Thi Sn lp tri rung, quan a phng khng a thch nhng ta khng thy ti liu no ni n vic ngn cn, chng t khn hoang vng bin gii i T c l cng tc c khuyn khch. Ngi Chm sng tp trung Chu Giang (ngang Chu c) t chc li thnh tng i, c quan hip qun cm u. Ti vng Tr Vinh (Lc Ha) ni ngi Min tng gy no ng hi u i Thiu Tr, Nguyn Tri Phng lp n in vng Cu Ngang, Tr C c vi ngn dn, mt ngi Min l Thch In c lm hip qun n in (khi Php n ng ny ra lm cai tng). Ti ng ba Tr C, c ng i Mi Nhn. Ti vng M Tho, Nguyn Tri Phng lp n in min Xoi T. Ti vng Ba Xuyn, vic lp p, lp n in pht trin nn lp thm mt huyn mi Nhu Gia, nm T c th 13 (1860). Ni chung cc n in chin lc, cc p ni trn c thit lp xen k vo vng c ngi Min c ng tp trung. V vy m ngy nay du khch phi ngc nhin khi gp nhng xm ng c ngi Vit Nam, vi np sng thun thc, ni chung quanh ton l sc Min, nht l Tr Vinh, Tht Sn, vng Sc Trng. Vic lp p, lp n in xc tin trong vng non 6 nm l thc dn Php nh chim thnh Gia nh. Tuy nhin, sau khi ct ba tnh min ng cho Php, nm 1864, vua T c chun cho Trn Hon lm tun ph H Tin kim sung chc Dinh in An Giang, H Tin, Vnh Long : kt qu chc l mong manh v thc dn li nh vo ba tnh min Ty nm 1867. ng thi vi quy ch lp p v lp n in nm 1835, vua T c nh l ngi cy mn rung : Gp nm mt ma, nu nh nc min thu cho ch in theo t l no th ch in phi theo t l y m bt la rung cho t in. y l vic lm c cht t tin b. Nm 1850, khi c sung Nam k kinh lc s, Nguyn Tri Phng ch n nn cho vay nng li. T lu, theo l triu nh th cho vay ring t hoc cm c ti vt, bt lun l nm thng lu mau th ch ly mt vn mt li m thi, mi thng tin li khng qu 3 phn, ai tri lnh th b pht 40 roi. Li dy ca Hnh B ni rt k : nh mn mt lng bc, c mi thng 3 phn m ly li, ko di ti 33 thng th bc li y mt lng tc l ngang vi s vn ri. Nh con n khng tr tin li u n, tr ko di nm mi nm th cng gi nguyn tc mt vn mt li l dt n. Nguyn Tri Phng nhc li nguyn tc khng qu 3 phn mi thng. Gn y, nghe Gia nh tnh c ph h cho vay, phn nhiu tri lnh cm cho nn con n khng th tr, thng b ch n lm kh. Ngi lnh (mang n) khng yn trong c ng, m dn sng khng yn cho nn c ngi sinh tm phi n trm, ch khng phi nht thit v tham. C nhn thng ni : cho vay tin khng bng cho vay c (tri ti bt nh tri c), nn gim thu, bt t. Triu nh thng ra k an dn, sao ngi ta li tham lm hi nhau ? Bi vy bn chc th c ca triu nh, ly an dn lm nhim v, sc cho ph huyn bo cho ngi phng tri : tr ngi t trc tr c t nhiu, cn k d l bt lc, hy hon cho h mt nm cho h an c sinh sng, chm vic thc bch i n h. My nt trn y gip soi sng mt kha cnh quan trng ca vic lp p di dn : cc ng b h ng ra u u th li qu ng. Li ku gi ca Nguyn Tri Phng chc t
c lu . Nguyn Tri Phng khuyn cc ch in (cng l b h, l ch n) nn gim a t. iu ny li cng kh c hng ng v lut php khng h quy nh r rt, c cho ngi ch t thao tng. Nm T c th 13 (1860) l nm bi t. Thng ging, qun s Cao Min gy s nh vo An Giang v H Tin, nhng ta ui c (qun Cao Min qua chim vng Tht Sn). Tng Nguyn Tri Phng c phi vo Nam lo chim li thnh Si Gn, sau khi nguyn soi Php (Page) a ra mt d tho ha c rt ngt ngho cho ta. Tng c Vnh Long Trng Vn Uyn truyn cho dn dng trong n in, trong p phi thao din ti tnh, cc n trong lng canh phng cn mt, dn trong p phi chm lo vic nng, cc nh ph h th tch tr la thc bn cho nng dn hoc cho vay, ai bn ht th b pht nng. Mt khc, phi nga gian thng ch la go bn ra vng gic. t khng c b hoang, la phi tch tr dn khi b khn trong lc thanh hong bt tip (la bt u chn, cha gt n c).
1.4) Lng xm, in t v ngi dn thi ng cu
Trc khi ngi Php n, t Nam k l ni vic cai tr t chc thnh nn np kh minh bch. Ngi Php nghin cu k lng, sa i hoc noi theo phn no p dng c li cho vic thc dn. Nhng ti liu sau y phn ln rt t Nhng bi ging v cch cai tr thi ng cu do vin tham bin nhiu kinh nghim l J.B. Eliacin Luro em dy ti trng Hu B Si Gn vo nm 1875. Luro tng l s quan tham gia nh chim v bnh nh x Nam k. Thi y, ti liu tuy b mt mt nhng cn kh nhiu, vi vin chc thi ng cu gip Luro bin son, c bit l ng Trn Ngun V (bt phm cu tro, tc danh ng Hp) lm vic cho Php thng ln n c ph s. Theo quy ch ng cu (thi T c) mi tnh c nm phng : phng Li, phng H, phng L... ng Hp l vin chc ng u mt phng, tng ng vi chc v trng ty ngy nay. Mi cng vn u ln lt do th li tho ra, trnh cho ng Hp, ng Hp trnh cho vin kinh lch hoc thng phn xem k trc khi trnh ln quan Tng c. ng Hp Trn Ngun V l ngi vng Lp V (Long Xuyn) nn trng ra nhiu ti liu v vng ny. V a b nm Minh Mng th mi by Nh ni, Nam k y l ln duy nht triu nh t chc vic o c do Trng ng Qu cm u, cng vi mt s vin chc chuyn mn t kinh vo. Nn phn bit a b v in b : a b ghi r tng khonh t : din tch, loi t, ranh gii t cn, tn ngi ch. in b, gi nm na l b in, ch ghi tn ngi ch t, din tch, loi t, c bit l s thu phi ng. a b nng v chi tit lin quan n tn h ch t, ranh gii, din tch m khng ghi s thu hng nm trong khi in b ch ch trng vo thu m : thu y ai phi tr ? Nm Minh Mng th 17, mi lng phi lp mt a b gm 3 bn ging nhau. Bn Gip, gi v H B Kinh . Bn t, gi ti tnh, ni vn phng quan B chnh. Bn Bnh, gi ti lng. T v sau, mi khi mua bn t, nh nc ly a b Minh Mng ny ra iu chnh. Xin n c lm th d bn a b Minh Mng ca thn Tn Bnh, thuc Tn Ph tng, ng Xuyn huyn, Tn Thnh ph, tc vng Lp V, thuc tnh An Giang. Hng chc gm Thn trng, Hng thn, Hng ho ng tn lp ra, c Cai tng v Ph tng Tha nhn thit. Sau l vin Tri huyn Tha duyt thit. Cc vin chc ca tnh (tnh phi) cng k vo, theo th t : Th li ca n st s ty Tha cu Thng phn ca B chnh s ty Tha t Quan B chnh v quan n st ca tnh An Giang Tha hch thit Cc vin chc t Kinh n (Kinh phi) k vo theo th t : Th li ca To chnh ty, thuc B Cng Tha Cu Vin ngoi lang ca B L Tha t Ch s ca B Binh Tha phc cu Tng cng cc hng in th trong lng Tn Bnh l 208 mu. Trong s ny, rung canh tc gm 88 mu : 19 mu tho in v 69 mu sn in. t rung i thnh vn cau, c gia c : 11 mu. t rung i thnh vn chui, tre, c gia c : 13 mu.
t trng du v trng ma : 10 mu. t trc kia trng du, nay trng u, khoai : 17 mu. t trng tre : 30 mu. t trng l da nc : 30 mu. t trc kia trng du, nay i thnh t lp ch ph : 5 mu. Ngoi ra cn t g qu cao, t lm ngha a, t b hoang khng o c din tch. V s phn khonh t rung, 19 mu tho in k khai chia lm ba s : 5 mu, 8 mu, 6 mu. V sn in, chia ra 4 s : 18, 17, 12 v 20 mu. a b ca lng ch c tn h nm by ng in ch m thi. Khu t dnh ct ch l 5 mu, do hai ngi ng tn lm ch. Cui bn a b, hng chc lng cam kt khng khai thm bt, nu sai lc hoc cn t n lu m khng khai th chu ti. V in b, (tc l b ghi thu in) trc sau ch lp ra c bn ln t hi nh Nguyn ti khi thc dn Php n, gi l i Tu in B, lm chun thm bt vo nhng nm sau. Bn ln y l : Nm Thiu Tr th ba. Nm T c nguyn nin. Nm T c th 11. Nm T c th 16. Cng lng Tn Bnh (Lp V) ni trn, so vi a b Minh Mng hi 12 nm v trc, c s thay i r rt : t rung chu thu gim v din tch trong khi cc loi t trng u, khoai v trng tre vn nh c. Trong a b Minh Mng khng ghi t cng in, nhng trong in b sau ny ghi r cc s cng in. C l din tch st gim v dn qua cc lng khc lm n, hoc c s n lu din tch trn thu. y l mt lng thuc tnh An Giang, thnh lp t i Gia Long nn dn lu rt bt qua cc lng tn lp, khin cc ch in v s ng thu khng ni nn hin cho lng lm cng in ; mt s t khc th ln hi canh tc ri cng b hoang. t thit trng, tng cng 165 mu trong in (t lm rung) l 58 mu v th (cc loi trng ta khc) l 106 mu. Tho in gm mt s cng in 5 mu v 10 mu t in khc chia lm hai s. Sn in gm 42 mu, trong cng in ba s, t in hai s. ng ch l c mt s 12 mu do Mai Vn Ngc lm ch, ng ny v can n theo ngy (phi chng l theo ngy Khi) nn t b tch bin em vo cng in. Ngoi s t rung ni trn, nhng phn t trng tre, trng du, trng khoai u khng thay i my. Trong lng Tn Bnh, b in ghi 18 mu lit vo loi hoang ph (v dn tht lc) t nm Thiu Tr th 5, b hoang di 5 nm. Li cn 28 mu ghi vo loi cu kinh hoang ph tc l b hoang lu hn. Mt s t ln hi tr thnh xu, lc trc canh tc c nhng v sau t chai ln, sanh ra si (loi ong). Li cn vi mu t ph sa mi bi, ghi vo b. Mt s ngi khn t trc kia b x m i, khng bit l do, t tr thnh cng in. Li c ngi cht khng c con chu tha t nn t cng tr thnh cng in. V thu t, nm T c nguyn nin, thy ghi r trong b nh sau : Tho in, mi mu thu t tc 26 thng, thp vt tin l 3 tin. Sn in, mi mu t tc 23 thng, thp vt tin l 3 tin. Tang cn th (t trng du), mi mu 2 quan.
Vin lang th (t lp vn cau), mi mu 1 quan 4 tin. Vu u th (t trng khoai u), mi mu 8 tin. Th trch, mi mu 8 tin. Thanh trc th (t trng tre), mi mu 4 tin. D dip th (t trng l da nc), mi mu 4 tin. Biu thu trn y tnh theo l ban hnh t nm Minh Mng th 17. Lp lng mi i T c, Nam k Lc tnh, nh nc khuyn khch lp lng thc y khn hoang, thu thm thu inh v thu in. Vic lp lng c hng ng, bt k dn giu hay dn ngho. Ngi giu (thng l b h) c dp ban n b c cho dn i khn t. Trong giai on u, ngi khn t cn vn ling sm nh ca, ghe xung, nng c, qun o, go n, tin xi. ng b h cho vay tin, vay la vi mc li rt nng, trn 50 phn trm mi nm. Ngoi ra, nu ng b h trc tip khn t th c th canh tc vi nhn cng mn r, l nhng ngi bn lm rung n lng hng nm, khi rnh vic cy cy gt hi th ch bt cho ghe, sa nh, p b, o mng vn. Bn lm cng lun lun mn tin trc vi tin li rt nng, lm khi v au yu hay c bc, v v con phi lm vic thay th tr n. Ngi ngho khng gia c, tng thiu n cc lng c nu c ch th i ni khc xin lp lng mi, chu kh lm n th c th tr thnh in ch nh, c lm hng chc. Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi i lp lng thng li ko theo no l bn thn, no l b con xa, b con gn trong vic lm n hng ngy h sng trong bu khng kh thn mt v tin cy hn. n xin lp lng lm ra hai bn, dng ln quan B chnh. Trong n ghi r : Ranh gii t cn ca lng mi lp. Tn nhng ngi gia trng (in h). Ranh gii cc s t xin khn, tn ch t, din tch, loi t g (sn in, tho in hoc vu u). Nu r tn lng mi (xin t tn). Xin min thu, min su v min lnh trong ba nm. Ghi tn nhng ngi dn b (b inh) bo m c s thu ti thiu trong tng lai. Quan B chnh nhn n, ch cn bit r ranh gii lng mi v tn tui ca dn lp lng (gm dn tng ng b trong lng khc v dn lu) ri ph vo my ch : Ph hi s ti ph vin khm bin. Khi nhn c lnh, quan ph bn n tn ni vi vi nhn vin (li l), i hng chc cc lng k cn, lun c vin cai tng xc nhn rng lng mi xin lp khng ln ranh vo nhng lng c bn pha v chng ai ngn cn. Dn xin lp lng phi c mt xc nhn chu khn v chu ng thu, s t ca ngi ny khng ln ranh vo s ca ngi kia. Dn lu xin lp lng cng n c iu tra xem c ti trng, tin n, hoc c gi mo tn tui khng. Quan ph cho o din tch bit ln o trc ca dn lng c chnh xc chng (d hoc thiu), xem ranh gii tng s t, tn ngi ch, loi sn in, tho in hoc t trng du, trng khoai u... Lun dp y, quan ph nhn nhn cho ngi xin lp lng lm chc thn trng, cp cho con du nh, hnh ch nht, theo nguyn tc con du phi lm bng cy (v vy gi l mc k, hoc ni gn l con mc). ng thi quan ph cho php lng c hy b tn nhng ngi dn di chuyn ghi vo b s ca lng mi lp.
Quan ph son t phc bm, trnh vi quan B chnh vic mnh lm, km theo bn tng qut ca lng tn lp, v tr cc s t, loi t, tn ngi xin khn, din tch. Trn bn thng v hnh cy lm v, chm tre, lung bu hoc hnh cha miu lm chun. Thn trng my lng gip ranh ng k vo. T phc bm ny c quan ph dng cho quan B chnh, lm hai bn. Khi nhn c, quan B chnh ph trnh bin; chuyn ln quan Tng c th c ph chiu bin khi chp thun. Mt bn c li ph trn y li gi tr xung cho quan ph hoc quan huyn. Lp tc, quan ph hoc quan huyn n lng tn lp n, ln th nh, lm t khm n (Luro dch l jugement procs verbal). Trong t ny ghi l n ni, gi cc vin cai tng, thn trng k cn n xc nhn, ri k khai cc s t, din tch, loi t, tn ngi khn nh trong t phc bm. Bn di l ch k ca thn trng, hng thn, ca dn lng tn lp cng cc ng cai tng s ti v ln cn. Tm li, vic lp lng chia ra ba giai on : Dng n ln quan B chnh Quan ph hoc quan huyn n ni lm t phc bm Khi c quan Tng c ng , quan ph tr li lng, lm t khm n Trng hp lng Chu Qui tn lp, tch ra t lng Chu Ph (nay l vng ch Chu c) lc mi lm n xin ch c 7 ngi dn ng tn (2 ngi dn c b c, 5 ngi dn lu), t khn cc loi tng cng 66 mu (trong ch c 2 mu tho in v 3 mu sn in) gip ta thy r tnh trng lng xm lc by gi, quan trn t ra d di, nhng ngi ng tn l tiu in ch, sau ny s quy t thm dn n lm cng hoc lm t in cho h. Ni chung, hng chc lng (hng dch) chia ra lm 2 hng : cc chc ln v cc chc nh. Cc chc nh l ngi thi hnh, i gp dn truyn lnh ca cc chc ln. Mun c hng chc cn c iu kin tuy n gin nhng gt gao : phi c ng trong lng, c hng sn hoc uy tn ln (th d nh ngi ngho nhng ng cha ngy xa lm quan hoc sng lp lng). Lc ban u ch t ra thn trng (x trng) v hng thn (theo Luro, chc hng thn do Nguyn Tri Phng by ra). Ln hi khi lng ng dn, thu m di do th c thm p trng, cai tun, trm c, th h, bin li, bin nh. Hng chc ln th c thm hng ho, hng s, hng chnh, hng l... Nhiu ngi cho rng hng chc lng l t chc dn ch. l ni qu ng, nu khng sai lc : t chc phong kin, ca phe ng th ng hn. Khi thiu mt ngi hng chc th my ngi sng lp lng hoc nhng ngi ang lm hng chc bn nhm li ri c ngi trong nhm, trong phe. Dn ngho khng hng sn, tc l khng in t hoc khng vn ling to lm ngh mua bn th ch c quyn ng ngoi xa m nhn, hoc l nu nc pha tr cho cc ng hng chc ung khi h bu c ln nhau. Vua cha ngy xa nhc nh n dn, dn vi qu hoc gi tng qut l b tnh. Nhn qua b in hoc a b ca lng, ta thy tn h ca nhng ngi dn m thi phong kin cp ti : l nhng in ch ln nh, nhng ng b h. Dn lu, khng tn trong b, khng c nhn nhn l dn. Vic khn t Ln hi, khi Gia Long bt u cai tr th vic khn hoang khng cn qu d di nh lc mi bt u Nam tin. Nh nc kim sot k lng vic khn t, nhm mc ch thu thu. i T c, trn nguyn tc th t hoang (hoang nhn) ai lm n xin khn trc l ngi c.
H t b hoang, khng ng thu l em cho ngi khc trng khn nh nc khi b mt thu. t tm b hoang, trong trng hp ch t cht, khng con, thn nhn cha hay bit th giao tm cho ngi khc, ch c ngi n nhn nhn. Khng ng thu, t c th b mt. Mun ng thu, phi ng vo a b. Mun ng vo a b th phi lm n theo th tc. Nh nc lun lun thc gic dn khn t, ghi vo a b v ng thu khi b tranh cn v sau, nht l trng hp t tt ni ng dn c, gn ng giao thng tin li. Nhiu s trng pht ch ng dnh cho k n giu din tch, canh tc lu. Nm Gia Long th 9, theo l th khi gp t canh tc lu thu (t khng xin ghi vo b), k t gic c hng phn t y, xin ghi vo b lm ch, tc l hng cng lao khn hoang ca k i trc. Nu ngi t gic khng mun khn th t vn cn l ca ch c, ch c phi lp tc hp thc ha. Nu l vng t tt, tn Gip khai 5 mu nhng trong thc t cy cy n 8 mu, ngi t gic c th xin trng khn 3 mu thng d. L nm Minh Mng th 15, sa i cht t : k no canh tc trn phn t rung hn din tch khai trong b th b pht, tin pht em thng cho k t gic (t lu y khng b tch thu). Nu khn mt khonh t ring r, hon ton trn thu t lu th t b tch thu, giao cho k no chu n canh tc v chu ng thu. L nm T c nguyn nin t ra : h t mi khn m cha lm rung, ch hon ton trn thu th giao cho ngi t gic lm ch, ghi vo b. Nu t trc c canh tc, c ng thu nhng tri qua mt thi k b hoang lu hay mau, ch tr li canh tc m khng chu ng thu th ch t b pht 3 quan mi mu, t khng b tch thu. Tm li, i T c t ch b tch thu giao cho ngi khc khi l t hoang, mi khai khn. K b t gic phi chu ng thu nm trc v nhng hnh pht bng roi cho k khai gian din tch. Lut l khn t ngy xa nh nh sau : t ghi vo b, bit r ranh gii v din tch m b hoang v tha nhn th dn lng c lm n xin phc khn, quan B chnh c trn quyn nh ot. t mi b hoang di 5 nm, c min mt nm thu in, t b hoang qu lu (cu kinh hoang ph), min 3 nm. Ch t cht, khng con tha t th lng cho ngi khc ti lnh, ghi tn vo b (din tch bit r ri). Nu mun khn ni rng thm mt s t v b t trc, ch t c lm n, quan trn s chp nhn sau khi khm xt (trng hp tng trng). Nu l s t to, vng hoang nhn cha ai khai khn th theo th tc kh phc tp, ging nh th tc xin lp mt lng mi : * Lm n dng ln quan B chnh xin khn, km theo bn s si, ghi t cn ranh gii. Quan B chnh s ph hi cho quan huyn s ti khm xt. * Quan huyn gi hng chc lng v nhng ngi ch t gip ranh n, khm xt li, mc ch chnh l phng trng hp ln vo phn t m ngi khc ang khai khn nhng cha xin v b kp, ri lp t phc bm, ch quan B chnh duyt xem. * Quan huyn cho vin chc ti lp t n khm, xc nhn cp t. Trn thc t, th tc khn t qu kh khn. Ngy xa ng giao thng bt li, dn vng Sc Trng phi vt ng xa, n tn ch Chu c dng n ln quan B chnh, hn trm cy s. Li cn bao nhiu s ph linh tinh : lo lt cho lnh l, cho cc vin
chc v quan huyn i lm phc bm v n khm, lo lt cho hng chc lng. Ngi dn ngho thiu vn ling giao thip v lo hi l th chng bao gi lm ch t c. Lng bng ca cc quan rt t oi; ng v php l v lun l Khng Mnh, cc quan ln nh c php tha h nhn tin hi l (gi l lc). Lm chuyn ch li cho dn, dn n n th c hng mt cch thoi mi, lng tm chng ray rt ! Ch in, ch n v t in Dn trong lng phi ghi vo b chu thu; dn c ngha l n ng, con trai. Tt c dn, lm bt c ngh g cng phi ghi. Trn nguyn tc th vy nhng lng c rt nhiu ngi khng ghi tn vo b inh. H l dn lu. Rt cuc, ch nhng ngi in ch mi ghi tn, chu thu. Luro gii thch : Hng chc lng qua mt Triu nh v Triu nh lm ng v nu p dng lut l qu gt gao, mt s ng dn lng s b trn v ng thu khng ni, chi bng c chp nhn mt s t dn ng thu m lng xm tn ti, vic rung nng c iu ha. Dn lu l ai ? L t in, tc l nhng ngi khng th lc, khng vn khn t, h mn li t ca ch in. L t in, khi mn t h phi lm t t in (gi tt l t t) tc l t mn t lm rung. Mi ma, h ong cho in ch mt s la gi nm na l la rung (ch nho gi l t tc), la mn t. Nn phn bit vi t tc l s la m ch in ng cho nh nc trong thu bng hin vt, cng vi mt s tin mt. Thi phong kin (lun c n thi Php thuc) gia ch in v t in khng c quy nh no r rt do nh nc a ra v s la rung (t tc) m t in phi ng cho ch in, theo t l hoc gi biu no c. T in ch bit trng cy vo lng nhn o ca ch in m thi. Lun l Khng Mnh thng nhc n hai ting tch c, l nhm vo ch in trong vic i x vi t in, gii t in du c lng tt th cng chng c ai di tay m ban b. V php l, t t (t mn t) l vn kin do ch in v t in t k kt. Nu t in vi phm iu giao kt th ch in t co, nh quan lng x. Nm no t in tr khng ni th ch in gi giy y li, xem nh l giy n hp php. Mt s hng chc v thn ho tuy khng ng b, khng lm ch s t no trong lng nhng li c u th i vi t gi l cng in, do lng lm ch (nhng hng chc lng khng c t bn, trong bt c trng hp hoc v l do no). H ng ra mn t cng in vi gi r ri cho dn mn li vi gi cao hn, h ng vai trung gian m n li. Trn l thuyt th s thnh lp cng in nhm mc ch gip cho cng qu ca lng thu thm la v tin dng vo cng ch, ng thi gip mt s t in c t lm rung. Nhng ngi t in chng c hng n hu g c. Ngi ch in thi xa c quyn hng lc do t in n n cho, v ch in gip t in c t m cy, c ni ct nh, c ch vay mn lc au m. Khi vay, con n phi mang n; ch in l ng vua nho nh trong t ai ca h, t in ng vai thn dn ca tiu giang sn. Ch in bt buc t in lm cng nht, tc l lm th cng, mi nm vi ba ngy, (ty theo lng nhn c ca mi ch in) lc c m gi, lc ch in g con, n mng tui th ng tun, lc tun. c bit l trc ngy Tt, t in phi n lm c vn, ba ci, xay la, cho ghe. Ngoi s la rung ghi trong giy mn t, t in cn gp mt s hin vt gi l cng l, th d nh vi lt ru np th ngon, mt thng np trng, mt cp vt vo dp m gi trong gia nh ch in hoc ngy Tt, theo kiu ch hu cng s cho thin t. p li, nhiu ch in t ra rng lng, b th v tch c cho con chu mnh bng cch t b giy n ca t in, loi giy n khng thanh ton ni t my nm trc v mt ma hoc au yu.
Thn phn n ng lm t in gm li cn khe hn n b. n b trong gia nh ngho lo lng cc nhc, trong ngoi : gt la, cy la, ba ci, nui heo g, xay la gi go, li cn nui con. Con tr ln ln i khi tr thnh mt th ng sn m cha m em cm c cho ngi khc chn tru, khi no dt n hoc tin chuc th mi c v nh. V mc sng c th ca ch in, chng ti khng su tm c ti liu so snh, hoc trng hp tiu biu. Trong ti liu ca Luro, c sao lc li t chia gia ti ca mt ch in Tn Thnh ph, Vnh Phc thn, tnh An Giang tc l a phn Sa c t rung ph nhiu. ng in ch ny k khai ti sn chia cho con ci : 3 s t cng l 75 mu 2 i xuyn vng 7 i bng vng 10 i xuyn bng vng (t kim) 4 b ng s (chn n, l hng...) 10 xu chui h (h phch) 50 nh bc, mi nh 10 lng, tc l 500 lng bc. 1000 ng bc iu ngn (bc con M Ty C) 15000 quan tin km v mt s n m ngi khc cha tr cho ng. ng in ch ni trn lm t chia gia ti vo nm Minh Mng th 20 (1839), li mt nh ngi ba cn, chng hiu ngoi ngh lm in ch, cho t in vay, ng cn bun bn g khc chng ? V gi t, c vi ti liu nh sau, l d nhin gi thay i ty theo a phng, ty loi t hoc v tr gn xa ng giao thng, ch ph. t tt (tho in) nh Tng : 10 mu, 9 so, 8 thc tr gi 1682 quan, bn t, nm Thiu Tr th 7. t hi xu (sn in) Ph M thn (vng Th Ngh), Gia nh : 5 mu, 6 cao, 7 thc, c v thi hn (mi lai thc) vi gi 650 quan, khi c tin c chuc li ng s tin trn khng n li, nm T c th 5. t Long Thnh (Bin Ha) loi sn in : 2 mu, 3 so cm vi gi 190 quan, hn 3 nm th chuc li, tr vn v li theo lut nh (3 phn), nm T c th 5. V la rung (nay gi l a t, xa gi l t tc) lng Nhn Ngi, tng Dng Ha Trung, tnh Vnh Long : 10 mu t cho t in mn vi gi l 50 phng la, hn thng 2 m lch nm sau, khi lm ma xong phi ong cho ch in. Thu in th do ch in ng, nm T c th 4. V la rung lng Vnh in, ph Tnh Bin, tnh Chu c : mn sn in 10 mu trong 10, mi nm 500 quan tin mt hoc thay vo , ong la ht (hc t) 500 gi. T in phi ong la hoc tr tin vo thng 2 m lch, sau khi lm ma. Ch in chu ng thu in cho nh nc, nu trong thi gian trn t in khng canh tc ht, cn t b hoang ph th khi giao tr t cho ch in, phi lm c cho sch, nm Qu Du (1873) khi ngi Php va xm chim nc ta. V vic mn tru ca ch in cy v ko la, lng M Tr (Cao Lnh) : mn mt con tru c 6 tui, mt con tru ci 5 tui, mi nm tr 80 gi, vo nm Bnh Ng (i Thiu Tr, 1846). Nu tru au th cho ch bit kp thi, phng khi tru cht c chng c. Bn tru lng Tn Sn (Vnh Long) : mt con c 5 tui, mt con ci 4 tui v mt con ngh cha 1 tui vi gi 400 quan, nm Gip Tut (1874) khi ngi Php qua x ta. Ti liu ni trn ch l giy t, trn thc t chc c khc. Li cn vi ti liu v giy n, nhng ch ghi l n 3 phn li theo lut nh (trong thc t, theo Luro, vic cho vay la n
lm ma tnh li 50 phn trm trong vng nm ba thng). Li cn vi ch in bt p t in phi vay mc du t in n, nu khng vay n th ch in khng cho mn t rung. Ngi c t th t khi no chu bn ng v cn bn bu v tnh cm, v th din vi xm lng. Hn na, cn ch hiu. ng b t li, con chu phi gn gi cho bng c, nhiu khi m m ng b cn nm trong y. Bi vy, tng tin th em t m cm hoc c; cm th phi chu li, trong khi c th khng chu tin li. Lm khi v cn tin nhiu v nhm sc mnh kh tr, ch t em c trong thi hn 10 hoc 20 nm (l quy nh qu 30 nm, con n khng c quyn chuc li). Trong sut thi gian t b cm hoc c, thng l ngi ch n hng li, em t y cho ngi khc canh tc m thu la rung. Vic cm c thng xy ra, nht l i vi ngi c ng b vi s t. H khng dm vay n qu nhiu, v vay nhiu th chng cch no tr ni. Vay bc (khng c t cm hoc c) thng chu li hn 50 phn trm mi nm; du cho tit kim v ma mng thu hoch mc trung bnh, hu li rung nng ch em li 20 phn trm m thi. Cch o lng thi ng cu i T c, n v o l mt thc, cn gi l thc quan, ly tiu chun l 22 ng tin i Gia Long sp lin nhau; phng nh tng i chnh xc l 526 ly (tc l hn 5 tc 2, tnh theo mt). Mt thc quan chia ra 10 tc, 1 tc 10 phn. o din tch rung t, l xa nh mt mu l din tch ca mt hnh vung mi gc 150 thc quan ; tnh ra mu ty (hectare) l 62 ares, 2521. Theo c o Tabert th mt mu thi ng cu to hn, l 73 ares, 0890. Mt mu chia ra 10 so. Mt so chia ra 15 thc, cn gi l cao. Ngi thi xa quan nim n gin rng mu l s t hnh vung; so l s t hnh ch nht vi b ngang l 15 thc, b di l 150 thc. Ngi Php ra ngh nh ngy 3/10/1865 thng nht vic o c, h quy nh i khi 2 mu ta ngy xa l mt mu ty (hectare). Nh vy c s sai bit, tht ra, hai mu ta l 125 ares tc l to hn mt mu ty. Mt mu ty chia ra 100 so ty (100 ares). V ong lng, trn nguyn tc th dng hc ong la, dng vung ong go. Mt hc chia ra 26 thng, mt thng l 10 hip, mt hip l 10 thc. Mt hc tnh ra 71 lt, 905, em cn nng c mt t. Mt vung chia ra 13 thng (phn na ca hc) tnh ra nhm 35 lt, 953. Mt hc la khi xay ra th c mt vung go, tnh ng. Trong thc t, khi mua bn i chc, ngi dn thng ong la go bng vung, gi nm na l gi. Ngi Php quy nh mt vung l 40 lt, lc ban u cn thu thu in bng la v mt s tin mt theo l ng cu. Mt vung nng ln l 40 lt thay v non 36 lt nh thi xa, c li cho nh nc thc dn hn, d tnh ton, vi con s trn tra l 40 lt.
2.1) Ngha qun tht trn v nng dn mt rung
Thc dn Php gy xo trn ton din cho vic khn hoang min Nam, mng sng ngi dn khng c bo m, ni chi n ma mng, t rung. Thc dn khng dung tng hng dn lu nh hi cu tro. t rung cng thay i ch. Gii quan li, nho s b phn ha, mt s t theo thc dn Php nhng ch c chng xi lc ban u, vt chanh ri b v. Mt s khc th gi thi ty thi, t bin h l minh trit bo thn. Nhng min Nam, thc dn a ra ming mi kh ngon l khn t, c hi tt cho ng nhiu, cu m tr thnh in ch ri rnh rang ung ru ngm th, cng kch vu v, chn i lc v gi. Mt s ng c ln trnh, khng hng bt c n hu no ca tn tro, sng ngho vi ngh dy tr, ht thuc, coi qu dic, dy n ca, v thn xm m vui vi in vin, m i Nghiu Thun, bit vinh bit nhc, tuy nhin sinh k kh khn khin cho cc ng phi lm vo cnh ch nhn lng nhng, c vng cnh ; bi lau ln bn, c qun sng. Nho s dng v lc khng Php ni danh l Th khoa Hun, ng danh ch s ; chin s vn ha l ng Chiu. Liu mng n mc gn l ng C Tr, ng Nhiu Phang. Thin h Dng l in ch. Trng nh coi vic n in, cng l in ch. Nguyn Trung Trc l nng dn, dn chi (anh chi Lch). Thot tin, thc dn lng tng, cha tm ra th thc cai tr thch hp : Vit Nam l dn c trnh vn ha kh cao v c nt c o khc hn cc thuc a da en Phi Chu. Thc dn c dng chnh sch : ng ha v mt hnh chnh d cai tr, sa i l li lm vic cng l cch son tho cng vn, cch thu thu, d tr thu, cch giam gi, cch u thu, tc l sp t b my hnh chnh quan liu mi thay cho nhng th tc quan liu c. Bo v nhng t oan phong kin, gi cho ra v sang trng l bo v vn ha dn tc : Duy tr h tc thn qu, nh lng xi tht, cc ng hng chc lng vn tha h bu c ln nhau trong phe phi, duy tr ch bt dn lm xu, x bm cc quan to quan nh. Tham bin ch tnh Php c gi l quan Ln trong cng vn, vi li l s st ca ngi dn thi ng cu (trm ly quan Ln, xung phc cho con dn nh). Khng quy nh gi biu mn rung, ch in mun cho mn gi no ty theo lng nhn o. Nhng im ng ch hn ht trong lc n p cc phong tro chng i l dng lut bn x tc l lut Gia Long, vi nhng bin php v nhn o : tra tn cng khai, k tng phm b kt ti nh chnh phm, tru di tam tc (bt v con, cha m ca ti nhn). Quan Thng c c n rc theo nghi l ngy xa dnh cho vua hoc cho quan kinh lc vi bn hng n. Ba nhn vt c lc nht Lc nh chim v bnh nh x Nam k Lc tnh, thc dn may mn gp c ba tn tay sai c c m chng dung tng lc ban u. nh rng nu k ny khng lm Vit gian c lc th cn k khc, nhng phi nhn nhn rng chnh v bn ny m phong tro khng Php b suy gim nhiu. l Lnh binh Tn, Tng c Phng, Tng c Lc. Khi Php nh thnh Si Gn (1859), c ba u cn tr : Lc 20 tui, Phng 18 tui, Tn 22 tui. Lnh binh Hunh Cng Tn Trc l tay chn ca Trng nh chng Php G Cng, b Php bt cung khai mi vic v lp cng ln l dn qun Php bao vy m l ti tri git ch c. Tn cng tham gia trn bao vy o Ph Quc nhn mt v bt Nguyn Trung Trc. Ni chung th Tn khng nui tham vng ln, ch c kh nng gii hn, Php xi Tn gn gi vng G
Cng v Bn Tre l ni Tn tng lui ti nhiu, am hiu nhn dn v a th. Tn lnh trch nhim d thm, theo di nhng ngi khng Php, li dng a v bt b ngi ny tha lng ngi kia, l d nhin l v t li. Tn lm giu nh t chc sng bc, chim t, bt dn lm xu phc v cho vic lm n ring t. Quan Tham bin (ngi Php) a phng chn ngn li lm vic lung tung v tht nhn tm v Tn ln quyn. Thc dn phong cho chc lnh binh ca lnh m t, tc l chc v qun s cao nht trong mt tnh thi ng cu. V sau, thc dn khng phong chc ny cho ai na v thuc a, quyn ch huy qun s nm trong tay ngi Php, chng qua l s khch l lc ban u Tn hng hi hot ng. Tn l ngi tht hc, qu ma nn ngy th n mc dm ch bai, t co n quan Gim c Ni v l li cai tr ca quan Tham bin Php ht Bn Tre : bi quan Tham bin chng ti xa l quan coi binh cha tng bit vic dn cho nn ra vic quan, lm th lm by, ni th chng thng l s bng dng nh k ngu si dt nt. Tn li lp cng, t cao : Chng ti nghe b con hai cu (con Phan Thanh Gin) nhng ngi lm gic trn trong lng Bo Thnh nhiu lm. Quan Gim c Ni v (directeur de lintrieur) phn n, trch mng v tm cch i Tn v min ng Nam k, nhng Tn li c cht tn nhim nh qua Cn Giuc bt ph c binh ng cu l Bi Duy Nht ang hot ng chng Php vi danh ngha Tham bin ton ht (bt nm 1869). Thi k bt git ba bi qua, Php mun chiu an v Tn lt vo m hn trn. Php cho mt tay sai khc l huyn Vnh t co Tn v ti lm quyn, Tn t bo cha bng cch t li s lm quyn ca huyn Vnh. Sau cng, Tn cht nm 37 tui, v bnh, trong chic ghe hu trn ng G Cng Si Gn. Tng c Hu Phng Sanh qun Ch i, Php chim Si Gn, Phng trn lnh ln B im ch thi. Khi thnh Ch Ha tht th, nh cai tng Phc Bnh in dn ra trnh din vi Francis Garnier by gi, lm Tham bin ht Ch Ln. Lnh phn s d thm v ku gi nhng ngi khi ngha ra hng. V mt qun s, Phng rt khn ngoan, ch tham gia vi trn nh cho Php tin cy : trn nh Ba im, lc by gi lt vo tay cu Hai Quyn (con Trng nh) vo thng 7/1866, vi ngy sau, truy n ti Bn Lc. Thng 11/1867 cng Tn Th Tng i Bn Tre chiu d hai cu trai con ng Phan Thanh Gin; thng 6/1868 xung Rch Gi dp lon Nguyn Trung Trc, tu mc cn, ngha qun ng n Sc Sung (gn ch Rch Gi) chng c mnh lit, Phng v bn m t gn 200 ngi ht n nhng vn c th ch vin binh. Thng 7/1868 c lm c ph s Vnh Long, gp phn truy n ngha qun khi tn ph tng c c Vng Lim b git. Nm 1878, qua Php d hi ch Quc T, nm 1881 gia nhp Php tch, v li qua Php chi, thm cc con ang du hc, hai ln vo nhng nm 1884 v 1889. L mt trong nhng ngi xng vic thnh lp trng N trung hc Si Gn. Xin chp vi chi tit lin quan n vic n p ca Phng chng minh rng tuy lt vo tay Php nhng vng Ch Ln, phong tro chng Php vn mnh : Bt qun Thin v qun Vit L Gm. Nm 1866, c cuc khi lon vng Ch Ln (nn hiu l tnh Ch Ln), Nguyn Vn Hoan b bt. Nm 1867, xy ra nhiu v m st cng Ch Ln, Php gi Phng n cho thm ti liu v iu tra. Nm 1871 v 1875, c khi ngha Phc Lc (Cn Giuc), Phng ra cng d thm. Nm 1873, Phng trnh cho thc dn danh sch mt s lnh t khng Php, sp khi lon cc tnh min Ty. Cuc khi lon ny do Trn Tun iu khin t Khnh Ha. Nm 1879, t gic kp thi m mu khi lon ca nhm Thin a Hi Sc Trng. Nm 1881, cng vi mt cha s Lng Ha (Tn An) kp thi t gic m mu khi lon Long Hng, Lc Thnh v vng Tht Sn.
Nm 1878, iu khin vic sa con kinh Nc Mn, bt dn tng Lc Thnh H lm xu, dn vng ny ni ting l cng u. Nhim v quan trng ca Phng vn l d thm vng Ch Ln, Cn Giuc v Tn An. V mt chnh quyn, trc tin lm h trng (by gi, thnh ph Ch Ln chia ra lm 20 h); nm 1868 Phng trnh cho thc dn danh sch nhng ngi ng tin cy c th lm chc hi t. Nm 1872, c ch nh lm hi vin Hi ng thnh ph Ch Ln. Nm 1879, lm ph t cho X Ty Ch Ln. Nh ta bit, Ch Ln l ni tp trung thng gia Hu kiu, Phng khng b qua c hi lm giu, gii quyt mi pphe gim cho thng gia, i tic vin chc Php, lm trung gian lo hi l. Nh vy m lm giu nhanh chng, uy th ln cao n mc quan Ton quyn Paul Doumer khi vo Nam cn gh nh Phng n ung, c l nh dp ny m c quan Ton quyn cho khn trng s t rung ln n 2223 mu ty. Trong lc d thm, Phng t ra kho lo, trnh gy th on cng khai, nh m so vi Lnh binh Tn v Tng c Lc, b ngoi thy nh l Phng hin lnh, cu ngi ny, bo lnh ngi kia. Nhng tri bt dung gian ng, Phng b mt tn nhim v bo lnh, xin cha chp theo di Th khoa Hun trong nh. Sut khong 3 nm (sau khi b y Cayenne ri c n x), Th khoa Hun bit li dng hon cnh lin lc vi nhng Hu kiu theo Thin a Hi Ch Ln v ti lui vng Tn An c sy, t chc cuc khng Php. Chuyn v l ra, tng chng Phng mang ha. By lu ngoi Th khoa Hun, Phng tng bo lnh nhiu ngi m thc dn Php khng tin cy cho lm. K th ca Phng l Tng c Lc tha dp ny lm nng, a iu kin l giam lng Phng trc khi dp lon Th khoa Hun. Nhng rt cuc, Phng vn ung dung, cng mau giu thm v c thang Tng c nn hiu l Tng c hm v theo quy ch quan li bn x do thc dn Nam k by ra, ch n ngch c ph s l ht. Tng c Trn B Lc y l tay sai c lc s mt, vt hn hai nhn vt trn : ho thng, ham a v, a tn st theo li phong kin. Khi Php chim thnh M Tho, Lc st sng tm c hi bn tn c vi chic ghe ch y tin km (tin ca ai ?), n trnh din vi Cha Marc, by gi cha s ny kim lun chc tham bin. Nm 1861, ngay sau khi xin vic, Lc c cp cho cn nh l, gia nhp lnh m t ri lp cng ln cai, ln i. Ngoi thi gi lm lnh, Lc cn lnh trch nhim gi kho la cho nh nc v c quan tham bin cho n hu l em cm d ca lnh v nh m nui heo. Nh hng hi im ch v bn git, nm 1865 lm huyn, ngi ti Ci B canh chng vng ng Thp. Ci B l v tr chin lc trn Tin giang, c th i thng ln Cao Min. By gi mt s quan li ng cu gom v Bnh Cch, Thuc Nhiu, Cai Ly, lp n lin lc vi Thin H Dng trong bng. Lc nh qun s ng cu ra khi Cai Ly ri cuc tn cng i quy m ca Php din ra, Lc ng vai tr quan trng, nh t Cn L ni vi my cnh qun khc nh t n Hu (pha Bn Lc) v n Tin (pha Cai Ly). Nm 1867, thng lm ph ri nm sau gp cng nh ui v bt sng Tng binh Bt khi ng ny nh vo ton qun Php tr ng ti Sa c (nh lng Tn Qu ng). Lc coi huyn Tn Thnh (Sa c), sau c gi v Ci B, thng c ph s (15/8/1868). By gi Rch Gi, Nguyn Trung Trc khi ngha, tnh l ny b ti chim, Nguyn Trung Trc chy ra o Ph Quc. Php ko binh bao vy o. Lc dng th on c hu l bt git thn nhn nhng ngi trong cuc. Nguyn Trung Trc phi ra mt cu sng nhng ngi b bt lm con tin. Lc lnh trch nhim iu tra ri trnh cho Php danh sch 170 ngi lin can vi Nguyn Trung Trc. T 1868 ti 1871, Lc gp phn giy vy n Ci B, by gi b bn ng Long, Thn, Rng, c tn cng (bn ng ny u b Lc git). Ri n v tham bin Vnh Long l
Salicetti b git khi n Vng Lim n p cuc khi lon : Lc ng vi ngha qun Lng Th, gm a s l ngi Min, cuc chin kh si ni, nhiu phen tng chng Lc thua trn nhng sau rt nh kh gii tt nn thng. Nm 1875, li n lc dp cuc khi ngha ca Th khoa Hun, c Ph c tip tay chn pha ca Tiu ( phng Th khoa Hun trn theo ng bin). Lc rung vng cn li, Th khoa Hun b bt gn Ch Go. Trn ny Php giao trn quyn bn git nn lnh ca Lc rung cc lm bi, n mc nai, chn, cp chy tn lon vo xm. Nm 1878, dp cuc khi lon ca Ong v Kh ; hai v ny toan nh thnh lnh ch M Tho. Nm 1883, n p cuc khi ngha ca ngi Min Tr Bc (Cao Min). min Trung by gi Mai Xun Thng ni ln, Php dp khng ni nn nh bn tay gian c ca Lc. Lc m 1050 lnh m t, em v thnh Ma (Si Gn) tp dt ri n chin trng thi hnh th on bt thn nhn ca Mai Xun Thng v ca nhng ngi theo qun khi ngha. Lc t ra hch dch, lm vic ln quyn cc s quan Php a phng. Lc hnh qun, Lc dng con du Thun Khnh Tng c, tc l Tng c ca hai tnh Bnh Thun, Khnh Ha. Khi xong vic, v Ci B vn thch dng con du y. Lc li ngh vi Php tch hai tnh ny ra khi Trung k, nhp vo Nam k v chnh qun s Nam k (tc l ca Lc) ra tay dp lon, nhng ngh ny kh thi hnh ! V gi, Lc au ung th bao t nhng vn hng hi ra ti kinh bang t th. Lon lc khng cn, Lc ra tay chnh trang vng Ci B. Hc c php o c nn em p dng, phng my con l ch ny. Lc li xin bt dn xu o kinh trong vng ng Thp, ban u o th (kinh b ngang rng 3 mt), nhng li bt dn xu t nh ni rng ra 10 mt, ni lin t B Bo ti Rch Rung (1897) gi l kinh Tng c Lc (thc dn cho php t tn). Lc tr thnh ngi in ch ln nht ca tnh M Tho khi mua li c lao Nm Thn v t c lao Rng. Tm li, Lc ng vai tch cc trong vic n p cc phong tro Thin H Dng, Nguyn Trung Trc, Th khoa Hun, Mai Xun Thng. Php dung tng cho Lc lm nhng vic d man, v nhn o m chng khng mun lm, s mang ting xu v chng. Nhng c chim th treo n, thc dn ln hi t ra lnh nht i vi k qu st sng vi nhim v li thi. Php cho ngi ni xu cng khai rng chc Tng c ca Lc l bt hp l, ch dng Trung k ch khng dng x thuc a, do phi sa li l Tng c hm (honoraire). Li cn chc v Khm sai m Lc t phong khi in thip chc Tt nm 1888. Lc cho rng Khm sai l chc v hp php, v ng ta tha lnh quan Thng c Nam k ra ngoi Trung dp gic, nhng c ngi t co rng Lc t xng Khm sai ca triu nh Hu, vi dng lm lon v sau. Lc thch nh gic vi o qun ring lc ban u gm hn 100 ngi nhng v gi, thc dn ch cho 5 ngi lnh hu m thi. Mt chi tit ng ch l vo nm 1868, Lc i bt qun lm ngy pha Tr em v Chu c np cho quan tham bin. y l nhng ngi thuc nhm Bu Sn K Hng Tht Sn. Li ph ca cc quan tham bin gip chng ta hiu r thi ca thc dn. i khi, h bit Lc tn c nhng h xi trong th on dntg ngi v lut l bn x n p ngi bn x : Mt vin chc qu k lng, qu tn tm trong vi trng hp, khng cn thn trong vic dng phng tin, nhng li t mc ch chc chn. Lc sanh tt ung ru, tnh tnh thay i r rt. Ba nm trc khi cht, Lc c vin tham bin M Tho ph nh sau : Ngi ta c th phn nn lo gi ny v nhng hnh ng c c lc trc tr thnh chuyn huyn hoc, kh tin, nhng ti cho l trong hng ng vin chc bn x hin nay kh tm c mt ngi bit knh b trn, dm tn ty vi chnh ngha ca nc Php bng ng ta.
Tnh trng xo trn v gia c, ti sn Trong giai on kh di, dn chng chu cnh ly tn, k lng thin c th b v ly. Ch cn b tnh nghi l b t, b y ra Cn Nn hoc i Hi (o Bourbon) hoc qua tn M Chu, thuc a Php ni danh ma thing nc c : x Cayenne (gi l Cai Danh qun). Hoc qua tn o Antilles st Nam M Chu, hoc qua nh t Toulon. Ngoi chuyn nhm mt cho bn Vit gian bt git, tng tin v hm ha, thc dn cn ngang nhin phn quyt nhng bn n hnh chnh (jugement administratif) theo , tham bin ch tnh c quyn ngh b t, y ra Cn o hoc cc lnh th ngoi thuc Php nhng ngi ch b tnh nghi, vu co l lm lon nhng cha tm c bng chng g c th. Thng c Nam k hoc Gim c Ni v (directeur de lIntrieur, lc u dch ra ch Nho l Li B thng th), xt li ri chun y. Mt dp cho bn Vit gian a phng tha h bo co git rung vn nh ca. Thot tin, bn tham bin ch tnh bt b t y qu nhiu, n mc ba thng sau (23/11/1868), c Ohier gi vn th khin trch vin tham bin ht Vnh Long lm dng. Ngy 9/3/1875, Duperr ra lnh dt khot rng ti sn ca nhng ngi b ln n phn lon u b tch thu, tin bn ti sn ny dng tr cp cho gia nh bn lnh m t t trn lc i rung b. Nhng nm sau, ngy 25/8/1876 li c lnh : ti sn ca bn phin lon em bn ra, thay v em thng cho k t gic th li thuc v nh nc ; nh nc ty trng hp m thng ring. Trong thc t, rung t do con ca Trng nh lm ch b bn u gi t nm 1869, nhng khng ai ra mua. Kinh nghim v khi lon Th khoa Hun cho thc dn bit rng mt s khng t hng chc hi t lm vic cho Php tn tr trc tip hoc gin tip nhng ngi lm lon. Do , c Nam k k ngh nh s 123 ngy 20/5/1875 quy nh t ry v sau lng no lm lon hoc ng la vi lon qun th b xa tn, gii tn, sp nhp qua lng ln cn, ti sn ca hng chc hi t b tch thu, hng chc hi t b qun thc tnh xa. Ngh nh ngy 25/5/1881 ban hnh quy ch th trc (indignat) theo tham bin ch tnh c quyn xt x b t trong vi trng hp, khi cn a qua ta n (gi nm na l t b, tc l t theo lnh ca ta B, lc Php mi qua, c quan B chnh nh thi ng cu, nhng l quan B ngi Php). B Thuc a tn thnh vic bt giam mt s ng ngi m khng cn truy t ra ta, phng cuc khi lon m thc dn c tin l sp bng n M Tho vo nm 1883, cho l p dng quy ch th trc. ng thi, B cng cho php thng c Nam k c quyn cu lu trong thi hn nht nh nhng phn t b tnh nghi, v n x h khi no thy thun li (5/9/1884). i vi ngi Tu, B Thuc a tn thnh bin php m Thng c Nam k p dng trng pht nhng ngi theo Thin a Hi Sc Trng (1/9/1882) theo nn nhn b trc xut v Tu, tch thu ti sn. Bang Triu Chu Sc Trng phi xut tin tr lng cho bn lnh m t do nh nc tuyn thm gi an ninh trong tnh, ng thi Bang ny phi chu pht nu trong hng ng Thin a Hi li c ngi trong Bang gia nhp. Vic khng Php Nam k Lc tnh kh rm r, thc dn v tay sai dm nt nhng vng gn tnh l n tn thn xm ho lnh. Dn chng hng hi v by gi triu nh Hu hy cn. H t hy vng vo s can thip ca triu nh. i theo Php th s v sau s b trng tr. Vic Php chim ba tnh min ng vi hip c 1862 khng lm cho dn chng tuyt vng. H sn sng tn c qua ba tnh min Ty. Ngay sau hip c 1862, trong bc th tr li cho nguyn soi Bonard mng 6 thng 8 m lch nm T c th 15, ng Phan Thanh Gin t thi ng n v vic gii gii nhng ngi cn cm kh gii ba tnh min ng. Nhng ngi ny c ng Phan gi l dn m ngha (m ngha nhn) ; ng vin c l gi nua v bt ti nn cha th no thc thi chuyn tc kh gii
m dn m ngha y c. Vic y, nh cm quyn Php ba tnh min ng c ra lnh ku gi nhng ngi qun sut qun ngha dng. Sau khi mt ba tnh min Ty, dn chng vn tip tc chin u. Dn nng thn di ch nhiu ln, xa sanh qun, h hng tht lc, thay tn i h khi b tp n. So vi ci Bc k v Trung k, lng mc min Nam b ph tn nhiu hn, ngoi mc ch bnh nh, thc dn cn nhm hy hoi vn ha ; thnh ly b san bng trm phn trm ti Si Gn cng nh cc tnh, gia ph khng cn, ngi c cn c tr thnh lu dn, t rung i ch. Sau khi h thnh Ch Ha, thc dn mun gi cc t chc n in nh c vic sn xut la go khng b nh tr v vic cai tr t b xo trn. Nhng n ngy 22/8/1861, li gii tn v n in l c s chng i mnh m. Vi th d in hnh Vo cui nm 1868, c Ohier ba hnh quyt nh s 473 ra gii thng cho nhng ai bt np nhng lnh t khng Php gm 11 ngi vi gi 1000 quan mi ngi : cu Hai Quyn (con Trng nh) by gi c 25 tui ; Hn Lm Phu ; Tng binh Thnh ; p Quyn (ph ca Trng nh) ; Nguyn soi Thn (ngi nh n M Tho) ; Tng binh Hinh ; Tng binh Cch ; cu T, cu Nm (hai con ca Phan Thanh Gin), Tng binh Thnh (gc Tht Sn, trc y c Rch Gi) ; ph Nguyn soi Dng (vt ngc M Tho nm 1867, hin ang Ba ng). Tng binh Thnh m thc dn hi r gc Tht Sn chnh l nhn vt quan trng thuc gio phi Bu Sn K Hng (c C Qun). Hn lm Phu, khng r l ai (trong nguyn vn khng b du). V 2 ngi vi gi 500 quan : c binh Sc, c o (trc y, o M Tho). Quyt nh ni r l lnh hoc vin chc bn x hu cng c th ln cp bc, ngoi tin thng. Cc vin cai tng, hng chc hi t nu c hnh ng cn ngn vic truy tm, khng st sng tp n s b trng pht theo lut ng cu (lois annamites). Vo dp khi ngha Th khoa Hun, thc dn Php c ph tan c s nng thn n tn gc r, khng b lun nhng ai sng di s cai tr ca chng nhng cn thi p m. C mt vng rng ln t Tn An, t vng Ch Go n st ch M Tho, di theo Tin giang pha rch Gm u chu ha ly. ng bo nhn d M Tho, Ch Go ht lng ng h cuc khi ngha ny vi s tn tr ca hng chc hi t. Ch tnh M Tho c quan Thng c cho xut ra 6550 quan tr nhng chi ph v cuc hnh qun chng Th khoa Hun l 4481 quan, tin cn li th dnh tr cp cho v bn lnh t trn. Nhng thc dn khng mt g c, li c li cho ngn sch khi ra lnh pht nhng ngi tham gia khi ngha nhng khng ra u th v trnh din kp thi, pht bng tin theo quyt nh ca Thng c Nam k ngy 5/7/1875. V Thng c Nam k cng trng pht 47 lng trong tnh M Tho gin tip hoc trc tip ng h Th khoa Hun (quyt nh ngy 5/7/1875) tng s l 53700 quan, l d nhin, hng chc lng gnh chu v dn lng phi chia st khi b rc ri. Lc hnh qun v truy n, thc dn cn tch thu c 1515 quan, Hng chc hi t hai lng Song Thnh v Bnh Dng gp cho qun khi ngha 387 ng (tr gi 2147 quan) l tin do lng thu thu c ; nh nc ra lnh bi thng bng cch tch thu v bn ti sn ca hai v hng chc hi t lng Song Thnh c tham gia khi ngha ( b git), s tin cn li th mt ng hng chc hi t lng Song Thnh v 5 ng lng Bnh Dng phi bi thng cho , cc ngi ny l d nhin l b cch chc. Vo thng 9, cng nm 1875, Thng c Nam k ra quyt nh pht hng chc lng M c, tnh Chu c v ti cho php mt ngi phn lon t M Cy (Bn Tre) n tr
ng m khng bt buc k l mt phi xut trnh giy ca a phng c cho php thay i ni c tr. Nhm ngi mun to lp i theo quan nim tn gio t hp ln hi n Tht Sn ho lnh, c cp beo nhng xa khu vc thc dn kim sot, li c u th l gn bin gii Vit Min. Tuy nhin, nhng lng tn to ny vn b thc dn n quy ri : vng An nh ni Tng b ph xm, t cha v ti lp Hi kn. u nm 1872, vng rch Ci Tu (ven rng U Minh H) tuy l tha tht, ngho nn, lng xm cha thnh nn np nhng hai anh em Tha Lung v Tha T khi ngha, git c lnh m t. Tha T c ln n lnh ngoi khi vnh Xim La, tn hn Sn Ri ni tho am ca thy c : ngi tu hnh cheo leo ngoi bin khi vn nng lng v nc. V sau, hai anh em h b bt v x t, ngha qun th b y. Tham bin Rch Gi x h trong phin ta gi l ta n bn x, chnh ng ta lm Chnh n. Tn ch tnh Benoist ni danh l tn c (v thch kho cu) nhn danh dn chng nc Php m buc ti v tuyn n ng lut An Nam theo ngi lm lon b x trm, k lun nhng bn ng la, khng cn phn bit ti nng nh gia chnh phm v tng phm. Tuy nhin, vin ch tnh cho n gim i n t hnh ra 20 nm lu y (trng hp Phm Tn Tr). Mt can phm cng trong v khi ngha ny l V Vn Trc, ngi lng ng Thi b x lu y chung thn. Nay hy cn nhiu danh tnh can phm do thc dn x theo bin php cao hng, ty theo s t co vi tang chng m h. H l chin s v danh, a s b lu y t thanh nin n k gi nua, t k tht hc n k u t ti, ng lng mc vng M Tho, Ty Ninh, B Ra, Cao Lnh, Tn An, Cn Th, Sc Trng, Sa c, G Cng, Th Du Mt, Long Xuyn, Vnh Long, Chu c, Bn Tre. Thn nhn ca h nh cc quan a phng chuyn n ku ni. Trng hp ng V Vn Tng tng lm i qun (lnh bng cp khi ngha) b bt vo cui nm 1864, va b y ra Cn Nn mt thng l cht bnh ; y th m 15 nm sau, v gia nh cha hay tin nn con l V Vn Ton li lm n xin n x v cha th n c 15 nm ri ! Trng hp ca ng t ti Trn Vn Tr b y qua Cayenne, v lm n xin n x, xin gim n qu nhiu ln m khng c chp thun, mc du c tri ph Tn Th Tng ng ra lm t bo lnh vi quan trn : Nh ng cn h nghi s g th xin khi tha n ra ri dy n phi ti Si Gn sau n cn lm s g quy qu th ti cng xin chu ti chung vi n. V ng Qun Hn git ph Ca Hc Mn c x ti Gia nh vo 12/9/1885 gm 37 ngi lnh n, trong 14 ngi b ln n t hnh. Cng nm 1885 ny, Cao Min phong tro chng Php ln cao. Ngi Min H Tin v ngi Vit hp tc nhau nh Php vi trn, qun khi ngha gom n trm ngi vng Mi Nai (ch H Tin) v Rch Vc, Ba Hn. Vn lu dn Si Gn S khng b thn qu khin nhiu ngi mt cng n vic lm, ko ln Si Gn, Ch Ln v vng ngoi nhng h cha thch ng c vi hon cnh sinh sng mi. Do , thc dn gp nhiu kh khn trc phong tro m chng gi l lu manh, du cn Si Gn. T nm 1864, c Lagrandire ra quyt nh bt buc nhng ngi Vit c tr Si Gn phi ghi tn vo b v nhiu v cp bc (?) xy ra t lu, hn 8 ngy khng n lng khai l lch v ghi tn vo b th b pht t 5 n 10 quan v t t 8 ngy n hai thng. Non hai thng sau c lnh nghim nht hn : xt bt nhng ngi Vit hin ang c tr chung quanh thnh Si Gn c v vng rch Th Ngh, lun c ngi Tu ; ai c giy t ca lng c th b ui tr v, ai khng cn c, chng lng x no nhn nhn th b nht ch ngy y ra Cn o hoc o Bourbon. Thc dn phng gt gao v c tin sp c khi
ngha ti Si Gn. Mi n nm 1875, vng ngoi Si Gn vn cha yn tnh, mt tay sai c lc ca thc dn tng im ch nhng ngi cm u khi lon li b git b xc gn cha ranh gii ba lng Tn Thi, Bnh Hng v Bnh Hng ng ; thng c Nam k ra lnh pht hng chc hi t ba lng ni trn v ti khng pht gic kp thi v giu nhm ; tin pht cng chung l 1000 quan, trong 500 quan xut ra tr cp cho gia nh nn nhn. n nm 1887, quan tham bin ht th 20 (sau i li l tnh Bnh Ha ri i l tnh Gia nh) bo co t m hn, nhn nh rng thnh phn bn bt ho gm no th tht nghip, lao cng Vit v Tu, bn nh xe nga, bn lm bi cho Ty ang tht nghip, ng o nht l bn lu dn t khp cc tnh Nam k tu v tm phng k sinh sng. Bn ny thng t ra ngo mn, bt phc tng lut php. V c lnh khng cho p dng quy ch th trc ti qun Gia nh nn vin chc khng cn kh nng trng tr h. H c ung dung lm iu sai quy, h b bt l 24 gi sau h c th ra, theo lut nh. Nm 1899, tnh hnh tnh Gia nh v ngoi Si Gn thm bi t hn. Du ng t tp B im B Quo lng hnh, ch huy bn ni nga trng ua, cm u bn n trm Ha Hng ; hng chc lng Ha Hng khng dm h h. n cp nh ti lng Bnh Sn, trn sng Si Gn, c tn cp xm my ch anh hng nht x. Tng c Phng nhn nh rng t nm 1895 vic du cn ngy cng thm, hip vi bn Thin a Hi m h hip dn s, ai gin ai th mn n nh ph, mun c c lm hi ng, cai tng th mn du cn coi chng, ai khng b thm cho phe th chn nh, nh qu, du cn li nh giu mn tin 50, 30 ng, ai tha vi lng th n t nh, mn khng bao gi tr, chng ai dm t co. Bn du cn hm he hng chc lng rng nu bt chng, sau khi t v, chng git cht. Bt th ta theo lut Lang Sa khng cm t lu. Bi vy, chng ai dm bt, tr v ti n s d hn. Nu ta pht nm by ngy, c bn gp tin mn thy kin lnh ra. Tng c Phng yu cu y bn du cn i lm xu vo dp m ng xe la Lang Bian, du cn th d th pht mt nm t, th va th pht su thng, lng x phi k khai tn tui bn du cn trong lng. Nm 1901, bn du cn nh nhau gia ban ngy, cch ta B Gia nh c 500 thc, nh nhau m khng bao gi tha gi ti c bt. Ti sng bc G Vp, lnh m t phi xin li bn du cn cha bc v trt n xt bt. Mi x u c anh hng ring, ng Monceaux, vng t H, Ph Nhun, vng Bnh Ha, vng G Vp. Ni danh nht l bn Ba Thin v Su Thm, chng hn nhau n Lng Cha C hoc ng t Ph Nhun m so ti, theo lut giang h. Du cn t H m quan cu th b du cn Ph Nhun hnh hung. Bn trong vn trng pht bn du cn l cuc tranh chp v quyn hnh gia cc tham bin ch tnh v cc c quan t php vo nm 19011902. Nha T php ng Dng mun p dng lut php, chng nhng bn n hnh chnh m tham bin cc tnh by lu lm dng y ra Cn o nhng k m quan lng khng thch, mc du khng bng c. Cc vin chc hnh chnh th cho l nu cn c vo lut php th lm sao bt bn du cn c ? in hnh nht l lp lun ca tham bin tnh Gia nh bo rng dn thuc a ch s sc mnh ca ngi Php m thi, khng nn i x bnh ng v dn du cn xem vic t sng hn l sng ngoi i. V lm sao trng c bng c c th buc ti, khi bn du cn n th, kt ngha vi nhau trong qun ru ch khng ghi trn giy trng mc en. Phong tro gi l du cn Si Gn vo u th k gm nhng thnh phn nh sau : Bn bt lng, m thu chm mn, khng l tng g c. Mt s ngi theo Thin a Hi mun to khu vc nh hng ring lm n, nm c quyn v bn xe, cha c bc. Mt s nng dn mt c s lm n thn qu, ln thnh ph nhng cha thch ng c vi hon cnh mi, h vn gi c t tn cho rng x hi nng nghip ng cu p hn x hi m ngi Ty phng t trn u dn ta. H c tinh thn chng Php.
Mi n nht th chin, anh ch Si Gn Ch Ln cn l ti lu truyn trong dn gian. Nhng ng th bnh dn, nhng ngi m ni th n c huyn vn ca ngi Nm T, Su Nh, Su Trng hoc tit tho ca thy Thng Chnh, cu Hai Min mc du thc dn tm cch ngn cm. Bn Ngh Si Gn trong sanh hot mi Trong khi vng ngoi Si Gn cha bnh nh xong th thc dn chnh thc cho php tu ngoi quc vo thng cng Si Gn mua bn (22/2/1860). Nm 1860, c 246 chic tu my v thuyn bum ca cc nc u Chu v ca Trung Hoa tng cng sc trng ti l 63299 tonneaux, n 53939 tonneaux go tr gi khong 5184000 quan v cc sn phm linh tinh khc tr gi mt triu quan. ng thi hng ha nhp cng vo Si Gn tr gi c lng mt triu quan, cng thm 500 000 quan phin tiu th trong x. y l nm mu m thng cng m ca, xut cng hi nhiu v go t nm trc cn ng li, thnh Si Gn mt nn ghe bu t ngoi Trung khng vo n go nh trc c. Nm 1861, mc xut cng go st, nm 1862 li st hn v nh hng cuc khi ngha ca Trng nh va la quan trng min Nam lc by gi l G Cng. Nhng nm 1862 li xut cng thm 1 200 000 quan c kh ca Cao Min, do thng cng Si Gn. Ba loi go m gii xut cng chung nht l go G Cng, ri n go Vnh Long; go sn xut t Sc Trng, vng Bi Xo (go Ba Tht) th c gi trn th trng Trung Hoa hn. Ngy 16/6/1865 c Roze cho php thnh lp U ban nghin cu pht trin Canh Nng v K ngh Nam k, bn thng sau y ban ra tp ch chuyn mn, dnh nhin cu cc loi sn phm nng nghip v k ngh m Nam k c th pht trin trong tng lai, nhm gip ng hng cho bn thc dn lm n. Ngoi ra, nhiu t Cng bo cng ra i t 1862, 1865, ng ch l bn thc dn Si Gn chia phe nhm, ra bo Php ng cng kch ln nhau nh Lindpendant de Saigon, Ere Nouvelle... v cng kch lun chnh snh ca Thng c. T Gia nh Bo ra vo thng 4/1865 bng ch quc ng nhm mc ch ph bin thng co, ngh nh n cc lng cc tng. Nm 1865, dn inh trong b 3 tnh min ng l 35 778 ngi, nm 1866 c 39369 ngi, mt phn do s ng b ca m dn u, mt phn l nhng ngi chy gic tr v trnh din bo v t ai rung vn cho khi mt. Nm 1867, Php nh chim ba tnh min Ty, nh m dn s Nam k c thm khong 477000 ngi (k c nam ph lo u), din tch rung t tng thm khang 123000 mu ty v nhiu hu li khc chng ba triu quan. Nm 1883, ng xe la Si Gn M Tho bt u hot ng, hng Tu chy sng ra i vo 1883, gi nm na l tu M (xut pht t M Tho, ri t ni v Si Gn bng xe la) hoc tu Nam Vang v chy ti kinh cha Thp. Thot tin, th pht trin cc ging la, tho mc v gia sc, thc dn cho lp nng tri lm th im do nh nc ti tr ti khu t Ma n ln ng Tp Trn rng hn 50 mu, trng mt mu la ging em t Min in nhng tht bi, cn d l cho c mc, th nui nga ging. Cng nm 1885, U ban thnh lp Vin Bo tng thuc a hot ng lai rai, thu lm nhng mnh tng xa, su tp cy c ngoi Cn o, trng cy k ngh v vi trm loi tho dc em v t Thng Hi. Ring v cy c ph, t nm 1873, Thng c Nam k khuyn khch, tr cp cho nhng ngi Php th trng ta. Di mt mt s thc dn v s quan hi qun Php th vng Si Gn (khng k vng Ch Ln ngy nay) ging nh qu hng ca h x Normandie, h khen ngi vng Ch
Qun v vng G Vp, ni dn Vit nh c lu i, c vn tc, mi nh u c hng ro bng cy ti, vi ng x quanh co ni lin xm nh, bn ng l cy c th che mt. Thc dn ngh n vic thit k thnh ph, v trong vic lm p thnh ph, h c lm cho t Si Gn mt v c knh m dn Vit to c t 170 nm qua. Nh v t c bng khon, c ng thu th c ri u mc nhin b trut hu theo quyt nh ca c, ch huy qun lc khim chc thng c k ngy 20/2/1862. t chia tng l bn bng bc con (khng nhn tr bng tin km), tt c nh ca, vn tc trn l t u b bn lun. Nu ch t u khng kp gi th c th xin bi thng vi ngi u gi c, mun khiu ni phi xut trnh toa v xc nhn s ph ct nh trc kia, nu c. Lut l tn c ny khin nhiu gia nh c cu vng Si Gn phi mt nh, mt t v h khng tin u gi cho kp bn thc dn v bn cng ho ang c tin, cha ni ti mt s ng ngi chy gic khng dm v trnh din. cho nhng ngi mt t tm tha mn, nh nc ra quyt nh ngy 6/5/1862 dnh vng t gia kinh Tu H, rch Ong B v rch Ong Ln cho nhng ngi b mt t pha Si Gn v khuyn nhng ngi ch t vng Rch Ong nn khiu ni trong vng 30 ngy : nhng ngi mt t Si Gn li tr thnh k th ca ngi mt t Rch Ong. Ngy 2/2/1863, x ng l v phng kinh o vng Si Gn, thc dn ra lnh ai c m m ca thn nhn phi ht ct trong vng 15 ngy. Pha Ch Ha, Ha Hng, Ph Th xa kia l lng xm tr mt m dn tn c t khi Nguyn Tri Phng cho p thnh Ch Ha (n t Ch Ha n tn B Quo). Phn t ny li chia ra tng l t 20 mu n 35 mu, bn hoc cho mn di hn, ch dnh ring cho ngi Php m thi. Vng bn kia sng, thuc Khnh Hi v Th Thim cng phn l, bn t nm 1861. My ch nh m sng Si Gn ngy xa b dp b, dnh ct ph x v cng s. Quyt nh ngy 12/8/1864 cho php ct mt nh ch u cu ng Lnh, cng vic khng tri chy nh mun, mi n thng 6/1874 ch ny mi ct xong. Mt s t tt c cp v iu kin cho thn ho nhn s hu cng vo nm 1873 ct nh. Thng 8/1880, cho u gi t th c Ch Ln v Bnh Ty, a s ngi mua c l Hu kiu v n kiu. Th thc m ngi Php dng by gi l cho u thu mi dch v, quan li tha h tham nhng v thng gia gii chy p phe th lm giu nhanh chng. Thng gia Php v c kiu tha h lm ma lm gi, no l u gi xy ct n bt, dinh th Quy Nhn, Bc k, Hi Phng, cung cp mng mn cho bn lnh sn , n thp ngoi ng, thc n cho lnh, cho t, cho bnh vin, nht l cung cp vi, xi mng, cy, vn, gch. Ngi Trung Hoa nhiu th lc nht l Wang Tai. Li cn nhiu dch v u thu khc m ngi Trung Hoa chim u th : khi chim ba tnh min Ty va xong, cng ty Hoa kiu Ban Hop nm c quyn v bn phin ba tnh ny (28/8/1867). V s tin km thu thu ca dn cng c Hoa kiu u gi mua li : Cng ty Tang Keng Sing v Ban Hop mua 90000 quan tin km kho bc Sa c (1868), mua lun 120000 quan M Cy, 25000 quan M Tho. Hoa chi gp ch, bn Si Gn v cc tnh thng lt vo tay ngi n. T 1861, ring vng Ch Ln, Php cho u thu hoa chi sng bc, quy nh l mi sng, cui nm y li p dng cho vng Si Gn, nm sau (1862) cho ton ba tnh min ng. Ngi Trung Hoa rnh v t chc sng bc nn nm c quyn khai thc. Ngi Trung Hoa c u i, v gip c lc xut cng la go v phn phi cc sn phm nhp cng. Khng nn ch trch dn Nam k thu y khng bit nm c quyn to ln ny, ta nn thy r vn : ngi Trung Hoa to lp h thng bun bn t khi mi khn hoang, lp ch c lao Ph, ch Si Gn. Du cho ngi Vit mun tranh thng th cng chng ti no lm ni. Hu kiu Ch Ln dnh lu vi cc nhm ti phit Tn Gia Ba. V
nhng Hu kiu chuyn mua la go Tn Gia Ba n Ch Ln li c php thnh lp mt bang ring, vi t nhiu tnh cht t tr. Ngi Hu kiu c vn ln em t ngoi quc sang m tung khp hang cng ng hm. c bc, thng thc nhan sc ca ca nhi, h c php thnh lp nh xc ring gii tr, bn chuyn u c, chuyn lo hi l vi bn Php hoc l bun lu. Hng chc nh xc khc tr thnh ni t tp ring ca tng t hp: no ca ngi Phc Kin, ca Nhm thng gia Hu kiu Tn Gia Ba, Thng gia chuyn mua bn la go, Nhm thng gia chuyn mua la go Qung ng, Thng gia Hu kiu Ch Ln hoc Thng gia Hu kiu Ch Ln thuc quc tch Anh... H ct chnh tr la, mi nhm gi quyn li ring, hoc lp nh my xay la, mua ghe chi. Lut l v cng th Danh t cng th ch nhng loi t cn hoang, hoc c ch khai khn ri b ph tr thnh v tha nhn. Ngy trc, t l ca Vua. Ngi Php n, xc nhn rung t l ca Thuc a, mc nhin nh nc lm ch tt c t ai trong ton ci thuc a, mun l s hu ch phi c s chp nhn v mt php l ca Thng c Nam k, tnh th ch tnh l ngi c y quyn ca quan Thng c trong phm vi nh. Nhiu ngh nh lin tip ra i ri iu chnh li v s thi hnh khng tri chy nh . i khi, ngh nh 30/3/1865 v 29/12/1871 nh rng nh nc s o c, iu tra v t ai ln hi cho dn khn. Nhng in ch c c ghi tn trong a b hi i T c phi trnh din khiu ni trong vng 3 thng t ngy dn yt th ti a phng v ng trn Cng bo, qu thi hn trn th t y thuc v nh nc, xem l cng th. Nh nc bn theo gi thun mi vi gi l 10 quan mi mu ty. Ring nhng ngi hu cng vi nh nc, t c th cp khng. Ngi dnh lu n vic chng Php, trong iu kin y lm sao dm trnh din ? Mt s t c ch li tr thnh cng th. Nhng ngi khng dnh dp g ti quc s cng b thit thi quyn li, h tip tc n khiu ni mc du thi gian ba thng nim yt tri qua. H khng bit ch, hng chc lng lm khi giu gim bng yt th th li, hoc ngi ch t tn c qua vng khc, khi hay bit th v qu tr (chu tri ca Gim c Ni v ngy 7/5/1879). Trong t phc trnh ln Hi ng qun ht ngy 11/10/1881 ca Gim c Ni v th cch chc khn t hin hu qu rc ri. Trc kia, thi ng cu h ghi tn vo b in, ng thu l lm ch t. Theo lut mi, khi khn trng 10 mu t xong, mun lm ch thit th th phi mua vi gi 10 quan mi mu v np bn (gi nm na l bng ) o c chnh xc theo phng php mi v c quan Thng c chun ph. Nh vy l bt li cho dn v cho nh nc, nh nc thiu nhn vin chuyn v khm c (gi nm na l ha , kinh l) i khp cc tnh cc lng; tin vn v bn , tin in t bng khon li cao hn gi bn 10 quan mi mu. Ngh nh nm 1878 cho php dn khn t c min thu bn nm u tin nn ngi ngho vo n xin trng khn qu nhiu. Nay c t ra iu kin d di, h ghi tn vo b in, chu ng thu l coi nh lm ch, nhng ngi khn t ch c min thu trong nm u m thi, nm sau phi ng . T phc trnh ny cng khuyn co cc tham bin ch tnh khng nn cp nhng l t to hn 20 mu, phng ny sinh ra giai cp i in ch. Nm 1885, nhn chung l t ai chu khn t vi din tch rng hn 20 mu (a s dn ngho u lm n xin trng khn di 10 mu) v s ng thu khng ni. K no xin khn s t to l nhm vo t tt u c, bn li. T nm 1882 n 1885 s t c dn xin khn l 9055 mu. V cng in, tn tham bin Nicolai lm t phc trnh dt khot tc ot khng cho hng chc lng hng quyn hn rng nh xa. Nicolai trnh by :
Theo ngh nh 29/10/1871 v 22/8/1882 h phn t no khng ghi vo a b vi s hu ch r rt th phi theo quy ch t cng th. Trc khi ngi Php n, hng chc lng c quyn i vi t hoang trong a phn h cai tr, quan B chnh ch can thip khi t y c ngi canh tc nhng ngi y khng ng thu hoc ng thu t so vi din tch. Hng chc lng ngy xa c quyn gi dn ti khn, bt buc h lm n, v bn s si ri chu thu. Nicolai nhc li nhng nguyn tc ca ngh nh 1871 : t hoan, cha v b, ch c quan Thng c Nam k mi c php cho trng khn, bn hoc i. Ch c tham bin ch tnh, tha y quyn ca Thng c Nam k mi c php quy nh ranh gii cng th. t no c ch thi ng cu, nhng sau ba thng truyn rao trn Cng bo m ch khng nhn nhn, hoc thiu bng c cn trng ra khi nhn nhn, th s khng c tranh chp na v tr thnh cng th. Tm li, cng th (t hoang, v ch trong a phn mi lng) khng phi l t ca lng, du l v mt tinh thn, tng trng. Hng chc khng c quyn cp t hoang, hoc cho dn tm khn hoc cy cy tm. Quyn y l ca tham bin ch tnh, thay mt cho nh nc. By lu v cha hiu nguyn tc y, nhiu ni hng chc cn t cp t hoang. Quan Ton quyn ng Dng k ngh nh 2/1/1892 ngn cn tnh trng trn. Vi s quy nh y, thn xm ch cn t tr v mt hnh thc m thi, v trong thc cht, hng chc lng chng cn quyn hn g i vi t ai b hoang c. Ngay n s t gi l cng in ca lng, phi c nh nc tha nhn th mi l hp php. Tnh hnh cc tnh di mt ngi Php Ti liu vo thi ngi Php mi n tuy di do nhng phin din, ch l s nhn xt v bo co ch quan ca vi vin chc nng c thc dn. Xin lc k i ba ti liu, gi l ch dn m thi : Bo co ca Paul Vial, Gim c Ni v vo thng 9/1865 : tnh M Tho vo i a u (Vnh Long, by gi thuc quyn triu nh Hu) chia ra bn ht tham bin, mi ht do ngi Php trc tip trng coi, dn lng t ng chng qun lm lon. Thng ri, 4 lnh t trc kia theo Trng nh b bt v git pha G Cng, do ngi bn x git (nn hiu l bn theo Php nh lnh binh Tn). So vi nm ri, din tch lm rung tng thm 50 phn trm. Dn Si Gn v Bin Ha tng thm, l dn hi c. Tnh Bin Ha c kh quan t khi lp n Bo Chnh, mt s dn min Thng gip Php chn lon qun t Bnh Thun t nhp. Ngi Thng theo Php v d ng ca Trng nh i x vng v vi h. Tnh Si Gn (Gia nh) khng cn lon qun nhng bn cp cn nh ph ghe thuyn di chuyn l t. C chng 20000 ghe thuyn ln nh ch chuyn hng ha, phn na s ny di chuyn thng trc. Vial ngh cho tu my i tun theo sng rch, mi tu ch cn 2 ngi Php, 6 tn lnh m t l . Trc kia, ch quan trng ni xa, nc cn, v vy bn gic Tu kh khuy ri, by gi cng v nc cn m tu my kh ti (phi chng mun m ch vng Ba Cm lng danh). Gn sng Vm C (c l Vm C Ty) cn mt nhm 7 ngi Tagal v mt s lon qun n nu, trc sau g chng cng b dp (y l lnh Tagal t Phi Lut Tn qua nh ta lc trc). Vial nhn nh rng quan li thi ng cu hng hch vi dn ; nn nhn ca ch c l nhng in ch v thng gia giu c. Hai hng ny c Php ch trng dng. Vial khen ngi h hng hi hot ng v c c thc t, h s gip ngi Php thu phc nhn tm.
phin em cho nh nc hoa chi 1 200 000 quan mi nm. Vial cho rng ngi bn x ht trc khi Php n, phin khng hi g c, nu ht c lng. ngh nn tip tc cho ht v dn Trung Hoa ht kh nhiu nhng vn gi c c tnh c hu l hng hi, sing nng. Hoa chi sng bc thu c 400 000 quan vo nm ri nhng gy xo trn lng xm. Hng chc lng v m c bc nn n cp cng qu v n hi l. Nng phu nh bi, tr con cng vy, sanh nn trm cp. ngh dp hoa chi c bc, nu cn th ch cho php m sng bc ti Si Gn m thi. V thu bn th tu Php v tu Ty Ban Nha hng u tin khi ng. ngh nn b thu ny cho tu bun bn cc nc khc, thng cnh thm tp np. Go tng gi 5 ln lc hn trc, nh xut cng c. Rung lm nhiu v la bn cao gi. Rung canh tc lu thu qu nhiu, c n phn na din tch trn thu. Vi nm na, nu o c xong, thu in s thu c gn bng hai m khi cn tng gi biu thu. Vial cho rng gi biu thu in cn qu thp. S dn cng lm xu tr gi 1 triu quan mi nm. Vi s bc mt tng ng, cha chc mn c nhn cng o kinh, p l nh ngi Php lm (y l vic cng bch lm xu thi ng cu m ngi Php duy tr). Gi ng, non 1 quan 1 k l. Du phng, 60 quan 1 t du, du da 8 quan 10 lt, cau kh bn qua Trung Hoa (?) t 60 n 80 quan mi t... in ch bn x cho t in vay n li t 5 n 10 phn mi thng, t in phi chu iu kin l dng hoa mu thu hoc c th chn. Thng l l thng 7 dng lch nm ti l tr in vay, ti thng 1 dng lch nm ti l tr gp i. Vial nhn xt thm v mc sng v trnh vn minh ca dn Nam k : kh cao, sang trng, mi ch u c th ngh, no l dt chiu, no tri mc, l t ru, nh dt, l nhum. Tri hm hot ng mnh, hm (quan ti) hng thng nbn 30 quan, mi nm sn xut t 20 n 20 ngn ci tc l trong 3 tnh min ng Nam k xi 1 000 000 quan v hm, ngi Vit ch trng n ci hm ca mnh t khi cn sng. V tin t, Vial nu vi chi tit ng ch : Mt quan tin km gm 600 ng, n 1 quan tin Php. Mt quan tin km i cc vua sau ny cn nng t 1 k l 10 n 1 k l 1, trong khi tin km i Gia Long cn nng hn : t 1 k l 20 n 1 k l 25. Trong quan tin km thng dng, c khong 5/7 l tin i Gia Long. Bc nn, mi nn nng 374 g (10 lng) nh nc nhn khi thu thu vi gi l 74 quan 61, nhng bc nn em ra ch i c t 95 n 100 quan tin ta, hoc t 16 n 20 ng bc con . Mt nn vng, m Vial cho l t khi thy xi, cn nng khong 336 g, dn xi vi gi t 1400 n 1500 quan, kho bc nh nc nhn xi vi gi chnh thc l 1050 quan. ng bc con lc u kh xi trong dn gian, mt ng con i 3 quan m thi, ph bin rt chm. thn qu cha thy xi. Thi y v xi nhiu th tin khc nhau nn c nn u c ty theo ma, c th em li cho bn ngi chuyn i tin. Bo co ca Paul Vial ngy 17/9/1867 : gip thy s qua tnh hnh 3 tnh min ty va b Php chim t 20/6 tc l non 3 thng trc. Mc ch ca vin Gim c Ni v ny l tm hiu nguyn vng, gii thch cho dn hiu thin ch ca ngi Php. Mt khc, th nghin cu cch thc thu thu in bng tin mt, thay v thu bng la nh thi ng cu. Theo Vial, lc trc 3 tnh min Ty c t 4 n 5000 lnh ng cu, nay ch cn tuyn chn 900 ngi l dng vo vic tr an (bt tn cng qu nui lnh). Nn tuyn
chn lnh m t trong gia nh dn c b (kh gi), c bo m hn l la trong m lu dn. Vial xung tu ngy 31/8/1867 (t M Tho) vi 25 lnh m t t G Cng gi qua tng cng cho Tr Vinh, trc c 50 lnh m t n Tr Vinh ri. Ti Bn Tre, Vial cn thy di tch ca dinh ph Hong Tr thi ng cu b bn sp t 1862, quan tham bin lm vic trong cn nh l, tip tay vi tham bin l hai quan huyn : mt l cu cai tng G Vp, mt l tay ph h G Cng. Tham bin Bn Tre lc by gi l Champeaux. Theo kin Champeaux th dn Bn Tre sn sng ng thu bng tin. Champeaux thc mc v s hin din ca mt s quan li cu tro ang c ng dng gi ti Bn Tre, xem nh l nhng phn t c hi cho an ninh (chc m ch nhng ngi Ba Tri nh ng Chiu ?) Tu n vm rch Cu Ngang. Cch ch tu u chng 4000 thc, qun s ang giao chin vi lon qun, lt sau, Php ti chim Cu Ngang. m n, Vial ng ti Cu Ngang, c bit rng tt c dn lng u theo bn phin lon. T ngy 28/8, ti lng Tn Lp, dn ni lon git mt th k v 3 lnh m t. Mt tp Cao Min chng 200 ngi ti xin quy thun v im ch bn cm u phn lon gm chng 54 tn nhng bn ny trn mt. n Vnh Long, by gi dn ang cn lo s, ch Vnh Long c ng s lt bng gch vn. Ch Sa c rng ri v no nhit. Vin tham bin Sa c mch cho Vial bit : huyn Phong Ph ( Mn, Cn Th) qu xa, cn lp ti mt ht tham bin. Phong Ph l vng giu c nhng cha kim sot c. Vial i t Sa c qua Rch Gi theo rch Lp V, chng u, thy dn ng, sung tc. Ra Hu giang, n ng Xuyn (tc l Long Xuyn ngy nay), thy c lao trn sng c nhiu ry ma kh tt. Vial tip tc hnh trnh qua Rch Gi theo kinh Ni Sp (Thoi H), kinh nhiu c, tu kh chy v chn vt tu thng b vng, mui qu nhiu, khng thy nh ca hai b kinh. Sng ngy 9/9 n Rch Gi, khc gn ch, b ngang rch chng 30 n 40 thc, hai bn y nh ca v ghe xung. Nc chy mnh, ti vm bin ngoi nhng ghe c nh cn c mt chic golette (Vial mun ni loi tu bum Hi Nam ?) trng ti chng 80 tonneaux ca ngi Tu Kampot n u t 3, 4 thng ri, ch khi thun gi s ri bn. Vm Rch Gi cn, v vy cho cm my hng nc di ra bin hng dn cho tu khi rn ln bi bn. Qun s v tham bin Rch Gi ng trong n c thi cu tro, tu b kho lo, mi gc n chng 80 mt (n ny khng y mt nm sau l b Nguyn Trung Trc t ri). T tht tham bin lp l, cn tt. Dinh tham bin hu ngn Rch Gi, trn ging cao, nhiu ct, gn y c xm nh v vn cy n tri. Thi cu tro, ngi Tu y c quyn hn nhiu (t nhiu t tr) phng nh chng 800 ngi, kh tin cy, ngh tng cng cho Rch Gi vi ngi lnh Php. My ng cai tng C Mau (by gi, C Mau thuc v ht tham bin Rch Gi) ang gom my khu thn cng thi cu tro em v n. Ti C Mau, c 20 lnh m t nhng xin thm 120 lnh na tng cng. Ht Rch Gi rung t, dn t, nu bt thm 100 lnh th dn chu khng kham, khng nh Sa c v Vnh Long ni dn ng hn. Ngi Cao Min Rch Gi ng gn bng ngi Vit Nam, c nui b nhng khng phi nui n tht. Vial mun cho lnh v vin chc Php Bn Tre, Tr Vinh, Sc Trng, Rch Gi c n tht b y . Tr v ng Xuyn (Long Xuyn) xung Ba Xuyn, t vm rch Ba Xuyn n ch Sc Trng tn 10 gi v nc cn. Tu chy c mt khong, khong cn li phi i ghe. Trn ng ti Sc Trng c nh th Cng gio nh, ch Sc Trng nhiu go, go ngon v bn tht r, nhiu ghe t Vnh Long, Sa c, M Tho, Ch Ln n mua. Lnh m t Sc Trng gm mt s Hc Mn i ti nn khi gp ng ph Trn T Ca (cng i vi Vial) th h qu mng, h nh nh, ti y 25 ngi, cht 3 ngi. Su nm v trc, ngi Min Sc Trng ni lon chng cu tro, t v sau h th hn ngi Vit. ng ph U l ngi Min hp tc vi Php. Lc Sc Trng, Vial c tin gi v cho bit lnh m t C
Mau va bt c b h Chng, ngi cm u phn lon by lu. Chuyn v, Vial c ph Trc cho bit : c con rch i tt t M Tho n Tr Vinh, l rch Lch Cn Thay (nay l Ch Lch). Vial cho bit : cc tham bin m ng ta gp u ng l nn gii tn hn cc n in ng cu, t rung th giao tr li cho lng c v a s dn n in theo phe lm lon trong thi gian qua. tnh Si Gn (Gia nh), vic gii tn n in thi hnh c kt qu t 1861. Hnh nh min qu di mt mt ngi Vit Nm 1894 ng Dng T M lm chc kinh lch (lettr, mt chc v khong quan trng chuyn phin dch nhng giy t ch Nm, ch Nho ra quc ng) gi v Nam k Soi ph mt t trnh, gp vi kin ci cch x hi, thng 10/1894. By gi, Dng T M ngh vic, c ng ti lng Minh c, tnh Tr Vinh. Xem qua, ta hiu phn no b mt ca min qu hi cui th k 19. kin ca ng M c th tm tt nh sau : Nn nh me lan trn, ngi Hu kiu lm ch sng m th li, vic nh me c nh nc hp thc ha thu hoa chi. V c bc m sanh nn trm cp, con nt 12 tui cng bit nh me. ngh nh nc ta nn kim sot ngh nghip v l lch ca dn cho k hn. Bn lm bi cho Ty sng lu ng, l bn du ng nguy him. Nn nht bn chng li. Nn m mang tiu cng ngh cho dn c thm cng n vic lm, nn pht trin trng bng vi. Yu cu nh nc ng nh thu ru (ru np nu theo phng php c truyn). Ngi Tu chu ng thu, t ru np bn li cho dn, my nh my ru y b hm : hm l th m dn ta dng nui heo rt tt. b vo thu ru, nh nc c th tng thu thn hoc thu in. Hi ng cu, ai mun nu ru th c tha h, nh m dn nhu thng thc nhiu th ru np vi hng v c o khc nhau, chng khc no ru nho bn Php gm nhiu loi. Ngi Hoa kiu nm c quyn lp nh my t ru nn dn ch thng thc c mt th ru m thi. H c t do t ru dn c th tm th ru ngon theo s thch m ung. Nu nh nc b thu ru, s c chng 15 phn trm dn chng c nh, h xay np t ru bn, ly hm nui thm heo; do , gi tht heo s r. C n 3/4 dn chng mang tt c bc. My ng cai tng Tr Vinh tht s tr thnh tai ha ln cho dn. Mi ln bu c cai tng, nhiu ngi dm tn 1000 hoc 2000 ng lo hi l vi quan trn hoc by tic mua chuc cm tnh trc. Tuy tn km ln nhng trong nm u tin, cc ng ly c vn v thm li, tin thu v phng nh t 2500 n 3000 ng vi chi tit nh sau : * Nhn l vt ca dn v ca lng vo dp Tt : 120 ng. * Nhn l vt ca dn vo ngy mng 5 thng 5 : 120 ng. * Nhn ca hng chc lng, mi thng khi hng chc n hu l 80 ng. * Nhn hi l ca hng chc khi lng lp b thu inh v thu in, khai thm khai bt cho nh thu : 300 ng. * Cho cha c bc, mi thng thu 50 ng. * n hi l ri rc khi i thm cc lng : 200 ng. * Bt dn lm cng nht, tc l lm xu cho c nhn : lm rung, pht c vn, o mng vn, cho ghe th cng. * n hi l khi x kin, 700 ng mt nm. Ai lo tin nhiu l thng kin. * Cha chp bn n trm, chia tin bc vi chng. * Cp ot rung t ca dn cho mn li.
* Ai mun lm m gi phi lm n, mun c php phi lo tin. * Bn tay sai ca cai tng (bin, ngi chy giy) tha h tng tin hng chc, hng hu hng ring l 17 phn trm. Bn ny tr nn giu c. * Vi vin cai tng c t 10 n 15 b v, tt c u do cc ng tr cp. * Cai tng thng lm quyn, khm xt th t ca dn hoc t trt ca quan trn gi v lng. ngh cho cc ng cai tng i vng bt nhng t oan ni trn... Mi phn th no cng c tm chn hoc hn na. y l ting ni ca mt vin chc thn Php, tuy cn mu phong kin nhng bt mn, v thc dn t ra phong kin hn phong kin vi hnh thc gi hiu t do, bnh ng, bc i. ng ch l chuyn cp ot rung t. Trng hp mt v ngi Vit cp t ca ngi Vit Ti liu rt t bn bo co ca c ph s Trn T Ca, ngy 29/11/1869 (hai nm sau khi mt ba tnh min Ty), xy ra tnh Vnh Long. Ph Ca l ngi tn ty vi ngi Php, v sau b git Hc Mn, y th m vn bt bnh v can thip khng c. Ngi b t co l cai tng Nguyn Vn Dng thuc tng Bnh Chnh, huyn Vnh Tr, tnh Vnh Long (Vng Lim), nm trc lon qun cn hng hi hot ng. Ph Trc c thc dn tinh cy giao cho huyn ny. Tng Dng xin vi ph Trc cho m 30 ngi lm lnh gi trt t trong vng, nhng li dng s ngi ny phc dch vic ring t. By gi ph Trc cho khai con kinh ti Bng Trng, hai bn b t tt, pht c ri cy l xong, khi cy. Ph Trc truyn cho dn lu cc lng c n m khn t, sau ba nm th np thu, lp lng mi, ging nh thi ng cu. Dn lu ko n lm rung, lp c 3 tng, tnh hn 20 lng (mi lng 10 tn dn, khn rung 20 mu). Mt s dn khc cng ti con kinh ny v t qu qun qu xu, h lm rung thm, ly hu li em v ng thu rung qu qun. V l c hi khn t nn s lnh m tng Dng m trc kia bn trn ti kinh ny lm rung, gia nhp vo cc lng mi lp. Tng Dng ku ni, ph Trc ln sau ch cp cho 5 ngi tng gi, do dn lng np (tng gi l ngi sai vt, cn v ca cai tng hoc hng chc lng, theo quy ch xa, c n lng tng trng). Tng Dng qu khn, nhn c hi ny lm n n tham bin ch tnh, xin khn ring t hoang 20 mu (tc l din tch quy nh cho mt lng), phn t ny gip Bnh Thng thn (ng), Bnh Th thn (Ty), Thnh M thn (Nam), Long Khnh thn (Bc). n c chp thun, ph Trc ch r ranh gii phn t nh trn cho tng Dng bit. V m cht nn ph Trc ngh php ba thng, tha c hi y, tng Dng tr thnh vua mt ci, t s t va c php khai khn ng ta ln ranh qua thn Bnh Thng pha ng, ln 150 mu dnh cho b con bn v lm. Tng Dng bn dng n ln quan ph tham bin m t co : V c o kinh mi nn dn b lng do ng va lp m i, xin quan trn ra lnh cho dn tr v lng c. Quan ph tham bin chp thun v cho Dng mt t trt ui dn. Dn mi lm rung ang lc bt m (gieo m) nn do d, khng chu v, Dng bt h m ng trng (mt th gng lm bng vn khot) v nh p. Hu Phng (sau ny l tng c Phng) by gi l c ph s ti ch Vnh Long lo vic dp lon, bn thu li lnh ui y giao cho ph Trc va mn thi gian ngh php, tr li nhim s. By gi dn lng Bnh Thng gip ranh t ca Dng li m n t co Dng v ti ln t lng h. Ph Trc i Dng ti, nhng Dng lnh mt ri i thng ln tnh m t co ph Trc vi ph tham bin.
Tr v, tng Dng khoe vi dn rng ph tham bin dy lng Bnh Thng phi thng cho ng ta mi cng t l 8 gi la v 8 quan tin; rung 1638 cng (tc l non 150 mu m Dng ln ranh) bi thng vi gi 10944 quan, nm sau t tt hn, phi bi thng n 13680 quan. By gi (c l ph Trc lm hu thun bn trong v khi cho o kinh, ng ta c tham vng chim t), dn lng Bnh Thng t co Dng 13 khon, lng Long Hi t co 27 khong, lng An Hi t co 21 khon. Quan tham bin giao cho ph Ca xt x. Ph Ca n huyn Vnh Tr, hai lng khc t co thm. V khi n lng Bnh Thng li nhn n t co khc. Tng Dng khng chu n gip mt vi lng. Ph Ca nh n Mn Tht (nguyn vn ghi l Mn Thch) gp tng Dng. Cuc iu tra ca ph Ca cho thy r tng Dng phm vo cc ti : Chim lng Bnh Thng 150 mu, chim ca lng Bnh Th hn 100 mu. Dng cn mn tin bc, la go ca lng v ca dn 512 quan m khng tr. Nhng tham bin Vnh Long ch cho php ph Ca x v chim t lng Bnh Thng m thi, cc khon khc u b qua. Ph Ca ngh tch thu cy sng ring ca Dng, y Dng ln Si Gn hoc Trng Bng mt nm sa mnh. Ph Ca cho bit thm l Dng li dng nhng ngi theo nghch m Dng tha ti cho, sau khi thng dm vi m ca ti nhn, v bt ti nhn lm y t ring. Li cn bt dn lm y t ring cho v b, bt hng chc lng ng thu cho phn t ca anh v. Ai mun c c hng thn, hng ho phi lo hi l mi ngi 5 quan, bng khng th nh 40 hoc 50 roi, v nhiu khon khc. S vic kt thc ra sao ? Ai phi ai quy ? iu chc chn l bn theo Php thi by gi ginh git quyn li, n thua nhau v da vo nhng gc to l bn Php. Bn Php s dng dn bn x trong vic tr ni lon v ng thi cng thch n hi l. Ch ti cho ngi dn chu oan kh, no quan ty, quan ta, tn cng khn hoang ; lut l, ngh nh ca cc quan Thng c ch l hnh thc. in hnh mt v ngi Php lp tiu quc c lao Nm Thn : cng ty Taillefer Trc khi chim ba tnh min Ty, nh nc ku gi ngi Php nn mua t rung v l dch v c li nhanh chng, th d nh rung lng Bnh Lp (Tn An) vo 1865 mi mu (ha) em li li tc 140 quan mi nm, nhng bn ch c 100 quan mi mu. Thc dn tin on : go xut cng d v cao gi nn nht nh gi rung s tng ln. Khi trc mi mu em li li tc t 30 n 40 quan, nhng t khi hng cng Si Gn m cho tu bun ngoi quc vo, gi go tng gp bn ln hi ng cu. Mt trong nhng ngi Php lc quan, to bo nht trong v lm n v rung t l Taillefer. Vn l s quan hi qun, tng tham gia chin trn. ng ta xin php ngh khng n lng, dnh thi gi m khai thc nng nghip. Cha ca Taillefer lm dn biu bn Php, nh giu, c vn nho. Vo cui 1864, Taillefer trnh vi vin Tng tham mu qun i vin chinh Si Gn mt d n. By gi l giai on qun s nn nh binh nm rt nhiu quyn hn. Taillefer mun dn thy nhp in lm rung mi nm hai ma, nh m mc sn xut la go s tng gp i. Kinh Bo nh (ni t ch Tn An n ch M Tho, Vm C Ty n Tin Giang) c th chn lm a im, k hoch tin hnh nh sau : p p chn hai u kinh ny, ly nc ngt tt ln rung, dng 3 my chy bng hi nc (mi my 50 m lc); chy mi ngy 12 gi l tt c 486000 thc khi. Mi mu ty ch cn 1000 thc khi nc l lm rung. Nu tr hao nc bc hi l 10 phn trm, c 10 ngy, my chy 1 ln l . Ai c t hai bn b kinh th c o mng m hng nc vo rung, tr li cho cng ty mi mu v mi ma la l 100 quan.
Vic tt nc vo ma nng gip mi nm lm c hai ma, nc di rch tt ln c sn ph sa l th phn qu tt, dn khi tn tin mua phn bn rung. Ln hi s khai thc thm, p dng cch tt nc bng my ny khp cnh ng bao la gia Cao Min v Si Gn ! Thot tin, k hoch c ch , nh cm quyn nh cc vin tham bin tm th Trng Bng, Ty Ninh hoc M Tho mt s t lin lc rng khong 1000 mu thc thi, nhng tm khng ra. K hoch p trn giy t b dp qua. Nhng Taillefer khng thi ch. Khong 1866, li lp mt cng ty ly tn l cng ty Trng Ta v Dn Thy Nam k, hot ng chng 5 nm l ph sn lun, gy bao nhiu thc mc cho nh nc. Taillefer mun lp mt tiu quc c lao Nm Thn (M Tho) trn Tin giang m ng ta chim trn, (ngoi ra, cn khn t Tn An 189 mu t, lp mt n in khc). t Tn An v c lao Nm Thn m Taillefer trng khn khng phi l t hoang, nhng l git ca dn. Vn ca cng ty l 300 000 quan. C lao Nm Thn l vng tr ph nht nh ca sng Tin giang, khai khn t hi cha Nguyn, ni danh nh hu li rung, trng cau da, trng du nui tm. Trc khi thc dn n, lp xong 5 thn (v vy m gi l Nm Thn). C lao b hoang v dn chy gic (nn nh y l vng st bn Ci B, ni Tng c Lc trn ng). Mi n 6 nm sau, ch c 8 gia nh tr v xin lnh phn t m trc kia h lm ch, vin tham bin cho php. S t c dn nhn nhn tr li c 36 mu m thi. Taillefer n, thot tin trng khn mt l 300 mu ty, nh nc cp cho bng khon. Ri xin khn trn c lao nhng nh nc a ra gi qu cao nn vic khng xong. Khi lm b ch phn ln c lau ny (trong thc t l chim trn), Taillefer n gp s ngi hi c, h ha sn sng bn t cho y (36 mu va k trn) sau khi h c bng khon. Tm thi, h sn sng mn tin ca cng ty lm n. L d nhin cng ty hi lng, mun lm rung m thiu dn th sao thc hin c. iu ng ch l trc khi cp cho Taillefer l t to ny, nh nc nim yt sut ba thng trong tnh M Tho nhng my ngi ch t c chng ai ra tranh cn (khng dm tranh cn th ng hn). Taillefer tr nn hng hch, cng khai tuyn b rng c lao ny thuc trn quyn s hu ca y, dn trn c lao b i x nh t in, nh culi. Li cn qu quyt rng nh nc khng c quyn lp li lng xm nh thi ng cu, v lp lng l phi bt ra m s t lm cng in. Vic bc lt bt u. Trc tin, lp mt nh my xay la. c la cung cp cho nh my hot ng, y bn mua la ng (lc la gn chn) ca dn trn c lao, vi gi r. y l hnh thc cho vay gi l cho bc la. Li cn cho vay bc n li vi t l li cao, khng thua my ng in ch thi ng cu (50 phn mt nm). V cho vay ct c : mt ngi n vay n 250 quan, phi tr vn v li trong 5 thng vi tin li 50 phn trm. ng thi con n phi k giy c ming t tr gi 1000 quan, khng tr c s bc ni trn th phi chu mt t. Taillefer cn m c vin vng l loi b trung gian Hu kiu trong vic mua la. Y cho ngi em tin n cc ch ph cn mua la v, vi trin vng l s mua ghe chi m ch ln Si Gn, bn thng ra ngoi quc sau khi xay ti c lao. T c lao Nm Thn, y dm ng qua Sc Trng, toan cnh tranh mua la Hu giang v lp chnh tr la, li yu cu quan tham bin Sc Trng cho bt dn a phng lm xu ct chnh la ti ch th cng cho y, nhng n b bc b. Y nhp cng thng t bn Php mt s ni niu, soong cho, vi b, khn mu soa, lun c ru cht (do gia nh bn Php sn xut) bt buc dn trong c lao mua li hoc i
la m h canh tc c. y l bt chc ngi Hoa kiu dng hng ha i la, nhng hng ha ca y i li khng c gi tr thc tin i vi dn. Thy vic lm rung khng c kh quan nh d nh, bn t k hoch trng cy vani ch bt thm gia v, trng bng vi, trng du nui tm, trng ma. Hng ngy, p dng ch cai tr ring : sng v chiu, cho nh trng, cc gia trng trong m t in phi tp hp im danh, nh tri lnh. Dn trn c lao ch phi ng a t cho y v khi ng thu cho bt c ai c. Khi gp chuyn thc mc, y vit giy i dn ti vn phng m khot nt, t xng l ng quan ba, ai lm si quy c pht tin v pht vi chc roi, nh quan thi ng cu. n nm 1868, theo li y, dn thm ng o, gi tr b ln chng 1200 ngi. Y cho lp hai lng, canh tc chng 250 mu, nhng lng ny khng c quyn c t cng in. Nhng vic g phi n li n. Vo nm 1868, ma mng tht bt, a s dn trn c lao trn qua t lin m git n; nhng ngi lnh tin mua la cung cp cho nh my xay cng bit tch. Y lm n tha vi tham bin v ta n M Tho, nh xt x bn git n v bn khng chu ong la rung. Trong thi gian khai thc c lao, y t ra hch dch, khinh thng bn quan li ngi Php a phng nn y l dp tt h tr th : nhng con n u c x trng n, v y n li qu cao hn lut nh. Y lm n tha vi Thng c Nam k, nhng vin chc i iu tra bn t co ngc li. Y t bin h rng cho vay nng li l b tr nhng v git n. Y n hin lnh, v nu c c th b dn ni lon git ri ! Y khoe khoang pht thuc th, gip dn chng bt bnh hon. Theo y, phi dng bin php mnh i vi dn bn x v h l bt ho. Sau cuc iu tra, nh cm quyn cho php lp tr li trn c lao 5 lng nh trc, vi cng in. Taillefer ni gin cho rng ngi An Nam nh y gip lp nghip, nay li mun ui y ra khi c lao thay v mang n. Rt cuc cng ty ph sn, v nh nc thc dn khng mun dung tng trng hp lp tiu quc m t nhn kinh doanh nm trn quyn v qun s, hnh chnh v t php. V nhn tm, chnh Taillefer cng nhn nhn l c mt s t in git n ri trn i lm n cp hoc theo phin lon. Ngi vui mng nht khi thy cng ty ph sn l tng c Lc. Lc thm thung c lao ph nhiu ny t lu nhng khng dm tranh ginh. Lc lin mua u gi phn t ca Taillefer khn (dn c lao thi ng cu phi chu mt t lun). Lc cht, giao li cho con l Trn B Th, v Th li t t v khai thc l l lc sau ny trn c lao.
2.2) Khi qut v vic khai khn thi Php thuc Nam k
Sau y vi con s, gi l ch dn lc ngi Php cai tr n cui nm 1929, rt phn ln t ti liu do vin chc Php son ra. Lc by gi, vic thng k tng i chnh xc, ranh gii cc tnh c nh, ch tr giai on s khi. Tuy nhin, c nhiu vic ghi trn giy t, trn ngh nh nhng khng p dng ng mc hoc b mo m (trng hp nhng ngh nh cho khn t, trng hp Nh Bng Canh nng cho vay), hoc nhng bo co chnh thc cn c vo ti liu do hng chc thi xa su tm v dn s, sn lng. Dn s vo nm 1873 : 1 500 000 ngi. t khai thc : 600.000 mu ty lm rung v 90.000 mu ty vn tc, hoa mu ph (da, cau, thuc, ma, bp...) Dn s vo nm 1929 : 4.500.000 ngi (tng gp ba ln). t khai thc : 2.440.000 mu ty lm rung v 170.000 mu trng bp, ma, da, thuc, u... (trong s ny k lun 87.000 mu trng cy cao su). Ngoi ra, cn vn cy n tri t 12.000 n 15.000 mu. Nh vy ring v rung nng, din tch tng gp 4 ln, sau khong 60 nm thc dn cai tr. ng giao thng vo nm 1929 : Quc l (gi l l ng Dng) : 1.013 km Lin tnh l : 1.083 km Tnh l 1.728 km Tng cng : 3.824 km, ngoi ra cn 3.243 km hng l xu v nh, lm khi ma ma khng dng c. Kinh o (kinh xng mc hoc o tay) : 1.664 km Min ng Nam k t cao, nhiu rng, l khu vc a canh. Min Ty Nam l khu vc c canh. t min ng i khi chia ra 150.000 mu lm rung, hn 80.000 mu trng cao su, 7.5000 mu trng ma, 800 mu vn tc, u, thuc (trong tnh Gia nh), 600 mu trng gn Th Du Mt, 450 mu trng c ph (trong 300 mu Th Du Mt), li cn vi vn tiu B Ra. t min Ty Nam dnh u tin cho rung la, chim khong 2.400.000 mu trong tng s t c trng ta ca min ny l 2.460.000 mu, tc l 97 % din tch trng trt, ngoi ra nn k thm khong 20.000 mu vn cy n tri. Rung la min Ty Nam ng hng u, chim 92 % din tch trng ta ca Nam k, v l 37 % din tch ca ton lnh th Nam k. Mc sn xut c nh nh sau : Ma 19241925 : 22.270.000 quintaux Ma 19251246 : 19.900.000 Ma 19261927 : Ma 19271928 : 28.239.500 Ma 19281929 : 21.500.000 Tnh ng, mi ngi n t 175 n 219 kg mi nm, ngoi ra cn dng nu ru, nui gia sc. S d em xut cng. Lc trc Min in l nc xut cng la ng u th gii nhng t nm 1925, Nam k li dn u. Go Nam k km phm cht hn go Min in v qu nt, nhiu tm. V cao su, tuy pht trin mnh nhng ch c 1,9 % ca tng s sn xut trn th gii.
Nng xut la cn km, t tt thu hoc 1.600 kg la mi mu, t trung bnh v t xu t 400 kg n 600 kg, thua xa cc nc khc. Lc by gi, cc tnh min Hu giang cha bit phn ha hc l g. nh hng ca kinh o Trc khi Php n, nhng vng thun li c sng rch u lm rung ri. Trong thi cai tr ca ngi Php, c thm hai vic ln : o kinh thm nhng ni c th lm rung c, to ng giao thng chuyn ch, rt bt nc lt, rt bt phn. Vi ging la s c canh tc c kt qu nhng ni mc nc lt qu cao l loi la thng (la cy) khng sng ni. Vic o kinh c gia tng t nm 1880 : 18801890 o 2.110.000 thc khi t. Nm 1890, din tch rung l 932.000 mu, tng 169.000 mu, so vi thi ng cu. 18901900 o 8.106.000 thc khi. Nm 1900, din tch rung l 1.212.000 mu, tng 280.000 mu so vi nm 1890. 19001910 o 27.491.000 thc khi t. Nm 1910, din tch canh tc l 1.542.000 mu, so vi nm 1900, tng 331.000 mu. 19101920 o 66.104.000 thc khi t. Nm 1920, din tch canh tc l 1.953.000 mu, tc gia tng 410.000 mu so vi nm 1910. 19201930 o 72.042.000 thc khi. Din tch canh tc nm 1930 l 2.452.000 mu, so vi nm 1920, tng thm 499.000 mu. Nhn qua th thp nin u (18801890) n thp nin cht, s thc khi t phi o khn thm mt mu rung l 12 thc khi, ri tng ln n 28, n 83, ri phi 161, n mc 144 thc khi. Nh vy c ngha l trong tng qut, cng ngy vic o kinh cng tn km hn. Nm 1890, mun khai thc mt mu t mi, ch cn o 12 thc khi. Nm 1930, mun khai thc thm mt mu t phi o n 144 thc khi, hn 10 ln. Hin tng trn y c th gii thch : Trc khi ngi Php o kinh xng c mt s t rung kh tt, c nng xut cao sn ri, khng o thm mt thc khi t no na th cng c d la bn ra ngoi. Din tch t hoang ch c gii hn, cng o kinh th din tch y cng thu hp li. Ti mc cht, c o thm kinh ni t qu xu th din tch rung canh tc cng khng tng bao nhiu. Ngi khn t khng thch n, lm n tha tht, khng nh trong t u tin o kinh qua vng t tt. Hn na, vic sn xut la go i hi nhiu yu t khc, ngoi yu t thun ty k thut : vay mn vn lm ma, quy ch cho trng khn, gi c trn th trng quc t. Tnh n nm 1930 th nhng tnh c t ph sa tt nh Bn Tre, Ch Ln, Gia nh, G Cng, M Tho, Tr Vinh, Vnh Long, Cn Th, Sc Trng khai thc xong, k lun nhng phn t ging Long Xuyn, Chu c, Tn An, Sa c. Trong cc tnh ny ch cn li chng 150.000 mu t cha trng ta vng ng Thp, vng Lng Linh v ph cn tnh l H Tin l ni t qu phn. T nm 1880, cc tnh tr ph nh Bn Tre, Ch Ln, Gia nh, G Cng, M Tho, Tr Vinh, Vnh Long khai thc xong trn din tch hn phn na din tch canh tc vo nm 1929, tc l cc tnh ni trn vic khn hoang xc tin rt chm, trong khong 50 nm ngi Php cai tr ch tng chng 40 %.
Cng t nm 1880, cc tnh Chu c, Long Xuyn, Tn An, H Tin, Sa c tnh n nm 1929, tng thm 3/4 so vi din tch canh tc c, i vi cc tnh Sc Trng, Cn Th th tng 2/3. Khi mi chim c, thc dn ch ch trng vo phn t tt, ng dn, c sn ng giao thng min Tin giang. Cc tnh ny xem nh gii quyt xong t nm 1910 tng s l 651.000 mu, n nm 1930 tng s l 705.000 mu. T nm 1910 tr v sau, thc dn mi ch cc tnh xa, hoc t xu hn thuc Chu c, Long Xuyn, Tn An, Sa c, pha ng Thp. Din tch canh tc cc tnh ni trn cng li nh sau : 1910 241.000 mu 1920 399.999 mu 1930 534.000 mu Cc tnh Cn Th v Sc Trng cng pht trin t nm 1910 v sau : Cn Th 1910 132.000 mu 1920 202.000 mu 1930 205.000 mu Sc Trng 1910 176.000 mu 1920 188.000 mu 1930 212.000 mu Vic o kinh thc y cng tc khai khn hai tnh Cn Th v Sc Trng t nm 1890 n 1920. Ring v tnh Cn Th, khong 1900 n 1920, c hn 350 km kinh o thm ni qua Rch Gi v Sc Trng. La s gip khai thc phn t by lu b hoang, nh m Chu c c thm 90.000 mu, Long Xuyn 47.000 mu (nm 1929). Trng hp c bit Bc Liu, Rch Gi y l khu vc nh o thm kinh m din tch canh tc gia tng vi nhng con s hng bin nht. i T c, t ai chu ti lm n, l do chnh l t qu phn, ng giao thng chuyn ch kh khn v qu xa Si Gn. Hu ht my con sng ln vng ny u ngc qua pha vnh Xim La. Mi n nm 1897 (trng hp Bc Liu) v nm 1916 (trng hp Rch Gi) mi c ng xe ni lin vi Si Gn, trong khi ng xe la Si Gn, M Tho c t nm 1883. Vic o kinh xng gip cc vng Bc Liu v Rch Gi bn la nhanh v c gi hn trc, ng thi t ro phn, nc bt su d cy cy hn. Din tch canh tc ca hai tnh ny gia tng nh sau : 1880 20.000 mu 1890 83.000 mu 1900 136.000 mu 1910 265.000 mu 1920 405.000 mu 1930 600.000 mu Rung hai tnh ny chim 1/4 trong tng s din tch lm rung ca ton ci Nam k. Ngay khi va o xong nhng con kinh u tin, dn t x ti ct nh, lm rung m nh nc khi cn gip v vn ling, gia sc, hoc cy l g c. H n cnh ng bao la gia Hu giang v vnh Xim La, mnh ai ny chim, ny cm ranh. Ch trong 3 nm (19271930) h t ng chim 17.000 mu. Vic chim hu ny xy ra :
Do nhng nng dn ngho cc tnh min trn n lp nghip. H mun lm ch phn t tng i y nui sng gia nh. Do nhng ngi em vn ln t cc tnh khc n, h mn dn a phng cm ranh, khn hoang t u tin cho h ri h gom li, tr thnh i in ch. Ri tnh trng hn lon, tranh chp, tham nhng li xy ra. Nhiu ngi c uy th, nhn xa v rnh lut l np n ti Si Gn xin trng khn, v trn bn nhng phn t ny v ch. Khi thy t khai thc xong, bt u c hu li th h n a phng tranh chp vi nhng ngi tht s khai khn (nhng khng c giy t). Nh nc phn nn rng dn t ng chim t cng th, khng c cch g ngn c. Nhng mt s thn ho nhn s, hi ng, cai tng hoc i in ch nhng tnh khc th li vui mng v rt cuc, nhng vng t ny ri vo tay h. Mt s ngi Php cng li dng tnh th lp n in. Nh nc li xc tin vic c in, ghi vo b v nh thu. Dn a phng ni ln tranh chp, ngn cn nhng k chim ot ang mn chuyn vin n o c. Hoc dn a phng dng kh gii bn m ngn chn nhng ngi t xng l ch t hp php n i thu la rung. Hoc h t ng n tp th, ko nhau n Ta b (ta Hnh chnh tnh) ngi l, hoc t v mt cch tuyt vng. Lut l v trng khn Nhiu lut l v trng khn t rung ra i, ban u th thc d di, ln hi th sit li thm kh khn. Xin lc k nhng ngh nh cn bn, vi nt chnh : Nhng ngh nh nm 1864, 1871 v 22/8//1882 : ngoi tr nhng t canh tc ri hoc t th c (c bit l t th c Si Gn, Ch Ln) th t cng th cho trng khn khng, tc l khng bn li bng tin. Mun khn th lm n, ghi din tch, ranh gii, ri ng thu. Nhng ngh nh trn khng nu iu kin l bt but ngi trng khn phi khai thc, khng c b t hoang (v sau, ngh nh 15/10/1890 b tc chi tit ny). Tham bin ch tnh c quyn cho trng khn nhng s t nh di 20 mu (ngh nh 9/6/1886 rt li cn 10 mu). Ngh nh 15/10/1890 bt buc phi canh tc trong thi gian l 5 nm cho xong v nh rng nh nc c quyn ly li t khi c nhu cu cng ch (o kinh, p l...) Ngh nh 10/5/1893 nh rng t trng khn khng c n di theo m kinh, m sng rch qu 1/4 ca chu vi s t (trnh trng hp ngi tham, ch khn t pha mt tin kinh rch, t mt tin th lun lun c gi hn t hu bi). Ngh nh 27/1/1896 quy nh nhng l t xin tm khn m ngi tha k khng nhn lm ch, trng hp t qu xu, th phi hon tr li nh nc p cho k khc. Ngh nh 13/10/1910 ln u tin quy nh t cng th c t nhn trng khn phi bn theo gi thun mi, c bit l t trng cao su. Nh nc chnh thc bn t cng th cho dn. Ngh nh ca ph ton quyn ngy 27/12/1913 v ca Thng c Nam k ngy 11/11/1914 nh rng t rung ch cp vi iu kin l em u gi cng khai hoc theo th thc thun mi. Khng bao gi cp cho khng (khi mua) nhng s t trn 300 mu nh trc kia lm. Vic trng khn t trn 1.000 mu phi do ph Ton quyn ng Dng cho php. Ngh nh ca ph Ton quyn ngy 26/11/1918 b tc ngh nh 27/12/1913 : nhng ngi trong mt gia nh ch c th xin cp cho khng (khi mua) mt ln dt khot ti a l 300 mu m thi. Ch c th xin cp cho khng mt ln th nh l 300 mu, nu canh tc xong t nht l 4/5 ca s t cp cho khng ln trc. V ng s khng c quyn xin cp cho khng mt ln th ba.
Ngh nh 4/10/1928 quy nh cht ch vic khn t, tuyt i cm khng c chim t cng th theo kiu tin trm hu tu, lm rung ri sau mi khai xin vo b. Cng v ngh nh ny m s ngi xung Rch Gi, Bc Liu lp nghip phi gim bt, h chng cn c hi khai khn ni no h thch, dnh quyn u tin nh trc kia. Ngh nh 25/6/1930 quy nh nhng vng cn cho php v nhng vng khng cn cho php trng khn. i khi, sau khi p dng ngh nh ny th ch c khong 150.000 mu Bc Liu v 80.000 mu Rch Gi l cn c php cho trng khn m thi, l d nhin, ch cn loi t phn, t nc mc qu thp v xu, thiu kinh thot thy. Hu qu ca nhng ngh nh trn l to ra mt thc t bi t. Ngi Php cho rng h c pht trin ch tiu in ch m thi nhng trong thc t, i in ch li pht trin. Lut nh rng nhng phn t 10 mu m tham bin ch tnh c quyn cp pht (gi nm na l t cng nghip) khng c php bn trong thi gian tm khn, ch 3 nm sau khi chnh thc lm s hu ch, ch t mi c bn cho ngi khc. Nhng thc dn li c dung tng vic cho vay nng li, khin ngi tiu in ch khng vn canh tc mang n, vn li chng cht n mc giao phn t cng nghip ca mnh cho k khc tr n. Mt s vin chc thc dn bo cha cho rng ch i in ch Nam k, c bit l cc tnh min Ty ln hi t n suy sp : v lu v di, khng cn t trng khn thm v gia nh ngi i in ch li ng con, t chia ra mi n i chu ni th ch cn l tng mnh nh ! Nh nc c t chc nhng nh bng Canh nng nhng trong thc t ch mt s nh in ch vay c, h em v cho t in vay li vi tin li cao hn. Ngi Ch Chetty cng cho vay vi tin li theo lut nh (nm 1930, phng nh h cho in ch Nam k vay khong 30 triu ng) nhng ngi c vay phi chu tin li cao, trn giy t ghi nhn mt ngn ng m tht s ch nhn c 900. in ch c nh, lun c in ch c ln thng thch vay bc la (ly bc la) ca thng gia Hoa kiu v th tc giy t gn nh khng c, ly tin ri n ma th ong la tr li. Thng gia Hu kiu a tin ra mua la khi cha ti ma, vi gi rt thp so vi gi th trng lc gt hi. H thu li nhiu nhng h kho i x vi ch in. Ty gi th trng do h tin on, ty sn nghip ca ng in ch (con n), ty s tn nhim trong qu kh m h cho vay nhiu hay t. Nt c bit l trong vic cho vay ny l nu con n git th h khng cho vay na, gn nh chng khi no h truy t hoc nh php lut tch thu t ai. Trng hp vay tin ca Ch Chetty hoc ca nh bng Canh nng th tri ngc li : n li rt t nhng khi tht hn th t ai b tch k. V a t (la rung) th ging nh thi ng cu, thc dn Php khng a ra lut l no c, ch in c tha thun vi t in. Gi biu a t cao thp ty theo t tt xu, ty theo lng nhn o ca ch in. Nhng ta c th nm ly nguyn tc : ch in tnh ton tht k n khi la chn, bng mi cch, h thu 80 % sn lng m t in gt hi c. T in ch cn la mua sm qun o, n chi trong my ngy Tt, ra ging l bt u vay n mi. Nhiu ch in t ra nhn o, thu a t rt thp nhng bt buc t in phi vay thm tin mt v la n vi t l li qu cao. Xin min cp n vic t chc cho vay ca nh nc v by gi trong thc t, ngi in ch bc trung khng hng g ro. Cng nh xin b qua vic khuyn nng, vic nghin c v k thut trng ta, cng cch t chc quan st kh tng m trn bo co v mt chnh quyn th rt tin b, y . Vo nm 1930, chng 30 my cy trong vng th nghim cc in ca ngi Php. Li cy, vng gt, nc cy, cy ba co, cch thc tr nh tru b nu c ci tin cht t so vi thi T c th hon ton do ngi Vit by ra m thi.
Trong tng s t ai trng ta Nam k l 2.700.000 mu, ngi Vit ng tn lm ch c chng 2.400.000 mu, tc l 8/9 din tch. Trong t ai trng ta, nn chia ra : t trng cao su : 80.000 mu ca ngi Php, ngi Vit ch c 5.300 mu. t lm rung : ngi Php ng b 243.000 mu tc l hn 1/10 din tch tng qut trng la, con s ny k lun t ca ngi Vit nhp Php tch ; ngi Php chnh gc ng b khong 150.000 mu. Cc bng thng k nu con s hi khc nhau v chi tit, nhng i cc tnh Rch Gi, Bc Liu, Cn Th l ni tp trung i in ch v l t mi. Va la min Nam thnh hnh trong hon cnh mi i Gia Long, vng sn xut la go nhiu nht ca t Gia nh ni chung l vng G Cng, thuc trn nh Tng. Khi ngi Php n, trung tm im ca va la di chuyn ln hi v min Ty Nam. Mun c la go thng d xut cng, cn hai iu kin : Din tch canh tc rng. Dn s a phng t, mc tiu th ti ch khng cao. Sau y l vi con s v din tch canh tc ca tng tnh. Thi Php thuc, vic phn chia ranh gii cc tnh khng ng u, tnh th qu ln, tnh th qu nh. S lng t ai ch l ch dn, v t tt xu khc nhau. Nm 1873 : Ch Ln 37.340 mu (tnh Ch Ln gm Cn c, Cn Giuc l ni sn xut la tt v nhiu) M Tho 34.238 Vnh Long 28.784 G Cng 28.146 (G Cng l tnh c din tch tng qut rt nh nhng ng hng t v t canh tc, tc l vn cn gi v tr bc nht). Nm 1900 : Sc Trng Cn Th Tr Vinh M Tho Nm 1930 : Rch Gi Bc Liu Sc Trng Cn Th Long Xuyn M Tho Tr Vinh
158.439 mu (ng u Nam k) 124.588 120.419 91.748
358.900 mu (ng u Nam k) 330.030 212.909 205.000 186.049 (a s la s, go xu) 154.662 (dn ng c, mt phn la s pha ng Thp) 152.000
Theo P. Bernard, my tnh Rch Gi, Cn Th, Sc Trng, Bc Liu, Tr Vinh l va la tht s ca Nam k xut cng. Nm tnh ni trn gm 966.000 mu rung, nhng nm bnh thng cung cp hn phn na tng s la xut cng ca ng Dng. Cc tnh y xut cng 986.000 tn. Dn s trong hin ti ( cc tnh va k, khong nm 1930) phng chng 1.130.000 ngi, tnh ng mi mu rung l 1,15 ngi v mi mu rung xut cng c mt tn.
Theo bc s Trn Nh Ln th bui bnh thng trc khi xy ra kinh t khng hong, Nam k v Cao Min mi nm xut cng 1.300.000 tn go; trong s ny c 200.000 tn go ca vng Battambang (Cao Min) v 900.000 tn ca min Hu giang. Nhiu ti liu cp n vic o kinh xem l yu t quan trng va la thnh hnh vi cc chi tit k thut. Xin ghi li vi nt chnh : Vng Cn Th o t 1890 n 1900 : kinh Tr t, kinh X No, kinh Long M, Bassac (gi nm na l kinh Li Hiu); t 1900 1920 : kinh Tht Nt qua Ging Ring, kinh Thi Lai, Mn, Xun Ha, Phong in, Ci Rng, Tr Lng, kinh Ci Vn... Vng Sc Trng : o t 1890 1900 : kinh Bocquillon, kinh Saintenoy...; t 1900 1920 : kinh Phng Hip, Sc Trng (1905), kinh Maspro (1911), kinh Ci Tru (19141917), kinh Quan l, Nhu Gia (1925), kinh Ci Tru qua Chng R (1917), kinh Nng Rn (1911), kinh Tip Nht (1911)... Mt phn ln kinh do xng o tng chn, sa cha ni rng v vt ti vt lui nhiu ln; mt s kinh th o tay, bt dn lm xu. Tnh Rch Gi c nh hng tt nh my con kinh o t Cn Th v Sc Trng n qua. nhin cu va la Hu giang cng l va la quan trng ca Nam k v Vit Nam, chng ti chn ba tnh Rch Gi, Bc Liu v Cn Th. Rch Gi v Bc Liu l hai tnh rt mi m vic khai khn vn cha hon tt mi n khi ngi Php ri x Nam k. Nghin cu hai tnh ny, ta thy r vic lm ca ngi Php v nhng nt c bit ca vng t rng ngi tha m vng Tin giang khng c. Tnh Cn Th in hnh cho s sung tc ca Hu giang, ni gi l th min Ty, vi nhiu n in ca Php. Mt phn t ca Cn Th c khai khn t thi Minh Mng, T c. Cn Th l ni ngi Vit chim a s, phong tc thun tc, nc ngt, t tt, ng giao thng thun li v Si Gn, vi vng Ng By (Phng Hip), mt qun thnh hnh nh vic o kinh thi Php thuc.
2.3) Vng Rch Gi t rng ngi tha
Rch Gi l hu bi kh rng ca b bin vnh Xim La. B bin t Rch Gi (vm sng Ci Ln) n v pha Nam l khu rng sc vi cy mm, cy gi, cy cc, loi cy tp khng em hu li g ng k, tr hu li sp v mt ong, hoc cua, ba kha sng nhun nhc trong bi bn (khu vc ca cy c ch v pha cc Nam tn mi C Mau). Hu bi tc l sau lng, gip vo rng sc. C th ni t Rch Gi l rng trm minh mng, nhiu phn v thp; xa b bin hng i chc cy s ngn vn cn l rng trm cm thy (trm thy). Ni danh nht l U Minh Thng v U Minh H. U Minh Thng l rng chi, c tng lm t chy (than bn) nm bn t ngn sng Ci Ln. U Minh H l rng trm tt v mc dy, dc ven bin chy di ti C Mau. t Rch Gi khi ngi Php n hy cn nhiu cp, kh, su, heo rng, hu li chnh vn l mt v sp (nh bng cy trm, cy gi). Ngoi ra cn cy trm (lm ci, ct nh), l da nc ( lp nh), c ng v c bin. ng ch l voi thng ti lui cnh ng ni lin vi Cn Th m n lau sy. Hai con sng ng k l Ci B v Ci Ln t t thp pha ng chy ra vnh Xim La, hip li mt vm kh rng. Hai con sng ny chia ra nhiu nhnh nhc. Ngn sng Ci B n qua rch Cn Th, v b Hu giang. Sng Ci Ln n xung Ba Xuyn, thuc Sc Trng hoc xung pha ch C Mau nhng l nhng ng lin lc nh b, vo ma nng c nhiu chng cn v hp, y c. Dn vng Rch Gi, trc khi o kinh xng, phn ln sng nh nc ma, tr trng hp ch Rch Gi hng nc ngt t kinh Thoi H (o t cui i Gia Long) ni qua Hu giang. Ging c th o trn my ging cao ro, chc tht bn b sng. Vng ven bin vnh Xim La nh c c l nh nc sui ch t Hn Tre. Bn b Ci Ln, Ci B v cc ph lu, ri rc nhiu ging, nhiu g, ni ngi Min n lp tng sc : nhng c o hoang vng, chung quanh l rng che kn chn tri. Mui mng, rn v v s chim c tha h ny n. Trc i Gia Long, dn chng chn la vi g cao lp c by x theo sng Ci B v ch Rch Gi (tng Kin nh), bn x theo sng Ci Ln (tng Thanh Giang). Nhng dn s ngi Min v din tch rung t do h canh tc t xa vn ng k tuy khng c con s chnh thc. t ra h cng d kh nng t tc v la go. Rch Gi, ngi Min ng vo hng u (Rch Gi : 80.000 ngi, Tr Vinh : 80.000, Sc Trng : 50.000, Chu c : 30.000, Bch Liu : 23.000). Vnh Long mt, H Tin li mt, thc dn chim huyn Kin Giang khng tn mt pht n. Vin tham bin u tin l Luro. Paulin Vial n Rch Gi thanh tra nhng nm sau Nguyn Trung Trc nh mt trn thn tnh, git gn trn ngi Php va lnh va vin chc tnh l ny (16/6/1868). Do y, Rch Gi l hi cng tp np, tu bum Hi Nam ti mua bn lun lu gia khu vc Cao Min (thng cng Kampot), Xim (Vng Cc), Tn Gia Ba v Nam Dng. Nh ca san st hai b rch st vm bin. Thot tin, ht Rch Gi bao gm lun trn mi C Mau, tc l huyn Kin Giang v huyn Long Xuyn thi T c. Sng rch nh chng cht, thng nng dng khng c, ch thun li cho ghe xung c nh. Nhiu con ng mn dnh ring cho dn a phng s dng ni i b khng c i xung khng xong; l ng c, dng c c tru ko (khng bnh xe, kiu c trt tuyt Bc u). Mi n nm 1879, vng Rch Gi cn trong vng thm him ca thc dn, bn cha c chnh xc, nhiu con rch dn chng s dng c nhng cha ghi, li cn v tr nhiu xm nh n lnh ngn rch ca bn ngi n ci lu thu hoc n ong (ly sp v mt). Bn th rng s dng nhng con ng quanh co ch ci lu thu. Vic cai tr thn qu xa tnh l cha thnh nn np. Theo bo co ca tham bin th nm 1879, tnh ny tuyt nhin
cha c a b, tt c t trong tnh u c xem nh l cng in. Hng chc lng k khai din tch tng qut, chu thu ri gn p li cho dn. Vi ngi t nhn l ch ca phn t ang canh tc, v chnh h khai ph hoc do cha m li. Trng hp lng Vnh Lc (vng Ngan Da, cn gi l Ngan Ga) : hng chc lng chu thu in l 406 quan ri bt buc dn gm a s l Cao Min phi ng gp i gp ba. Hng chc c khng m hng, n dn a phng phn n, i tn c lun qua Sc Trng nu h khng c php lp mt lng ring. u nm 1880, tham bin ch tnh lm t trnh v tnh hnh thu kha v d n thu nh sau (Rch Gi v C Mau) : Thu in nm 1879 : 11.068 quan, tnh trn tng s t rung v ry l 2.847 mu. Dn inh gm ngi Vit v Cao Min : 2744 ngi (2.010 Vit v 734 Min). My ging chung quanh ch Rch Gi trng xoi, v lu nm nn ha xoi rng. Ngi Hu kiu v ngi Minh Hng lm ry rau ci, t ngoi cng nh ti ch u khng c b s chi c. Thu kim lm tht thu, dn chng ln n cy trm trong rng ri theo ng quanh no tt m ch qua Sc Trng thay v i ngang qua trm kim sot. Ngun li ln nht ca ngn sch vn l thu phong ngn (u gi tng l rng cho dn khai thc sp, mt) : nm 1879 thu : 29.546 quan (trong khi thu in ch c 11.068 quan). Ngun li th yu l u thu sn chim : nm 1879 thu : 25.000 quan. Tm li, nm 1880, Rch Gi khng c chnh ph Nam k ch nhiu. Ring v sn chim th cc vin tnh trng xem nh l k quan. Tuy nhin, nhng ngun li sp mp cng l sn chim gim bt trong nhng nm sau, dn ph rng ln hi bn cy. Cy trm tuy khng l danh mc nhng lm ct nh rt tt, bn qua cc tnh ln cn. Sn chim mi ln khai thc l git c trm ngn con va ln va nh ly lng kt qut. Trong khi y mt tnh xa nh tnh Sa c (tc huyn Vnh An, tnh An Giang i T c, thuc trn Vnh Thanh i Gia Long) dn s v b in kh rnh mch : Chng ta th so snh tm. Din tch rung vn v ry, trong b s ca Php mi lp : Rch Gi 2.2847 mu Sa c 53.386 Dn inh Rch Gi, C Mau 2.744 ngi Sa c 128.902 ngi V l tnh xa, Sa c nhiu vng ng c, mt cao n 241 ngi mi cy s vung, t b ct manh mn theo ch tiu in ch, nhng s t di 5 mu chim 4/10 ca tng s t khai thc. V 6/10 ca t khai thc l t th c v vn tc. Su nm sau, nm 1886, tnh hnh tnh Rch Gi bt u kh quan hn. Bo co ca tham bin ngy 8/8/1886 nu vi chi tit : Trong 7 ngi dn, t l l 4 ngi Cao Min, 3 ngi Vit. Bin c Kinh thnh Hu (v Tn Tht Thuyt v vua Hm Nghi 1885) chng gy xc ng g r rt trong dn gian; ng b qu t, dn chng ao c ng thy pht trin thm. Mi vic x dch u dng ng thy. Dn ra ch mua bn thng dng ng bin cho nhanh hn. vng Ci Ln (Mi Gnh) nn chm ghe thng xy ra. Nm 1883, bt dn xu o con kinh, gi l kinh ng Hin, i t sng Ci B, t rch T Nin ra ch m khi vt bin. Kinh ny tip tc o n nm 1886. ng lin
lc t Rch Gi n Chu c gn nh khng c, dn chng dng xung nh, theo ng quanh len li gia rng trm. o xong con kinh t Cnh n n xung C Mau (kinh Bch Ngu), dng dn xu lng Vnh Lc. Con l chin lc quan trng nht trong tnh chy t ch Rch Gi v Minh Lng (khong 15 cy s). Minh Lng lm xm sung tc t lu i, gm a s ngi Min. L ny vch sn hi xa, nay tu b li em th t, chy nga. Trng hc ti tnh l lp l, ngng dy t my nm qua ang bt u hot ng tr li. Nm 1885, trong ton tnh c 6 trng tng, trng Minh Lng khng em li kt qu v thiu gio vin. Dn b chu thu nm 1883 l 8.000 ngi, nm 1886 l 10.000 ngi. Kt qu ny thu c l nh lp b k lng hn trc. B in nm 1883 : 8000 mu; nm 1886 : 10000 mu. t rung kh kim sot v dn lm rung khng u, h tht ma th h di ch. Nhiu vng t 3 nm mi c lm mt ma rung. Ti ch, t 4 nm qua lp mt l gch nhng xu v phm cht. V cha cp bng khon th c nn chng ai dm xy nh gi, s sau ny b ui. Vic mua bn xo trn v gi tin km b st. Tin iu (bng ng phiu) li kh xi, nh nc pht ra khi dn lnh ngn phiu, nhng dn em tin iu ng tr li cho cng xi khi mua phin v ru. Tm li, tnh Rch Gi (gm lun C Mau) l ming mi kh nut so vi cc tnh min Tin giang nh Sa c, M Tho, Vnh Long hoc Long Xuyn. Hu li, thu kha qu thp km. Cc vin tham bin khng rnh v hnh chnh, nhng bn phc trnh chnh thc gi v cho Gim c Ni v v hnh thc cng nh ni dung gn nh l th ring gi cho bn, vit thu, bo co i khi vi nt, nhn xt ty hng, khng th t. Trong thc t, mun bo co k lng cng khng c v tnh ny va khi mi thnh lp thiu ngi hp tc; cc tnh Tin giang du sao i na cng tha mt s ngi lch lm bit ch nho hoc ch quc ng, am hiu a phng. Sau cuc nh p n ch Rch Gi vo nm 1868, ngi Php nghi k tt c ngi Vit v a s lnh m t, n vin qun m t cng u lm ni ng. Thc dn khng mun xi ngi Vit Rch Gi v nhn dp tu chnh li b my cai tr, chng c dng ngi Min tr ngi Vit, c xu chia r. Vi ngi hu cng c nng ln lm huyn, by gi ng vai ph t ca tham bin cai tr, i iu tra min qu. y l nhng ngi km vn ha, ho st, ham danh vng. Nhng ngi Min hoc Min lai Tu ny u ly tn h nh ngi Vit : Ph qun m t ngi Min tn l Cao Thin gi nm na l ph qun Thin lm ph, lp cng sau cuc khi ngha Nguyn Trung Trc bng cch im ch, bt git. Nm 1873, ngh vic v gi (60 tui), Php cho chc ph qun l tng l cng lao, chng c nng lc chuyn mn g c. Huyn Xiu c lm huyn sau khi Nguyn Trung Trc rt khi Rch Gi, kiu hnh ti mc dm t co chuyn xu ca tham bin Rch Gi ln quan trn. Tm thng sau khi nhn chc th b Php cch chc. Huyn Trn Lng Xun, cng ngi Min c tin cy cho trn nhm vng Minh Lng, khu vc ng dn v ph nhiu. T xng trong cng vn Kin Giang huyn, Tri huyn Trn Lng Xun, c gi mt khu sng lc, 2 khu sng hai lng, 1 khu sng 1 lng, 4 cy gio, 1 khu sng Le Faucheux.
Trnh Lc Y, ngi Min, tng c cu tro phong chc cai tng, c ng vng p lc (Rch Ta, Thy Liu) ri theo Php. Sau thi gian lm cai tng di dng l 48 nm, thm mt xin ngh, c huy chng bc hng nht. Cai tng H M Phin (tn ngoi l Phn) ngi Tu lai Min lm vua mt ci tng Kin Ho, ch ngha km, c sm 4 cy mc thng cho bn h v khi i hu quan v ng s cn rng rm (con v chu u lm cai tng ni tip n nm 1945). Cai tng Trn Quang Huy (con ca cai tng Trn Quang S) cng ngi Min, lm ph tng Kin Ho. Cai tng S tn ty vi thc dn t bui u, b ngha qun ca Nguyn Trung Trc git. Sau , Php ban chc ph tng cho Huy l ngh ti cng lao ca cha. Ngy trc, Php cho tng S hai cy sng, sng ny giao li cho Huy. Ngi Vit Nam duy nht c Php tin cy ban chc cai tng l Nguyn Vn Ngun, coi tng Kin nh, ng Tn Hi, mt lng ng dn khi Php n v c cng ln l bo tin trc cho tn tham bin Rch Gi v vic Nguyn Trung Trc sp tn cng nhng tn tham bin khng tin li (v on x Ngun nn ngha qun ca Nguyn Trung Trc git ly mt s ngi cng gio Tn Hi, xm ca Ngun c ng). Cai tng Ngun lm cha mt vng, c cp cho 6 khu sng, c bit l 1 khu thn cng m qun s ca Nguyn Trung Trc b ri li. Vi bn cng s vin nh th, cc tham bin giai on u t ra chn nn. Chung quanh ch, ngoi vi xm ng c l rng rm, h khng mun i thanh tra. Mi n nm 1901, vin bp trm (i th t cng vn, ngch bp) cn ku ni xin c gi cy sng v vng Ngan Da (lng Vnh Lc) l ni nguy him, kh di chuyn, i trt cho lng n lng kia th ng i rng bi vng v qu, c nhiu ln ti gp cp n lm d vi ti, th ti cng nh c cy sng ti bn n cht, c khi n ra ph xm lng th ngi ta ti ku ti cng i cu gip m bn cho ng bnh an trong xm. V khng thy c hu li di do v thu m trong tng lai gn nn vo khong 1889, ht Rch Gi b sp nhp vo ht Long Xuyn cho tn km v mt b tr c s hnh chnh cng l lng bng nhn vin. Rch Gi lc by gi trn con du chnh thc l Kin Giang huyn ca tnh Long Xuyn, cn con du ca tham bin Long Xuyn ghi Arrondissement de Long Xuyn chnh gia l Long Xuyn, Rch Gi. Nhng i nm sau, Rch Gi tch tr li lm mt tnh nh trc, chnh ph ang tr liu k hoch khai thc quy m vng Hu giang vi ngn sch ca chnh quc cho mn : o kinh ni lin t vnh Xim La ln Si Gn. Chnh n tnh l Rch Gi v cc vng ph cn Ch Rch Gi l c s tt vi ging cao ro st b bin, li cn nhiu ging t ph nhiu vng ph cn. Quy ch khn t t ra rnh mch, cc tnh min Tin giang khng cn t tt v ch khin nhiu ngi x v Rch Gi l ni d lm n, c bit l dn t Long Xuyn n. Thng 10/1895, ch tnh bo co v Thng c Nam k vi kin ca Hi ng a ht a nhiu ngh : T vi nm qua dn s gia tng gp i. Din tch canh tc tng hn 10 ln. ngh vt kinh Rch Gi, Long Xuyn (Thoi H) tu Lc tnh t Si Gn n ch Rch Gi t nht l 3 ln trong mi tun nh cc tnh khc. By lu, Rch Gi v H Tin khng c chuyn no trong tun (tc l khong 10 ngy mi c mt chuyn). Bo v b bin Rch Gi ng cho l, bng cch cn m chn sng bin. ng thi, xy mt con bng chy ra ngoi bin vo ma hn tu b c th ct hng ha (nhng khng thc hin c).
By lu ng giao thng t Rch Gi ln Si Gn kh khn v kinh Thoi H qu cn, nht l vo ma hn. Hnh khch t Si Gn n Rch Gi dng xe la Si Gn, M Tho, ri i tu Lc tnh t M Tho n Long Xuyn. T Long Xuyn, dng ghe m cho chng qua Rch Gi. thit k tnh l, nm 1896, 4 x Vnh Lc, Vnh Ha (Hu), Vn Tp, Thanh Lng nhp li gi l lng Vnh Thanh Vn. n nm 1908 mi t tn ng s li ch v nm 1910, a d n dng n thp bng ga ng ph. Tu bum Hi Nam ra vo ca Rch Gi tp np. Vo thng gi chng (gi ma t ng Bc), nhiu khi 20 chic cp bn mt lt. Ty Thng chnh hot ng vi quyn hn khng phn nh r rt v cho rng ch chu s ch huy t Si Gn m thi, khng can h g n nh cm quyn tnh. Nm 1887, vin chc Thng chnh xt bt Hoa kiu ch, tha h lm tin v qu tht cc tu bun Hi Nam vo bn ch theo phin lu thu bn ln theo h thng ring cho cc tnh min Ty l ni tp trung ngi Hu kiu kh gi. Ngi Hu kiu th n chu vi vin chc a phng. Ngoi ra, vin chc Thng chnh (by gi gi l Cngxi) li cn bt buc ngi lm nc mm hn Sn Ri, thuc tnh Rch Gi phi ng thu nhp cng, ly c trong nc c mm mui, xem my ngi lm nc mm nh ch mui lu thu. My bang Hu kiu yu cu ng nh thu qu nng nhng hng ha ch t bn Xim vo ch Rch Gi, nhng khng c chp thun. By gi, tu Hi Nam ch vo nhiu nht l vi, t Xim hoc t Tn Gia Ba, c bit c loi vi thng dng (gi l vi Xim, vi tm H, tc l t H Chu em n). Mc nhin, hng ha xut x t Anh quc li cnh tranh vi hng ha Php ! My vin cai tng ng thanh phn i vic tra xt ca my ng ty Cngxi, khi ng bo n ch theo ng bin phi i ngang qua Thng cng. Nm 1886, hi qun Php ra tn hnC Tron (Poulo Dama) thm him nhng ngoi y chng c ngun li g v kinh t. Vic bn go t hi cng Rch Gi c t i Mc Cu do ngi Hu kiu m trch c quyn. Dch v xay la t chc theo k thut c truyn, dng loi ci to, mi ci c bn ngi cm ging xay, hai ngi sng, mt ngi qut, mt ngi gin tm. Nm 1884, ch c 6 tri xay la, s dng gn 40 ci to. Khi tu Hi Nam gn n n go, tri hot ng sut ngy m, dng ton sc ngi. Dc theo b rch gn m bin, ngi Hu kiu ct khi d tr hng ha. Tu Hi Nam n mua nhiu nht l go, chiu, tin km, nc mm, c kh, mm ruc c rn (bao bng vng), mt, sp. H ch n t chn, bi t sc, vi b, giy tin vng bc, mn, thuc Bc, pho, nhang, tri cy kh. Ln hi, thng cng bt hot ng. Go xay my t Si Gn ch qua Hng Cng bng tu my t tn s ph hn l go xay bng sc ngi, ch bng ghe bum Rch Gi. V ng s trong tnh, mi n nm 1907 ch thy vi khc l d dang. Theo sng kin ca tham bin, con l t ch Rch Gi n Hn t thnh hnh, bt dn lm xu, ng tri ong Bin Ha v tri t hm (t rung t cho chn ri p ra tng cc nh). Dng ca bn Php a phng l p ng theo m bin n ti Hn t ni chng chn lm cn c ngh mt ; t trn Hn nhn ra vnh Xim La, khung cnh kh th mng. iu bt li l con l ny chy ngang vng cn rng trm, ngi Min sng ri rc. Trong tng lai, nh nc hy vng l ni ln Hn Chng thuc H Tin. Nhng cng tc ny tr thnh tn km v ch, kh hu Hn t khng tt cho lm, t hai bn l qu xu, m ng m chng ch li g cho vic canh tc ! Bn Php a phng c duy tr k hoch, ly l do l ti lui gi an ninh ng thi lm b chn nc bin. L b dp b v rt cuc ai cng nhn nhn l lng ph (l hy cn di tch st theo b bin, song song vi con l Rch Gi, H Tin p xa bin hn lc sau ny).
Con l th nh l nn mng ca l Rch Gi, Cn Th. Nm 1907, ni lin ti Minh Lng (khong 15 km), tri ong v t hm. C k hoch ni lun ti G Quao ri Long M. Mi n nm 1914, l Rch Gi qua Cn Th mi tip tc khi cng. Vic chia ra qun (huyn) tr thnh cp bch, tham bin Rch Gi nu l do l dn s gia tng, nhiu ngi t tnh khc n lm n nn kh kim sot, din tch ca tnh li qu rng. Vng gip ranh Cn Th v gip ranh Bc Liu, Sc Trng cn mi ni mt ng ph hoc ng huyn coi sc, ngoi ra, cn mt quan huyn Chu Thnh. Nm 1898, tham bin Rch Gi nhc li kin nn lp mt phn khu hnh chnh ngn Ci Ln (nhm phng trm cp) hoc lp lng Long M mt qun mi. Nhng cp trn bc b cho l tn thm tin xy ct c s hnh chnh, mn th k, m t ; nu tnh qu rng, tham bin ch tnh c i thanh tra bng tu my l ri. By gi, vic khn hoang ch mi xc tin, thu m cha thu nhiu. Nhng n nm 1907, qun Long M thnh lp ngn sng Ci Ln, pha gip ranh vi Cn Th. Ch qun u tin l Maurel nm nhiu quyn hn quan trng. Qun G Quao thnh lp, trn con du ghi my ch nho i H huyn (tc l huyn lp sng Ci Ln), qun Ging Ring ghi l Tiu H huyn (sng Ci B), qun Chu Thnh ti ch th thm my ch nho Kin Giang ph. Vic phn chia ra tng cng cha hp l v gy nhiu phin phc : ring tng Thanh Bnh, nm 1907, rng n 250.000 mu ty (trong khi tnh Bn Tre ch c 164.000 mu, tnh G Cng 62.698 mu din tch vo nm 1922), n t vnh Xim La n ranh Sc Trng. Ring lng ng Thi (thuc v tng ny) di c 30 cy s t rch Th Nm n rch Mng o, l do chnh l t qu rng, dn t, cn nhiu rng, xm ny xa cch xm kia. By gi, cai tng tha h x kin theo thch, x trng th khng thm i hu vic quan trn, vin l do l bin ng, i s ghe chm hoc np thu th s b n cp dc ng. i khi, Rch Gi l tnh chm pht trin v ng s, dn tr km m mang, thua xa cc tnh min Tin giang hoc gn Si Gn ni m nh nc thc dn ch thit k t trc nm 1900. Mi n 1910, 1911 hng chc lng Rch Gi mi bt u c con du bng ng ng vo cng vn. Nhng rc ri u tin trong vic khn t Ch tnh Rch Gi bo co cho Thng c Nam k ngy 17/3/1898 : Trn nguyn tc, mi lng phi c a b v in b. Nhng Rch Gi trc nm 1891 khng ni no c a b. Mt s hng chc lng t lp a b, v bn chia ra tng s t, ghi tn ch t nhng thng l ghi tn ma, ai n xin khn th bo l ht t, nu mun th lng s ng lm trung gian mua li gim cho. Hng chc lng t sa cha, sang tn cc s t, hu qu l a b lng trn nguyn tc l bn ph, li khng ging vi a b (bn chnh) np tnh. Ai mun sao lc a b (c gi tr nh bng khon t) th lng i n hi l ri mi chu sao. Ch tnh nhc li nguyn tc : mi sa i v ranh gii hoc tn ngi ch s t u phi c php ca ch tnh (theo ngh nh 6/3/1891, ch tnh l ngi qun th a b). cu vn tnh th, ch tnh Rch Gi yu cu Thng c cho thnh lp mt y ban gm mt ch tnh t tnh khc n lm ch tch, mt vin kinh l (ha ) cng l cai tng v hng chc s ti tu chnh, lp a b mi cho tnh. Khng lm c vic y th dn tnh khc khng xung Rch Gi ng o nh trc na. Trong hin ti, a s ngi chim gi t canh tc khng c bng khon hp php, cn nhng ngi tranh chp th chng c giy t g chng minh.
Khng lp c a b th dn lng ch lm cng cho thiu s ngi c th lc hng hu li. Nhiu v tranh chp xy ra. Dn khn hoang thot tin tin rng nh nc cho php h lm rung trc ri s khai bo hp thc ha v sau, vi iu kin khn khng qu 10 mu (gi l t cng nghip). Lm sao ngi dn hiu rnh cch thc lm n v dm ra tnh l hu quan ch tnh ? ng xa, lm khi hn 70 cy s, ra ch li khng bit tha bm vi ai. Vi ngi hiu lut l chu kh chy cht, tm cch git t. lng Vnh Hng, nm 1904, mt vin thng ngn ta n ang n lng ln li xin ngh vic tranh c chc cai tng, cha c c l cho v ng n xin khn chng ln my s t m ngi khc rung ph thnh khonh t trc. Vai tr ca cai tng kh quan trng khi lp a b cp t, v l mt y vin. Nm 1903 ch tnh rt y ny v tnh trng chim t, do thiu s nhiu uy th v rnh lut l. lng Lc Ninh, nhiu s t c rng trm tt hoc c ngi ang canh tc li b k l mt lm n xin trng khn. Ch tnh ra lnh cho cai tng Thanh Bnh c ghi tn nhng ngi tht s ang canh tc v cho h c u tin vo b. Theo th tc by gi, h v n xin tm khn th mc nhin c cp cho mt bin lai. Vi tm bin lai c ch k ca ch tnh, bn gian hng c n a phng m tranh cn, t nhn l s hu ch, vi din tch rng hn. Ai nn n th h bn tm bin lai vi gi cao, bo l t bng khon chnh thc. Khi hay tin kinh xng X No sp o ni lin qua Rch Gi, nhiu ng hi ng, cai tng, thn ho vi lm n xin khn, cn c vo bn con kinh m h bit trc. Lun lun h dnh pha mt tin, gip vi b kinh. Ch tnh bc nhng n y khng phi v thng dn, chng qua l mun dnh cho bn b, hoc cho k no dm dng tin bc hi l. C ngi vi cho rng Php by ra vic c Hi ng qun ht, a ht, cai tng ch l mua chuc mt s ngi Vit ho danh m thi. Tht ra, nhng chc v y em li nhiu u th trong vic khn t. Nh chc v m giao thip d dng nn h bit k hoch o kinh qua phn t no, khi cho trng khn th h v n trc. Li cn trng hp nu cho ai trng khn vi din tch ln th h c hi kin. Ch tnh sn sng cho h quyn u tin trng khn b li vic h lm ng cho ch tnh chi tiu ph phm ngn sch a phng, hoc tng thu, hoc xut cng qu tu b cng s... H vn ng vi quan trn, lo lt tin bc xin php sm sng cho bng c, nhm mc ch uy hip tinh thn dn chng khi cn chim t. Khn t cng l c hi cho vi tn u c, m dn, gy uy tn c nhn ng c chc ngh vin Nam k. Vo nm 1912, k gi thc dn hng nng l J. Adrien Marx n qun G Quao hng dn k b mt t lm n t co in ch v quan ch qun v ti n hi l, ln hip dn : 12 ngi Min khn c 108 mu t nm 19071908, v b lng ri, th m in ch li mn tay em chng 70 ngi n nh p, tch thu nng c lc h ang canh tc. Li cn bn kinh l (ha ) Php tha c hi v cy quyn th git t mt cch hp php. Nm 1913, p Thnh Li (sau ny tr thnh lng Ninh Thnh Li, phn t c ca lng Lc Ninh) c thnh lp do 3 ngi xin khn nhng ba nm sau, mt vin kinh l ngi Php n trng khn bao trm ln v bt buc 3 ngi n phi lm t mn t nh l t in. Rt cuc theo s phn x ca ch tnh, 3 ngi ny tht kin, mi ngi ch cn gi c 10 mu t cng nghip, cn bao nhiu t d ra thnh thuc ri th phi giao cho vin kinh l. tnh l Rch Gi, c ngi chuyn sng bng ngh trung gian lo hi l. Nm 1916, ngi n xin khn 2.000 mu lng Vnh Bnh, nh k trung gian t lt trc 2000 ng cho ch tnh, xong vic s a thm tin. Ch tnh trnh vic y ln Thng c Nam k v bo rng phn t y chc chn c ngi ang khai thc t lu. Ch tnh t co, v s tin lo hi l qu t hay v thanh lim ?
lm in ch ln, nhiu ngi dng nhiu chin thut khc nhau : H lm n vi ch tnh, lo lt, ra mt cng khai chim t. Ri khi ti a phng, h chu bi thng cht t cho ngi khai khn t trc ; hoc mua li vi gi r lc ngi dn c th ang tuyt vng thy mnh chng bao gi khn lanh v tin bc ku ni hoc lo hi l. H khng bao gi ng tn khn t trong t u, trnh mi vic tranh chp vn vt c v v phu v bt lng. H em tin ti ni (tin ny thng l tin vay) mua t trong nhng nm rung tht ma. Hoc h chuyn sng bng ngh cho vay nng li, hoc cha c bc ln hi bt con n phi bn t cho h m tr n. H cng khai a con n ra ta, vi giy t hp php v hnh thc : ngi dn qu dt ch khi tng thiu v au m, v thua c bc k tn, im ch vo sau khi nghe c qua loa ni dung t giy n cha ng nhiu cm by ngt ngho. K quyn th thng vn ng vi cc quan li cao cp, chu tn km v tic tng c khn khng tin theo quy ch m nh nc dnh cho ngi hu cng : Tng c Phng hng theo quy ch ny 2.223 mu cc lng Ha Lu, Ha Hng, Vnh Ha Hng ; Trn Chnh Chin (sau ny c hy cho phong tro Duy Tn Nam k) khn hn 1000 mu ; mt nho s h Trn Rch Gi cng nh Tng c Phng in ch Tr Vinh khn trong a phn Rch Gi trn 1400 mu. Nhng ngun li thin nhin Trc khi tr thnh rung, rng trm l ngun li thin nhin ng k. Vo i Gia Long, vng Rch Gi c ch nh sp ong v c tm. Lng Vnh Ha, lng ng Yn hu ngn sng Ci Ln thnh hnh t lu nh ngun li sn chim (s chp l iu nh), nhng khu rng m hng nm loi chng b, lng (cn gi gi si, marabout) t hp v lm , sanh si ny n hng chc vn con, th rng n sn (ni chim t hp) bao vy v git sng nh lng b li em bn cho tu bun Hi Nam. Thu y ngi Vit cng nh ngi Tu u ao c c cy qut kt bng lng chim, vi a tiu ng ng hu qut phe phy, tiu biu cho np sng phong lu. Thu iu nh vn duy tr, nh nc thc dn cho u thu nhng gi thu ngy cng thp, dn git qu nhiu khng cha chim con. Gp khi ging t bt thng, chim ko n khu rng khc, ngi thu khng c quyn truy n theo khai thc. Ngi trng thu thng l Hu kiu. H c h thng tiu th nc ngoi : gi thu l 21.000 quan (1879), 20.000 quan (1880). Vic thu sn chim c lc b bi b hoc ngn cm. Nm 1908 cho khai thc tr li. Nhng nm cht, nh nc hng chc lng thu vi gi tng trng. Nm 1912, mt hi vin ca Phng Canh nng Nam k (cng l tay khai thc t ai ni ting Hu giang) ln ting xin nh nc cm khai thc sn chim v thu thu vo chng bao nhiu m gy tai hi ln. Theo bi ton ca ng ta, chim c n hng trm ngn con b git mi nm, min gy mt con chim gi si (marabout) n n 20 con chut, mt chim th hng triu chut tha h sinh si ny n. y ch l bi ton khng tng m thi. Mt, sp ong, c tm l ngun li ln v lu di hn. Khi mi chim vng Hu giang, c bit l vng Rch Gi, nhng hu li ny u do nh nc giao li vi gi thu tng trng cho cc ng cai tng, xem nh l hnh thc mua chuc rt c hiu qu. Cc ng cai tng c chia ra tng s nh, giao cho bn tay sai thn tn thu li vi gi cao. K n l giai on giao cho hng chc lng thu vi gi phng nh. Nm 1895, hng chc lng thu li qu nhiu n mc dm hin li cho ngn sch tnh phn na s li m h thu c (2785 ng). Sp l ngun li lm cho x Rch Gi ni danh (ngi Min gi l vng KramunSor tc l x sp trng) v thi xa ong bm vo cy trm, lu ngy rng xung ri tri trn
sng, khng ngi vt. Thi T c (v c l trc hn), quan li a phng chia rng trm ra tng ngan tc l tng l nh, ly nhng con rch thin nhin lm ranh gii. Nay hy cn dng lm a danh. Ngan Tru, Ngan Da, Ngan Rt, Ngan Vp. Ngh n ong gi l n ngan, l rng em u thu gi l s phong ngn (phong l ong, ngn l b ranh). Phong ngn tp trung nhng lng nhiu rng trm, nm 1905, lng Vnh Lc c ti 19 s, lng Sc Sn 13 s. Lng ng Thi c 4 s to chy theo a phn lng, di c ba mi cy s. Ch tnh Rch Gi tho ra iu kin sch nhm dnh u tin cho ngi khn t lm rung. iu 2 ghi r : Rng th ln ln c ngi khai ph lm rung v vic canh nng c li hn, nn s u gi ny (u gi phong ngn) khng buc 3 nm, buc mt nm m thi. Nhng m ch ngan phi tha cho nh nc bit trc ngy 15/1 k . Ngh khai thc phong ngn ln hi tr nn kh khn v gp s tranh chp ca ngi lm n khn rung. Thot tin, ch t xem khu rng trm l ca mnh, tha h n cy ly hu li u tin. Hoc dn lng c n cy, ph rng. Bo co ca lng M Lm ngy 12/12/1911 cho bit : Nm nay b tht ma mng, dn ngho nn qu, khng c phng th chi m lm n. Chng n c vic h trm ti m ca lm ci bn i go n (H s Miel et Cire). Din tch rng khai thc ong mt b thu hp v thnh thong rng chy, ong b i ni khc. Nhng l do chnh khin cho ngh phong ngn suy i l trn bo lt nm Thn (1904) khin a s rng trm b ng sp, r trm v n bm trn vng t snh ly nn chu ng khng ni. Trm ng xung, sau ny khi cy cy h gp l o ln em v chm bp, gi l trm lt (bo lt). i vi ngn sch lng v ngn sch tnh, y l s hao ht ng k. b vo s thu phong ngn, ch tnh Rch Gi gii quyt bng cch bt buc dn phi chu thm mt th thu ph tri, cng thm vi thu thn m dn phi ng. lng M Lm, trc kia ngn sch di do nh thu phong ngn, nhng v dn b qu t nn khi chia ra th mi u ngi phi gnh n bn ng. Sp l sn phm qu, theo l xa v mi n khi ngi Php n, l mn dng lo hi l thng dng nht (gi khi hi l t sp). Thy li, theo ngha l hu li c tm sng rch c ch t thi xa. Ngi Php lc ban u cng dng chnh sch mua chuc cai tng v hng chc lng bng cch cho h mua li (tc l thu) vi gi phng nh. Rng trm pht trin ni t thp, vo ma ma th nc ngp trn. Rng Rch Gi v lun c rng trm H Tin, Chu c, C Mau c th so snh vi vng Bin H Cao Min v phng din sinh hot ca c tm. Nc ma dng ln, c ln rng m sanh , di chuyn. Rng rm vi con lng qung do trng mui n ra l thc n l tng ca c. Khi ma nng va bt u, gi chng thi th c bit l nc sp cn, tng by tm cch ra sng, xung rch khi cht kh. Bi vy, rch rng trm l ni tp trung c; loi c ng t gi nh c lc, c tr ch em bn ni xa c, khng cht dc ng. Dn a phng t lu bit cc o a. vng c hoang hoc gia rng trm, c rt xung a m sng. V khi quen thi, hng nm c ln rng vo ma ma, tr v rch, v a khi ma nng bt u. Nhiu a c ca dn lng o sn trong rng hoang li tr thnh a ca in ch v phn t y b trng khn. a o trong rng th nhiu c nhng kh em c v, lm khi phi gnh c hng nm by cy s, nu a t c th b lun chng ai thm tt (a xa trong rng gi l a U Minh theo ngha l ni u u minh minh, ti tm nh a ngc, mc du khng nm trong vng U Minh). Nh nc by l u thu thu thu nhiu hn, mi ln u cho php khai thc trong ba nm. iu kin sch ghi r l s ch li ca nng nghip phi trng hn cc iu khc nhng trong thc t, vic u thy li lm giu cho mt s trung gian. H chia ra tng phn nh ri cho mn li vi gi cao gp i hoc gp ba. bt ht c, k thut hu
hiu nht l xy r vi ng sy, ty theo hnh th con rch m la chn kiu r thch hp. Nhiu cuc tranh chp xy ra, ngi u thy li nu c th lc th c ph p gi nc (ca k khc ang lm rung) c trn rung chy xung rch, gy nn la hp v rung b cn qu sm. Hoc ngi khai thc thy li lm cn tr lu thng, ngn cn khng cho cu c khin ngi a phng n ung kh cc, thiu c lm mm d tr lm ma. Nhiu lng xin quan trn b vic cho thu thy li dn lng t do bt c m n. Nhng khon d thu ngn sch v thy li hng nm khng th b c, quan trn thng gii quyt bng cch bt buc mi u dn ng thm nm cc hoc mt ng b tr li. Ch t c th lc thng ngang nhin p p ngn rch, khng cho c xung khin ngi xy r chu tht thu. Dn Chu c xung Rch Gi dy ngh xy r. Dn G Cng ti vm bin sng Ci Ln ph bin vic ng y (trc nm 1912). Vic thnh lp lng mi Ngi nhiu vn m dn i khn hoang m dm bo m s ng y thu th c nh nc chp thun cho lp lng mi. y l nguyn tc t thi vua cha nh Nguyn m thc dn cho p dng tr li thu thm thu in v thu thn. Nm 1894, vic thnh lp lng Vnh Hng cho thy s xut hin ca bn cng ho mi. Vng t ny pha nam tnh Rch Gi, gip ranh Sc Trng. Hai ngi ginh nhau lp lng, c hai u l b h ni danh thi by gi, tuy l ngi Vit nhng gc Hoa kiu. Phan H Bit (tc danh l b h B) Bc Liu xin lp lng mi. Dn do ng ta quy t s ln hi ng thu cho nh nc. ng ta xut tin ti ra xy ct xong mt nh vic (cng s lng) tr gi 200 ng. Bnh Trn th a k hoch o kinh do chnh ng xut vn, mn nhn cng. Li cam kt rng sau khi c chp thun lp lng th s c 150 dn cng do ng quy t, ng thu ngay (thu ny do chnh ng xut ra cho dn mn trc). V tuy t cha thu hoch hu li, ng sn sng chu thu in 1500 mu, ng ngay cho nh nc. Nu nh nc chu cho ng tn lm ch 1000 mu t th ng ta ha bo m ng thu cho 300 ngi trong nhng nm ti. Theo li trong n, vng ny cn nhiu voi v trm cp, lp lng th t tr thnh tt, th rng v bn bt lng khng cn lai vng. K hoch ca Bnh Trn c Thng c Nam k chp thun v Bnh Trn vo n trc hn Phan H Bit. Nhng l do vn l v Bnh Trn chu ng thu ngay, lng Vnh Hng tr thnh mt tiu quc ca Bnh Trn, ng ta bn bt buc bn t in tr li tin thu thn ng trc, ri cho vay nng li. Rt cuc tt c dn trong lng tr thnh t in, chng ai lm ch mnh t ln nh no c. n nm 1911, nh nc mi can thip v lp lng nh vy l tht nhn tm, c li cho c nhn ng lp lng nhng hi cho nh nc. Bi vy, khi cho lp lng Ninh Qui vo nm 1913, vin ph tham bin c trch qun Long M tng kt kinh nghim v nhn nh v vic bu c cc hng chc hi t : Trong ban hi t, chc v x trng l quan trng hn ht, vin chc ny gi mc k (trin) ca lng. X trng la ngi thn tn, cho lm chc hng x, ri n chc hng thn, hng ho. Nhng chc v cn li th do x trng nu iu kin, ai mun lm th c thng thuyt, lo hi l cho ng ta. y l tnh trng lp lng m khng c bu c v hnh thc. Nu by ra hnh thc bu c, ch mt thiu s in ch c ng c v c quyn bu m thi. Dn lng khng c tham kho kin. V dn ch mun cuc bu c din ra tht nhanh, ai lm cng c, h bit ai l ngi nhn tin thu m h phi ng.
Khi lp lng mi, cng vic u tin ca hng chc l bt buc dn phi k giy n, tr li cho h nhng s ph lp lng (tin mua b s, tin mua tng phm hi l cho quan trn). Dn khng dm ci lnh v h c khai khn vi mnh t nh. Bi vy, theo kin ca Marcel Roch (ph tham bin c trch qun Long M) th nn lu vic sp t hng chc hi t lng mi lp : nu x trng v hng c thuc mt phe vi nhau th nh nc nn cho ngi thuc v phe khc (l d nhin hai phe ny u tham nhng) lm nhng chc v cn li trong ban hi t, khi hai phe ni xu, t co nhau th nh nc c li l bit c s tht. Nu ch mt phe cng ho nm trn mt ban hi t th dn cng kh. Cng theo kin vin ph tham bin ny, nhng ngi ng ra sng lp lng thng em l n c chp thun y v a phng m dn mt dn, ri bt u ln ngai vng m thng tr nh vua cha. Trng hp mt lng khc qun Long M, c vin chc cho 17 ngi Min n khn t. H lo bt c, n ci, sau bo lt nm Thn, cy rng ng xung mi bt u lm rung. Khi t dn xong th mi hay rng vin chc ni trn lm n xin khn chng ln phn t y t trc, c bin lai. Cng may l v ny c gii quyt m p, dnh u tin cho ngi Min v h chu cc khai ph t trc. Trng hp lng qu rng nh lng ng Thi di 30 cy s, dn n c ng ln hi, khi s th nhng p xa tr thnh lng mi, tch ra lp thm ba lng l ng Hng, ng Ha v ng Thnh t nm 1914. Lm khi v mun kim sot an ninh my p ho lnh, nh nc chp thun cho tm lp mt lng mi. trong giai on s khi, lc quan kinh l cha n phn ranh th hng chc khng c thu thu, ch c x kin nhng v nh v sp t dn canh phng m thi : lng Thnh Li tch ra khi lng Thnh Hng thng 11/1912. nhng lng qu ng ngi Min, hng chc hi t c th k tn bng ch Min v iu kin lm hng chc khng cn l phi bit ch quc ng. Quan trng nht l chc x trng, ch dnh cho ngi hng sn c th bi thng cho nh nc trong trng hp lm s sch sai lc hoc gian ln thu, ly tin cng nho cho vay n ring, hoc c bc thua. Ngi bin lng (th k, nhn vin ring ca x trng) lnh trch nhim vit lch, tho n t, phc bm bo co. Vic la chn vi ngi ho danh v kh kho lm hng chc lm khi l dng ca nhng tay c th lc d dng thao tng. T oan ln my lng xa qun l l nn c bc, cha chp bn trm cp do hng chc lng ch mu v chia phn. Nhiu ng in ch khng thm vo ban hi t, khi cn th lc th da vo quan trn hoc ng ngoi, sp xp tay em ca h vo lm hi t l ri. Trong nhng lng m t ai u do ngi Php lm ch, v mt hnh thc th ngi Vit Nam vn cai tr ln nhau nhng hng chc ch l tay sai. Khi hi nht l nhng bo co ca lng gi ln cp trn : nu l trn lnh th ca in Ty th phi c ch k ca ch in hoc ca ngi qun l th mi c gi tr. Ngi ch in Ty c quyn th thc ch k hoc xc nhn s kin trong cng vn ca lng. Trong in ca Php, vic c hng chc hi t (ch nh th ng hn) khng theo tiu chun l c hng sn v tm u ra mt ngi c hng sn ! Nm 1911, vo thng 9, hng chc lng bo co khi ch qun ra lnh c mt ngi thay th cho v hng ch va cht : ng A. Isidore mi lp lng, dn lng l ngi ngho nn v cc ni ti mn t lm rung cy, la tt th n , la xu th n trn i, dn khng c vn t ti lng. Xin nh li thng Dcembre nhm ma la tr, lng xt li la ai tt l ngi kh trong lng v la ngi xng ng lng mi dm c.
Vi nt ln v in ca Php Cn nh l by gi Nam k, danh t n in khng c xi ti v gi ngh khng tt, trng hp vi nhng n in thi ng cu m Php chnh thc gii tn (dn n in thng l dn lm lon khi ngi Php mi n). Gi l in, km theo tn ca ngi ch, th d nh in ng Labch (Labaste) hoc tn tc nh in ng Kho (Gressier), hoc khi hi hn : in Ty Mp, in Ty Tu (tn ny c tu ring ch la) hoc in Ty u (tc ). Nu l ca cng ty th gi l in hng. Ngi lm ch t th gi l in ch (gi a ch nghe khng thanh tao, theo li ni li ca ngi min Nam). Ch rung l ngi canh tc trn t mn ca ngi khc. T in l ngi mn t lm rung (khng gi l dn cy, v dn chng by gi cho l tru mi cy, ngi u phi tru m cy). Thot tin, nh nc nh h ngi Php hoc ngi Vit c quc tch Php khai thc trn mi mu th c hon ton min thu trong 5 nm lin; n nm th 6 l bt u ng 1/5 s thu, c nh vy n nm th 10 l ng trn. Ngh nh ngy 4/1/1894 sa i li khng min thu 5 nm u, ngay trong nm u ng s 1/5 thu, n nm th 5 l ng trn. Ngh nh 13/4/1909 cho php nhng ngi Php c trn 80 t in v khai thc mt din tch t nht l 400 mu c quyn lp ring mt lng mi, nu ch in yu cu, dn trong in c hng quy ch dn in Ty. Vi nhiu u i va k, thc dn Php tha h lm ma lm gi. Trc khi c ngh nh trn, t nm 1906 Rch Gi xy ra mt v lp lng mi ly tn l Vnh Bu, trn a phn ca lng Vnh Vin. Ch in l trng s Doutre cho ngi qun l (gi nm na l cprn) em 70 dn n lnh th va c php trng khn lp lng mi. Hng chc hi t a phng can thip v cha c lnh chnh thc ca quan trn. Ngi qun l ny (ngi Vit) c ra lnh tip tc ct cng s mi v xi dc t in cm dao rt chm hng chc lng s ti ! Thc dn khuyn khch cho ngi xa cng khn t, trng hp Nam tc Rothiacob c ng Ba L lm n xin khn V Thy (Rch Gi) phn t 1357 mu, vo nm 1911 v nghe tin sp o kinh vng ny, nhng ch c cp 642 mu ri khng nhn lnh. Phn t tt ny li c dn a phng canh tc m khng lm n trc v h tng l v ch. Hai ngi Php l Duval v Gury ( c t Cn Th) ln qua 80 mu, n nm 1911, tn Labaste xin trng khn (Labaste ni ting l lnh cha vi nhng phn t Sc Trng). Vi ngi Php lanh li v thc t kho li dng s u i git t ca dn hoc git tin tr cp ca chnh ph thuc a, in hnh l L. Blugeaud, kinh l hu th. Nm 1911, ng ta trng khn 500 mu t lng Hng in (Mc Ha), xin tr cp cho 500 ng th nghim c gii ha nng nghip theo mt kiu my do chnh ng ta sng ch v rp ti ch. n nng tri, ng ta nh tham bin, nh hng chc lng gip mn culi, mn tru v ct chi. Khi lnh tin, ng ta cho bn culi cy ba ri li bo co tng t hng thm tr cp, sau rt, ng ta b cn chi x xc n, b my b phn st vn y st, git lun tin mn tru v mn culi. n ma, ng ta hng phn hoa li do bn culi canh tc theo li c truyn chng 30 mu. Nm 1913, Blugeaud n Rch Gi m vn phng lnh o c rung t, by gi mun c bng khon th phi c bn do chuyn vin c chnh ph tha nhn lp ra. Dp tt Blugeaud i tin thm, cao hn gi m nh nc quy nh. V sau khi o xong, ch t phi lo hi l thm 500 ng th mi c bn sao ca bn . Trc , nm 1909, ng ta tm cch giao thip vi cc ngi giu c Rch Gi, nhn tin ri bo l vn ng gim vi quan trn, ai mun khn t to th c a nhiu tin. Dn a phng tin li, v ng ta l ngi Php. Nm 1913, thy phn t gia lng Lc Ninh v lng Vnh Bnh c dn khai thc t lu nhng cha c cp pht chnh
thc, ng ta lm n xin khn 1000 mu, vi dng bt buc dn ang canh tc phi np a t cho ng ta. Mt tay khc l BeauvilleEynaud, lm chc cmmi Rch Gi qu ch trng vo vic khn t. Khi thy nh nc son k hoch o kinh xng gia Rch Ngan Da v Cnh n, ng ta xin trng khn 1300 mu, khn xong, li khai l mt ma v khng thm ng thu ! Nhiu ngi Php nh bn b ng tn gim khn thm t, hoc c nhng vin chc Php khng thch canh tc nhng c khn bn li cho ngi Vit. Li cn trng hp tn Ernest Outrey (sau ny l Thng c Nam k) li dng danh ngha l ngh vin ca Nam k can thip vi ch tnh cho bn b ng ta c khn t, ni ng hn l chim phn t m dn qu khai ph t bui u. i sng trong in Ty in ca ngi Php l mt tiu quc, ngi t in ca in Ty hng quy ch c bit v thu thn. H c ch t bo lnh, dng giy (carte dengag, in trn giy cng mu ), thu thn ng mt ng bc thi, trong khi dn thn xm lm lng cho ch in Vit Nam phi ng c 5 ng. H ch ng thu chnh, khi nhng thu ph tri, khi lm xu, khi ng tin canh gc. phng trng hp h trn, loi giy ny phi c ch t hoc ngi thay mt k tn xc nhn, c 3 thng gia hn mt ln, ai ra khi in m khng c giy php c bit ca ch th b bt, xem nh cha ng giy thu thn. K in Ty phi lm giy giao ko mn c cng vi ch, ty theo in m gi c khc nhau ; mn tin, mn la vi s li kh cao nhng trong giao ko th ghi thp. Ngi lm rung nhiu th c vay nhiu, ty theo s tin trin ca ma mng m ch t ln hi cho h vay thm. in ty l ni cha chp th ti c : c bc, ht phin lu, t ru lu thu. Hng chc lng, lnh m t, nhn vin thng chnh kh b t nhp tra xt nu khng c php ca ngi ch in Ty. Trong nhng in ln, ch t thng vng mt quanh nm, vic qun l giao cho hai ba ngi Php gi l surveillant agricole c php mang sng, lm khi h l ngi Php dt nt (lnh sn ngh di hn hoc gii ng). Li cn nhng cprn bn x chuyn ngh tun tra vi cy c ngoo, c th nh p dn chng khc no my ng hng qun, cai tng. in Ty cn l ni cha chp trm cp ; bn ny hnh ngh a phng khc ri tr v n nu, lm rung cho c hnh thc. i khi, in Ty li v tnh thu nhn nhng chnh tr phm, nhng tay phin lon b tp n t cc tnh min Tin giang. Ma la chn th chung quanh in Ty vic canh phng b tr nghim nht nh mt c s qun s. Bn cprn nh m canh tun ghe xung di chuyn gn in phi b tra xt phin phc. Mc ch l phng bn t in lu la ra ngoi bn trc ly tin xi ring, ri khi ch in ti ong, t in ni gt rng rung tht ma. Ngi trong in mun ch la em bn ni khc hoc cho b con th phi xin giy chng nhn l ng a t ri. Ni trm kim sot, bn cprn treo l c to lm hiu, ty s thch ca ch in m c ny mu hay mu trng (bi vy dn a phng cn c vo mu c m gi l in Ty C , in Ty C trng...). V mt tr dn, vi tn ch in Ty hoc cprng t ra y bn lnh, th d nh h dm ha mnh vi dn Vit : n mm, ung ru , n tht ch, ci tru knh (tru ua). C tay cn gian hng hn, rc thy v lm l tng n, tng gi, n l h in, tng kinh cu cho quc thi dn an vi dng cm gi dn v pht trin m tn, c xi tht. Hoc l
ng Ty ch in gi nua li mc o di xanh, i khn ng cc cung bi khi cng nh thn, vi chc v l i hng c. Bn ch in Php l th lc kh mnh, thng a ra nhiu yu sch vi chnh ph thuc a nh i tham gia Hi ng a ht bn bc hng nm v gi biu thu kha trong tnh. Trong mt bi bo, J. Delpit i c min thu bch thn ph tri nh vo thu in v thu ny do ch tnh t ra, tham kho vi Hi ng a ht An Nam ch ch in Php khng c hi kin. J. Delpit bo rng thu y ch dnh cho ngi Vit ng m thi. Nh nc thc dn nhn nh rng nu a ngi Php vo Hi ng a ht th qu ng : a s in ch Php khng c ng ti a phng th lm sao h i din cho dn trong ht c ? V li, a s in ch Php u l cng chc hoc chc sc ca cng gio. Delphit khoe khoang rng ch in Php gp cng ln vo vic xy dng thuc a Nam k : Trong vng 40 nm, h khai khn n 247.417 mu (do 300 ngi ch t), cao hn din tch m sut 15 th k qua ngi Min v ngi Vit khai khn (215.578 mu, nm 1868), cha k n 85.000 mu t trng cao su. Bn cnh ngi Php, dn Vit khai khn t 215.578 mu nm 1868 n mc 1.291.358 mu vo khong nm 1912. Vo nm 1912, cng theo con s m J. Delpit trng dn, Rch Gi l tnh m ngi Php c nhiu rung t nht : 12.304 mu canh tc cng vi 26.121 mu ang trn khai ph, sp c hu li. ng nh l Sc Trng vi 11.246 mu canh tc ca ngi Php v 4.308 mu khc ang trn khai khn thm. Hng ba l Cn Th vi 8.127 mu khai thc cng thm vi 21.931 mu ang trn khai thc ca ngi Php. Tnh Rch Gi cng ng u v s ngi Php lm in ch : 23 ngi, (trong s ny c 11 v chc sc cng gio). Sng trong in ca Ty hay in ca ngi Vit sng hn ? Cu hi ny l ci vng ln qun : nu gp nm tht ma th u cng l cc kh. Ch t no cng a gi biu a t ty hng, gom gp t nht l 80 % tng s la thu hoch v u cng cho vay nng li, cng khai hoc tr hnh. Cuc tranh u ca gii i in ch Tng lp i in ch bn x thnh hnh nh khn t nhiu v t tt, nht l phn t c nc ngt t Hu giang dn qua nh kinh o. c bit pha sng Ci B, mt mu t tr gi bng nm, by hoc mi mu pha Ci Ln, ni nc mn. Kinh o bin nhiu vng thnh ra ph nhiu, d sinh sng, nc ngt mn nm. in ch vay n khn t. Trong vi nm u, nu gp gi thun ma ha th ly vn c. H thy t tt, t in t chu di ch. t tt du tht ma vn thu hoch tng ng hoc cao hn ni t xu vo nhng nm trung bnh. Trn bo lt nm Thn (1904) gy thit hi nng n cho ma mng Rch Gi (by lu, ta ch bit rng thit hi to ln l M Tho, G Cng m thi). Ch in lo ngi v khng kim ra tin ng thu in. Mt khc, s vn kh to m h a cho t in vay li b mt lun. Mt s t in ngang nhin b t, di qua vng khc, trong trng hp chnh ng m in ch khng c l l truy t c. Ti Rch Gi, nm Thn (1904) xy ra hai trn bo ln : 1/5 v 3/11. Nm sau (1905) li thm lt ri nng hn bt ng. Trong in ca Gilbert Trn Chnh Chiu, mc tn tht c k khai nh sau vi nh nc : t rung lng Thnh Ha (Trm Cht nh) 1000 mu b ngp sut hai thng lin tip, ri trn ging ngy 2/11/1904 lm sp nh ct cho t in , lm la b tc nc. t
khn pha Ha Hng gm 200 mu, h trn. Trong hin ti, cn cp dng cho 200 t in sng ly lt. T bn nm trc, la trong lm gom t 20 ti 25 ngn gi la, nm 1904 ch cn thu c t 1000 n 1500 gi. S l l c lng l 15000 ng. Xin nh nc cho vay tr cp, tip tc khai thc. n ku ni gi ln. Ch tnh cho cai tng ti iu tra, thy phn t Thnh Ha ca Trn Chnh Chiu trc kia c 125 gia nh t in th nay 42 gia nh o tu, cn li 83 gia nh. Nh ct cho t in gm 93 ci, cng l 232 cn b sp ht 72 ci, tc l 177 cn. Nm 1904, t ny canh tc 645 mu. Ring v phn t Ha Hng gm 14 ngi t in, cn li 3, trn ht 11. Nn nh l Rch Gi ch lm rung mi nm mt ma, ngi cai qun rung t ca ng Chiu trnh by trong n : Thit ti nghip, trong dn t in ai ai cng u ngho kh, i kht, rch ri, rung th nh rung, mt nm lm rung c mt ln, trng i c by nhiu song chng ng, by gi phi i qua nm khc, lu khng bit bao xa m ni cho cng. V hin ti, dn ch bit hy vng cy la vn n , kim cht t m hi ma ri cn st li, cht bt r m m cy tm khi nc git xung. Mt linh mc h o Tr Lng gi th ln ch tnh xin min thu, cho bit : v ng giao thng kh khn nn trong in la h gi qu thp dn khng bn c, trong khi nhng sn phm cn thit th mua vi gi gn gp i ngy thng. Phong tro tranh u chng thu in ni ln, khi ch tnh Rch Gi hm he truy t vi ngi ch in ra ta v mt khc, gi trt i tng ngi thc hi, cnh co. Nhng ch tnh cho ring Thng c Nam k bit l khng th no i c s thu in trong tnh cn thiu li l trn 135.000 ng. Li bo tin rng in ch ln ang xi gic in ch nh ng ng thu in nm 1905 ri theo y, khng ng thu lun qua nm 1906. Ta n Rch Gi x lm gng hai v in ch thiu thu. Lc u, hng chc lng mi ti cng s, h khng thm ti gp. Ra trc ta, h t thi ngo mn hn. Khi c hi ti sao m khng ti gp hng chc lng, h ni thng l ch v h khng mun ng thu, v chng c ai c quyn bt buc h ng, nu nh nc em pht mi t ca h, nht nh l chng ai dm mua (ng l nu mua th s b h tr th). Ch tnh Rch Gi cn a ra ngh nn chia nhng tng c din tch qu rng ra lm i, c thm cai tng i thc thu. ng thi, cng quyt pht t k thiu thu, em t h ra pht mi, dn yt th nhng lng ln cn ngi giu tnh khc n u gi. i ph li, 81 ngi in ch ln Rch Gi ng k tn vo n, trnh cho ch tnh xin tha thu nm 1905, ng u l hai ng Trn Chnh v Hunh Thin K (n ngy 29/4/1906) vi lp lun sc bn : Mun tr thnh in (tc l canh tc) mt mu t, phi nui t in 20 gi la v vi ba ng bc l ti thiu. Nm ri (nm Thn, 1904) ch in phi vay bc ca nh bng ng Dng m nui nhn in (t in). Nh ht Sa c l ch in th khai m lu nm thnh khonh m nh nc cn chun cho cc ch in ng thu hng nht st hng nh, hng nh st hng ba, cn hng ba th tha thu trn, hung chi l ht Rch Gi l ht mi khai m khng ng 10 nm, v phn nhiu trong s in th khai ph khng ng 4 nm nay. Nh nc ha min thu cho in ch ngho, cn vi in ch ln th i la thc gt ri, cho ng 1/3. Nay xin tha trn thu, v t rung pha sng Ci B tht bt 7/10, nc va git xung l b nng hn. Yu cu nh nc p dng lut Gia Long v t l min thu, lut ny c nh nc Lang Sa ph ng v cho thi hnh t nm 1871 : theo h rung tht ma 1/10, khng
gim thu; rung tht 2/10, gim 1/10; khi tht ma n mc 8/10 hoc hn na th min trn thu. Kt qu l Thng c Nam k chu min thu cho nhng ai cha ng thu nm 1904 m thi (tc l cho ma gt cui nm 1903). Cn v hu qu ca bo lt nm Thn th ng y nh c. Nhng in ch Rch Gi cha chu thua. H loan tin rng nh nc hon ton min thu, khin cho mt s in ch by lu rt r li hng hi ln khng thm ng. Theo ngh ca ch tnh, Thng c Nam k cch chc vin cai tng v ph tng tng Kin Tng (c hai u l ngi Min) v ti phao tin tht thit l hon ton min thu. Tht ra, nh nc ch chp nhn min phn thu qun ht (budget local) m thi, ch vn thu trn phn a ht v bch phn ph tri. Thng c li cho mt vin ch tnh nhiu nng lc l Albert Lorin nghin cu vn . Lorin phc trnh rng Rch Gi c 6 tng, mi tng u qu rng nn kh theo st tng in ch lm p lc. Trong vng hai nm m Rch Gi li thay i 4 ln ch tnh nn chnh sch khng c lin tc. Theo kin ca Lorin, ch nn gim thu cho ch in nh, ch ch in ln th vn cn d tin mua t, khn t thm : Hin ti, ta B Rch Gi cn n 439 n xin khn mt din tch l 14.031 mu, chng t in ch bn x hy cn hng hi trong vic lm n. Nm 1911, tnh Rch Gi tri qua mt cn mt ma trm trng, nh nc nh cu xt min thu, tuy min t nhng nhng ai l lm th cng b lun. Cuc tranh u trn bc l mt s tht khch quan : vo nm 1905, giai tng in ch thnh hnh, c tinh thn chng Php nht l vo nhng nm k tip khi a s in ch ln Nam k u hng ng cuc Minh Tn (phong tro Duy Tn) do Bi Chi Nhun v Trn Chnh Chiu iu khin, ng h ng Phan Bi Chu v ng Cng . in ch trong nc thy r l thc dn php ngn cn khng cho h tin xa hn h t do kinh doanh, tr thnh nhng ch xng, nhng thng gia nh bn Nht. Thc dn Php, thng gia Hu kiu (nm c quyn v mua bn, thao tng gi la go). n kiu cho vay u l nhng chng ngi m h mun san bng. Cn vi chi tit cn ghi nh v vai tr ca gii in ch, khng ring g cho tnh Rch Gi : Mua nhiu tru b t Cao Min em v (t tnh TKeo) nh m vic cy cy thm pht trin. Mua sm nhiu ghe c mc t sng Ln (Cao Min, Lo) gip phng tin vn ti. Thch sng xa hoa theo li Php, tiu th rt nhiu hng ha nhp cng, nht l ru Ty. Vo nhng nm la c gi v gi la c vng (1928, 1929 lun c nm 1930), mc sng ln cao tt bc, in ch bc trung Hu giang d sc cho con qua Php du hc, c gia nh i c hai ba ngi, hc sing nng th thnh bc s; n chi th tr thnh cng t. Mt s khng nh in ch Rch Gi l ngi Minh Hng hoc Hu kiu. Ngi Hu kiu nu lm in ch th b ng ha, tr thnh Vit Nam trong vi nm (khn ng o di khi lm hng chc hi t, cng nh). Ring ngi Hu kiu ch chuyn ngh bun bn th gi np sng ring. V i sng ca t in T in chng c quyn tham d sinh hot chnh tr no c. Hng p, ph qun (gi l hng chc nh) do hng chc hi t ch nh. Hng chc lng th do bn hng chc chn la ln nhau, gii thiu b con vy cnh, sau c cai tng v ch qun chun y. Cai tng v ph tng, ban bin c c do mt s tha sai (ngi thay mt); ty theo s dn b m mi lng c gi nhiu hay t, ng 50 dn b c mt ngi. Cc v tha sai thay
mt cho dn phi l hng chc lng (tr x trng, hng thn, hng ho), ph x hoc in ch. Hi ng canh nng, hi ng a ht hoc hi ng qun ht l chuyn ring ca mt s hng chc lng v in ch i bu. Tm li, ngi dn ngho chng bao gi c i bu c ai c. Hai gnh nng cho t in l thu thn v xu (su). Thu thn thi Php thuc c quy nh ng u (tr nhng nm sau cng ca ch thc dn, chia ra ngi c hng sn v ngi khng c hng sn). Thu chnh ch l mt ng bc nhng dn phi ng thm mt s tin gi l bch phn ph tri cho ngn sch. S bch phn ny thay i ty theo nm cho ngn sch c qun bnh chi tiu. Ngoi ra mi ngi phi chu nm ngy lm xu, c th chuc bng tin, li cn ph thu v thy li, v rng. Nu l dn xa ti, cha vo b th ng thm mt s tin gi l thu dn ng. Tnh trung bnh vo nhng nm u th k, thu thn cng thm cc khon linh tinh va k l 5 ng, lng ny ng nh nhng lng kia li ng nng. Nn nh l lc by gi la bn vi cc mt gi, mt a tr chn tru sut nm ch c khong 10 ng thi. C lng li t ra thu nc gia hoc quy nh tin chuc cng su (ng tin khi i lm su) vi gi qu cao, th d trng hp lng Vnh Ha Hng, tng cng l 8 ng 3 xu v thu thn, nm 1914. S ng t in khng ng ni thu thn hoc khng mun ng v sut nm h khng c vic g i ra khi lng. Thnh thong lnh m t vo lng xt hi, dn lu thu (gi l trn xu lu thu) chy trn ngoi rung hoc v rng m n nu. B bt v ti thiu thu thn l 5 ngy t vi 15 quan pht v. Khi mn t phi ng thu, ai khng tin th lm culi cho nh nc ti ch ly tin m b vo. Ngi no trn thu qu lu m mun v b th hng chc gii quyt bng cch n hi l ri cp cho mt giy thu thn m lng xin cho ngi khc (nhng ngi y trn, b lng). Trng hp thay i tn h nh th thng xy ra. Gp nm mt ma h khng ng ni thu thn v khng tr c a t cho ch in th c trn qua x khc m lm rung lu ng, ri tip tc di ch (gi nm na l lm rung do, lm rung hng xo). Ngao ngn nht cho ngi dn l vic lm xu. Trong nhng nm cn o kinh hoc p ng, nh nc trng dng qu thi hn 5 ngy m lut nh. Cai tng v hng chc li dng bt nt tng tin, ai mun nh th lo hi l. Mn hn th ngi lm xu c v nhng hng chc thng bt buc lm thm vi ngy (trng hp lm ng l Rch Gi, Hn t nm 1905). Nm 1911, khi by vic o kinh t rch Ci Su n rch Th Nht, dn phi lm n 20 ngy, t tc em theo ky, cuc, xung, go, nh nc khng cp pht g c. Trong vi trng hp nh nc c cp pht tng trng bng tin mt. Ngi gn sng, c bit l pha sng Ci Ln hoc Ci B tip gip qua Cn Th li phi lm xu vt lc bnh, phng sng rch b chn nght, ghe thuyn kh qua li. Thi thc dn h gom dn lm xu, trong vn kin lng cng khai gi l ui dn xu ra nh vic. Khi phng l hoc tip tay vi nhn vin Cng chnh p l, dn phi lm culi vi gi r, nhiu ngi b trn. Ngi Min kh cc hn ngi Vit. Trong nhng a phng ngi Min qu ng, hng chc lng a s l ngi Min. H b cai tr hteo li phong kin c st. Khi b i ti lng, ti qun l h s b t. Khi cn hp thc ha t rung m h dy cng khai ph, h li vng mt. H t khi dm i hi quyn li chnh ng, th chu thua thit m c nh. Thc dn Php khinh thng ngi Min ra mt. Tr mt s t ngi mang h (Sn, Thch...) do ng b truyn li t i T c, hoc lai Tu (h Trn, h L nhng khng c
ch lt) th tt c u khng h. Trong b s, c gi tn ny tn kia (Danh), n b th gi l Th. Trong cng tc khn hoang, ngi Min gp cng lao ng k. H lm cng hoc lm t in cho ngi Vit, dm ma di nng rt do dai, s trng ca h l cho ghe, n trm, o mng, tt a bt c. n b Min gii v cy v gt la, gt cy rt k lng v vn kho tuy chm chp. Gia nh Min no ngho th kh t : ng np, hoc ng trn vi bp un, ni mui mng m nhiu a tr t khi lt lng n tui mi hai mi ba vn trn trung, khng bit o qun l g, n ung qu m bc. Vi ngi mt t v ham c bc, qu cao hng lc ung ru say nn sn sng im ch vo bt c giy n hoc giy bn t. V thu thn th mi ngi trn ht by tm. c bit l Rch Gi, ngi Hu kiu li tch cc khn hoang vi s trng l lm ry t ging ven sng Ci Ln v Ci B (nhng ging ny gi l thanh lang). H c mt ti x Rch Gi t i Mc Cu nhng con chu s ngi c cu y tr thnh Vit Nam t lu i ri. t ngi sang c tr khi Php n gm a s l ngi Triu Chu. Theo bng k khai vo thng ging nm 1906, tnh Rch Gi c : Qung ng 266 ngi H (Akas) 17 ngi Hi Nam 331 ngi Phc Kin 108 ngi Triu Chu 876 ngi Ngi Triu Chu lm ry c ng thnh xm ng c, sing nng khng ai b kp, n t, lm vic th nhiu, bt chp gi gic. Khm (thm) Tc Cu, khoai lang Ng Ba nh, khoai lang Tr Bang (Long M), i Bn Nht mt do ni danh ton ci Hu giang. a s ngho kh, khng c quyn lm tha sai bu c ng Bang v mun lm tha sai th phi c hng sn, ng b in hoc ng thu mn bi. H ci v Vit, gp nm ry tht ma, i sng ni chung l c cc v cn phi tr tin mn t ry. Thu thn ca Hoa kiu cao gp ba ln thu ca ngi Vit. Ngi no lm n kh, cn sc kho th Bang trng ng ra bo m ng thu gim, sau ny tr li. Nhng gp trng hp qu ngho, au yu th chng ai dm bo lnh gim c. Thiu thu nhiu nm lin tip, theo lut l b trc xut v Trung Hoa. Ngi thiu thu 4 nm nu b bt th phi ng 62 ng, cng thm 30 ng tin pht. Mt s lm n tht bi, trn xung tu bum Hi Nam m n x khc nh qua Xim, M Lai, ri b trc xut v Tu th xy ra cnh chng Bc v Nam. Hu li v ry khng c bn, sau nm by nm, h trng cc loi khc, km hu li hn v t ln ln mt cht mu m. Ngi qu ngho khng cn b con bn Tu th c gng li xm ry. Trong trng hp thiu thu, h nh t giam hm trong lng, lo hi l tng chp cho hng chc hi t khi b bt. Hoc di ch, ci trang nh trng hp ca ngi mang tn l Trn Vn Sn, 60 tui, ngi Triu Chu bi t, mc qun o nh ngi Vit Nam b bt vo thng chp 1914 G Quao v b tnh nghi l theo Thin a Hi. ng ny khai tht rng qua Vit Nam hi nm 38 tui, Bc Liu lm n 3 nm, Cn Th 8 nm, C Mau 3 nm, Rch Gi t 3 nm qua nhng rt cuc lm n khng kh, nh mua tm giy lo ca ngi Vit tn Phm Vn L. V s tung tch bi l nn ng n lnh sc ngi min. V tnh trng ca nng dn ngho nm 1908, nh cch mng Trn Chnh Chiu cng l in ch ln Rch Gi vit bi ng trn t Lc Tnh Tn Vn s 42, thng 9/1908 (hai thng sau l ng b bt v vic vn ng ng Du). Bi ly hai cu th Nh ngot mi tn ti. Ng ngot khiu tn cc lm nhan .
Ngi Nhip di Trung lm bi th Mng Nng c cu th rng : thng hai bn t mi, thng nm bn la sm, ct tht v gh ngha l ngt vy ch kh cng hon kh. Thng hi cho dn ngho ra thn i lm t in, v trong tay khng c ngh sn nn mi chui t gic, ni ting lm rung ch k trung i kim n cho qua ngy thng. Lm rung g m mn nht i khng c d mt ht la dnh tay, l th ba nm lm mi c mt nm thiu n, c u ht trc thiu sau, la gt va ri i lnh rung giao, lnh cng cy cng pht. Mt nm 12 thng, lm rung tht s c bn nm thng cn by tm thn d linh lm ngh chi ? V khng c ngh trong tay nn mi r nhau nh c ch, hoc i coi nh c bc, ch lt mn qun rch o. Thng i, dt c hn c tm, vng v hn trng d. Dn nc khc tic ti gi ti ph nh tin bc, dn nc mnh ph ngy thng nh nc tri. Ung thay, t gi ti tr, t nam ti n u lung nhng m ngy. Nghe ai cho vay th mng hn h, hi ri no lo trng tr. V v ngh nghip nn mi sanh t trong x nh th. Lm ngi phi bit thng ci th din ca mnh. K thng qu hng phi ht sc gip cho nn cng ngh th c ngy tr ng vic tnh t mi by t trc . Hn 20 nm sau, vi hc gi Php nghin cu tnh hnh kinh t, tnh hnh t ai min Nam, cch khn hoang Hu giang, vn cho vay, vic phn phi t ai... ri a ra vi bin php xy dng. Nhng gm li, vic nghin cu ca h ch l thng vay khc mn, khng tin b bng bi bo trn. Vn chnh l t in sng trong tnh trng bn tht nghip, rung mt ma, c canh ; k thut th khng hn thi vua T c, nu khng ni l thi Tch Quang, Nhm Din, S Nhip. Bi thm nht l nm mt ma, bao nhiu la phi gom li tr a t ri xut cng, trong khi nhng ngi mnh khe, nu tm c cng vic lm (lm mn trong xm) cng kh tin mua go n trong ngy, v gi la c tng ln ti a phng.
2.4) Vng Bc Liu, C Mau xa xi v phc tp
C Mau l t c dn t thi Mc Cu, qua i Gia Long th nhng ging cao ro ven sng ng c, sng Gnh Ho, sng Bi Hp v vi ph lu thnh xm. Lc tu quc, Gia Long nh dn C Mau gip nhiu v ti lc, nhn lc ; vi ngi ni danh, nh Dng Cng Trng. Mi C Mau l vng rng c, rng vt, cn li l rng trm. Pha Nam Hi, nhiu ni c bi ct en. Phn cht mi C Mau gn nh nc mn t nin, tr khi ma gi. Dn sng c l nh nc ngt t Hn Khoai ch vo b. T xa, C Mau l ni ngi Hoa kiu sng ri rc vi ngi Min. Nhm ma nh c, ng ph G Cng n ven bin, ct chi tm ri tr v x. t Hu kiu vo lp nghip khin cho Bc Liu, C Mau tr thnh kh phn thnh l t cui th k 19, khi ngi Php n. H i bng tu bum vo C Mau, khi gh qua Si Gn. Li cn mt s ngi t Si Gn, Ch Ln n lp nghip. Ngh lm rung mui do ngi Hoa kiu nm trn. Vo thi Gia Long, ngh dt chiu thnh hnh vi k thut cao, cng l ngh khai thc sp ong, mt ong v sn chim. Ngi Php nhn xt lch lc v vng C Mau, Bc Liu v h so snh vi cc tnh min Tin giang. Dn a phng kho lo nhm vo nhu cu th trng, lm rung va phi, d qu nhiu cng khng ch li g. H lm thm ry khoai lang, nht l ngh nh li v ng y thu hu li to hn : tm kh, c kh. Cc vin tham bin u tin n C Mau, Bc Liu ghi li khung cnh hoang vng tha tht, h qun rng lc y h nghe ting my tu l ai ny chy trn. Nh ca thng ct khut lp ngn rch, ni t cao. Vm rch l bi bn y cy c. Chy tu ngoi sng ci, ni nc su th kh b nm c tnh hnh. Li cn s k khai sai lc v t rung v dn s ca hng chc lng. Ngi Hu kiu th t ra ng ngnh, khng mun ni m h nm u th li b xo trn. V mt hnh chnh, thc dn lng tng khng bit nn t chc th no cho hp l. Thot tin sau khi chim ba tnh min Ty, vng mi C Mau nhp vo ht Rch Gi vi tnh l l ch Rch Gi. Vng Bc Liu th nhp qua ht Sc Trng. Vo thng 6/1871, vng mi C Mau nhp qua tnh Sc Trng, tch khi Rch Gi. Nhng 6 thng sau, hon li tnh Rch Gi nh c. n ngy 18/12/1882, chnh ph mi dt khot lp ra mt tnh mi : ly mt phn vng Bc Liu thuc ht Sc Trng v vng C Mau thuc ht Rch Gi nhp li t ra tnh Bc Liu. y l ht th 21 ca Nam k thuc a. Nn phn bit r v trng hp tnh Bc Liu, tuy gom vo chung mt n v hnh chnh nhng gm hai phn t khc nhau v a cht v v mc khn hoang : Vng Bc Liu, theo a danh thi T c, n t rc Bc Liu tr v pha ng tip gip qua Sc Trng. Mi n nhng nm 1930, ngi ln tui trong gii bnh dn cn gi vng ny ca Bc Liu l ht Ba Xuyn (bi v Nc Nn : Lc tnh c ht Ba Xuyn, Bc Liu ch t, bnh yn dn ry). Gi nh th v vng ny thi T c nm trong a phn ph Ba Xuyn ri tch ra lp thnh huyn Phong Thnh do ph trc tip kim nhip. Khu vc ny thot tin c ngi Php cho nhp vo tnh Sc Trng, gm phn ln l t ging tt, cao ro, nh ca sung tc vi rung g, ry, vn nhn, rung mui. Vng Bc Liu ny l t khai thc t xa. Vng mi C Mau, tc l huyn Long Xuyn thi T c vi rng c, rng trm, phn ln l t thp ging nh khung cnh pha nam vng Rch Gi. Vng C Mau ny ng ni hn, v l t mi.
im kh khn cho vng C Mau v mt hnh chnh l s lin lc vi tnh l. Tham bin Rch Gi cho bit l phi dng ng bin dc theo vnh Xim La. Nhp C Mau qua Sc Trng thun li hn, v C Mau n ch Sc Trng tng i gn. Nhng l nhn trn bn m suy lun thi. Tham bin Sc Trng a kin vo thng 12/1869 rng t C Mau qua tnh l Sc Trng ng lin lc qu kh khn vo ma nng : nhiu on ng phi dng tru m ko ghe qua vng ly. Ma ma th t C Mau n Sc Trng i v v tn 6 ngy, ma nng th li tn n 10 ngy. Tht vy, trn bn ta thy nhiu con rch tuy c tht nhng li cong queo v qu cn. Ma ma th nc ni nhng khng su ghe thuyn lui ti d dng. Mun di chuyn, t lu i ri, dn a phng dng xung nh m chng bng so hoc dng tru ko c hay ko ghe. Qua mi ma ma, c v bi lm hai bn b rch c mc cao hn trc, che khut li i. Nhiu vng t C Mau thuc vo loi kh nh ngha : c th ni l mt th t lng bng hoc l mt th nc c st. Hai nm sau, tham bin Rch Gi cho bit : lc trc v c quyt nh gii tn tnh Rch Gi (Rch Gi nhp qua tnh Long Xuyn) nn nh ct vng C Mau nhp qua Sc Trng. Nay duy tr tnh Rch Gi th nn cho C Mau tr v Rch Gi nh c cho s dn Rch Gi thm ng o hn : Rch Gi v C Mau nhp li, c 100 lng. Sc Trng v C Mau nhp li, c 203 lng. kin nhp tr li Rch Gi c cp trn nghe theo v tham bin Rch Gi l Benoist l tay c uy tn, tn c vi dn bn x. ng ta s mt thu phong ngn (sp v mt), mt thu bn (nh vo to bum Hi Nam) v a kin l ng lin lc t C Mau n Rch Gi khng xa cho lm ! Sau rt, tnh Bc Liu thnh hnh ly tn l Bc Liu v ngay ch ca tnh l c con rch Bc Liu (c gi thuyt cho rng do Poanh Lieu m ra, tc l ni c o qun ngi Lo tr ng thi xa). L do chnh lp tnh Bc Liu do Thng c Nam k nu ra cho Tng trng Thuc a Php l vn an ninh, s khuy ri ngm ngm ca Thin a Hi. Gim c Ni vu trnh by vi Hi ng qun ht ngy 28/8/1882 : nu ci u ca Thin a Hi Ch Ln th thn hnh ca Thin a Hi Bc Liu. Ngoi ra, di mt ngi Php, C Mau Bc Liu l ni by lu cha c n nh ng mc : nhiu k bt lng t bn Tu, t cc tnh ln cn t hp li, lp so huyt. Tham bin u tin ca tnh Bc Liu l Lamothe de Carrier bo co tng qut vo nm 1882 : Trong hin ti, Bc Liu cha ra g nhng trong tng lai s nhanh chng tr nn thnh ph ln nht ca Nam k, sau Si Gn. Ch cn o mt con kinh ni lin Bc Liu xung C Mau v ct mt cy cu ni lin hai bn b rch Bc Liu. Cy cu ny gip cho 6000 ngi qua li mua bn mi ngy. Theo bo co trn th gia Bc Liu v C Mau l ng c bao la che kn chn tri, khng mt bng cy cao, c mc dy, r bm vo bn. Ma nng, c vn khng cht. Ma ma nc ngp, c ln cao n mt mt ri. Trong ng c, ai mun i hng no th i, mui mng v s k. Ma ma, xung nh tha h di chuyn nhng ghe to th phi i theo con ng con queo hn, gi l ng lng. ng ny y c, khi di chuyn phi c ngi pht c ng rp xung, co sang mt bn ri y ghe trn khong t va dn trng tri y. Nu gp ni c qu rm rp, ghe ch nng ch di chuyn mt ngy c mt cy s. Vin tham bin ngh cho o con kinh Bc Liu C Mau ri ly t o y m p ng l xe. ng thi, ng ta cho bit l dn s khng qu t oi nu kim tra li k lng hn. Ring v ngi
Hu kiu pha Bc Liu trc kia khai 1900 ngi nay li khai thm 3000 ngi na cng li 4900 ngi, cha k mt s Hu kiu lm bn cho ghe hoc n nu rung mui. Cng trong nm 1882, dn b trong tnh phng chng 2500 ngi (c th l 30000) tc l bng s dn tnh Ty Ninh, cao hn s dn Rch Gi. Din tch ton tnh l 810.000 mu ty, canh tc chng 14.761 mu. Tng s thu d thu nm 1882 l 36.183 ng, trong tin thu to nht l thu thn ca Hu kiu, k n l thu in 6.585 ng, n thu thn ca ngi vit 4.792 ng. Ch Bc Liu nm trn a phn lng Vnh Hng. Vng ngoi n qua cc lng Vnh Hinh, An Trch, Tn Hng (nm 1890, nhp li gi l lng Vnh Li, hng chc cc lng An Trch v Tn Hng ku ni v trong tn Vnh Li khng c du vt tn lng ca h, ngh quan trn sa Vnh Li ra lng T Ha, nhng khng c chp thun). T nm 1873, t lng Vnh Hng em ra u gi vi gi mt cc hai xu mt thc vung. Nm 1880, khai trong b ch Bc Liu l 2.757 ngi nhng nm 1882 l 6000 ngi. Vic thnh lp tnh Bc Liu gy kh khn cho ngn sch Nam k, nm 1882, phng nh tn km chng 45.000 ng xy ct dinh th, cng s, cng thm chng 8.000 ng lng bng cho nhn vin. Thu phng nh chc chn s thu c l 35.000 ng nhng nu thiu tin c dng bn gh c t ta B Sc Trng gi tng. V cn d thu thm mt s tin pht nhng ngi no theo Thin a Hi. Thot tin, nh lng ch ct bng l. Nm 1885, lng Vnh Hng xin ct ch li ngi, hy vng rng tin gp ch s tng gp i v xin vay trc ca nh nc 6100 ng xy ct, lng s tr li cho nh nc c vn ln li trong vng 12 nm. Nm 1892, tham bin bt buc nhng nh l ch phi d b ct li ph ngi c lu. Tin trin ca vic cai tr B my hnh chnh kh cht ch va thit lp lm cho ngi Hu kiu v ngi Minh Hng bc bi v h quen vi quy ch t tr tng i rng ri hi thi ng cu. H xem vng Bc Liu nh t ring ca h. Ngoi ra, cn nhiu ngi t Rch Gi xung, a s l ngi lnh bng cp ca qun khi ngha chun b m thm dy binh gia vng Rch Gi v Chu c, nhng cuc ny khng xy ra c. Nm 1885, lp c 5 trng tng vi 326 hc sinh ghi tn, a s u vng mt khi bt u ma rung hoc au m v bnh rt rng, tt c u l trng lp l, thiu bn gh, nhiu trng khng c sch g cho hc tr hc ngoi tr t Gia nh bo, tc l Cng bo do lng pht cho. Con ng Lng tc l ng ko ghe t Bc Liu qua C Mau vn cn s dng v cha o kinh c. Nh nc gip ngi i ghe bng cch cm nc lm du hai bn ng, mi nm hai ln, cm vo lc u ma v lc dt ma ma. Kinh Mng iu ni Rch m qua sng Gnh Ho o gn xong nh bt dn lm xu, ch cn li 480 thc cht. Trong ma 18841885, ghe ch ra khi tnh 174.693 t la v 79.349 t mui. Vic khn t th ang tin hnh, dn min trn n, tha h khai khn mong c lm in ch nh vng t snh ly, v ch. V t ai, nm 1885, cha phn khonh lm bng khon c, ngoi tr tng Thnh Hng v tng Thnh Ha. Qun C Mau cn nguyn vn, cha o c. Nh iu tra li nn ch tnh bit thm v vng C Mau : dn khng giu nhng ai ny u n, c cha, c nh lng, c nh ngi. Nhng i v pha mi C Mau th chy tu nhiu ting ng h m khng gp mt cn chi no c. Ngh ng y, lm tm kh bn cho ghe Hi Nam cng pht trin. Chiu C Mau c gi, nhiu ngi b ngh rung dt chiu v v rng khai thc mt ong, sp. Ma ma, ng vn ti d dng, h n cy m bn lu qua Sc Trng hoc ln ch Bc Liu.
Theo s phng nh lc quan ca ch tnh Caffort th trong vng hai nm ti, Bc Liu s l vng giu c, ch cn cho ngi t Bc k vo canh tc vi k thut c truyn l lm cho hu li tng ln gp mi. Tnh Bc Liu pha gip Sc Trng l ni Hu kiu v ngi Cao Min ng c, rung tt, dn chng thch ni ting Triu Chu. Ring v qun C Mau, ngi Vit ng hn, gn nh l thun ty, ch tr hai lng c sc Min m thi. Nm 1887, Lamothe de Carrier tr li Bc Liu lm ch tnh v nhn nh rng tnh hnh thay i kh quan so vi nhim k trc ca ng ta. Vic kim tra cho bit Bc Liu sau ngi Vit th ng o nht l ngi Cao Min, k n ngi Minh Hng gc Triu Chu. Trong 2.500 Hu kiu, ngi Triu Chu chim n 2000. tng Thnh Hng, nhiu gia nh ch ni ton ting Triu Chu v cc ng hng chc hi t khng bit ni ting Vit. Nn Thin a Hi, m trm tru, n trm ghe, nht l bun lu phin cn y dy. Dn ht thm phin nhng nh nc bn ra t hn nm trc : Nm 1884, nh nc bn ra 56.000 ng. Nm 1886, nh nc bn ra di 40.000 ng v nn phin lu thu. Vin ch tnh ny li bo ng : in ch trong tnh mn ca ng Dng ngn hng trn 35.000 ng lm ma, nhng c l h thua c bc ht ri. ngh cho dn ngoi bc vo, cp t cho h. Nm 1882, phng nh 36.000 dn, nay c hn 50.000. ang lm ng ni qua Sc Trng, ng ch Bc Liu trng . kim sot vng t rng, giao thng kh khn v dn s phc tp, thc dn c a v Bc Liu v C Mau mt s cng thn vi tc phong kiu binh v hch dch. Ph c, tng gp cng dp lon lc trc M Tho n lm ma lm gi C Mau. Cai m t tn l Cang, ngi trc tip bt Th khoa Hun Ch Go c v Bc Liu lm chc ph qun m t. Lnh tp hu cng tng vin chinh Bc k, dp lon Cao Min cng tr v Bc Liu lm chc quan trng. Mt vin thng ngn tng trn ng, cp git, n hi l H Lo v tn Bc Liu ri m ch n H Lo vn nn n xin nh nc can thip v s n qu nhiu. Li cn vin chc Php chuyn n hi l, lm s To co (Thng chnh) tng c thnh tch xu tnh khc. Nh nc chn ngi ng tin cy lm hng chc lng nhng bn ny li xi thm cng qu, nh bi v ht phin, n mc ch tnh ni gin ngh vi Thng c Nam k y h ra Cn o lm gng. V ph c C Mau l in hnh nht. Nm 1897, ch tnh Bc Liu nhn nh C Mau l qun xa xi v ngho nn nn khng cn a mt ph tham bin n cai tr, v li c s qun l thiu tin nghi. Ph c i ti C Mau ri gp rc ri vi mt cng chc Php lm nhn vin Cng chnh. Tn bi ca vin chc ny ra ch mua , c theo thi quen l na mua na git, dn trong ch phn i, tn bi nh lun ngi thu gp ch ri chi lun ph c. Tn bi ny b bt, ch tnh gii hn ta ln Khm ln Si Gn ri hn c tha ti. Vin chc Php hi nghi ph c yu cu bt giam ngi bi, nn tr th bng cch cng khai t co ph c l k tiu tt v danh, khng bit ni ting Php m i cai tr C Mau vi nhng lut l theo quy ch th trc, tc l mun giam ai th c giam. Theo vin chc Php ny th ch C Mau l ni hn lon, dn chng m sng bc ngay ngoi ng, ph c th tng mnh nhiu oai quyn nh thi ng cu, tha h n hi l, ch ph th chng lo chnh trang, n mc khng cn tm u mt qun cph, mt tim tp ha cho ra hn ! Mt s th ri gi n Thng c Nam k t co ph c (y l do vin chc Php xi dc, hay dn chng tha c ra tay tranh u ?). Nhng khon t co gip ta thy li cai tr thi y, ni xa mt tri :
Ph c cho ct nh hu mi (nh hu tc l dinh qun) ri bt buc cai tng, cc ng bang Hu kiu v hng chc lng dng l, gm sp ong, bn tm honh phi (mi tm ng gi 20 ng). Ngoi ra cn mt s bc mt. Gi ngi Hu kiu v hng chc lng ti nh hu nh bi vi ng ta, ng ta ly xu. Nu thua th ng ta xin lun. Cho cha c bc trong xm, me v bi ty (bi co), xu mt ngy mt em nm ng. Mi ngi dn phi chuc cng su nh (tc l phn lm xu cho tnh) l 2 ngy, theo quy nh 2 ngy ny l 5 cc, nhng ph c bt buc dn phi ng 1 ng bc, nm cc d b ti. Ngy Chnh Chung (l 14/7 ca Php) li cha c bc sau nh, ng ta ly xu 15 ng mt ngy, 4 ngy l 60 ng. Trong vng mt nm m ph c t chc k cm cho ng b c nm su ln. Mi ln nh th, lng phi i 4 nang sp v 4 ng, lng ngho th 2 nang (qun C Mau gm 30 lng c thy). em v qun hai ghe ht (ht bi), bt buc cc lng phi mn ht bao gin mt ngy mt m l 10 ng, con ca ph c lm kp ht, n tng nh m mn tin mi nh mt ng. Ph c lc lo thng th trc khi cho gi, v vy cc n t co u b xem trc. Mi thng ph c ch sp em v x mt ln, mi ln ch hai thng y, thng di 1 thc ri, cao 1 thc. Li cn n t co ph c c thnh tch xu hi trn nhm Sc Trng, Rch Gi, Bc Liu. Ch tnh Bc Liu binh vc ph c, cho l vu khng (phi chng v c n hi l ca ph c) nhng ch tnh cng nhng b, yu cu cp trn cho mt ngi Php ti thay th v ph c qu 60 tui ri. Vi nt v tnh hnh nm 1902 tr v sau Thin a Hi c t chc lan trn khp Bc Liu khin ngi Php bo ng. Mt s ng ngi Vit v Hoa kiu gia nhp, n th vi nhau nhng rt cuc dng nh Hi ch cn hot ng trong phm vi cu t, vi ngi li li dng h thng b mt ca Hi bun bn phin lu thu. Tuy nhin, cn nhiu cn b trung kin ca Thin a Hi bit kin nhn ch thi phi hp hnh ng vi ton Nam k vo nm 1913. C Mau vo khong nm 1910, ng hi ng Trn c Danh v ng Lm Mn Hu hot ng mnh, b t. Thc dn c xt bt, pht tin k v ti mc du chng tm c bng c no chng t ngi Hu kiu Bc Liu theo ui mc ch chnh tr chng Php. Thc dn cng c gng kim sot hng ng lnh m t v hng chc lng. Nhng ngi Vit qu hng hi th ln trn ln vng Tht Sn, gia nhp nhng nhm Thin a Hi mang tnh cht Vit Nam hn, nhm mc ch nh thc dn. Phong tro tranh u ng k ca ng bo Bc Liu, C Mau l vic chng lm xu. Con ng t ch Bc Liu ni xung C Mau thnh hnh nhng nhiu ni cn phi p cao ln, kh khn nht l tri . Nh nc khng giao cho nh thu v qu tn km. Thay vo , bt dn t t rung cho chn ri p nt em tri mt ng, xi tm thay cho . Thc dn by lu ch ch tu b con l n t Bc Liu qua pha Sc Trng ; theo h thng giao thng thi y th cng vn, th t a t Bc Liu n Sc Trng, ri t Sc Trng ra i Ngi (Vm Tn, b Hu giang) n y mi dng tu thy a v Si Gn.
Lm xong con l Bc Liu, C Mau l kim sot thm dn, thu thm thu, la go a v tnh l nhanh hn. V hai bn b l, t hoang s c ngi ti khn, nh nc tha h bn u gi. L xe lm tng khc, ngang tng no th dn tng y lm xu, kinh o cng vy. Thot tin khi c lnh th mt s ng ngi i lm ly l ri phn i ra mt. Nh nc bt buc mi ngi p l 14 mt b di, b cao 5 tc v mi ngi t t 7 thc khi, hm chn. lng Vnh M, hng chc lng bt mi ngi dn xu p n 28 thc l v cung cp 7 thc khi t. Lng Ha Bnh v lng Vnh M tr thnh trung tm tranh u. Ngy 15/4/1902, dn lng Vnh M lm n trnh by l h ch ng lm trn 2 ngy cng su theo lut nh m thi. Cn vic t hm tri ng th chng ti khng bit lm chi m t tr cho nh nc, nay chng ti nh t ; 58 ngi k tn di l n. Hng chc lng nh trng cng s gi dn tp hp i lm xu, 32 ngi n v ra mt chng i. Hng chc lng hm he. H a yu sch : sn sng lm xu cho nh nc 5 ngy, nhng vic t t th khng. Ngy 15, ti lng Ha Bnh th khng ai chu i c. Vin ph tng nh trng th 39 ngi ti cng s bo rng h cng quyt khng chu lm xu. Mt s khc khng thm tu li cng s, hi th h tr li rng s b tr th, v bn chng i hm he t nh ri git nhng ai i lm. Vin ph tng yu cu ch tnh pht bn chng i mi a 8 ngy t v 10 ng tin v. ng Hi ng qun ht (thuc n v Tr Vinh, Cn Th, Sc Trng, Bc Liu) l H Bo Ton trnh by vi Thng c Nam k : Theo lut nh, mi ngi dn ch phi lm 2 ngy cng su nh (phn a ht) m thi. Nhiu ngi chuc cng su, chu ng 2 ngy l 5 cc cng vo tin thu thn ri. Nay bt h i lm xu th nh nc phi tr li 5 cc y cho h. Vic p l v hm t vt qu kh nng ca ngi dn v tn nhiu cng o t, t t, p t cho nh, ch n l ri tri ra vi m tro hm (tro than ci). Tm li, ch tnh Bc Liu qu st sng. Hi ng qun ht can thip ch v dn 2 lng ni trn gm 150 ngi ng n ku ni gi thng n Thng c Nam k, mt vic lm to bo lc by gi v h dm trc tip chng vin ch tnh Php l Chabrier. Dn a ra l l : Lm xu ch c 2 ngy theo lut m nay nh nc li bt hm t p l, lm 2 thng cha chc ri. Hn na, mun t cho xong 7 thc khi t, dn phi xut tin ti ra m mua ci. Nm ngoi (1901), nh nc bt lm xu mi ngi 2 thng (m theo lut nh th ch c 2 ngy) o kinh Bc Liu, C Mau m chng thy nh nc tr thm ng bc no. Lng Ha Bnh l ni thiu ci hm t, hm xong phi ch 10 cy s mi ti l xe. Cai tng v hng chc lng i hi l, ai lo lt 15 ng th khi lm xu, ngi ngho phi i lm v khng tin lo. Ngy 18/4/1902, dn trong 3 lng ko nhau n trc ca ta B. H b vin ph tng v bn lnh m t n p, nh ui. Dn lng gi lin tip 3 l n n Thng c Nam k t co : V chng quan Chnh b l quan trong a ht m hip vi tng m khc kh dn tnh lm, di n c 83 ngi k. Rt cuc, ch tnh l Chabrier b Thng c ry r v vic lm xu vt mc lut nh v xa thc t, t ry v sau phi trnh nhng vic tng t.
Vic p ng c tip tc. Ch tnh nhng b, h mc 7 thc khi t hm cn 2 thc khi v khoe khoang rng mi ngy huy ng t 10.000 n 12.000 dn xu p l ; theo ng ta th vic lm xu qu lut nh cng tng xy ra tnh Sc Trng. V Bc Liu ch c hai lng l phn nn m thi. Cha xong vic p l, nh nc li thc y vic o kinh Bc Liu, C Mau : dn lm xu c nh nc pht cho ru , v l thc ung hp v sinh. Vic lm xu tng l tai nn ln cho dn C Mau t khi ngi Php mi n : nm 1877, ph Ha bt dn 3 tng C Mau (Long Thy, Qung Long, Qung Xuyn) o kinh Bch Ngu ni qua pha nam Rch Gi, nh p dn ; nm 1881, t cho dn mn thy li trong kinh ny nhn dp bt dn xu ln th nh. Nm 1895, ma mng tht bt qu mc tng tng : Bc Liu v Sc Trng ch cn 1/10 hoa mu, ma qu nhiu ri gp i hn. V mc thu hoch ch cn 1/10 nn Hi ng qun ht ngh vi Thng c Nam k min thu in Bc Liu nm 1896 cho 46.000 mu rung, hu li st km ch cn nui sng dn trong tnh l 46.498 ngi. Trong s ny, c 11.484 dn b c bt thu thn tip tc lm xu o kinh Bc Liu, C Mau. Nm y o c 46 cy s (con kinh d nh o di 72 cy s). Cui nm 1895, cai tng Thnh Hng bo ng, lm n xin min thu vi Thng c Nam k : By gi dn khng bit i u ht v ni tng ti khng c la, n i kim n i. t rung ni chung th tp trung v pha ng gip qua Sc Trng, ni c ngi lm ch t lu. Dn mi n lp nghip ch cn vng t gn bin hoc t qu thp pha mi C Mau. Nm 1902, vi ngi khn t li ph sn, tr li cho nh nc v t khng hu li, khng sao ng thu c. Ngi n khn 160 mu Tn Hng, thiu thu ri b b t, hng chc lng dn yt th, rao bn t y b tin thu nhng chng ai thm mua. Lng Tn Thun pha C Mau khai vi quan trn : t ng khng c, lm t rng (tc l snh ly c rng mc) theo m sng, nc mn trn v lm h la, nc khng trn khi no ma mun. Tn Duyt, tr s t cao ro c ngi khn t xa th dn n lm rung t ry l t da nc, ch l v rng gn bin, a s t gn bin vng mi C Mau u l n a ng tt. Theo gi tr thng, mt mu t tt M Tho, G Cng tr gi t 200 ng n 300 ng trong khi t gi l t vng C Mau tr gi khng hn 100 ng. Nh quy ch mi ngi c khn 10 mu (gi l t cng nghip) nn dn t x lun c nhng ngi tht bi Rch Gi trong t khai thc u tin u r nhau n C Mau. Ni chung th t hoang tnh Bc Liu qu thp, c chn nc mn, ba bn nm u kh thu hu li. Mc trng thnh ca Bc Liu, C Mau khi chuyn mnh gp phn ln vo va la min Nam, c th nh du vo khong 1914, khi nh nc cho nghin cu o kinh Quan L, ni lin Phng Hip xung C Mau (gi Quan L v kinh ny khi u t rch Quan L). Nh m trong tng lai gn, la go vng Bc Liu, C Mau c ch v Si Gn theo ng thy, ngang qua Rch Gi, Cn Th ri Tr n, Vnh Long (Mn Tht)... Nm 1927, ngi Php ch lm ch Bc Liu chng 30.000 mu. Bc Liu tin sau cc tnh khc, nhng theo tc nhanh. Nm 1893, bn ra 316.000 t go. Nm 1921, bn ra 2.733.330 t. Nm 1927, din tch canh tc la go ca Bc Liu ng hng nh Nam k, ch sau Rch Gi. Nhng Bc Liu cn thm ngun li than c, rung mui, nht l rng trm v hi sn. n nm 1927, t rung chim 34 % din tch ca ton tnh Bc Liu v chim 49 % din tch ca ton tnh Rch Gi.
Trong thc t, vi trnh k thut v c cu x hi kinh t thi y, kh m khai thc nhiu hn. Bc Liu vo nm 1927, nhiu lng rng 20.000 mu ty, to hn mt tnh bc trung Nam k. ng u l lng Khnh An rng n 140.000 mu ty. Tuy nhin, ta khng nn c o tng l d to nn rung la ph nhiu : y l rng trm n a, dn khn hoang n tuy gan l nhng rt cuc phi ra i v ch thu c hu li duy nht l n ci lu thu, bn tng xung nh m i go n ngy qua ngy. Mt vi ging t cao th c ch t thi Gia Long tu quc ri.
2.5) Cn Th, u cu v th min Hu giang
Vng Cn Th thi Mc Thin T mang tn l Trn Giang, vo nm 1793. Mi n khi ngi Php xm chim, Cn Th l vng khng quan trng. Ngn rch Cn Th n thng qua sng Ci B ri ra vnh Xim La nhng khng r rt. i T c, i nam Nht thng ch m t khc ng y : Cui ng qua xun, nc kh bn cng ghe thuyn qua li khng c, t ma h qua ng, nc ma trn b th ghe thuyn ci ln trn c v bo m i, c trng theo pha t hay pha hu rng cy m nhn du ng. Ni y khng c bng ngi, c rt nhiu mui v a, ngi qua li rt kh s. Tm li, Cn Th ch ng c pha st b Hu giang. V giao thng v kinh t, t i h Mc n lc ngi Php n, la go Rch Gi v C Mau th xut cng cho nhng ghe Hi Nam vo ch C Mau v Rch Gi; la go Sc Trng v Ba Thc th bn theo ca Ba Thc (bn Php ghi l ca Tranh De, chc l do ch Trn Di, c tri ri m li). Vng Cn Th ch l nhng xm sung tc bn rch Cn Th v rch Bnh Thy, pha bc l vng Mn c t ging kh tt. i Gia Long, Cn Th thuc v huyn Vnh nh, nm Minh Mng th 13 (1832) nhp qua ph Tn Thnh (do Sa c cai qun). Vng Mn i T c (v c l t cc i trc) l khu vc t nhiu t tr ca ngi Min nn i nam Nht thng ch gi l th huyn. Thot tin ngi Php t Cn Th (vng rch Cn Th v Mn) l ht nhng khng quan trng bng ht Long Xuyn (ng Xuyn) hoc Sc Trng. Ngh nh ngy 30/4/1872 li t ra Tr n, phn t ca Cn Th nhp qua Tr n. Ht Tr n li b gii tn ri ngy 23/2/1876 ti lp ht Cn Th vi ch Cn Th l tnh l; Tr n ch cn vai tr qun l, nhng l qun l quan trng nht nh ca tnh. Php khng lm khi chn Tr n lm trung tm quan trng. Vic bn la go ra nc ngoi ln hi khng cn do cc hi cng C Mau, Rch Gi (pha vnh Xim La) hoc Bi Xu (b Hu giang) m nhn nh trc na. Ghe bum Hi Nam tuy to, ch nng nhng lm sao cnh tranh ni vi cc tu st, chy my ca Ty phng ti bn Si Gn. Tu my ch go qua Hng Cng vi gi vn nh hn. Du mun hay khng, la go min Sc Trng cng phi mn ng Tr n em bn ti Ch Ln. Rch Tr n ni qua sng Mn Tht bn Tin giang, con ng m trc kia Nguyn nh v Ty Sn ginh nhau quyn kim sot. Quan cai tr Php bit nhn xa : di tnh l v rch Cn Th th ch Cn Th tr thnh i a u quan trng, nm lun no thng thng th nh, cng ni t Hu giang qua Tin giang ln Si Gn, Ch Ln. l con ng t rch Ci Vn qua rch Nha Mn, pha Sa c. Li cn pha ty Cn Th l vng Rch Gi, C Mau bao la vi nhiu trin vng v la go, t hoang cha khai ph. Cn Th c kh hu tt, t hoang tuy cha c khai thc ng mc nhng l rng chi tha tht, khng nh rng trm nc mn pha Rch Gi, C Mau. Gia Cn Th, Sc Trng v ranh tnh Rch Gi cn mt cnh ng bt ngt, nc ngt, khng qu thp nh ng Thp Mi, khng qu snh ly v nhiu phn. l cnh ng sau ny tr thnh qun Phng Hip, y lau sy, c voi (voi n sy v lau). Thot tin ngi Php gi l ng Sy nhng v khai ph xong nn a danh ny khng cn thng dng nh trng hp ng Thp Mi hay rng trm U Minh. Rch Cn Th chy di ti Phong in, nh ca ng c. Rch Ci Rng l ni t tt. t rch Bnh Thy khng u snh bng; rch Cn Th v rch Bnh Thy nh ni
tip nhau cui ngn. Tuy khng l vn vt nh min Tin giang nhng dn hai con rch ny kh thun thc, thng hiu l ngha trai Nhn i, gi Long Xuyn. Thc dn Php nhm mc ch bin Cn Th thnh trung tm quan trng nm ging mi ng giao thng v Sc Trng, Bc Liu, Rch Gi, C Mau trong giai on m ng thy nm u th. V sau, sau trn th chin 19141918, nhng con l xe cng nhm phc v mc tiu chin lc ny. Phi qua Cn Th mi ln Si Gn c, a s la go gom v Cn Th v y l con ng vn ti ngn nht. Khi Php n, vng Ba Lng (nhnh ca rch Cn Th) l ni khi ngha ca inh Sm. inh Sm tht bi nhng vo thng 3/1870, chng 200 ngha qun t tp li n tic, chun b nh ta thm bin Cn Th. Thc dn pht gic kp, bt giam 141 ngi, trong s ny chng 55 ngi m thc dn cho l nguy him b ngh y ra Cn Nn hoc o Runion. Tham bin lc by gi l Alexandre dng dn a phng lm xu, ct nh l chung quanh nh lng ch bn hoc cho mn li. Theo bo co th Cn Th vic kin tha t ai xy ra qu nhiu chng t ngi dn thy tng lai sng sa ca ngh nng. Ch tnh ra lnh lp b in cho k hn thu thu. Nm 1887, t canh tc l 85.000 mu, so vi nm trc (khai ng thu) tng thm 17.000 mu. Din tch ca tnh l 205.000 mu, tc l cn li 110.000 mu c th canh tc. Dn ghi trong b chu thu trong ton tnh l 26.500 ngi. o kinh xng X No Kinh xng X No l cng trnh ln lao u tin ca Nam k v ng thy, c th so snh vi vic thit lp ng xe la Si Gn, M Tho v ng b. K thut Ty phng biu din vi tt c sc mnh v hiu nng. i Gia Long v Minh Mng, vua v cc quan nhn r vai tr quan trng ca kinh o i vi min Tin giang v Hu giang. Kinh Thoi H, kinh Vnh T l nhng cng trnh chin lc ng n, ni vnh Xim La qua Hu giang ri ln M Tho, Ch Ln, Si Gn. Ai cng bit o kinh th t ro phn, rung nng d khai ph, dn chng thch quy t ni sng su nc chy. Kinh xng X No ni Hu giang qua vnh Xim La, xuyn qua vng t tt v to rng gia nhnh sng Ci Ln v rch Cn Th (nhnh sng Ci Ln ni y gi l Rch Ci T). T nm 1866, nh nc dng xng m vt li rch Bn Lc v kinh Bo nh nhng kt qu cha c nh mun. Nm 1875, c Duperr cho o li kinh Ch Go v kinh Tr n, dng dn xu. Nm 1893, quan ton quyn De Lanessan cho u thu Paris. Cng ty Montvenoux trng thu vi gi l ba cc ri mt thc khi, trong thng u phi o 60.000 thc khi t v nng xut tng thm, trong thng th 25 phi o 200.000 thc khi. Sng kin o kinh X No trc tin do hai ngi Php l Duval v Gury nu ra v quyn li ch k. H thy t tt v rng nn xin trng khn. V khi cha c giy php trng khn chnh thc l h vn ng vi quan ton quyn Paul Doumer (17/5/1900). Ch tnh Cn Th cho bit l trc , nm 1896, o kinh Mn (ni ngn sng Ci B t Rch Gi qua Mn) dng dn xu nhng tm ngng v vng o kinh xy ra nn dch kh. Kinh X No nu o c th ch li v cng, gip khai thc hng my chc ngn mu t tt pha a phn Cn Th. Nhng Duval v Gury li mun nh nc o tht gp, trong vng mt nm cho xong v bt u o phn t m h ang xin trng khn (tc l khi u t khong gia) h thu li sm. Kinh va khi o l Gury c ngh nh ca Ton quyn ng Dng Paul Doumer cp cho khng mt s t tt vi din tch khng l l 2.500 mu nm trn vng o kinh,
ta lc ti lng Nhn Ngha, tng nh Bo, tnh Cn Th (ngh nh s 338 ngy 14/2/1901). Kinh X No o t 1901 n thng 7/1903 l xong, b ngang trn mt rng 60 mt, di y 40 mt tn ph 3.680.000 quan. Ln ny, nh thu s dng loi xng ln chy bng hi nc, vi nhng gin gu bng st. My ca xng mnh 350 m lc, mi gin mt c 375 lt, thi bn ra xa n 60 mt. Gin gu ca xng chy theo vng trn (nh xe p nc). T xa, chic xng ging nh chic chin hm, my chy vang rn sut nm ba cy s, mang theo mt s chuyn vin, nhn cng hng trm ngi. Dc theo hai bn b phi ch ci em ti sn, v xng t ni stde bng ci. Vi chuyn khi hi xy ra, mt s dn chy theo xng, dng thng m hng bn tm vng, nhng ch gp xng ngi xng th. Nhiu ngi cho rng c cm di l t y v phn mnh, v mnh n trc nht. Culi ca hng xng t tp, by ra nh bi, ung ru hoc i n cp, bn cprn o t th hm da nhng ch nh gn con kinh sp o tng tin, ai cho tin th nh ca, vn tc khi b o ngang. Bn chuyn vin ngi Php ng cao trn xng, h ht nh cc v ch huy chin hm. Khung cnh trm hng ny in su vo giai thoi thi y, tr thnh ca dao, chic xng ca Ty l sc mnh c kh v ch. L khnh thnh kinh X No l ngy trng i, c l l ln u tin m quan Ton quyn ng Dng chu t chn n min Hu giang. Quan li a phng, thn ho nhn s t cc tnh ln cn n t tu n rc, ban qun nhc t Si Gn n, li c t chc d v. Phn t m Duval v Gury trng khn thuc vo loi tt nht nh ca Nam k. Nhng nm 19081910, trong khi tnh Cn Th in ch bn x v in ch Php ru lo v nn i, nc ma dng qu cao th phn t ca Duval v Gury chng bao gi b l l nh st b kinh. in ca Gury mn bn cu qun nhn Php lm cai in vi sng ng hn hi, xt bt ghe xung qua li. Ai ch la lu th bn cai in c ch tnh cho php lp bin bn gii ta. Dn gn in v cc ch in ln cn u bc dc v th thc xt hi ny : la ca h b kim sot, khi cn mn ng nc i ngang qua in. Kinh o l ca nh nc, nhng bn in Ty xem nh l khu vc qun s ring ca h. Vo nhng nm u th k, Cn Th ngi Php v ngi Vit c Php tch lm ch 36.000 mu (1910). Dng nh ch c Duval v Gury l thnh cng nht, vi cng ty khc nh Socit des Rizires francoannamites, hoc MichelVillaz et Cie u l l, hoc c nhng t nhn nh Balmann ph sn. Cng ty Associaton Rizicole Indochinoise thnh hnh vo nm 1910, gi chuyn vin qua M quc nghin cu cc loi my cy thch hp ri cho mt k s canh nng l Alazard n Thi Lai ( Mn) mang theo my cy, my ba, my gieo m, xin chnh ph thuc a tr cp th nghim ci tin k thut nhng khng t kt qu kh quan. Tn Duquet th th nghim vic cy my vo ma nng, u nm 1911. T nhn Php sn sng gp tay vi nh nc trong in t ca h c kinh o cho ring h th li, dn xu phi tip tay (trng hp Sambuc v Belin tr cp 8.600 ng nhn dp o kinh Thi Lai). Nm 1907, phc v cho ma 19071908 nh nc thit lp Cn Th mt phng Dinh in nhm mc ch tm nhn cng cho cc in ca ngi Php Cn Th, m dn ngho Bc k vo. Nhng tp dn m ny v b quan li qu x cng bch, nn khi n Cn Th li lng cng, thiu thin ch. Rt cuc, nh nc tr h v qu khi chu tn km v cm go. Phng Dinh in bn kin nhn th nghim ln th nh, nh quan Cng s tnh Thi Bnh chn la k lng hn, nhm khn hoang vng Phng Hip. Ngi ng mt phi k
giao ko chu Nam k t nht l 3 nm, mi gia trng khi n Cn Th c tm cp 4 mu t, 5 nm sau tr thnh s hu ch, trong giai an khai thc u tin c min 5 nm khi ng thu in v thu thn. Sau ny, t bn li vi gi r cho ngi khai thc, li cn gip c th v tin bc sm qun o, nng c. ch thn vin u phng Dinh in ra ti tnh Thi Bnh k giao ko vi cc gia trng chu vo Cn Th nhng lm sao vin chc ny bit r cch thc tuyn m ca quan Cng s tnh Thi Bnh ? t ngi vo Nam ny gn nh b quan trn bt buc phi i, gm c : 84 gia nh tng cng 328 ngi, chia ra 84 ngi cha, 85 ngi m, 122 tr con, 37 ngi ln tui. Cui thng 5/1908, h vo Cn Th, a n vng Phng Hip (by gi cn hoang vu) c 8 ngy l pht go, 15 ngy l pht tin. H lng cng, mt s chu lm lng nhng khng quen k thut lm rung a phng, mt s ng th trn, b v con. Theo bo co ca quan huyn Rch Gi th tp ngi ng m ny ch gm chng 5 hay 6 ngi l nng dn, cn bao nhiu l dn m vin chc ngoi Bc c la vo Nam, tp nhp, theo kiu bt phu. V th m cuc di dn khng thu c kt qu g ro. T thng 12/1908 n thng 4/1909, h ln lt b a v Bc, cn st li 19 ngi ang t, v bt ho (phc trnh hng nm v tnh hnh tng qut tnh Cn Th, nin kha 19081909 ca ch tnh L. de Natra). Trong t di dn u tin, 50 ngi gi l cu li Bc k ti in ca Duval v Gury vi mt vin i v 2 ngi cai canh chng, nh nc yu cu ch in cho lnh lng hi cao mt t h sing nng lm vic. Nn hiu cuc dinh in ca Php ch l m phng vng v hnh thc lp p i T c. y l hnh thc n l tr hnh, b tht bi v thiu chnh ngha. Cu ht Ci Rng, Ba Lng, Vm Xng, Phong in. Anh thng em cho bc cho tin, ng cho la go xm ring h hay phn nh tm trng lc quan ca ngi dn thi y. Vm Xng (vm ca kinh Xng) l ni kinh X No khi u bn pha Cn Th (X No, Srok Snor, xm c nhiu cy in in). Ng ba ny tr nn tp np, ghe xung u ch con nc thun li m qua Rch Gi hay ra ch Cn Th. Nm 1908, hng chc lng Nhn i ng n xin lp ch, gi l ch Vm Xng thu hu li cho lng. Mt thn ho tnh nguyn cho lng khonh t ct ch, nh canh v ph. V sau, nh tc tch a phn ny qua lng Nhn Ngha. Hng chc lng Nhn i li phn i, ly l do : Lng Nhn i ny l ca ng b cha m chng ti lp ra hn mt trm nm nay, nn lun lun rt bnh an, nu ct t ch m nhp qua lng khc, e h phong thy (nhng tht ra hng chc lng mt dp lm n). Nm 1913, mt thn ho khc li tng cho lng s t 880 thc vung ct nh trng lng dy tr con hc hnh phong ha. La t pha Rch Gi theo kinh X No ch ra ch Ci Rng, do ngi Hu kiu mua v, mn nh my xay ra go ti ch trc khi em v Ch Ln m xut cng. Nh , ch Ci Rng tr thnh kho la go to ln vi nhiu dch v mua bn m ngi Hu kiu thao tng trn th trng ni a. Nm 1908, ch Ci Rng sung tc n mc hng chc hi t s ti bn ci sn nh lng ch cho lng Thi Thnh mua ci sn nh ch khc, to v chc chn hn. Vo u nm 1911, nhiu ngi by ra sng kin lp chnh, thot tin chnh ct bng l. V cng nm ny, cng ty Asiatic Petroleum xin php ct cy cu st di 15 mt ti bn Ci Rng cho tu ch du cp bn d dng hn. Cuc tranh u ca tr thc Cn Th y l phong tro Duy Tn (gi l cuc Minh Tn) do Gilbert Trn Chnh Chiu cm u.
Cn Th l ni m gii in ch Vit c truyn thng vn ha cao, tuy km cc tnh min trn nh M Tho, Tn An nhng ng vo hng u cc tnh Hu giang. Ngi Cn Th lin lc d dng vi cc tnh min trn. c bit l gii cng chc Cn Th c tinh thn dn tc, n mc khin thc dn Php phi kh ngh, lo ngi. Phong tro ng Du li cun con nh kh gi Bnh Thy v Tr n (ni gip ranh vng Tam Bnh). Lo s Nguyn Gic Nguyn cha Nam Nh (cha Minh S, Bnh Thy) c ng Cng phong cho chc ch tnh Cn Th nu vic ln c thnh. V mt cng khai, phong tro Duy Tn kh rm r. Nhn s yu nc thi by gi lp Hi khuyn hc Cn Th vo ngy 23/3/1906. Trn iu l, mc ch ca hi l gip hi vin hc hi trau gii kin thc v ngn ng, vn ha ca nc Php bng mi phng tin. Hi trng hi ny l V Vn Thm, hai ng ph Hi trng l H Hng Nhng v Nguyn Ho Vn. V ch thnh phn Hi khuyn hc Si Gn lc by gi km tch cc v cng v mun hot ng ring nn Hi Cn Th khng tn thnh vic gia nhp vo Hi khuyn hc Si Gn (20 phiu chng, 2 phiu thun). ng Nguyn Ho Vn l chin s c lc ca phong tro Duy Tn. V sau, khi v n Gilbert Chiu phanh phui ra, ng b cch chc vo ngy 19/4/1909 (ng l th k hng nht). V ba ngy sau thc dn cng cch chc ng tri ph Nguyn Cng Lun Sa c, ng Hunh Cng Bn, tri ph Cai Ly, ng Phm Vn By, tri huyn ch M Tho b can ng mt ti. Tuy nhin, v khng dm khuy ng qu mc, thc dn lc by gi c thi tng i ha hn, ng Nguyn Vn Ho rt a con trai ang du hc bn Nht v, cho tip tc hc ti Saint Joseph English College Hong Kong (y l ng Nguyn Ho Vnh, c cng trong vic chn hng ngnh xut bn sch min Nam). Trong bi din vn c k i hi ca Hi khuyn hc Cn Th ngy 10/1/1908, ng Hi trng V Vn Thm cng khai cao tinh thn dn tc, c xy ngi Vit nn hng hi, bt li bing, ng ln tranh thng vi Hoa kiu v n kiu, v trong hin ti, h n nang ngi Vit. Li l trong bi din vn ny khng dnh dp g vi mc ch ca Hi l ph bin vn ha Php c. Khi bo co cho Thng c Nam k v tnh hnh trong tnh, ln lt cc vin ch tnh Cn Th th nhn nh sau : Bo co nm 19081909 ca L. de Natra : Ch tnh Cn Th hi nm ngoi nhn nh rng v n Gilbert Chiu v ng bn khng gy phn ng g r rt i vi nhn tm trong tnh. Tuy nhin, ta phi nhn nhn rng mt s ng k lin can trong v n u l qu qun Cn Th. H ang b giam ch ngy ra trc ta n M Tho... Ch tnh de Natra ni l nhng bin c nm 1908 chng minh mt cch kh r rt rng dn Nam k by lu ch lo lm n v cu mong c yn n, li b xi gic. a s ngi i xi dc ny u l nhng k th n nh nc Php. Ngi bn x, m ta c th tin cy l trung thnh vi ch tm mi cch m h c th c c chun b khi lon. Bo co nm 19091910 : T khi xy ra v n Gilbert Chiu ti nay, chng c s vic g ni bt, ng ghi... Nhng khi tip xc vi ngi bn x, ngay n nhng ngi tng phc v nh nc Php mt cch hu ch, ta phi git mnh v thi ch trch ca h i vi tt c nhng g lin quan n chnh quyn thuc a, mt li ch trch ma mai, cay c. Bo co nm 19101911 : Khng c cuc bin lon, khng c s bc l c th no xy ra. Tuy nhin, di b ngoi yn n ny ta nhn ra mt cch d dng l cn mt phn ca dn chng may thay s ngi ny khng ng o cho lm h c thi i lp v thi ch trch khng nhn nhng, tn gc, i vi tt c nhng g ca chnh quyn, nhng g xut pht t pha ngi Php. Gilbert Chiu c ta x min t, v vy m h cng lng ly hn, li cn mt s ngi ng la trong v n cng c min t. Dn trong tnh sc ng thu, nhng tnh hnh bn Mn Chu c nh hng ton ci Vin ng. Cm u
nhm chng i chnh quyn, c nhiu vin th k hoc quan li b cch chc, h ang sng ngy qua ngy. Thin a Hi pht trin c bit vng Rch Gi. Thng 5/1909, nh nc pht gic t 3 n 400 ngi gia nhp hi, chng 15 ngi cm u b a ra ta. Nm 19101911, ch tnh Cn Th li bc mnh v sau 50 nm thng tr ca ngi Php m nhng hi nh th y ti sao li c th tn ti v pht trin ? Theo vin ch tnh ny, l do chnh l s bt lc ca cc ta n x pht qu nh nn dn khng s. Mt ti liu khm ph t chc Thin a Hi vng Cn Th thuc v Ngha Ha on (gi theo ging Tu l D Ha). V cch t chc th ging nh cc nhm Thin a Hi khc, vi ch soi, ph ch soi, chnh ch hng, ph ch hng. Hi vin ly b danh, theo h ca cc v ng t thi trc nh Vn Vn Long, Hng Vn Chng. Ch tr mt s ngi Hu kiu lm chnh ch soi, cn bao nhiu u l hng chc. c bit l v chc v tho hi, hng cn, bch phin, c ring mt ngi l v bch phin, mt ngi l vn bch phin, vn tho hi, v tho hi. Phi chng h ch trng n vn qun s khi ngha trong ngy gn nht ? Vo nhng nm 1907, vng bin gii tnh Cn Th xy ra nn cp bc, chuyn nh ghe bun v nhng ch in ni ho lnh. Cn Th gm t ai hai bn b Hu giang, gia sng li c c lao, bn cp honh hnh ni gip ranh vi Sc Trng, Vnh Long, Long Xuyn, Rch Gi. Cm u bn cp gm nhng tay kht ting y bn lnh, ni danh nht l Su Nh. Theo lnh ca cp trn, cc lng c php truy n bn cp qua lng bn cnh, mc du khc tnh. V bn cha ng ln hi sa li nn cc v cp gim ln t 43 v, khong 19061907, st cn 14 v, khong 19081909. L xe, ch ph v trung tm ng by (Phng Hip) Nhiu con kinh tip tc o ni lin cc rch nh trong tnh, quan trng nht l cng trnh m mang ng giao thng cnh ng Phng Hip m trc kia ngi Php gi l Plaine des Roseaux. t Cn Th pha t ngn Hu giang c dn c t lu. Pha hu ngn l t tt tuy hoang vu y lau sy nhng du sao i na vi a th tng i cao (so vi Chu c hoc Rch Gi), vi ph sa nc ngt (d trng hoa mu ph), nht l gn ng giao thng v Si Gn (la bn c gi) th vn l ni l tng m ai cng mun bm vo, khng xong th mi xung Rch Gi, C Mau l ni t thp, nhiu mui mng. Lit k vic o kinh tnh Cn Th l iu rc ri v nhiu con kinh o t u, ri t nh ni di ri m rng, ri vt li cho su nhiu lt. Nn ch l s dn xu dng vo vic o kinh nh kh nhiu, cc kh nht l dn vng Rch Gi (v sau qun l di v Ng By, Phng Hip). Chuyn vin thy nng nghin cu khng chnh xc. Lm vng t lm rung c, nhng bng nhin li tr thnh t thp, b ngp lt trin min ch v nh hng ca my con kinh o ln cn. Trong trng hp y, dn lng v in ch phi t nguyn xin lm xu, o thm kinh ph cu nguy cho rung t ca mnh. o kinh Tr t (1902), o kinh B Thm qua Tn Lc (1899), vt li nm 1904. o kinh t ngn Ci B qua Tht Nt t 1908 n 1910. Vt kinh Nhiu S ni lin B Ht qua Sa c (1909). Vt kinh Vm Bi (19091910), iu chnh li kinh Mn qua ngn sng Ci B (19111912). o kinh Xo Vng (19081912). Nm 1911, vo ngy 9/4, qun Rch Gi c n 2150 dn xu lm vic thng trc o kinh. Ring v rch ng Ry (ni qua Rch Gi) dng n 1230 dn xu. Nm 1910, qun Mn cung cp 3250 dn xu (nh Thi : 1130 ngi, Thi Bo : 2120 ngi). Vic
o kinh khng theo nguyn tc m lut l nh (5 ngy) nhng l lm khon, trung bnh mi chuyn lm xu, mi ngi phi o cho xong chng 15 thc khi t. Nm 1909, mt k hoch c ch li thc t c thc hin, l o con kinh ngn, ct ngang c lao My ghe ch la t pha Phng Hip i tt qua vm Tr n, khi i vng quanh phn na c lao nh trc. L xe t Cn Th i Sc Trng, i Long Xuyn, i Vnh Long c p t t, dng dn xu v cu li mn r tin, t nm 1908 v sau. By gi cha c h l chy my nn dn phi thay phin nhau y ng cn cn . ti bn th dng sc ngi y xe ra trn ng ry bng st m a ti ch cn, hao tn sc lc. Khi lm ng l, c cai v i lc l trng coi, ai li bing th b ry la, ai mun trn v nh th c lo hi l. Nh nc pht chng 4 cc bc mi ngy, nhng tin ny thng b n bt. Cnh ng Phng Hip ln hi c nhiu kinh quy t v mt trung tm, gi l Ng By. Voi rng b bn cht, mt m th b my thy ngi t Nam Vang ti bt; nh nc xut ra 241 ng thng my thy ngi ny. C th ni khong 19081909 l nhng nm lc quan nht v mt pht trin, xy dng c cu kinh t : ct xong nh ch (ch c) ti ch Cn Th, rp nh lng ch mi Ci Rng, nh lng ch Ci Rng th bn cho ch Mn, nh lng ch Mn th bn cho ch nh hn l ch Rch Gi. Cui nm 1910, nh thu cn xong b sng Cn Th (ch vm rch Ci Kh) : cn bng c cy, lt v st, trng ximng bn ngoi cho nc khng lm l v ng thi cn lun b sng ti ch. Nm 1911, chnh n li my mi tu rch Ci Vn Ln, Ci Vn B v b rch Tr n. My no yt hu ny l ng ch la go t Hu giang qua Tin giang; dng k thut c bit, cn tng cc ximng cng (gi l cuirasse Decauville) khi b nc xoy lm l b. Nm 1908, ch tnh Outrey a ra k hoch bin Phng Hip tr thnh mt thng cng. Xng o thm con kinh ni Phng Hip vi Sc Trng, nm 1901. By lu, la t C Mau ch ln M Tho ri ln Si Gn theo con ng quanh co, khng thun li : t C Mau theo kinh ln Bc Liu, qua C C, Sc Trng, ra i Ngi, vt Hu giang ri theo con rch Tiu Cn n Lng Th, ri qua Tin giang n M Cy, qua Bn Tre ri M Tho. Nm 1914, k hoch o kinh Quan L c nghin cu v thi hnh gp, ni lin C Mau thng ln Phng Hip t qua Ci Cn ri qua Tr n, con ng rt ngn hn nhiu. Ngoi ra, hai b kinh Quan L s quy t dn n khn t, nh nc thm li. Nm 1915, qun l Rch Gi di n Ng By, Phng Hip, gi l qun Phng Hip. y l qun thnh hnh gia vng lau sy hoang vu, sau 10 nm o kinh xng, nm trn ng thy t C Mau ra Hu giang, em la v sn phm ln Si Gn. Trn nhng nt chnh, vic khn hoang c hon tt, khi ng thy nm u th. Qua trn th chin th nht, ng b bt u pht trin. Cn Th vn nm ging mi ca cc tnh giu c nh Sc Trng, Bc Liu (v C Mau). ng thi phn na tnh Rch Gi cng nh Cn Th m n Si Gn theo ng b ngn nht. Nh dn ng c nn vic gio hun Cn Th pht trin mnh hn cc tnh khc Hu giang. Nm 1903, lp trng n tiu hc vi mt n gio vin ngi Php cai qun, trng dy thm mn thu tha v c bn my may biu din cho hc sinh v cha m hc sinh xem. T nm 1910, dn Cn Th v Tr n c xem chiu bng (chiu bng cm) do nhm Batisson cho chiu lu ng nhng phim ngn, khi hi hoc thi s khoa hc. Nm
1917, An H nht bo ra i ti Cn Th, l n bn ch Vit ca t Courrier de lOuest cng ra mt ti Cn Th. Nm 1926, trng Trung hc Cn Th nhn hc sinh nm u tin (lp th nht).
2.6) Nhng triu chng bt n
Vic khai thc t ai Nam k em li ngun li ng k cho thc dn : bn t cng th, thu thm thu in, thu thu xut cng la go, dn tiu th thm hng ha nhp cng. Sau trn th chin th nht, a v ngi Php thuc a c cng c hn. Nc Php thng trn, cc nc ng Dng gp phn gip mu quc vi con s kh c th : Trong 1000 dn, ng c 5 ngi sang Php (c 2 ngi lm lnh chin, 2 ngi lm lnh th). Tnh ng, mi ngi dn ng Dng gi gip sang Php l 2 cc, trch trong qu ca ngn sch ng Dng cn d li. Nm 1916, quan ton quyn Charles cho Php bng tin v bng go tr gi 3 triu bc. Gn hi nh chin, ng Dng cho Php vay li 30 triu bc. Tin quyn tr cho Php li 600 triu bc. Sau nm 1919, nn kinh t ng Dng thm di do nh chnh sch u t. Nm 1921, Php cho mt tp on ti phit (trong c ng Dng Ngn Hng) th nghin cu vic ni lin ng xe la t Si Gn ln Battambang (Batambang l tnh nhiu la go d xut cng) v ng xe la ni lin t M Tho n Bc Liu nhng ch l k hoch d dang trn giy. Mc sn xut Nam k t nm 1920 n 1927 trung bnh trn hai triu tn mi nm, cao nht l nm 1927 vi 2.291.333 tn. So vi 1926 th ma 1927 cc tnh min Ty din tch canh tc tng thm 72.440 mu (Vnh Long, Sa c, Long Xuyn, Chu c, Tr Vinh, Cn Th, Sc Trng, Rch Gi, Bc Liu). Cc tnh cn li ca Nam k ch tng chng 16.000 mu. Mc gia tng ny t c nh s thnh cng ln ca ging la s em kt qu tt Long Xuyn. Ring tnh Chu c, tng thm n 5000 mu la s v 9500 mu la ba trng. Con kinh Ci Sn o xong, l xe Rch Gi Long Xuyn thnh hnh bt u cho lu thng vo nm 1929, gip cho cnh ng Ci Sn d khai thc sut 60 cy s ngn.. Ti khu vc Bnh ng Bnh Ty, ngi Hu kiu lc quan ti mc lm pht nh my xay la go : nm 1925 c 46 nh my c ln, nm 1927 n 66. Cuc khng hong kinh t bt u c nh hng i vi ng Dng t gia nm 1930. c im ca cuc khng hong ny l la go vn c th bn ra c, c ni tiu th nhng vi gi qu r. Gi go ti Si Gn st ln t 13,30 ng mi 100 k l (vo thng 4/1930) cn 3,20 ng (vo thng 11/1933). Theo P. Bernard, go mt gi t 72 n 76 % so vi lc trc. Nhng trong thc t ta thy khc hn : Nm 1928, la bn mt gi (40 lt) l 1,2 ng, theo bi v Nc Nn la th mt gi bn th ng hai. Nm 1933, vo thng 12, phi b Nam k i Hi ng kinh t l ti ng Dng nh in cho B Thuc a rng Dn chng i kht lm than... la bn 1 cc (1 gi) Nam k. Nguy c ln li xy ra cho in ch Vit v lun c in ch Php. c bit l in ch Vit by lu thiu n qu nhiu ca nh Bng hoc ca Ch Chetty, vi giy t v nhng iu kin c bit. Vay bng tin th phi tr bng tin, ch khng c tr bng la. Ngy trc, khi cha c kinh t khng hong, mun thanh ton 1200 ng bc tr tin li n,
ch cn bn 1000 gi la. Nm 1933, mun thanh ton s n trn phi bn n 12.000 gi la, tc l 12 ln nhiu hn, mt s la m khng bao gi ch in c d ni. Tiu in ch vay n ca i in ch vi iu kin ngt ngho hn. H nh chu mt t tr n. Mt s ln in ch nh chu pht mi t. Theo bc s Trn Nh Ln cng l hi ng qun ht (qu Rch Gi, nn am hiu tnh th kh c th) th vo nm 1933 n ca in ch thiu nh Bng v Ch Chetty ln ti 65 triu ng nhng nh nc ch cho vay li trong thc t c 5 triu. S 5 triu ny, nh nc khng a ra bc mt nhng cho in ch mn trn nguyn tc, tr n s m in ch thiu nh nc khi mua t cng th (trong khong 1921 n 1930, chnh ph bn cho in ch 4.987.167 ng v t cng th). Hu giang, ngay trong khi nn cai tr cn vng mnh, hai bin c ln lm lung lay chnh sch khn t ca thc dn Php : v Ninh Thnh Li Rch Gi v v Nc Nn Bc Liu vo nhng nm 1927 v 1928. Bo ch Si Gn ni nhiu, cc chnh khch quc gia thuc ng Lp Hin cng ln n thc dn. V Ninh Thnh Li lm cho 17 ngi Min cht v thc dn tn st. V Nc Nn khin cho 4 ngi Vit Nam cht. H l nhng tiu in ch, h t ng chng c vi thc dn, tuyt nhin khng ai xi dc; lc by gi min Nam cha c ng Cng Sn. Khuyt im cn bn ca nc ta hi thi T c l chnh sch b quan ta cng, v vy m la bn khng c gi. Ngi dn ch lm rung trong mc n. in ch th cho vay ly a t ng thu cho triu nh v dnh dm tin bc m n xi, hng th c nhn, sm vng li cho con chu, lp vng tc dng gi, nu d th u t vo vic mua thm t rung. Thc dn Php cho p dng chnh sch thng thng, pht trin xut cng, tm th trng mi cho la go Nam k vi nhng tu my ch chuyn nhanh v nhiu. Gi go tng gp 5 ln so vi thi T c. l l do chnh yu khin cho dn chng ln hi sng an phn v c phn vui v vi Tn tro, cc lnh t cm u ngha qun vi mc ch ph vua ln hi chng cn ai theo. Nhng vic m mang thng cng Si Gn v pht trin thng mi, thu vt ti nguyn v li dng nhn cng r ca thc dn Php gy thm nhiu mu thun trong nc : Phong tro Hi kn thnh hnh theo kiu Thin a Hi, lin kt c mt s nng dn c k th vi vn ha Ty phng. Pht gio Bu Sn K Hng vng Tht Sn pht trin thm. Mt lc lng ng k cng tp hp ngay trong thnh ph Si Gn gm nhng nng dn cha thch ng c vi hon cnh mi, v vy m xy ra hai cuc khi lon nm 1913 v 1916 Nam k (Si Gn, Ch Ln v nhiu tnh). Phong tro Duy Tn (gi l cuc Minh Tn) cng vic vn ng ng Du nh du giai on tranh u phi hp vi ton quc. Nam k l ni c nhiu in ch v cng chc sang giu. H khng mun b thc dn Php km hm bng mt chnh sch b quan ta cng mi, v mt tinh thn : Hong thn Cng c l c ngi Nam k i m nhiu, so vi min Trung hay Bc. Nhng ngi Nht phn bi, nhn s v in ch Nam k thy rng vng ngoi l bt thnh. Ngy no cn thc dn Php th h khng th no pht trin k ngh bn x hoc nm vic ni ngoi thng c. Phong tro b dp tt nhng d m c vang dy. Thc dn rt lng tng v s xut hin ca i o Tam K Ph : n p th kh v y l mt tn gio c hin i ha, nhng cho pht trin th e c hi v trong tn gio c ni dung dn tc ny, vi cu chin s ca phong tro Duy Tn li ng vai tr quan trng.
Vic u t ca thc dn Php khin pht trin thm mt vi hng xng nhng quan trng nht l nhng cng ty n in cao su vi s nhn cng cc kh, thua st thn phn ngi t in. y l lc lng ln, tp trung, kh km hm. Vic khai ha ca nc Php v hnh thc l cho du nhp nhng t tng t do, dn ch v t tng x hi ca Ty phng, ng thi cng chp nhn vic cho php thanh nin Vit Nam du hc sang Php nu ngn cm khng cho h sang Nht. m thanh nin ny v nc, tuy mt s h bi, nhng cn mt s khc tr thnh tai ha khng nh. H tranh u, dng nhng phng tin mi, thp nht l hnh thc ra bo ch. Ngy xa, khi ng C Tr chm bim Tn tro, khi ng Chiu lm th ca ngi ho kh t nc th ch mt s t ngi bit. Nhng vi hai v Ninh Thnh Li v Nc Nn vo nm 1927 v 1928, ln u tin ton Nam k v cc nh kho cu Php phi git mnh, nh vai tr ca bo ch. Hai bin c trn l vic bc pht t ng, chng t ngi lu dn Rch Gi, C Mau tuy xa xi, trnh vn ha km nhng trng thnh, c ngi Vit ln ngi Min. Lch s khn hoang min Nam t ra cng gip ta thy c mt thc t. thc dn tc pht trin mnh khi sinh hot lng xm thnh nn np v sinh hot vt cht c tm n nh. Nu khi ngi Php chim Nam k vo cui th k 19, vng Ba Ging c ni danh l nh t xa, gi l a linh, th k t cuc kinh t khng hong 19301933 ngi bnh dn Rch Gi, C Mau cng bt u theo di chuyn Nht nh Mn Chu, v Thng Hi, Ng Tng qua bo ch, qua li thut li ca mt vi thy gio lng t Sa c, Tam Bnh thuyn chuyn xung. H thy ch Php qu l khng hp thi. H hiu r khi cho o kinh xng, m mang l xe, thc dn c dng tm g. V bin php hu hiu nht cho ngi trong va la min Nam c hnh phc khng phi l ct Nam k ra lp mt tiu quc, ri khng ly tin thu ca dn Nam k m em ti tr cho ngn sch ng Dng, dnh tin thu ca ngi Nam k cho ring ngi Nam k xi, nh mt chnh sch ca ng Lp Hin xng cho Php Vit hu. Cc chin s Phan Bi Chu, Phan Chu Trinh, Nguyn An Ninh a ra bin php tch cc, hp vi thc trng ca dn tc hn.
Ph Lc
Ngi Php c m nhm nhng rc ri xy ra trong vic phn phi t ai. Thu y, ngi dn thp c b ming ch c th ku ni v nu em phn x th ngi dn khng rnh lut l lun lun b tht kin. Hi ng phi vin i xt t gm ton l vin chc, thn ho ca tnh, qun, tng v lng. L li lm vic ca Hi ng ny tuy ni l quan st ti ch, ghi vo bin bn rnh mch nhng h ch ngi ti cng s lng, vi lnh m t bo v. Lng mc Hu giang qu rng, du thin ch cc vin chc cng kh li bn snh, phi nng dm ma hng i ba cy s di rung xem u l ranh gii tng s t. Trn nguyn tc, nh nc Php t ho l dnh nhiu d di cho dn, pht trin ch tiu in ch hn l ch i in ch nhng trong thc t li khc. D lun ca mi gii k c d lun ca nhng tay thc dn Php xc ng khi Hu giang xy ra hai bin c quan trng v quyn s hu t rung : V Ninh Thnh Li, nm 1927 Rch Gi. V Nc Nn, nm 1928 Bc Liu. Lc by gi t nhng t bo thn chnh quyn, ng h thc dn n bo c xu hng n ha u ln ting v nhng l do sau y : Nn nhn l nhng ngi ch th lm n, tuyt nhin khng c nhng ngi lm chnh tr xi dc. H ch mun bo v phn t rung m h khai thc t lu. Nhng ngi phm ti tm mi cch ku ni trong mc c gng ti a ca h. Thnh phn x hi ca nhng b can l in ch ln hoc nh, ch khng phi l t in hoc bn c nng. H khng bao gi nu khu hiu chng ch thc dn Php hoc a yu sch gim cho ngi khc, nhm mc ch khuy ng thnh mt phong tro lan rng. B my n p ca thc dn Php qu st sng, trng pht qu ng thay v dng bin php t tn xng mu hn. Lut l m thc dn by lu a ra v vn khn t ch l nhng cm by cho k lng thin sp xung d dng. Thc dn nh th nhn s thiu st v mt nghin cu tm l dn Vit, cng nh tm l ngi Min. Hai v Nc Nn v Ninh Thnh Li vi phm n nhng nguyn l thp nht v lng nhn o : C th ni l chng mt ai dm binh vc thi ca thc dn, mc du tn thnh ngm ngm ch y trong mt mc no . Nh bo ch tng thut v qung b tin tc, d lun xc ng mnh, cc chin s quc gia dng dp ny m ch trch chnh sch ca thc dn; n ha nh ng Bi Quang Chiu m cng phi ln ting. Cc ti liu hoc sch nghin cu ca ngi Php sau ny khng dm b qun hai bin c ni trn nhng h ch cp vn tt trong vi hng, hoc c gim thiu tm quan trng. Nhiu giai thoi c ph bin truyn khu nn hai v n trn ln hi tr thnh chuyn truyn k, ngi thut li c th v tnh hay c thm tht chi tit hoc sa i ni dung. Chng ti th ghi li nhng nt chnh. V n Ninh Thnh Li Ti liu cn cn m chng ti s dng l bn phc trnh ca Thng c Nam k Blanchard de la Brosse gi ln Ton quyn ng Dng, ngy 28/5/1927.
Lng Ninh Thnh Li (qun Phc Long, tnh Rch Gi) trc kia l vng t thp v phn, c mc hoang vu, trn my ging cao ro th ngi Min lm n lu i. T khi o kinh Quan L Phng Hip ni C Mau n Ng By (Cn Th), dn ti khai khn hai bn b ngy cng ng c, lp ra qun Phc Long (khi trc lng ny thuc v qun Long M). Thi ng cu tuy l dng chnh sch ng ha nhng vua cha nh Nguyn dnh cho ngi Min Nam k nhiu quyn t tr : t ai ca h th h gn gi, thy li (hu li c tm di sng rch) thuc v h hng. Ngi Php lc mi xm chim gp nhiu sc Min kh ng c nn vi kt lun l ngi Vit khng c ti thc dn, v nhng vng chung quanh xm Min hy cn nguyn vn, hoang vu. Theo lut thng dng ca ngi Cao Min t xa th ngi dn c quyn t do canh tc ni no h mun; h c n cy cy ni vng t hoang. Nu c ngi canh tc t trc th phi i khi no t b hoang trong 3 nm lin tip, k khc mi c chim hu. Lut l phin phc v khn t m ngi Php ban hnh lm o ln tnh th. Vi cng ho tha c hi lp b mi chim ot, ln t ngi Min nhng ngi Vit Nam vn thua ngi Php v phng din ny. Nm 1922, mt ngi Php l BeauvilleEynaud dng th on hp php nhng bp bm, cho tay em ng tn xin khn t trong lng Ninh Thnh Li ri hn mua li nhng bin lai xin khn y. Kt qu l hn tr thnh ngi ch in ln, chim n 9/10 din tch ca lng. Nhng trc li thnh on ca dn Min, tn Eynaud phi tr t li, dn lng lc by gi ku ni tn quan Thng c Nam k v Hi ng qun ht. Nhng mt ngi x trng (Hu kiu lai) vn gi nhiu th lc trong lng. ng ta vn l tay sai thn tn ca tn BeauvilleEynaud chim t do n. Ngoi ra, x trng ny cng l ngi thn tn ca cai tng Tr. K hoch chim 9/10 t ai ca lng Ninh Thnh Li tht bi. Nhng ln sau, tip tc k hoch ny l cai tng Tr. Vin cai tng ny lm vic chm ri v thm him hn, cho tay em l x trng lm giy t trng khn tng s t nh, do m mt phn t ca ng ch Cht b st m. ng ch Cht bn kin vin x trng v thng kin. ng ch Cht, ngi cm u cuc khi lon l in ch gc Tu lai Min. Trong lng c tt c chng 900 dn inh, i a s l ngi Min. Ch Cht ng b 300 mu t rung, gp a t v cho vay n li, mi nm thu c 15.000 gi la. Vo u thng 5/1927, ch Ch (ngi Php phin m l Chok) bt u ra tay. Hng chc lng ln cn v lnh m t qun l Phc Long cng ch in Php u ch n nhng cuc hi hp bt thng, trong c ch Cht, Mc (em r ca ng ta) v mt ngi thy ba tn l C Cui m nhiu ngi cho rng em ca ch Cht. H t hp chng 40 ngi, lm l cng, pht ba, khoe rng h eo vo ngi l sng bn khng lng. Bn tay em mc qun o trng, my ngi lnh t th mang c x nhiu mu. H c hnh lin tip nhiu cuc l khc, thay i a im trong lng hoc lng gip ranh, phi chng vi mc ch cng c tinh thn bn tay em v thu np thm ngi mi ? Mi vic din ra m thm, khng xc phm n ti sn hay tnh mng ai c. Mt bin c nh li xy ra. Khi ch Cht v bn tay em lm l trn phn t ai ca n in Mzin (tn thc dn ni danh v khai thc rng trm, gn nh c quyn) th tn cai in ca Mzin bn th oai, cm sng a ln nh hm da bt buc ch Cht phi gii tn (cai in ca Php c quyn gi sng). Bn ch Cht v tay em lin phn ng ngay, bt sng bn ngi t in trn phn t ca Mzin ri em v lnh th ca mnh.
Tn cai in hong ht bn nh in cho ch tnh Rch Gi m bo nguy (y l lng gn qun l). Trong khi , ch Cht v ng bn tr v so huyt. l cn nh ln ca ng ta, hai bn l lm la v nh cho bn lm cng , ngoi ra cn tch tr sn no dao mc, no phng pht c ko c thng tr thnh loi gm bn ! Mt cuc l khc din ra. C Cui lm php, cu khn vi thn linh. By gi o Cao i btn u pht trin n Hu giang, hng chc my lng ln cn suy lun qua sc phc trng ca bn tay em, cho l hnh thc ging nh o Cao i. C l ch Cht v ng bn mun lp mt tn gio mi, th thi. Bc in tn ca ngi cai in n tay ch tnh Rch Gi vo lc ch tnh hi thng l vi cc ch qun. Ch qun Phc Long v vin cai tng c lnh tr v a phng xem xt tnh hnh v ng ph gp. By gi, tnh hnh nh cng thng hn. Sau cuc l ln, ch Cht bc qua giai on mi : cho ging t pha mt si ch mu trng tng trng cho ranh gii bt kh xm phm, cm ngt khng cho ai bc qua. Quan ch qun Phc Long i ghe n cng s lng Ninh Thnh Li vo chiu ngy 6/5/1927. ng ln b, thy vi ngi Min mc qun o trng ng lng vng gn . ng ra lnh gi h li hi chuyn. Trong cng s cng cn mt vi ngi Min nhng tt c u khng thm tr li v nh theo mt hiu lnh, h ko ra, chy v pha quan ch qun. Quan ch qun hong s, chy tr xung ghe trong khi bn tay em ca ch Cht rt trn b v ling t theo ghe khiu khch. Hm sau, ngy 7, theo lnh quan ch qun, 2 ngi lnh kn (mt thm), 4 lnh m t v vin cai tng cng n ni ti lp trt t. H mang theo loi sng bn n chi. Khi gp tay em ca ch Cht, lnh bn vi pht. Bn tay em dng dao mc v phng m rt theo, chng ai b thng c. Bn lnh m t v lnh kn hong s chy tr v dinh qun bo ng. Ngay trong m y, bn ch Cht lin n bao vy nh ca cai tng Tr. ng t Ph Sinh v nh ca vin x trng Ninh Thnh Li C Thum. Vin cai tng vng mt. H rt lui, khng ph hi g trong nh c. Nhng mc du khng c x trng nh, bn ngi hng mu n ra tay h st cha ca ng ny. Vin cai tng v x trng v qu khn ngoan nn khng dm ng nh, iu ny chng t rng ch Cht hn v chuyn git t. Uy th ca ch Cht cng ly lng, bn tay em cng tin rng vi ba php th sng bn khng lng, nh ln b bn n chi hm trc cho thy r. Ch tnh Rch Gi bn ch thn vo qun Phc Long n p. Cng i vi ng ta c vin thanh tra mt thm v mt s lnh m t. Khi n Phc Long th 8 gi ti. V ng ta li tr v ch Rch Gi vo lc hng ng hm sau. ng ta thy khng nn li Phc Long v ton qun gm lnh m t v tn c Ty b lon qun nh i bi. Tn c Bouchet b thng kh nng, 3 ngi lnh m t th cht khi lm trn. Trn ny xy ra trc khi vin ch tnh n Phc Long v ng ta i bng tu sung cng, cn tn c Bouchet th li dng chic tu khc, mn ca ty Kim lm. S l vin c Bouchet qu khinh ch, khi tu chy ngang vng cm a ca bn ch Cht th dng li ri ra lnh cho chng 10 tn m t mang sng trn vai n tm vi tn phin lon m bt sng lm con tin, dn mt v iu tra. Dc ng, lnh m t gp bn tay em ca ch Cht ang nghinh chin vi dao mc. Bn lnh d dnh, mi h i theo gp mt vin c Ty m ku ni, trnh by ni oan c. Bn tay em ca ch Cht chu nhn li nhng vi iu kin l h c i thong th pha sau, bn lnh phi i pha trc. Bn lnh chp thun v li khinh ch, mang sng trn vai, i trc.
Khi cn chng 100 mt ti cng s (tc l chng 120 mt th ti chic tu m vin c Ty ang ch i) th theo hiu lnh bng ting Min, bn tay em ca ch Cht xng ti, m bn lnh m t t pha sau lng, khin chng ai phng kp. Hai ba ngi lnh m t thi gi np n bn tr li, lm cho i phng b thng v cht 6 ngi. Mt vin m t v 2 ngi lnh (c l lnh kn) b lon qun git ti trn. Vin c Bouchet by gi ang ng trn b, thy chuyn no ng th hong s (mc du bn cnh ng ta cn 15 ngi m t), nn chy ln tu trn vo cabin ring. Nhng mt tay em ca ch Cht lanh tay, git cy sng ca tn m t t trn (trong y c sn n), bn nhm vo vin c m bn gy thng tch trm trng. Pht n th nh bn ln tu trng tn cai m t, gy thng tch. Li cn mt tn lnh b chm t 3 ngn tay. Th l tu chy nhanh tu thot, b st li mt tn lnh m t. Tn ny nhy xung kinh xng, ln trn di c ri li nc qua b bn kia. Sau ny, gii hu quyn Php ch tn c Bouchet qu vng v v qu s cht. By gi, trn b ch c chng 30 lon qun vi v kh th s v 3 cy sng m h va git c. Nu t trn tu m bn cho ko tay th hng chc ngi lnh cn li sc gii tn v gy tn tht nng cho i phng, ch khng rt lui mt cch thm bi. Vin ch tnh gp ton qun ca tn c Bouchet trn ng v Phc Long. Lnh m t ca ch tnh v ca tn c cng li c 30 ngi, sc tr li n thua vi bn ngi lm lon. Nhng vin ch tnh khng lm chuyn c v ng ta i tu t Long M n, v ch tu ny khng chu chy n ni bt an. V li, ch tnh cn mun a tn c Bouchet v Si Gn iu tr gp. Qu tht l thng li cho phe ch Cht v phng din tm l : ch qun rt lui, ch tnh cng rt lui, tn c b thng... V vy dn trong vng hong s, trong mt m ai ny vi v tn c trong khi ch Cht treo bng ra lnh khng cho bt c tu b no qua li khu vc ca ng ta kim sot, ng thi my tim bun Hu kiu phi mua bn nh thng l, bng khng th s b ph ca. Ch tnh Rch Gi bn nh in cu cu vi tnh Cn Th. Hm y, khi nhn c in vn l vo lc x tra, cc quan n l k nim n anh hng Jeanne dArc. Ch tnh Cn Th ngh php, vng mt. Ph ch tnh bn ra lnh cho trung y cnh st tn l Turcot tc tc qua Rch Gi vi 30 lnh m t ca tnh Cn Th. H i xe hi ti Long M. Ni y, trung y Turcot gp vin Thanh tra Lao ng t Si Gn n. Vin Thanh tra ny bit ni rnh ting Min. Khi bn chuyn bo ng Ninh Thnh Li, vin Thanh tra ny hi v cch ng ph s p dng th Turcot bo rng khi n ni s bt bn lm lon, nu bn ny chng li th lnh m t s dng sng n, khng cn d dt. Ton lnh ca trung y Turcot n, tn cng ngay vo so huyt. L d nhin, chng mt ai chu ra u hng khi vin trung y ra lnh. Sng n, bn tay em ca ch Cht chng c hng hi, h dng kh gii bn v bn khu sng git c ca lnh m t hm trc. H bn tt c 80 vin n, tc l n vin n cui cng. Bn ch Cht, 14 ngi cht ti trn, gm ch Cht, tn thy ba v con gi ca ch Cht. C gi ny ng hng u, xung phong khi nghinh chin. Ngoi ra cn khong 20 ngi b thng, b bt giam. Ti liu khng ni r bn lnh m t tn tht ra sao (theo li thut li sau ny ca ngi a phng th lnh m t b thng kh ng, nhng nh thi). Nhng ngi thuc phe ch Cht, lun c ch Cht c chn vo a im m n nay ngi a phng cn gi l m ch Cht gia rung (n vng Phc Long hi ai cng bit).
Quan Thng c Blanchard de la Brosse chng minh rng cuc thm st xy ra l tt yu, khng c cch no khc hn (ng ta mun binh vc bn thuc h) nhng nhn nhn rng tn c Bouchet b thng ln trc v bn lnh m t u qu d. Ngi a phng th khen ngi vin x trng, thy cai tng v quan ch qun Phc Long l khn ngoan v am hiu tnh hnh : th rng trn hoc rt lui cn hn l xng pha vo vng gio mc. Khn ngoan nht l vin ch tnh Rch Gi rt lui v ch m cho yn thn, ri chp m, cho cuc khi lon c tnh cch chng Php. Ch qun v hng chc lng Ninh Thnh Li cng mun chp m nh vy khi gnh trch nhim v nhng bt cng m h gy ra. Quan Thng c khng ng rng cuc khi lon nhm mc ch lt ch thc dn Php, v ngi Min cc vng ph cn tuyt nhin khng hay bit. Ch Cht khng ngu di g m c i s vi lc lng vn vn 40 ngi. Lp lun th nh, do mt s ng bo ch Php ng a ra, li thin v kho cu chng tc : ngi Min vo ma nng thng ni cn say mu ng ging nh trng hp ngi M Lai say nng, ni cn khng (ku l Amok) tr nn cung di, hung hng bt cn thc t, l tr kim sot khng c hnh ng. Chng qua l dn Ninh Thnh Li cha c khai ha, cn manh tnh cht thi c s ca chng tc n , M Lai. H bo rng y l vn bnh thn kinh, thuc v y hc ! Lp lun th ba, ca bo ch Vit ng Si Gn lc by gi, cho y l cuc khng hong ca chnh sch in a bt cng do ngi Php by ra; vin chc a phng tham nhng, ginh t ca dn. Tuy khng ni r rt mnh theo lp lun no nhng quan Thng c Nam k li trnh by vi quan Ton quyn rng theo ng ta th lch s ca cc tnh min Ty Nam k trng hp vi lch s ca cch t chc v quyn t hu rung t, v s phn ng ca dn bn x, ca ngi Min i vi quy ch v t ai (m chnh ph sp t cho h). Rt cuc, quan Thng c chng minh rng mc tiu u tin ca ch Cht ch l n thua vi cng ho a phng (x trng v cai tng) v hai c nhn ny ln t ca ng ta. y khng phi l v khi lon c tnh cht chnh tr nhng l mt v thng phm. Tuy nhin, vn theo kin ca vin Thng c ny, chnh ph nn ch hn n cc sc Min ho lnh min Ty. ng ta cng ha vi quan Ton quyn l s cu xt vi tinh thn rng ri mt s nguyn vng ca ngi Min, nh vic ng thu, quy ch min i lnh cho s vi, ng thi th nghin cu vic tch ra vi vng t rung dnh c bit cho ngi Min lm ch. V s cu xt mt cch cng bnh nhng v khiu ni v rung t lng Ninh Thnh Li. t ra, gic ch Cht cng lm cho thc dn Php v cng ho git mnh trong nhiu nm. V n Nc Nn Cnh ng Nc Nn thuc lng Phong Thnh, qun Gi Lai, tnh Bc Liu thi Php thuc. V ngun gc ca hai ting Nc Nn th cha ai gii thch tha ng, hoc l ni y t thp, dn mun ct nh th phi xc nn theo kiu nh sn. Hoc l ting Min, ni tri li. Cnh ng ny nm trn ng Bc Liu, C Mau, vi con rch Nn Nn. Vng ny t cao ro v tt. Nhng chin s quc gia by gi ln ting v theo di v y l cuc tranh u gia ngi tiu in ch chng cng ho, gi li phn t hu ti sn m chnh ng b h to ra. Khng c g chng minh rng h hnh ng v c ngi xui gic khuy ng trong a phng.
Cuc tranh u xy ra ch v cng ho a phng c che ch bng nhng lut l quanh co v phc tp ca thc dn Php. Nhiu giai thoi truyn khu vn cn c nhc nh, chi tit ln hi c th sai lc. Chng ti cn c vo hai ngun ti liu cn bn : Bi v Nc Nn do tc gi v danh c truyn tng, li l mc mc, chi tit kh c th, lu hnh t nhng nm 1930, 1931. Lot bi do k gi L Trung Ngha (t Vit Nam) ng trn bo La Tribune Indochinoise do Bi Quang Chiu lm ch nhim. By gi, Bi Quang Chiu l chin s quc gia tin b. K gi L Trung Ngha l ngi gc Phong Thnh, chuyn xy ra ti qu qun nn ng hiu r v n a phng nhiu ln, gip gia nh nn nhn bng mi cch, khc hn trng hp mt vi k gi khc ch tng thut i khi bn bo. Bo La Tribune Indochinoise t ngy 17/8/1928 n 24/8/1928 c bit dnh cho v n ny vi nhng bi chim trn c trang nht; nhng s trc cng nhc nh tng chp. Bi v Nc Nn chng ti khng su tm c phn sau, nn ghi phn u m thi : Tri Nam thin h thi bnh, K lo nng nghip ngi gn bn bun. Ngn nm gi thun ma tun, La th mt gi, gi th ng hai. Nhn dn ai ny mng thay, R i lm mn gi ry ng cao. Di sng, cant, , tu, L th xe chy, trc th khch thng... ... Lc tnh c ht Ba Xuyn, Bc Liu ch t, bnh yn dn ry. Mu Thn vn thit nm nay, Mt ngn hai tm, ting ry ni vang. Phong Thnh vn thit tn lng, Gi Rai l qun, ch lng ku chung. Anh em Mi Chc cng khng, B tranh in th, rng rng thc oan. Hm lm thng chp r rng, Lc by gi sng xe quan n lin. Ch ng ng nhm t nhin, Thy c lnh li, ngi lin n coi. Thuc n, sng ng hn hoi, Hai c bo lnh : i lng n y. C trt bin l bng nay, Sai ta xung ry, ong la ng tranh ! Th Trn l v huyn Lnh, Lnh n nh rnh mn bn ta i. Bin Toi nh chn ni ? Lng phi dn l ta i n lin. Hai c bc xung nghing, Bo lng vi lnh i lin mt . Phong Thnh hng qun tn Cho, Ngi trc mi , bn lun gn xa : Xung y, t bn n ra, D lnh cha bit vic m lm sao ?
Nc rng xung i mau, Tm gi ti lao xao ln lin. C bo lnh ng lin lin, Cn lng phi ng ra ring mt hng. Trong nh Mi Chc lun bn, Than cng t mu hai hng lm ly : Du con thc xung m ti... V nhng bi bo do L Trung Ngha vit, chng ti s dng vi s d dt. By gi c nhng s tht m k gi bit r nhng khng th vit ra c, v l cuc vn ng cng khai trn bo ch cu nn nhn. Li khai trc ta n ca nhng nhn chng hoc ca ngi trong cuc phi c hiu qua kha cnh ring : lm khi, h ph nhn s tht v s tht y bt li cho h trc ta, hoc h bit nhng li khai rng khng bit, cha k n nhng ngi lm chng b mua chuc bng tin bc. Trc nm 1900, mt nng phu n khai ph rng rch Nc Nn trn din tch non 73 mu ty. Nm 1908, ng ny cht li cho con l hng chnh Lung. t th rng, sc ngi v vn ling c hn, nm 1910, anh em hng chnh Lung bt u lm vic tch cc hn. t khai ph phi tri qua hai ba nm u khng c hu li v cy c cn nhiu, no gc cy, no t trng qu thp, nn chut b, heo rng. Lc bt u khai ph th vng ny hoang vu, tha tht dn c, chng thy ai n tranh ginh c. Tnh Bc Liu ho lnh, vic o c rung t lp b rt chm tr so vi cc tnh min trn. Nm 1910, hng chnh Lung lm n xin khn chnh thc 20 mu v chu ng thu trn din tch ny. n y c chp thun v c cp bin lai. Nm 1912, h lm rung thm trn khonh t y, canh tc trn v xin rc kinh l (trng tin) n o c theo lut nh, xin bng khon chnh thc. Vin trng tin tn l Arboratie n o c, lm phc trnh v ch tnh Bc Liu trao cho ng hng chnh Lung bn phn t ni trn. Nm 1916, mt ngi tn l Tng Vn . ng ra tranh cn, vin l do phn t m hng chnh Lung v gia nh ang canh tc l cng lao ca y mt phn no. Tng Vn . c ch tnh i n x v tht kin. Tuy nhin, vin ch tnh li cho Tng Vn . mt s t nh, ct ra t phn t ca ng chnh Lung. Phn t ca ng chnh Lung gm 72,95 mu, b ct cho . bn mu ri tc l ch cn li 68,45 mu m thi. gii quyt v ny, vin ch tnh ni trn cp cho hng chnh Lung mt t bng khon tm, s 303 ngy 7/8/1916. ng hng chnh Lung mt. Bin Toi l con trai ln ca gia nh v cc em nh nhng nhn v chp nhn, mc du t ca t ph li mt ht 4 mu ri. Nn nh rng bng khon cp cho Bin Toi l bng khon tm. Tng rng cng vic canh tc c yn n, d u nm 1917 xy ra mt bin c khc : s can thip ca mt ngi Hu kiu giu kht ting trong tnh : ng bang Tc, tn tht l M Ngn. ng bang ny mun khn t bng con ng quanh co nhn hu hiu, ng ta rnh lut l v bit r nhng s h. S l gip ranh vi phn t ca gia nh hng chnh Lung do Bin Toi l con trai ng thay mt, c phn khc do Phan Vn c lm ch. Sau khi cht, t ca Phan Vn c li cho v hng, ngi v ny tn Nguyn Th Dng. ng bang Tc (M Ngn) ch nhiu vo phn t ca Nguyn Th Dng, n gp b ny m tr gi v tm n hng chc lng Phong Thnh xem xt li k.
Hng chc lng Phong Thnh tit l rng phn t ca anh em Bin Toi, gip ranh vi phn t ca Nguyn Th Dng khai thc xong nhng cha c bng khon chnh thc. L ngi rnh lut l, ng bang lm giy t mua t, cho thm b Dng cht t tin trong t bn t ghi rng bn phn t vi ranh gii bao trm lun khonh t m anh em Bin Toi ang khai thc. Lp tc, ng bang Tc tm cch hm he, cho anh em Bin Toi bit rng t m h ang canh tc l ca ng ta, v ng ta mua li ca b Nguyn Th Dng ri. L d nhin, anh em Bin Toi phn ng ngay, tm cch ku ni ln quan trn rng b Nguyn Th Dng bn phn t m h c bng khon tm cho bang Tc, v bang Tc ln t. n gi bn ln n ch tnh Bc Liu v bn ln ln Thng c Nam k, lun c quan Ton quyn ng Dng ku ni. Nhng vic khc li xy ra. Nm 1919, bang Tc li xi dc t in ca ng ta xng qua phn t ca anh em Bin Toi, t mt cn chi rung v git mt con tru dn mt. Nhng anh em Bin Toi vn khng nao nng, tin ni cng l. By gi, ch qun Gi Rai l ng ph H. Theo li t thut ca quan ph ny th khi n trn nhm ti Gi Rai, hay tin c cuc tranh chp gia ng bang Tc v anh em Bin Toi, ng ta i ng bang Tc ti phn x, ngh vi ng Bang l nn nhn nhng chia t ra hai phn ng u, ng bang phn na, anh em Bin Toi phn na (nh vy l trong thc t, ng bang ln thm mt phn t i chc mu). Quan ph H. cng phn trn rng chnh ng nh hng c trong lng a ngh y vi anh em Bin Toi, nhng anh em ng ny khng chp nhn s chia hai ng u y. Trong v n Nn Nn, d lun li cho quan ph H. Phi chng quan ph ny nhn s tin ca ng bang nn a ngh ny ? Nu l ngi v t, ti sao ng khng mi anh em Bin Toi n dinh qun phn gii m ch mi c mt mnh ng bang ? Quan ph thanh minh vi d lun nh vy th ta tm tin nh vy. Cng nm y (1919), quan ph H. c lm ch Tch Hi ng phi vin xc nhn s hu ch ca tng s t lng Phong Thnh vi din tch chnh xc, ranh gii, chnh thc cp bng khon. Mc du anh em Bin Toi khiu ni nhng vi th lc ca ng bang, vi s hu thun ca mt s ngi, phn t ca anh em Bin toi li b chnh thc xem nh l t ca ng bang Tc. V sau, ra trc ta i hnh, Bin Toi vn c quyt y l v n hi l, lun c vin ha l Roussotte cng n v thot tin, khi o c tn Php ny cho rng t y l ca Bin Toi, nhng khi nhn tin ca bang Tc, hn ni ngc li l ca bang Tc. Mc du vy, anh em Bin Toi vn cng quyt chng i. t mt ri, h m ch... n cng l ca thc dn Php ! Bang Tc c tip tc lo hp thc ha phn t chim c m Hi ng phi vin (c ng ph H. lm ch tch) xc nhn l ca chnh b Nguyn Th Dng u tin khai khn ri bn li cho ng ta. Ngy 13/4/1926, Thng c Nam k k ngh nh bn thun mi s t 50 mu vi gi 5000 ng cho M Ngn (tn tht ca bang Tc). Bang Tc c hm da, buc anh em Bin Toi ong la rung v vi ngh nh trn v vi t bng khon chnh thc, anh em Bin Toi tr thnh t in trn phn t ca h. Anh em Bin Toi chng i ra mt. Bang Tc khng dm lm to chuyn v ng ta tng dnh lu vo vi chuyn rc ri v php l, nu sanh s thm th nh nc thc dn lc by gi c th dng lut l m trc xut ng ta v Tu, cng vi my ti trng trc. ng ta ngh ra mt bin php rt c li v rt n ha thng i phng. ng ta bn s t trn cho mt b rt c uy th : b H Th Tr., m v ca ngi anh ng ph H. (v vy m sau
ny, d lun cho rng v git t l do ph H. tip tay vi bang Tc mt cch c lc). b ny mua xong, bn i thu a t trn phn t m anh em Bin Ton ang canh tc. Ngy 6/12/1927, b Tr. xin c mt n lnh ca ta cho php tch thu ti ch tt c la m anh em Bin Toi gt c. Anh em Bin Toi nghe tin y, bt u lo s. Ngy 13/2/1928, lnh m t ti gp anh em Bin Toi thi hnh lnh thu la, anh em Bin Toi khng c. Ngy 14, tc l ngy hm sau, lnh m t li v ln th nh. Anh em Bin Toi cng chng c, lnh m t li rt lui. Ngay trong m y, anh em Bin Toi on chng rng ngy mai, lnh m t s n vi lc lng ng o v thi cng rn hn v l ln th ba, sau hai ln cnh co. Anh em trong gia nh t hp li, lm l ly ng b. M l b hng chnh Lung cng c mi ngi cc con ly, gi l bo hiu ln cht. Anh em bn trch huyt vo ci t, th n thua, khng s cht. thi hnh k hoch, anh em by ra chuyn bt thm nh vong linh ng b ch nh ai l ngi ng ra hy sinh u tin. Ln th nht, a em gi tn Trng li rt nhm thm. Anh em khng mun thy a em gi li m nhn s hy sinh qu ln lao nn ng l cho bt thm ln th nh. V ln th nh ny, cng c Trng c l thm y. C Trng bnh tnh ng dy, bo cc anh : ng b dy, em xin liu cht ! Nn nh mt chi tit : Trc , khi c n ta v thy thi qu cng rn ca anh em Bin Toi, hng chc lng t bt giam 24 gi b hng chnh Lung hm da. Bin Toi v thng m nn ha s khng chng c. Nh , b hng chnh c v nh cc con ly ln cht. Lc n cng s, thi ca Bin Toi rt bun ru. Li cn mt chi tit khc : thy hng thn trong lng mn ngi gt la ca anh em Bin Toi, v lnh tch thu a ti nhm lc la chn. Mi Chc, em Bin Toi xin php v hng thn c t mnh gt la nhng v hng thn t chi, h nghi rng nhn c hi y Mi Chc c th giu bt la. Khi ra ta, vin Chng l thc mc : ti sao s la m hng chc lng mn gt ch c 2.080 gi thay v 3.500 gi nh phng nh ? Phi chng hng chc lng ln n cp bt s la ny xi ring ? V nu la gt c nhiu, sau khi ong la rung theo n lnh ta m cn d li n trong my thng u nm th anh em Bin Toi cha t tuyt vng n mc, ri thm trng li xy ra ! Bin Toi sng vi m v cc em trong i gia nh, s la thu hoch chia ra vn l t. x Bc Liu, mi nm gia nh no cng phi d nhiu la bn m sm qun o, thuc men, ch khng nh Tin giang ch cn la n, cn bao nhiu mn khc trong gia nh u mua sm nh hoa mu ph nh vn da, chui, hoc chn nui. Thm trng xy ra vo sng ngy 16/2/1928. Tm li s tht, nht l cc chi tit th hi kh khn. Lnh m t th cng quyt ti cho m anh em Bin Toi (trong giy thu thn, ghi sai l Ti). Nhng nn nhn trong cuc th mun chng minh rng h ch t v. Mt s ngi trong cuc cht, nu cn sng th h s a ra nhiu bng chng khc. i khi, nhng nt ln nh sau : Khong 7 gi sng, hai tn c Ty l Tournier v Bouzou cng bn ngi lnh m t t Bc Liu n Phong Thnh tip tay vi hng chc lng m thi hnh lnh n ca ta, ong s la hin trn phn t ca anh em Bin Toi. Hai vin c ny tng l chuyn thng thng, h khng c cho bit l s gp kh khn. Tn c Tournier va mua c cy sng sn nn em theo, dc ng anh ta cn lc quan, bn th mt pht cht mt con c. Cng i vi h n ng la c hng thn, hng ho v hng qun lng s ti;
Anh em ca Bin Toi ct nh ri rc hi xa nhau, st b rch. ng la th ngoi rung, cch nh h chng 500 thc. Dc ng, khi i ngang qua nh Bin Toi, hng ho ku ro mi chng kin vic ong la nhng khng ai tr li. Nh c ng ca. Lp tc, hng ho bn n nh Bin Toi v n nh b m l b hng chnh. Chng ai chu n c. n gn ng la, tn c Tournier yu cu hng chc lng phi mi mt ngi trong gia nh, th d nh mt ngi em ca Bin Toi n chng kin vic ong la. Mi lm pht sau, mt c gi i ra, hng v ng la : c Nguyn Th Trng, em ca Bin Toi. Theo sau l a chu gi ca Trng, a b ny tn l T, 14 tui. Thot tin, tn c Tournier ui c Trng, bo rng con gi cn nh lm sao hiu u ui cuc tranh chp t rung ny c ! Vin c ni l n y tr gip hng chc lng ong s la theo lnh ta. C Trng phn i bng li l khng khi, trong c cu Cht sng y. Vin i m t thng dch li. Tn c Tounier ra lnh ui ln th nht. C Trng c ng , yu cu khi ong la xong th hng chc phi giao cho c mt giy bin nhn ghi r bao nhiu gi. Tournier tr li rng khng c chuyn trao bin nhn. Ri th Tournier tt tai c Trng. C Trng rt trong o ra mt cy dao nh, loi dao c ming st chn trc cn. C Tournier p mt bng sng khin c t xu. C Bouzou bn tip tay, git cy dao ca c b Bouzou li vng v khin li dao m tay ng ta mt vt xong khng ng k. Ri th lnh m t tri c Trng . a chu ny gi ng ngoi xa, khi thy c Trng ng gc v b tri, bn chy v nh, bo ng. T trong xm nh, anh em Bin Toi chy ra, mang theo no l dao mc, gy gc. H chia ra hai tp. Tp th nht do Mi Chc, em rut Bin Toi cm u; tp th nh do th Ngha, v Mi Chc cm u. Tn c Tournier ra lnh cho bn lnh chun b ng ph. Tournier bo mt tn lnh ra lnh cho Mi Chc ng dng v kh. Mi Chc chy n qu gn, c Tournier bn bn ch thin mt pht. Nhng Mi Chc c tin ti v tn c li nhm ngay Mi Chc m bn. Tuy b thng rt nng, Mi Chc vn cm mc gng nho ti, m trng bng tn Tournier, ri c hai u ng xung. Anh em ca Mi Chc tn cng bn lnh m t v tn c Bouzou. C Bouzou rt sng lc, bn lm b thng nng bn ngi. C Tournier tuy b thng nng nhng cng b lt li gn c Bouzou. V bn khng cn mt vin n, Bouzou bn git khu sng lc ca Tournier m bn tip. Mt s ngi b thng, b cht. Miu l em r ca Bin Toi git c khu sng mtctng ca Bouzou. Vi khu sng y, Miu chy ra xa bn v pha bn lnh m t nhng khng gy thng tch cho ai. Lnh m t cng rt lui mt lt. Nhn vin cng lc n iu tra, c bit trong s ngi lm lon c 5 ngi n ng, 2 ngi n b v 3 ngi n b khc khng bit tn. Ngay bui sng hm y, Mi Chc v v (tn Ngha) u cht, lun c ngi anh tn Nhn cng cht. Nhn (trong giy thu ghi sai l Nhnh, anh ca Mi Chc), Liu (em gi ca Mi Chc) u b thng nng, c a ti nh thng. Liu cn sng. Ba ngy sau, Nhn cht. Tm li, v pha gia nh Bin Toi th c 4 ngi cht (ba a em rut v mt ngi em du l v Mi Chc). Nn ch l v Mi Chc ang mang thai. Bi v Nn Nn on
cht k li vi ging trm hng l Nm ngi i mt thng Ty tc l k lun a hi nhi cn trong bng m. V pha i phng, ch c tn c Tournier cht ngy 17, khi nm nh thng Bc Liu. Bn hng chc hi t nhanh chn bn tu t khi thy tnh hnh qu cng thng. C Trng b bt. Bin Toi vi con trai l Ta th ra ch Bc Liu vi khu sng m Miu git c. ng Bin np sng v tha vi nh nc v chuyn cc em b c Ty git. ng Bin v a con b bt lun. Miu th hm sau b bt. Cn mt ngi duy nht trn thot l Du. Hon cnh ca b hng chnh Lung tht ng thng hi : cc con ca b u b cht, khng cht th b bt. B nh mt mnh. Bo ch Si Gn lc by gi ua nhau khai thc v Nc Nn. K gi xung tn ni iu tra. D lun t mi gii, lun c gii thc dn u thun li cho gia nh Bin Toi. H b p bc qu l liu, h l tiu in ch sing nng nhng bn cng no cu kt vi quan li tham nhng a h vo ng cng. Hn na, by gi phong tro quc gia ang si ni, xu hng chng thc dn lan trn, m tng c Phan Chu Trinh va xy ra vo hai nm trc (1926). ng Lp Hin ra i, th lnh l ng Bi Quang Chiu cn ang hng hi. Tuy l theo ch trng Php, Vit hu, ng cng c gng lm mt chuyn xy dng mc du ng ph H. ni giao cho bang Tc, l ngi ca ng ng. Ngoi ra, cn s gip tn tnh ca k gi L Trung Ngha l cy bt phng s ca t La Tribune Indochinoise do chnh Bi Quang Chiu ch trng. Trong gii tr thc Php, nhiu ngi tin b bc mnh v bin c Nc Nn. K gi L Trung Ngha nh hai lut s rt tn tm l Tricon v Zvaco bin h cho gia nh nn nhn, ci khng n tin. Ngi c cht l tr phi nhn rng anh em Bin Toi chng my may g th on c nhn tn c Tournier c. Ta i hnh Cn Th xa v n ny vo ngy 17/8/1928. ng Rozario ngi chnh n, cng t vin l Moreau. ng Moreau ny kh tt v cng bnh. Ngoi ra cn mt ng hi thm l ng S, rt tt. Ngi Php ng trc tnh th gay go. Mc nhin, h em ra x nhng hu qu ca lut l bt cng do chnh h ban hnh, tc l h x ci ch ca h. Tha bng tt c nn nhn th khng c, nhng ln n th ln n lm sao ? Chuyn ny c nc u hay bit. Tr bo La Dpche lIndochine ra th tt c bo ch Si Gn u c mt, theo di phin ta : bo LEcho Annamite, ng Php thi bo, LImpartial, LOpinion, Le Courrier Saigonnais, Le Phare, La Tribune Indochinoise. Ta tuyn n nh sau : Bin Toi, Nguyn Th Liu (em t ca Toi) v Tia (con trai ca Toi) c tha bng. C Nguyn Th Trng, 6 thng t (nhng b giam su thng ri). Miu, chng ca Liu (em r ca Bin Toi) : 2 nm t v c tin n n trm. y l bn n rt nh, so vi nhng bn n khc thi thc dn. Qua li khai ca can phm v nhng ngi lm chng, chng ta bit thm nhng chi tit quan trng sau y : T nm 1910, Bin Toi vo n xin trng khn phn t m v sau xy ra tranh chp. By gi, ch tnh c cp cho bin lai. Nhng bin lai y b n cp nh ly mt, Toi lm n xin bn nh. iu rt l l b s ghi n xin khn t Bc Liu vo nm y li b mt. Ai lm mt ? Phi chng l s c nh cp, th tiu h s trong vn kh c, cng ho tha h tung honh ! Vin chc ta b Bc Liu lc v n xy ra l ng ph Tm. Nhng ng ny xc nhn rng ti liu c b nh cp t lu ri, trc khi ng nhn chc. ng hi thm S nhn mnh cho ta nh rng ting Vit kh dch, th d nh my ting Cht sng y m c Trng tr li vi tn c Tournier. Nu vin i thng
dch sai th vin c c th ni gin. Cht sng y c hai ngha. Mt l Du cht hay sng, ti vn ng ti y, ui ti, ti khng i u ht. Hai l Mng i mng ti y. Hng thn H Vn Hi xc nhn rng tn c Tournier bn trc, sau Mi Chc mi m tn c. Chi tit ny xc nhn li ng bo a phng n i cho rng Mi Chc l ngi y tit tho v ch kh anh hng : B n ri, nhng cn thn lc v bnh tnh ng v pha trc m m k th cho bng c, m rt trng, ri mi chu cht v b thng qu nng ! Cng t vin Moreau lu vi ta : C th l vin th k lnh trch nhim ghi nhn n xin khn t hi nm 1910 trao cho Bin Toi mt bin lai nhng khng c nh s, vi dng dnh phn t y cho ngi khc. Lm Vn Kit tng c chn trong Hi ng phi vin xc nhn vi Hi ng : Phn t tranh chp l ca Bin Toi khai khn trc tin. Cng t vin bn ni tip : Lm Vn Kit ch l hng chc lng, lm sao dm ci li ng ph (m ch ng ph H., ngi theo phe ca bang Tc). Tri ph Ng Vn H. khai rng mc du thy c tranh chp v t ai, nhng hi nm y vi danh ngha l ch tch Hi ng phi vin, ng ta nh bung tri v o li ranh rp t ai l vn phin phc. Vin ha tn cng o t lng Phong Thnh sut 3 nm ri. Cng t vin bn qu trch cho rng v cng l khng th vin l do l mt thi gi, nu thy bt cng l phi o c, xem xt ranh t tr li. Cng t vin ni thng : l li ca ph H. trong lc lm ch tch Hi ng phi vin tht l ba bi, v ph H. ba bi nn xy ra v n bi thm ny. B lut s cht vn, ph H. nh th nhn rng chnh anh ca ng ta ch khng phi ng ta l ngi ang hn vn vi bang Tc khai thc hai chic tu ang chy trn ng Bc Liu, C Mau mang tn l tu H Nam v H Bc. Khi bang Tc (M Ngn) ra lm chng, ng ta bo rng khong hi hn g c. Vin hi thm hi M Ngn : Dn chng cho rng ng l ra ng phi cht thay cho vin c Tournier. M Ngn nn, khng tr li. Qua li khai ca b H Th Tr., cng chng thy c s sp st ca bang Tc bn li cho b ta phn t tranh chp, v ba ta sc n thua cng khai hn. M Ngn mun phi tay. Trc khi buc ti, Cng t vin Moreau yu cu Ta nn thn trng trc khi phn quyt. Cng t vin nhc li rng v ny xy ra sau v n Ninh Thnh Li hi nm ngoi. V ny chng t dn chng ang sng trong tnh trng cng thng v vn t ai l chuyn nghim trng. Ngi ta c th xc phm bt c chuyn g, nhng nn trnh xc phm ti in th. M Ngn ch l ngi mua t cho t in mn li, trong khi Bin Toi l ngi ch thn canh tc. Cng t vin trch c b H Th Tr. l giu c (ti sn c t 2 n 300.000 ng lc by gi) m qu nhn tm i tch thu tt c la gt hi c ca Bin Toi li cn i thm mt s tin khc. Cng t vin bo rng hon cnh ca Bin Toi tht l khn nn : Nhng ngi khng tnh cm n git t, ri bn quyn th li tip tay vi bn ngi sang ot. Cng t vin Moreau yu cu Ta : Tha bng Bin Toi v con l Tia. Cho c Trng c hng trng hp gim khinh (ra trc Ta c Trng c chi l khng c cm dao, mc du bng c). Cho Miu (em r ca Bin Toi) c hng trng hp gim khinh, mc du Miu ba ln b can n n trm. Tha bng c Liu (em Bin Toi, v ca Miu) v thiu bng c. Lut s Tricon ng ln bin h, i nhn nh y ch l vn in a. ng cho rng chnh sch trng khn rung t hi thi nh Nguyn tht l cng bng v thch hp
vi thc t, trong khi nhng lut l v trng khn t ai do ngi Php t ra cha c hon ho c th gy nhiu rc ri lc p dng vo thc t. Thi gian qu ko di, t khi ng s c tm cp t n khi c cp vnh vin; v vy m xy ra cng ot, gian gio. Nhng ngi trong Hi ng phi vin ch ngi ti ch, khng chu bc chn xun bn m ti s t xem xt. H quyt nh theo kin cho nhng ngi lng thin hoc km lng thin bo co li. Lut s Tricon kt lun i : Bin Toi tranh u vi rng rm khai ph v tranh u vi t thn. Sau mt ngy lm lng kh nhc, anh em tr v chi, sau khi n cm, h cho rng cht c l sng thn hn l sng trong hon cnh nhc nhn. Sau khi tranh u vi t thn (c l lut s mun ni ti bnh rt rng), anh em trong gia nh li cn phi tranh u vi nhng ngi khc, tc l bn ngi ch bit c ng tin, lm giu bng th on sang ot. Sau khi tranh u vi bn ngi ni trn, h cn phi tranh u vi th tc php l. Chng ta, nhng ngi Php, nn xy dng x ny mt ch c ti. Khng phi c ti bng sc mnh ca sng n, nhng l s c ti ca tnh cm cao p. Lut s Zvaco ng ln bin h, ca ngi li buc ti ca Cng t vin, v Cng t vin lu n s tht, n cng l v c lng nhn o. Lut s phn chia ra hai v n, v tranh chp in th v v n git ngi. Lut s cho rng chnh sch ca nh nc th tt, nhng nhiu ngi tha hnh xu lm cho chnh sch tr nn xu i vi dn chng. Vic cai tr tr thnh xu nu cc quan ph (ch qun) l ngi c c. Sau khi xy ra thm trng, c l nh nc nn ni thng vi M Ngn : Chng ti tr li cho ng s tin 1.080 ng m ng xut ra theo gi ca nh nc mua phn t ca Bin Toi. V xin ng nh nc c yn. Lut s nhc li kin ca Cng t vin l mun cho b my cai tr c l li ng n th phi sa thi nhng k bt lng. Lut s ni thm rng : ui nhng tn bt lng cp di cng cha , phi ui nhng ngi cp cao hn m by lu nh nc tin cy. Nn sa thi vi ng ph, ng huyn bt ho. Chng ta thy r hnh ng ca cp bi trng : M Ngn cu kt vi mt ng ph ch qun. Tn chnh phm ca tn kch m mu ny chnh l ph H. Trng s Zvaco cng xin ta tha th cho cc b can v ln ting : Xin qu ngi ng a ra mt bn n nghim khc, mt bn n c lun ra v phn n. Bi v nhng ngi nng phu khn nn ny mai y cng s b trng pht kh y ri, khi h tr v ti nh. Tha pht li s ti tch thu s la ca h, v ln ny, qu ta c th tin rng khng bao gi xy ra v ni lon na u. Tha qu ta, ln ny s c mt b lo khc v ci cht ca bn a con. Bn ngi ny cht, v h tng rng c th t lc gn gi phn t rung m h tng ri m hi v mu ca h trn . Mt s ngi Php Cn Th v vi tnh ln cn n xem phin ta gay cn ny, h t ra hi lng vi bn n. Vi ngi Phong Thnh xin gp nhng ngi b ti v xin php cho ti nhn n ba cm vi thc n em sn. Mt tic by ra ti Cn Th tht i hai v lut s v k gi ca cc bo Php v Vit, do mt s ng bo Phong Thnh v mt s nhn s nh cc ng Hunh Minh Ch, Nguyn Duy Bin, Nguyn Vit Trng Gi Ri, ng Bi Vn Tc Long in. Nn hiu y l thi trung hu v ho hoa c hu ca dn Bc Liu xa nay. Mt i din ng ln cm n hai lut s v b hng chnh Lung cng n cm n h.

Lich Su Khan Hoang Mien Nam

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Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 1/1

Nhn xt tng qut

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 4/4

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 18/18

1.2) Nhu cu xc nh vng bin gii Vit Min

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 21/21

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 28/28

1.3) Nhu cu chnh n v ni tr : Nhng n in chin lc Hu giang

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 33/33

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 36/36

1.4) Lng xm, in t v ngi dn thi ng cu

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 44/44

2.1) Ngha qun tht trn v nng dn mt rung

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 63/63

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 64/64

158.439 mu (ng u Nam k) 124.588 120.419 91.748

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 70/70

2.3) Vng Rch Gi t rng ngi tha

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 73/73

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 75/75

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 81/81

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 89/89

2.4) Vng Bc Liu, C Mau xa xi v phc tp

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 93/93

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 94/94

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 97/97

2.5) Cn Th, u cu v th min Hu giang

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 105/105

2.6) Nhng triu chng bt n

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 107/107

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 108/108

Lch S Khn Hoang Min Nam Trang 121/121

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